Article(id=1277241099831866034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1277239982603502113, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.05.025, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733155200000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1736265600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-01-08, onlineDate=1782447608191, onlineDateStr=2026-06-26, pubDate=1748102400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782447608191, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782447608191, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782447608191, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1277239982603502113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2025', volume='46', issue='5', pageStart='1025', pageEnd='1277', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1748102400000', pubDateStr='2025-05-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782447341824, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782447947315, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1277242522292319215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1277239982603502113, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1277242522292319216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1277239982603502113, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1268, endPage=1277, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1277241100125467316, articleId=1277241099831866034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Effects of Nitrogen Application and Carbon Addition on Soil Residual Nitrogen in Rubber Plantation, columnId=1236286112713470633, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Post-harvest Treatment & Quality Safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The residue of nitrogen fertilizer in soil is an important destination after nitrogen fertilizer application. Under tropical acidic soil conditions, it is hypothesized that the lack of carbon may further limit soil retention of nitrogen fertilizer in rubber plantation. A field micro-experiment utilizing 15N isotope tracer technology was conducted to investigate the soil nitrogen residual characteristics in rubber plantations with different nitrogen application levels (0 kg/hm2, N0; 100 kg/hm2, N100; 200 kg/hm2, N200; 400 kg/hm2, N400) under the addition of exogenous carbon (100 kg/hm2). The results showed that the soil residual rate of nitrogen fertilizer was 8.8%-17.6% in the first year and 6.6%-16.5% two years later after adding carbon. Notably, the residual rate of nitrogen fertilizer showing a downward trend was observed with the increasing of nitrogen application; compared with the treatment without nitrogen fertilizer, the lower nitrogen application level (100 kg/hm2) under carbon addition had a significant effect on enhancing both soil total nitrogen and organic carbon content. The 2-year field trial revealed that the residual rate under different nitrogen application with carbon addition was higher than that without such addition. Variance analysis showed that exogenous carbon addition had a significant positive effect on the residual rate of nitrogen fertilizer; and carbon addition could effectively enhance the soil retention of nitrogen fertilizer. In conclusion, the deficiency of soil carbon emerged as a critical factor contributing to the low nitrogen residue rates in rubber plantations; therefore, it is imperative to combine chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers during the fertilization process in rubber plantations, while the nitrogen application rate remains moderate.

, authors=null, authorsList=Shan ZHAN, Zhaona MA, Guihua WANG, Chenming LIN, Min WU, Zhengzao CHA, Dapeng WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhengzao CHA, Dapeng WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1277241102814016190, articleId=1277241099831866034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=施氮与添加碳源对橡胶林土壤氮肥残留的影响, columnId=1236286112877048492, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=采后处理与质量安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

氮肥在土壤中的残留是氮肥施用后的重要去向,热带砖红壤中碳源的缺乏可能限制了橡胶林土壤对肥料氮的持留。本研究采用田间微区试验结合15N同位素示踪技术,在添加外源碳(100 kg/hm2)条件下,设置4个施氮处理:未施氮(N0);低氮,施氮量100 kg/hm2(N100);中氮,施氮量200 kg/hm2(N200);高氮,施氮量400 kg/hm2(N400),分析不同施氮水平下橡胶林土壤氮残留特征。结果表明:添加碳后,氮肥施用当年的残留率为8.8%~17.6%,2 a后氮肥的土壤残留率介于6.6%~16.5%之间。随着施氮量的增加,氮肥的土壤残留率呈逐渐下降趋势。与未施氮处理相比,添加外源碳条件下,较低的施氮水平(100 kg/hm2)更有利于提升土壤全氮含量和有机碳含量;从2 a的田间试验结果综合来看,添加碳后不同施氮处理的氮肥残留率高于未添加碳处理。方差分析结果表明,添加碳对氮肥残留率存在极显著正效应,添加碳能够有效增加土壤对肥料氮的持留。综上所述,土壤碳源的缺乏是导致橡胶林氮肥施用后土壤中残留率低的重要影响因素,橡胶林施肥生产中应该重视化肥配施有机肥,且施氮量不宜过高。

, authors=

詹杉(1997—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:热带作物养分管理。

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* 王大鹏(WANG Dapeng),E-mail:;
茶正早(CHA Zhengzao),E-mail:
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詹杉(1997—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:热带作物养分管理。

