Article(id=1277255962239038319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1277255754218337268, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.01.016, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1661097600000, receivedDateStr=2022-08-22, revisedDate=1669305600000, revisedDateStr=2022-11-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782451151665, onlineDateStr=2026-06-26, pubDate=1706112000000, pubDateStr=2024-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782451151665, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782451151665, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782451151665, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1277255754218337268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2024', volume='45', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='224', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1706112000000', pubDateStr='2024-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782451102069, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782451256326, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1277256402011816133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1277255754218337268, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1277256402011816134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1277255754218337268, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=154, endPage=161, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1277255963019178865, articleId=1277255962239038319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Particle Size Diversity and Annual Variation of Rubber Particle Based on Quantity, columnId=1236286112713470633, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Post-harvest Treatment & Quality Safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Rubber particles are important components in latex, and have important effects on latex stability, rubber biosynthesis and processing properties. However, the difference of rubber particle size and distribution among different germplasms and the annual changes have not been systematically studied. In this study, 486 wild and cultivated Hevea germplasm planted in National Rubber Germplasm Respository were selected, and the latex were collected monthly during the tapping period from 2020 to 2021. The average diameter (Da), intermediate diameter (Di), intermediate diameter/average diameter (Di/Da), particle size≤0.259 μm frequency and particle size≤0.197 μm frequency of rubber particles were analyzed and studied. Da varied from 0.313 μm to 0.439 μm, and the coefficient of variation (CV) was 0.008-0.206. Di varied 0.209-0.366 μm, and the CV was 0.009-0.235. Di/Da varied 58.3%-84.9%, and the CV was 0.015-0.123. particle size≤0.259 μm frequency varied 31.1%-61.8%, and the CV was 0.013-0.322; particle size≤0.197 μm frequency varied 17.6%-46.4%, and the CV was 0.018-0.588. The five indexes showed significant differences among germplasm, which were suitable to be latex characteristic index. The correlation analysis of the five indexes showed that the correlation coefficient of Di and Da was 0.781; The correlation coefficient of particle size≤0.259 μm frequency and particle size≤0.197 μm frequency was 0.976; The correlation between Di and Di/Da was higher than that of Da, and the correlation coefficient reached 0.814. Di was also more correlated with particle size≤0.259 μm frequency and particle size≤0.197 μm frequency than Da, and the correlation coefficient reached 0.520 and 0.632, indicating that Di had a stronger statistical significance. Annual changes of Da, Di and Di/Da showed some difference. Da in June, July, August, October and December was not significant, and September and November were lower than other months. Di was not significantly different in June, July, August, September, November and December, and just a little lower in October. Di/Da had no significant difference in June, August and September, increased in November and December, but declined obviously in July and October. Da, Di, Di/Da, ≤0.259 μm frequency, ≤0.197 μm frequency in each month were all significantly correlated with the annual average. However, correlation coefficient were higher between alternate monthly measurements (June, August, October; July, September, November; August, October, December) and the annual average, reaching more than 0.850. That can be used for future rubber particle size testing.

, authors=Yue WANG1, Yong GUI2, Yanshi HU1, 3, Shijun ZHOU3, Xia ZENG1, 3, *, authorsList=Yue WANG, Yong GUI, Yanshi HU, Shijun ZHOU, Xia ZENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xia ZENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1277255966496256905, articleId=1277255962239038319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=以数量为基准的橡胶粒子粒径多样性及年度变化研究, columnId=1236286112877048492, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=采后处理与质量安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