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詹杉(1997—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:热带作物养分管理。

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Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2022, 172: 108767., articleTitle=Increasing nitrogen availability does not decrease the priming effect on soil organic matter under pulse glucose and single nitrogen addition in woodland topsoil, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1277241112804848393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241099831866034, awardId=2024YFD2300902, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFD2300902), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1277241112876151562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241099831866034, awardId=ZDYF2025XDNY116, language=CN, fundingSource=海南省重点研发计划项目(ZDYF2025XDNY116), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1277241112947454731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241099831866034, awardId=322QN411, language=CN, fundingSource=海南省自然科学基金项目(322QN411), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1277241103057285824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241099831866034, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1277241103065674433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241099831866034, companyId=1277241103057285824, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1277241103069868738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241099831866034, companyId=1277241103057285824, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.中国热带农业科学院橡胶研究所,海南海口 571101)]), AuthorCompany(id=1277241103128588995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241099831866034, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1277241103141171908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241099831866034, companyId=1277241103128588995, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Danzhou Soil Environment of Rubber Plantation, Hainan Observation and Research Station, Danzhou, Hainan 571737, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1277241103145366213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241099831866034, companyId=1277241103128588995, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.儋州橡胶林土壤环境海南省野外科学观测站,海南儋州 571737)]), AuthorCompany(id=1277241103208280775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241099831866034, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1277241103216669384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241099831866034, companyId=1277241103208280775, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1277241103225057993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241099831866034, companyId=1277241103208280775, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.中国农业大学资源与环境学院,北京 100193)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1277241111538168573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241099831866034, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Distribution of 15N abundance in soil profile

A: Add carbon 1 a test; B: Add carbon 2 a test; C: Without adding carbon 1 a test; D: Without adding carbon 2 a test.

, figureFileSmall=HdJWy8C2mq85r1MKoM1RVg==, figureFileBig=S8o8QFJz/ErMn1yjK5u3Lg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277241111819186942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241099831866034, language=CN, label=图1, caption=土壤剖面中15N丰度的垂直分布

A:添加碳1 a试验;B:添加碳2 a试验;C:未加碳1 a试验;D:未加碳2 a试验。

, figureFileSmall=HdJWy8C2mq85r1MKoM1RVg==, figureFileBig=S8o8QFJz/ErMn1yjK5u3Lg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277241111991153407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241099831866034, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Total nitrogen content in soil profiles under different nitrogen treatments

A: Add carbon 1 a test; B: Add carbon 2 a test; C: Without adding carbon 1 a test; D: Without adding carbon 2 a test. Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference between treatments (P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=8TUiuKMW/W8o66+qu/ohIg==, figureFileBig=rDjAhXlgC1/M/2xvV24hdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277241112075039488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241099831866034, language=CN, label=图2, caption=土壤剖面中不同施氮处理的土壤全氮含量

A:添加碳1 a试验;B:添加碳2 a试验;C:未加碳1 a试验;D:未加碳2 a试验。不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=8TUiuKMW/W8o66+qu/ohIg==, figureFileBig=rDjAhXlgC1/M/2xvV24hdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277241112217645825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241099831866034, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Soil organic carbon content in soil profiles under different nitrogen treatments

A: Add carbon 1 a test; B: Add carbon 2 a test; C: Without adding carbon 1 a test; D: Without adding carbon 2 a test. Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference between treatments (P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=CbZFC6Vc6danXokKsG0JJQ==, figureFileBig=eui6/WcGwPu3XNgBkom7hg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277241112280560386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241099831866034, language=CN, label=图3, caption=土壤剖面中不同施氮处理的土壤有机碳含量

A:添加碳1 a试验;B:添加碳2 a试验;C:未加碳1 a试验;D:未加碳2 a试验。不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=CbZFC6Vc6danXokKsG0JJQ==, figureFileBig=eui6/WcGwPu3XNgBkom7hg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277241112347669251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241099831866034, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Fertilizer nitrogen residue in soil profiles under different nitrogen treatments

A: Add carbon 1 a test; B: Add carbon 2 a test; C: Without adding carbon 1 a test; D: Without adding carbon 2 a test. Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference between treatments (P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=oGnhyU1gM/nJAG9xKsZ8wQ==, figureFileBig=tX2ff/OjkVGjOiTidSL4XA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277241112410583812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241099831866034, language=CN, label=图4, caption=土壤剖面中不同施氮处理的肥料氮残留

A:添加碳1 a试验;B:添加碳2 a试验;C:未加碳1 a试验;D:未加碳2 a试验。不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=oGnhyU1gM/nJAG9xKsZ8wQ==, figureFileBig=tX2ff/OjkVGjOiTidSL4XA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277241112473498373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241099831866034, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

SOC storage and fertilizer nitrogen residue in rubber plantation under carbon-nitrogen interaction

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理Treatment1 a试验1 a test2 a试验2 a test
有机碳储量SOC storage/(mg·hm–2)氮残留量N residue amount/(kg·hm–2)氮残留率N residue rate/%有机碳储量SOC storage/(mg·hm–2)氮残留量N residue amount/|(kg·hm–2)氮残留率N residue rate/%
N097.53±4.79a92.57±3.64ab
N100107.87±5.47a15.25±1.68c15.3±1.7a94.52±4.91a13.56±2.54b13.6±2.5a
N20095.79±7.04a22.63±4.52b11.3±2.3b87.40±5.59ab15.27±1.72b7.6±0.9b
N40096.60±7.86a30.20±4.36a7.6±1.1c84.82±0.34b21.08±2.86a5.3±0.7b
N0×C90.47±6.21b88.41±6.55bc
N100×C116.38±7.83a17.63±0.59b17.6±0.6a102.04±9.37a16.53±1.33b16.5±1.3a
N200×C92.92±11.04b28.41±8.76ab14.2±4.4a79.87±7.67c27.29±2.72a13.7±1.4a
N400×C99.09±11.68b34.99±7.48a8.8±1.9b94.12±4.27ab26.57±4.54a6.6±1.1b
), ArticleFig(id=1277241112569967366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241099831866034, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

碳氮互作下橡胶林土壤有机碳储量和肥料氮残留情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理Treatment1 a试验1 a test2 a试验2 a test
有机碳储量SOC storage/(mg·hm–2)氮残留量N residue amount/(kg·hm–2)氮残留率N residue rate/%有机碳储量SOC storage/(mg·hm–2)氮残留量N residue amount/|(kg·hm–2)氮残留率N residue rate/%
N097.53±4.79a92.57±3.64ab
N100107.87±5.47a15.25±1.68c15.3±1.7a94.52±4.91a13.56±2.54b13.6±2.5a
N20095.79±7.04a22.63±4.52b11.3±2.3b87.40±5.59ab15.27±1.72b7.6±0.9b
N40096.60±7.86a30.20±4.36a7.6±1.1c84.82±0.34b21.08±2.86a5.3±0.7b
N0×C90.47±6.21b88.41±6.55bc
N100×C116.38±7.83a17.63±0.59b17.6±0.6a102.04±9.37a16.53±1.33b16.5±1.3a
N200×C92.92±11.04b28.41±8.76ab14.2±4.4a79.87±7.67c27.29±2.72a13.7±1.4a
N400×C99.09±11.68b34.99±7.48a8.8±1.9b94.12±4.27ab26.57±4.54a6.6±1.1b
), ArticleFig(id=1277241112632881927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241099831866034, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Variance analysis of effects of carbon, nitrogen and interactions on SOC storage and fertilizer nitrogen residue in rubber plantation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因子Factor1 a试验1 a test2 a试验2 a test
有机碳储量SOC storage氮残留量N residue amount氮残留率N residue rate有机碳储量SOC storage氮残留量N residue amount氮残留率N residue rate
Cns****ns****
N***********
C×Nns***ns**
), ArticleFig(id=1277241112704185096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241099831866034, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