橡胶粒子是胶乳中的重要组分,对胶乳稳定性、橡胶生物合成和加工性能等方面具有重要影响,但橡胶粒子的大小和分布在不同种质间的差异及其年变化尚无系统研究。本研究以国家橡胶种质资源圃种植的486份巴西橡胶野生种和栽培种为研究对象,于2020—2021年割胶期间每月采割胶乳,应用激光散射粒度分布分析仪,对橡胶粒子平均径(Da)、中径(Di)、中径/平均径(Di/Da)、粒径≤0.259 μm的橡胶粒子频度、粒径≤0.197 μm的橡胶粒子频度进行分析研究。结果表明:(1)不同种质Da范围为0.313~0.439 μm,变异系数为0.008~0.206;Di范围为0.209~0.366 μm,变异系数为0.009~0.235;Di/Da为58.3%~84.9%,变异系数为0.015~0.123;粒径≤0.259 μm的橡胶粒子频度范围为31.1%~61.8%,变异系数为0.013~0.322;粒径≤0.197 μm的橡胶粒子频度范围为17.6%~46.4%,变异系数为0.018~0.588,且5项指标在不同种质间均达到极显著差异,适宜作为胶乳特性指标。(2)对5项指标进行相关性分析表明,Di与Da的相关系数为0.781;粒径≤0.259 μm的橡胶粒子频度与粒径≤0.197 μm的橡胶粒子频度的相关系数为0.976;相比Da,Di与Di/Da的相关性更大,相关系数达0.814;相比Da,Di与粒径≤0.259 μm的橡胶粒子频度和粒径≤0.197 μm的橡胶粒子频度也更为相关,相关系数分别为-0.520和-0.632,表明Di具有更强的统计学意义。(3)对Da、Di、Di/Da指标年变化研究结果表明,各月间存在一定差异,Da在6—8月、10月、12月差异不显著,9月和11月稍低于其他月份;Di在6—9月、11月、12月间差异不显著,10月份稍低于其他月份;Di/Da在6月、8月和9月之间差异不显著,11月和12月上升,7月和10月明显下降。(4)Da、Di、Di/Da、粒径≤0.259 μm的橡胶粒子频度、粒径≤0.197 μm的橡胶粒子频度各月的测定值与年平均值均呈显著相关,隔月测定3次(6月、8月、10月,7月、9月、11月,8月、10月、12月)与全年平均值相关系数均达0.850以上,可供未来橡胶粒子粒径测试采用。

, authors=王越1, 桂涌2, 胡彦师1, 3, 周世俊3, 曾霞1, 3, *, authorsList=王越, 桂涌, 胡彦师, 周世俊, 曾霞, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=曾霞, authorNote=

王越(1996—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:农艺与种业。

, correspAuthorsNote=
* 曾霞(ZENG Xia),E-mail:
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王越(1996—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:农艺与种业。

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王越(1996—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:农艺与种业。

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figureFileBig=cn6qnWtt6SKPzw5EKZlOLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1279857877959558071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277255962239038319, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Annual change of rubber particle size ≤ 0.197 μm frequency, figureFileSmall=6kX4y2pPBGUb8r2R0ej8Tw==, figureFileBig=u8eX6TQWuSGU5hzEnHukTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1279857878022472632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277255962239038319, language=CN, label=图11, caption=橡胶粒子粒径≤0.197 μm的频度年内变化, figureFileSmall=6kX4y2pPBGUb8r2R0ej8Tw==, figureFileBig=u8eX6TQWuSGU5hzEnHukTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1279857878085387193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277255962239038319, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Annual change of Da and Di of rubber particles in 486 rubber germplasm

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
月份Month平均径Da中径Di中径/平均径Di/Da
平均值±标准差Mean±SD/μm变幅Range/μm变异系数CV平均值±标准差Mean±SD/μm变幅Range/μm变异系数CV平均值±标准差Mean±SD/%变幅Range/%变异系数CV
60.375±0.030a0.256~0.5130.0800.254±0.030a0.165~0.3790.11767.7±5.3b54.6~85.50.078
70.378±0.034a0.297~0.5110.0900.250±0.034ab0.193~0.3980.13566.0±5.1c54.4~86.10.077
80.376±0.034a0.297~0.5050.0910.256±0.036a0.195~0.4050.14067.9±5.5b57.0~86.90.082
90.368±0.040b0.285~0.5290.1080.251±0.039ab0.197~0.4360.15468.2±6.1ab54.5~93.80.090
100.375±0.033a0.286~0.5540.0890.246±0.032b0.193~0.4690.12965.6±5.7c50.9~95.20.087
110.368±0.040b0.238~0.5330.1080.255±0.037a0.166~0.4300.14569.2±5.8a56.4~86.50.084
120.372±0.033ab0.290~0.5470.0870.259±0.035a0.194~0.3960.13469.5±5.8a56.4~86.10.084
), ArticleFig(id=1279857878177661882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277255962239038319, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