碳氮互作对橡胶林土壤有机碳储量和肥料氮残留影响的双因素方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因子Factor1 a试验1 a test2 a试验2 a test
有机碳储量SOC storage氮残留量N residue amount氮残留率N residue rate有机碳储量SOC storage氮残留量N residue amount氮残留率N residue rate
Cns****ns****
N***********
C×Nns***ns**
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施氮与添加碳源对橡胶林土壤氮肥残留的影响
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詹杉 1, 2 , 马照娜 1, 3 , 王桂花 1, 2 , 林琛茗 1, 2 , 吴敏 1, 2 , 茶正早 1, 2, * , 王大鹏 1, 2, *
热带作物学报 | 采后处理与质量安全 2025,46(5): 1268-1277
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热带作物学报 |采后处理与质量安全 2025 , 46 (5) : 1268 -1277
施氮与添加碳源对橡胶林土壤氮肥残留的影响
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詹杉1, 2, 马照娜1, 3, 王桂花1, 2, 林琛茗1, 2, 吴敏1, 2, 茶正早1, 2, * , 王大鹏1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国热带农业科学院橡胶研究所,海南海口 571101
  • 2.儋州橡胶林土壤环境海南省野外科学观测站,海南儋州 571737
  • 3.中国农业大学资源与环境学院,北京 100193
通讯作者:
* 王大鹏(WANG Dapeng),E-mail:;
茶正早(CHA Zhengzao),E-mail:
Effects of Nitrogen Application and Carbon Addition on Soil Residual Nitrogen in Rubber Plantation
Shan ZHAN1, 2, Zhaona MA1, 3, Guihua WANG1, 2, Chenming LIN1, 2, Min WU1, 2, Zhengzao CHA1, 2, * , Dapeng WANG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China
  • 2.Danzhou Soil Environment of Rubber Plantation, Hainan Observation and Research Station, Danzhou, Hainan 571737, China
  • 3.College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
出版时间: 2025-05-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.05.025
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氮肥在土壤中的残留是氮肥施用后的重要去向,热带砖红壤中碳源的缺乏可能限制了橡胶林土壤对肥料氮的持留。本研究采用田间微区试验结合15N同位素示踪技术,在添加外源碳(100 kg/hm2)条件下,设置4个施氮处理:未施氮(N0);低氮,施氮量100 kg/hm2(N100);中氮,施氮量200 kg/hm2(N200);高氮,施氮量400 kg/hm2(N400),分析不同施氮水平下橡胶林土壤氮残留特征。结果表明:添加碳后,氮肥施用当年的残留率为8.8%~17.6%,2 a后氮肥的土壤残留率介于6.6%~16.5%之间。随着施氮量的增加,氮肥的土壤残留率呈逐渐下降趋势。与未施氮处理相比,添加外源碳条件下,较低的施氮水平(100 kg/hm2)更有利于提升土壤全氮含量和有机碳含量;从2 a的田间试验结果综合来看,添加碳后不同施氮处理的氮肥残留率高于未添加碳处理。方差分析结果表明,添加碳对氮肥残留率存在极显著正效应,添加碳能够有效增加土壤对肥料氮的持留。综上所述,土壤碳源的缺乏是导致橡胶林氮肥施用后土壤中残留率低的重要影响因素,橡胶林施肥生产中应该重视化肥配施有机肥,且施氮量不宜过高。

橡胶林  /  氮肥  /  外源碳添加  /  氮肥残留

The residue of nitrogen fertilizer in soil is an important destination after nitrogen fertilizer application. Under tropical acidic soil conditions, it is hypothesized that the lack of carbon may further limit soil retention of nitrogen fertilizer in rubber plantation. A field micro-experiment utilizing 15N isotope tracer technology was conducted to investigate the soil nitrogen residual characteristics in rubber plantations with different nitrogen application levels (0 kg/hm2, N0; 100 kg/hm2, N100; 200 kg/hm2, N200; 400 kg/hm2, N400) under the addition of exogenous carbon (100 kg/hm2). The results showed that the soil residual rate of nitrogen fertilizer was 8.8%-17.6% in the first year and 6.6%-16.5% two years later after adding carbon. Notably, the residual rate of nitrogen fertilizer showing a downward trend was observed with the increasing of nitrogen application; compared with the treatment without nitrogen fertilizer, the lower nitrogen application level (100 kg/hm2) under carbon addition had a significant effect on enhancing both soil total nitrogen and organic carbon content. The 2-year field trial revealed that the residual rate under different nitrogen application with carbon addition was higher than that without such addition. Variance analysis showed that exogenous carbon addition had a significant positive effect on the residual rate of nitrogen fertilizer; and carbon addition could effectively enhance the soil retention of nitrogen fertilizer. In conclusion, the deficiency of soil carbon emerged as a critical factor contributing to the low nitrogen residue rates in rubber plantations; therefore, it is imperative to combine chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers during the fertilization process in rubber plantations, while the nitrogen application rate remains moderate.