486份橡胶种质橡胶粒子Da和Di的年变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
月份Month平均径Da中径Di中径/平均径Di/Da
平均值±标准差Mean±SD/μm变幅Range/μm变异系数CV平均值±标准差Mean±SD/μm变幅Range/μm变异系数CV平均值±标准差Mean±SD/%变幅Range/%变异系数CV
60.375±0.030a0.256~0.5130.0800.254±0.030a0.165~0.3790.11767.7±5.3b54.6~85.50.078
70.378±0.034a0.297~0.5110.0900.250±0.034ab0.193~0.3980.13566.0±5.1c54.4~86.10.077
80.376±0.034a0.297~0.5050.0910.256±0.036a0.195~0.4050.14067.9±5.5b57.0~86.90.082
90.368±0.040b0.285~0.5290.1080.251±0.039ab0.197~0.4360.15468.2±6.1ab54.5~93.80.090
100.375±0.033a0.286~0.5540.0890.246±0.032b0.193~0.4690.12965.6±5.7c50.9~95.20.087
110.368±0.040b0.238~0.5330.1080.255±0.037a0.166~0.4300.14569.2±5.8a56.4~86.50.084
120.372±0.033ab0.290~0.5470.0870.259±0.035a0.194~0.3960.13469.5±5.8a56.4~86.10.084
), ArticleFig(id=1279857878244770747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277255962239038319, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Correlation coefficient between various indicators

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标Index平均径Da中径Di中径/平均径Di/Da粒径≤0.197 μm频度Particle size≤0.197 μm frequency粒径≤0.259μm频度Particle size≤0.259 μm frequency
Da1
Di0.781**1
Di/Da0.213**0.814**1
粒径≤0.197 μm频度–0.216**–0.632**–0.777**1
粒径≤0.259 μm频度–0.076–0.520**–0.802**0.976**1
), ArticleFig(id=1279857878307685308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277255962239038319, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各指标间的相关系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标Index平均径Da中径Di中径/平均径Di/Da粒径≤0.197 μm频度Particle size≤0.197 μm frequency粒径≤0.259μm频度Particle size≤0.259 μm frequency
Da1
Di0.781**1
Di/Da0.213**0.814**1
粒径≤0.197 μm频度–0.216**–0.632**–0.777**1
粒径≤0.259 μm频度–0.076–0.520**–0.802**0.976**1
), ArticleFig(id=1279857878395765693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277255962239038319, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Correlation analysis of Da, Di, Di/Da, particle size ≤ 0.259 μm and particle size ≤ 0.197 μm frequency of rubber particles test month and annual average

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标Index6月Jun.7月Jul.8月Aug.9月Sept.10月Oct.11月Nov.12月Dec.6、8、10月平均Average of Jun., Aug., Oct.7、9、11月平均Average of Jul., Sept., Nov.8、10、12月平均Average of Jun., Oct., Dec.
Da0.715**0.653**0.560**0.574**0.716**0.626**0.554**0.878**0.883**0.855**
Di0.827**0.712**0.689**0.717**0.790**0.712**0.658**0.917**0.921**0.911**
Di/Da0.848**0.805**0.779**0.736**0.807**0.677**0.721**0.936**0.923**0.931**
粒径≤0.197 μm频度0.750**0.687**0.650**0.692**0.779**0.682**0.620**0.903**0.904**0.894**
粒径≤0.259 μm频度0.812**0.714**0.686**0.722**0.796**0.719**0.667**0.918**0.921**0.911**
), ArticleFig(id=1279857878462874558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277255962239038319, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

Da、Di、Di/Da、粒径≤0.259 μm频度和粒径≤0.197 μm频度月份测定值与全年平均值相关分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标Index6月Jun.7月Jul.8月Aug.9月Sept.10月Oct.11月Nov.12月Dec.6、8、10月平均Average of Jun., Aug., Oct.7、9、11月平均Average of Jul., Sept., Nov.8、10、12月平均Average of Jun., Oct., Dec.
Da0.715**0.653**0.560**0.574**0.716**0.626**0.554**0.878**0.883**0.855**
Di0.827**0.712**0.689**0.717**0.790**0.712**0.658**0.917**0.921**0.911**
Di/Da0.848**0.805**0.779**0.736**0.807**0.677**0.721**0.936**0.923**0.931**
粒径≤0.197 μm频度0.750**0.687**0.650**0.692**0.779**0.682**0.620**0.903**0.904**0.894**
粒径≤0.259 μm频度0.812**0.714**0.686**0.722**0.796**0.719**0.667**0.918**0.921**0.911**
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以数量为基准的橡胶粒子粒径多样性及年度变化研究
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王越 1 , 桂涌 2 , 胡彦师 1, 3 , 周世俊 3 , 曾霞 1, 3, *
热带作物学报 | 采后处理与质量安全 2024,45(1): 154-161
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热带作物学报 |采后处理与质量安全 2024 , 45 (1) : 154 -161
以数量为基准的橡胶粒子粒径多样性及年度变化研究
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王越(1996—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:农艺与种业。