rubber plantation  /  nitrogen fertilizer  /  exogenous carbon addition  /  residual nitrogen fertilizer
詹杉, 马照娜, 王桂花, 林琛茗, 吴敏, 茶正早, 王大鹏. 施氮与添加碳源对橡胶林土壤氮肥残留的影响. 热带作物学报, 2025 , 46 (5) : 1268 -1277 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.05.025
Shan ZHAN, Zhaona MA, Guihua WANG, Chenming LIN, Min WU, Zhengzao CHA, Dapeng WANG. Effects of Nitrogen Application and Carbon Addition on Soil Residual Nitrogen in Rubber Plantation[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2025 , 46 (5) : 1268 -1277 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.05.025
氮肥进入土壤后,主要有3种去向:(1)被作物吸收;(2)在土壤中残留(以各种形态);(3)损失到环境中去。各种去向之间联系密切,并受作物特性、土壤质地、农业措施和气象条件等多种因素的影响,是研究氮肥农学效应和环境效应的共同基础,同时也是制定氮素管理及调控措施的最基本依据[1-2]。关于我国北方冬小麦的研究表明,作物收获后土壤(0~150 cm)中氮肥残留的比例在26.0%~44.0%之间[3]。夏玉米上的研究结果显示,氮肥在土壤中的残留约占氮肥施用量的45.0%~60.0%[4]。而稻田土壤中氮肥的残留率为35.4%~37.1%[5]。在火炬松人工林上的研究结果显示,仅在表层土壤(0~30 cm)的氮肥残留率高达28.4%[6]。可见,氮肥在土壤中的残留是当季氮肥施入土壤后的重要去向。残留在土壤中的肥料氮(特指来源于氮肥的氮,此时氮肥已经失去原有形态,转化为各种形态残留在土壤中,故称为肥料氮)后期会以各种形式参与土壤氮库的内循环,是土壤氮库的重要补充,对于维持土壤氮肥力具有重要作用[7-8]。一个非常值得注意的问题是,残留在土壤中的肥料氮仍会被后期作物吸收利用[8-9]。研究表明,后2季作物对残留的肥料氮的利用率仍高达8.3%~17.3%[10]。而长期定位研究结果也显示,后期作物对残留在土壤中的肥料氮的再吸收和利用过程甚至可以持续数十年以上[8]。由此可见,氮肥施用后的残留,既是土壤氮库的重要补充,也是作物氮素吸收的重要来源,对于稳定作物高产具有积极意义。
海南植胶区地处热带北缘,属热带季风性气候,其特点是高温、高湿、降雨充沛。土壤类型普遍为酸性砖红壤,具有强酸性、寡营养(低碳、低氮)的特点。由于氮肥在环境中的去向在不同生态条件下迥然不同。因此,以热带季风气候条件下的酸性砖红壤橡胶林为研究对象是研究氮肥残留的重要补充。同时,对橡胶林氮肥施用后残留和固持特征的了解还很少。本课题组前期研究发现,热带季风气候条件下的橡胶林土壤表现出较低的氮肥残留率[11]。土壤碳源的缺乏,可能是导致氮肥在土壤中残留率低的重要原因[12],由此推测外源碳的添加可能会增加橡胶林氮肥施用后土壤对肥料氮的持留。综上所述,本研究拟采用15N稳定性同位素示踪的技术手段,对外源碳添加条件下橡胶林不同施氮水平的肥料氮的残留特征进行研究,以期促进橡胶林氮肥去向的基础研究,在应用上为橡胶树养分资源管理提供理论依据。
试验区位于中国热带农业科学院试验场五队土壤肥料试验站(109°29′8.4″E,19°29′8.4″N),热带季风气候特征显著,年均降雨量为1600~2000 mm,月均气温为18.75~28.9 ℃。试验期间(2020年1月至2021年12月),试验区2020年降雨量为1788.9 mm,2021年降雨量为1862.1 mm。研究区橡胶树(Hevea brasiliensis)品种为热研7-33-97,树龄为20 a,割龄为13 a,株行距为3.5 m×6.0 m。试验区土壤是由花岗片麻岩发育的砖红壤,土壤(0~20 cm)基本理化性质:pH 4.87,有机碳为6.33 g/kg,全氮为0.68 g/kg,有效磷为19.93 mg/kg,速效钾为47.83 mg/kg。