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王越(1996—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:农艺与种业。

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王越1, 桂涌2, 胡彦师1, 3, 周世俊3, 曾霞1, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国热带农业科学院橡胶研究所,海南海口 571101
  • 2.云南农业大学热带作物学院,云南普洱 665099
  • 3.国家橡胶种质资源圃,海南儋州 571737
通讯作者:
* 曾霞(ZENG Xia),E-mail:
作者简介:

王越(1996—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:农艺与种业。

Particle Size Diversity and Annual Variation of Rubber Particle Based on Quantity
Yue WANG1, Yong GUI2, Yanshi HU1, 3, Shijun ZHOU3, Xia ZENG1, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China
  • 2.College of Tropical Crops, Yunnan Agricultural University, Pu’er, Yunnan 665099, China
  • 3.National Rubber Germplasm Repository, Danzhou, Hainan 571737, China
出版时间: 2024-01-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.01.016
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橡胶粒子是胶乳中的重要组分,对胶乳稳定性、橡胶生物合成和加工性能等方面具有重要影响,但橡胶粒子的大小和分布在不同种质间的差异及其年变化尚无系统研究。本研究以国家橡胶种质资源圃种植的486份巴西橡胶野生种和栽培种为研究对象,于2020—2021年割胶期间每月采割胶乳,应用激光散射粒度分布分析仪,对橡胶粒子平均径(Da)、中径(Di)、中径/平均径(Di/Da)、粒径≤0.259 μm的橡胶粒子频度、粒径≤0.197 μm的橡胶粒子频度进行分析研究。结果表明:(1)不同种质Da范围为0.313~0.439 μm,变异系数为0.008~0.206;Di范围为0.209~0.366 μm,变异系数为0.009~0.235;Di/Da为58.3%~84.9%,变异系数为0.015~0.123;粒径≤0.259 μm的橡胶粒子频度范围为31.1%~61.8%,变异系数为0.013~0.322;粒径≤0.197 μm的橡胶粒子频度范围为17.6%~46.4%,变异系数为0.018~0.588,且5项指标在不同种质间均达到极显著差异,适宜作为胶乳特性指标。(2)对5项指标进行相关性分析表明,Di与Da的相关系数为0.781;粒径≤0.259 μm的橡胶粒子频度与粒径≤0.197 μm的橡胶粒子频度的相关系数为0.976;相比Da,Di与Di/Da的相关性更大,相关系数达0.814;相比Da,Di与粒径≤0.259 μm的橡胶粒子频度和粒径≤0.197 μm的橡胶粒子频度也更为相关,相关系数分别为-0.520和-0.632,表明Di具有更强的统计学意义。(3)对Da、Di、Di/Da指标年变化研究结果表明,各月间存在一定差异,Da在6—8月、10月、12月差异不显著,9月和11月稍低于其他月份;Di在6—9月、11月、12月间差异不显著,10月份稍低于其他月份;Di/Da在6月、8月和9月之间差异不显著,11月和12月上升,7月和10月明显下降。(4)Da、Di、Di/Da、粒径≤0.259 μm的橡胶粒子频度、粒径≤0.197 μm的橡胶粒子频度各月的测定值与年平均值均呈显著相关,隔月测定3次(6月、8月、10月,7月、9月、11月,8月、10月、12月)与全年平均值相关系数均达0.850以上,可供未来橡胶粒子粒径测试采用。

橡胶粒子  /  粒径  /  年变化

Rubber particles are important components in latex, and have important effects on latex stability, rubber biosynthesis and processing properties. However, the difference of rubber particle size and distribution among different germplasms and the annual changes have not been systematically studied. In this study, 486 wild and cultivated Hevea germplasm planted in National Rubber Germplasm Respository were selected, and the latex were collected monthly during the tapping period from 2020 to 2021. The average diameter (Da), intermediate diameter (Di), intermediate diameter/average diameter (Di/Da), particle size≤0.259 μm frequency and particle size≤0.197 μm frequency of rubber particles were analyzed and studied. Da varied from 0.313 μm to 0.439 μm, and the coefficient of variation (CV) was 0.008-0.206. Di varied 0.209-0.366 μm, and the CV was 0.009-0.235. Di/Da varied 58.3%-84.9%, and the CV was 0.015-0.123. particle size≤0.259 μm frequency varied 31.1%-61.8%, and the CV was 0.013-0.322; particle size≤0.197 μm frequency varied 17.6%-46.4%, and the CV was 0.018-0.588. The five indexes showed significant differences among germplasm, which were suitable to be latex characteristic index. The correlation analysis of the five indexes showed that the correlation coefficient of Di and Da was 0.781; The correlation coefficient of particle size≤0.259 μm frequency and particle size≤0.197 μm frequency was 0.976; The correlation between Di and Di/Da was higher than that of Da, and the correlation coefficient reached 0.814. Di was also more correlated with particle size≤0.259 μm frequency and particle size≤0.197 μm frequency than Da, and the correlation coefficient reached 0.520 and 0.632, indicating that Di had a stronger statistical significance. Annual changes of Da, Di and Di/Da showed some difference. Da in June, July, August, October and December was not significant, and September and November were lower than other months. Di was not significantly different in June, July, August, September, November and December, and just a little lower in October. Di/Da had no significant difference in June, August and September, increased in November and December, but declined obviously in July and October. Da, Di, Di/Da, ≤0.259 μm frequency, ≤0.197 μm frequency in each month were all significantly correlated with the annual average. However, correlation coefficient were higher between alternate monthly measurements (June, August, October; July, September, November; August, October, December) and the annual average, reaching more than 0.850. That can be used for future rubber particle size testing.