田间试验采用两因素裂区设计,以施氮量为主区,共设置4个氮肥处理:对照,未施氮(N0);低氮处理,施氮量100 kg/hm2(N100);中氮处理,施氮量200 kg/hm2(N200);高氮处理,施氮量400 kg/hm2(N400)。以施碳量为裂区,设置1个碳添加处理,施用量为100 kg/hm2。试验设置3次重复,随机区组。每个试验小区橡胶树9株,面积189 m2。试验小区内建立面积为1 m2的2个试验微区,微区中心位置距离橡胶树树干2 m,微区之间间隔1 m。采用304不锈钢板(厚1 mm、高10 cm、长宽各1 m,连接处用氩弧焊焊接)制作微区隔离框,压入土壤5 cm。2个微区内部按照施氮处理均匀施入15N标记尿素,其中1个微区(裂区)中施入碳源。15N标记尿素(丰度为10.04%,含N 46%)由上海化工研究院提供。添加碳源为葡萄糖(SIGMA,优级纯)。试验的第1年,按照试验处理将15N标记尿素均分为3份,分别于4月上旬、7月上旬和9月上旬均匀撒施于试验微区。葡萄糖于4月上旬随氮肥一次性施于试验微区;试验的第2年,按照试验处理将普通尿素(含N 46%)平均分3次撒施于微区内(4月上旬、7月上旬和9月上旬)。磷肥品种选用钙镁磷肥(含P2O5 18%),施用量为75 kg/hm2。钾肥选用氯化钾(含K2O 60%),施用量为150 kg/hm2。其中,磷钾肥每年4月上旬一次性集中施入。
分别于每年试验结束(大致在12月下旬)后,使用半圆凿钻采集0~100 cm原状土壤样品,以20 cm为间隔。采样后须回填样洞,避免试验后期土壤优先流的干扰。土壤样品采集后需尽快带回实验室制样。土壤有机碳含量、全氮含量及15N丰度采用元素分析仪(vario PYRO cube,德国Elementar公司)、稳定性同位素质谱联用仪(Isoprime 100,德国Elementar公司)测定[13-14]
土壤中肥料氮的残留量和残留率计算公式:肥料氮残留量(kg/hm2)=TN×BD×D×100×APES/APEU,式中,TN为土壤全氮(g/kg),BD为土壤容重(g/cm3),D为土层厚度(cm),APES为土壤样品的15N原子百分超,APEU15N标记尿素的原子百分超。肥料氮残留率=肥料氮残留量(kg/hm2)/氮肥施用量(kg/hm2)×100%,式中,由于橡胶树吸收根主要集中在0~40 cm浅层土壤中,而迁移到深层土壤(>100 cm)中的肥料氮后期很难被橡胶树吸收利用,因此15N标记肥料氮残留率仅计算到0~100 cm土层。
采用Microsoft Excel 2016软件进行试验数据处理和图表制作。通过SAS(SAS Institute Inc.,Cary,NC,USA)软件采用最小显著差异法(LSD)在0.05水平下进行不同处理间多重比较分析,采用IBM SPSS Statistics 20软件进行双因素方差分析研究添加外源碳和施氮处理及其交互作用对土壤有机碳储量、肥料氮残留和氮残留率的影响。
1 a试验结束后,添加碳的各施氮处理土壤剖面中的15N丰度变化趋势较为一致,其峰值均出现在表层(0~20 cm)土壤,且具有较高的丰度(0.40%~0.44%)。深层土壤15N丰度变化相对平缓,但比自然丰度(0.37%)较大程度的提高。未添加碳的土壤表层中15N丰度为0.39%~0.41%,此时高氮处理深层土壤的15N丰度大大增加,说明肥料氮已迁移到深层土壤。2 a试验结束后,各处理在土壤剖面中的15N丰度较上一年均有不同程度的下降,但峰值仍出现在表层土壤。其中,添加碳的各处理土壤表层15N丰度为0.40%~0.43%,未添加碳的15N丰度为0.39%~0.41%。同时,深层土壤15N丰度变化相对平缓(图1)。结果表明,氮肥施用后肥料氮在根层土壤中的残留主要聚积在表层土壤,后期不同土层中积累的肥料氮丰度逐渐下降,可能或被进一步吸收或发生损失。