rubber particle  /  particle size  /  annual change
王越, 桂涌, 胡彦师, 周世俊, 曾霞. 以数量为基准的橡胶粒子粒径多样性及年度变化研究. 热带作物学报, 2024 , 45 (1) : 154 -161 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.01.016
Yue WANG, Yong GUI, Yanshi HU, Shijun ZHOU, Xia ZENG. Particle Size Diversity and Annual Variation of Rubber Particle Based on Quantity[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2024 , 45 (1) : 154 -161 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.01.016
巴西橡胶树(Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.)因其具有丰富乳汁、产量高、质量好、产胶期长、采割简易、加工轻便等特点,其产量已占天然橡胶总产量的99%以上[1-2]。胶乳属于农产品,其组成是复杂的橡胶-水基分散体系,除含橡胶烃和水外,还含有少量的多种非橡胶物质,一部分溶于水成为乳清,一部分吸附在橡胶粒子上,形成保护层,其余部分则构成悬浮于胶乳的非橡胶粒子,其中橡胶粒子约占胶乳体积的20%~50%[3-4]。橡胶粒子除对胶乳的稳定性、成膜特性有重要影响外[5-6],与橡胶生物合成也有重要关联。通过电镜观测,橡胶粒子大小不是均一的,直径在0.02~ 2.00 μm之间[7],YEANG等[8]发现橡胶粒子存在双峰分布。LUCKSANAPORN等[9]进一步研究认为,通过体积基准,可使用250 nm为标准划分为小橡胶粒子(SRP)和大橡胶粒子(LRP),胶乳中70%以上的橡胶粒子为LRP,大约为SRP的2.5倍。JITLADDA等[10]研究表明SRP与LRP间的分子链存在差异,SRP由单峰分子量分布的橡胶分子组成,其峰值位于LRP的双峰之间。多位学者研究发现橡胶粒子大小与其加工性能密切相关。HESSLS曾将不同橡胶粒子大小的胶乳制成生胶,测定黏度、德弗弹性、凝胶含量和永久变形,发现前3个测试项目的数值随橡胶粒子粒径的增加而增高,永久变形则随橡胶粒子粒径的增加而减小[3]。MANUS等[11-12]研究发现,在含有30%SRP胶乳的硫化胶中,其机械性能、粘弹性等物理性能最佳。何思敏等[13]研究表明大小橡胶粒子的质量比为7∶3时,温升和压缩永久变形最低、疲劳寿命最长。以往对不同种质材料间橡胶粒子粒径的研究鲜见报道,尚无周年年度变化的研究。本课题组前期测定发现,粒径大小和分布在不同种质材料间存在差异,本研究通过对保存于国家橡胶树种质资源鉴定评价基地的486份橡胶树种质的橡胶粒子粒径及其年度变化进行研究,以期为深入开展橡胶树种质粒子粒径鉴定,进而为优异种质挖掘、优良品种选育和天然橡胶加工提供参考和依据。
选取中国热带农业科学院试验场三队国家橡胶种质资源圃鉴定评价基地2007年定植的种质,参试种质486份,包含巴西橡胶树野生种质270份,巴西橡胶树栽培种质216份。每份种质种植5株,株行距3.0 m×6.0 m。种质种植集中,连片,具有较好的气候、土壤的均一性,栽培条件、采割条件基本一致。
在2020—2021年割胶期间,每月下旬进行采样。每份种质采集3~5株的胶乳混合后取样,冰浴带回实验室,每份种质抽取10~15 μL胶乳加入装有100 mmol/L Tris-HCl缓冲液的离心管中。
从离心管中抽取100~150 μL混有缓冲液的胶乳,使用日本堀场公司的激光散射粒度分布分析仪(型号:HORIBA/LA-960S),采用数量基准进行测定,记录每份种质的平均径(Da)、中径(Di),计算Di/Da的比值,统计粒径≤0.197 μm和粒径≤0.259 μm的橡胶粒子频度。
使用Excel 2016和SPSS V.20.0.0软件进行数据处理与分析。
通过对486份橡胶树种质橡胶粒子Da进行测定,结果表明,不同种质间Da达极显著差异(P<0.01),变幅范围为0.313~0.439 μm,平均值为0.373 μm,其中Da最大的种质为桂辐矮1号,最小的种质为XJ007522;年度变异系数为0.008~ 0.206,平均值为0.070,其中变异系数最大的为XJ000636,最小的为KRS13。Da分布呈正态分布,在0.37~0.38 μm范围内最多,其次为0.36~ 0.37 μm,Da在0.36~0.38 μm范围内的占总数的39.7%(图1)。野生种和栽培种间差异不显著。生产中主栽品种的Da基本在平均值以下,其中RRIM600的Da为0.347 μm,变异系数为0.05;PR107的Da为0.338 μm,变异系数为0.10;GT1的Da为0.336 μm,变异系数为0.05;93-114的Da为0.357 μm,变异系数为0.05;热研7-33-97的Da为0.348 μm,变异系数为0.02;云研77-2的Da为0.339 μm,变异系数为0.02;云研77-4的Da稍高于平均值,为0.381 μm,变异系数为0.10。
486份橡胶树种质间的橡胶粒子Di也达极显著差异(P<0.01),变幅范围为0.209~0.366 μm,平均值为0.253 μm,其中Di最大的种质为红星72-5,最小的为XJ001320;年度变异系数范围为0.009~0.235,平均值为0.090,其中变异系数最大的种质为文昌217,最小的为XJ003627。粒子Di分布呈偏正态分布,在0.24~0.25 μm范围内最多,其次为0.23~0.24 μm,Di在0.23~0.25 μm范围内的占总数的39.9%(图2)。野生种和栽培种间差异不显著。生产中主栽品种的橡胶粒子Di也基本在平均值以下,其中RRIM600的Di为0.230 μm,变异系数为0.09;PR107的Di为0.226 μm,变异系数为0.07;GT1的Di为0.227 μm,变异系数为0.06;93-114的Di为0.226 μm,变异系数为0.06;热研7-33-97的Di为0.230 μm,变异系数为0.07;云研77-2的Di为0.220 μm,变异系数为0.02;云研77-4的Di高于平均值,为0.292 μm,变异系数为0.13。
通过比较486份橡胶树种质橡胶粒子Da和Di,结果显示,Di均小于Da。以常见橡胶种质RRIM600和PR107为例,粒子的分布呈双峰分布,高峰为偏小的橡胶粒子,低峰为偏大的橡胶粒子(图3)。Di/Da值为58.3%~84.9%,平均值为67.7%,变异系数为0.015~0.123。Di/Da值呈偏正态分布,在64.0%~66.0%范围内最多,其次为66.0%~68.0%和68.0%~70.0%区间,在64.0%~70.0%范围内的占总数的52.5%(图4)。生产中主栽品种的橡胶粒子Di/Da值也基本在平均值以下,并接近平均值,其中RRIM600的Di/Da值为66.4%;PR107的Di/Da值为66.7%;GT1的Di/Da值为67.4%;93-114的Di/Da值为63.2%;热研7-33-97的为66.0%;云研77-2的为65.0%;云研77-4的则远高于平均值,为76.6%。
对486份橡胶树种质橡胶粒子Da和Di的年内变化进行分析,结果表明,各月间存在一定差异,Da的年内变异系数为0.080~0.108,Di的年内变异系数为0.117~0.154(表1)。Da和Di在年内变化表现出不同态势。9月和11月的Da略低于其余月份,而其余月份间差异不显著(图5)。10月的Di稍低于其他月份,而其余月份间差异不显著(图6)。
11月和12月的Di/Da值显著高于其他月份,7月和10月的Di/Da值则显著低于其他月份,6月、8月和9月之间差异不显著(图7)。结合Da和Di分析,表明7月和10月的Da和Di偏离较大,意味着橡胶粒子粒径呈现出向两极分化的态势;11月和12月的Da和Di符合度稍高,呈现出趋于均化的态势。
根据文献[9,11-12],以0.25 μm作为划分大、小橡胶粒子的标准。由于本研究的测试设备输出的直径为0.259 μm,因此以0.259 μm作为统计基准。通过对486份橡胶树种质橡胶粒子粒径≤0.259 μm的频度进行统计,结果表明,不同种质间差异达极显著(P<0.01),变幅范围为31.1%~ 61.8%,平均值为51.70%,其中粒子粒径≤0.259 μm频度最大的种质为XJ001320,最小的为红星72-5。年内变异系数范围为0.013~0.322。粒子粒径≤0.259 μm的频度分布呈偏正态分布,集中分布在50%~56%之间,占53.1%(图8)。野生种和栽培种间差异不显著。
由于粒径≤0.259 μm的频度占50%左右,还对测试设备输出粒子粒径≤0.197 μm的频度进行统计,表明不同种质间差异达极显著(P<0.01),变化范围为17.6%~46.4%,平均值为36.4%,频度最大的种质和最小的种质均与粒径≤0.259 μm的相同。年内变异系数的变化范围为0.018~0.588,表明粒径≤0.197 μm的频度在不同种质间具有较大的变异性。粒子粒径≤0.197 μm的频度分布基本呈偏正态分布,集中分布在32%~42%之间,占73.7%(图9)。野生种和栽培种间差异不显著。
在年内变化上,粒子粒径≤0.259 μm的频度和粒径≤0.197 μm的频度趋势相同,在开割后期呈下降趋势(图10图11)。
对486份橡胶树种质橡胶粒子Da、Di、Di/Da、粒径≤0.259 μm频度和粒径≤0.197 μm频度各指标间进行相关性分析,其中粒径≤0.259 μm频度和粒径≤0.197 μm频度间的相关系数为0.976,达极显著正相关(P<0.01);Da和Di达极显著正相关,相关系数为0.781;Da与Di/Da和粒径≤0.197 μm频度虽然均呈极显著相关,但相关系数较小,而与粒径≤0.259 μm频度不相关;Di与Di/Da呈极显著相关,相关系数为0.814,与粒径≤0.259 μm频度和粒径≤0.197 μm频度均达到极显著负相关,相关系数分别为–0.520和–0.632,显示出更强的统计学意义;Di/Da与粒径≤0.259 μm频度和粒径≤0.197 μm频度间也达到极显著负相关,表明Di/Da与偏小橡胶粒子占比具有更好的相关性(表2)。
对Da、Di、Di/Da、粒径≤0.259 μm频度和粒径≤0.197 μm频度的年平均值与每月测定值进行相关性分析(表3),结果表明,6月、10月与全年相关性相对较高,而8月、12月与全年相关性相对较低。对年平均值与隔月3次测定平均值(6、8、10月,7、9、11月,8、10、12月)进行相关性分析,结果表明相关性明显提高,相关系数均高于0.850。
粒子粒径的测试可以采取电镜观测、肥皂滴定、沉降分析、光散射等方法,随着检测技术的发展,粒度仪被广泛用于粒子粒径的测试,该技术操作简便、快速[14]。粒子粒径测试主要有数量、长度、面积、体积4种基准,在胶乳测试中,大多使用数量和体积,其中使用数量基准赋予小粒子更多权重,而体积基准会赋予大橡胶粒子更多权重。本研究前期使用数量和体积2种基准对橡胶树种质进行鉴定发现,使用体积基准测得的Da与Di基本接近,粒径大多在1 μm左右,且相关系数达到0.98以上,呈现单峰,且峰形窄且高,无法反映胶乳中大、小橡胶粒子的分布情况,因此本研究采取数量为基准进行测定和分析。
胶乳中大、小橡胶粒子比例国内外均有较多的关注和研究,并证明大、小橡胶粒子的分子量不同,与后期加工性能也有较密切的联系。在大、小橡胶粒子的划分上,LUCKSANAPORN等[9]以0.25 μm为划分标准,何思敏等[13]以0.30 μm为划分标准。二者均采用英国马尔文公司的设备,以体积基准进行测定,且均认为大、小橡胶粒子为7∶3时天然橡胶硫化性能最好,这个比例也与天然胶乳中大小橡胶粒子分布基本吻合[11-13]
据贝佳鹏等[15]对英国马尔文公司、日本堀场公司、美国贝克曼库尔特公司和中国丹东百特公司的激光粒度仪器设备进行比较发现,不同激光粒度仪器的测试结果存在差异,这种差异,不同程度地体现在测定原理、不同的统计参数和统计方法上。按照大、小橡胶粒子7∶3的比例,使用日本堀场公司的设备,以数量基准进行测定,则大、小橡胶粒子的划分标准应低于0.197 μm。
天然橡胶通用性能等优于合成橡胶,其中一个重要原因是天然橡胶具有较宽的分子量分布[16]。不同种质材料在粒子的大小和分布具有显著差异,且在存在一定的周年变化,这种变化与橡胶生物合成是否有密切关系,对后期加工性能是否有显著影响,均有待于进一步深入探讨。
橡胶树种质胶乳特性指标的鉴定工作起步较晚,目前已经就分子量、蛋白质含量、5种重要金属离子的含量作为胶乳特性指标的可行性进行了探讨和研究[17-19]。橡胶粒子作为胶乳中最重要的组分,其表征参数中,较为常用的为Da。本研究表明,除Da外,Di、Di/Da、粒径≤0.259 μm的频度、粒径≤0.197 μm的频度均可作为橡胶粒子的重要表征。其中橡胶粒子粒径≤0.259 μm的频度和粒径≤0.197 μm的频度的相关系数达到0.976,按照接近大、小橡胶粒子的划分标准,选取粒径≤0.197 μm的频度更佳。与Da相比,Di与Di/Da的相关性更大,与粒径≤0.259 μm频度和粒径≤0.197 μm频度也更为相关,表明Di较Da具有更强的统计学意义。此外,Da、Di、Di/Da、粒径≤0.259 μm的频度、粒径≤0.197 μm的频度在486份种质中均呈正态或偏正态分布,可依据分布情况建立分级标准,开展后续的定性评价。
橡胶树胶乳通过割破树皮乳管获得,一般3 d或4 d一刀,一年60~80刀次(生产中一般根据割胶劳动力进行选择,目前最长周期可达到7 d一刀)[20]。为克服橡胶树胶乳性状鉴定需要长周期的难点,在橡胶树产量性状的鉴定中,经长期的总结,可采取每月一次或代表性月份测产的方式[21]。本研究对Da、Di、Di/Da、粒径≤0.259 μm的频度、粒径≤0.197 μm的频度在不同月份的测定值进行分析,虽然与月份间的测定值均达到极显著相关,但通过隔月测定值的3次平均值,相关系数可以达到0.850以上,可在未来橡胶树种质胶乳粒径指标性状测定中采用。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFD1200204; 2019YFD1001102)
  • 国家科技资源共享服务平台—国家热带植物种质资源库(NTPGRC-001)
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2024年第45卷第1期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.01.016
  • 接收时间:2022-08-22
  • 首发时间:2026-06-26
  • 出版时间:2024-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2022-08-22
  • 修回日期:2022-11-25
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFD1200204; 2019YFD1001102)
国家科技资源共享服务平台—国家热带植物种质资源库(NTPGRC-001)
作者信息
    1.中国热带农业科学院橡胶研究所,海南海口 571101
    2.云南农业大学热带作物学院,云南普洱 665099
    3.国家橡胶种质资源圃,海南儋州 571737

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* 曾霞(ZENG Xia),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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