1 a试验结束后,不同施氮处理的土壤全氮含量随土壤深度的增加呈逐渐下降的趋势。在0~20 cm表层土壤中,添加碳条件下低氮处理(N100)土壤全氮含量显著高于N0处理(P<0.05);随土层的加深,不同施氮处理的全氮含量无显著差异;未添加碳处理的土壤全氮含量变化趋势与添加碳处理大致相同。2 a试验结束后,与N0相比,添加碳条件下低氮处理(N100)在0~20、20~40、80~100 cm土层的土壤全氮含量均有显著提升(P<0.05);仅0~20 cm土层的N400处理全氮含量显著高于N0,其他土层无显著差异;N200处理各土层全氮含量与N0相比均无显著变化(图2)。综合2 a的田间试验结果来看,在外源碳添加的条件下较低的施氮水平(100 kg/hm2)更有利于提升土壤全氮含量。
各施氮处理的土壤有机碳含量随土壤深度的增加呈逐渐降低的趋势(图3)。1 a试验结束后,与不施氮处理相比,添加碳条件下低氮处理(N100)显著增加了表层土壤有机碳含量(P<0.05),而其他土层深度不同处理之间无显著差异;未添加碳时,40~60 cm土层N100处理的土壤有机碳含量显著高于N0处理(P<0.05)。2 a试验结束后,与N0相比,添加碳后的N100处理显著增加了土壤有机碳含量(P<0.05)。这种增加不仅表现在表层土壤中,而且同样发生在深层土壤中。说明碳氮互作有利于提高土壤有机碳含量,且较低的施氮量更易提高土壤有机碳含量。未添加碳时,不同施氮处理对土壤有机碳含量影响不大。
1 a试验结束后,添加碳条件下各施氮处理的土壤有机碳储量存在显著差异(表1),其中,N100处理显著高于其他处理(P<0.05);未添加碳的各个处理间土壤有机碳储量差异不显著。2 a试验结束后,添加碳的各施氮处理土壤有机碳储量同样存在显著差异,其中,N100处理显著高于N0和N200处理(P<0.05);未添加碳条件下,土壤有机碳储量以N100处理最高,且显著高于N400处理(P<0.05)。方差分析结果表明,添加碳对土壤有机碳储量影响不显著,而添加氮对土壤有机碳储量有极显著正效应(表2)。
1 a试验结束后,添加碳条件下N400处理表层土壤中的肥料氮残留显著高于N100处理(P<0.05)。随土层的加深,肥料氮残留总体以N400处理最高,在60~80 cm土层中有显著差异;未添加碳时,表层土壤中的肥料氮残留以N200处理最高,随土层加深,以N400处理的肥料氮残留最高。2 a试验结束后,添加碳条件下表层土壤中的肥料氮残留以N200处理最高,但处理间差异不显著,随土壤深度增加肥料氮残留大多呈降低趋势,除表层土壤以外,不同深度土壤肥料氮残留量基本以N400处理最高;未添加碳的各处理肥料氮残留迅速下降,其中在80~100 cm土层N400处理显著高于其他2个处理(图4)。
1 a试验后,添加碳后各施氮处理肥料氮在根层土壤(0~100 cm)残留介于17.63~34.99 kg/hm2之间(表1),其中N400处理的肥料氮残留显著高于N100处理(P<0.05);从氮残留率来看,3个施氮处理的氮残留率介于8.8%~17.6%之间,N400处理显著低于其他处理(P<0.05)。未添加碳时,不同施氮处理的氮残留率介于7.6%~15.3%之间,表现为N100>N200>N400。2 a试验后,添加碳后氮肥残留率为6.6%~16.5%,较上一年均有不同程度的降低,且N100、N200处理显著高于N400P<0.05)。未添加碳时,不同施氮处理的氮肥残留率仅有5.3%~13.6%,以N100处理最高。方差分析显示(表2),施氮和添加碳对氮残留量均有极显著正效应(P<0.01),且二者之间存在交互作用;在2 a的田间试验中,添加碳对氮残留率存在极显著正效应(P<0.01)。上述结果表明,添加碳能够有效提高肥料氮的土壤残留。
国内外大量研究均已证实,氮肥在土壤中的残留是氮肥施用后的重要去向,是土壤氮库的重要补充[7-8]。然而,氮肥施用后如果在土壤中残留过高意味着存在较高的损失风险,而过低的氮素残留则预示着会进一步消耗土壤氮库[1-2,8]。因此,氮肥施用后需确保其在土壤中的残留率维持在一个合理的范围,这是研究氮肥农学效应和环境效应的重要指标,对于稳定土壤氮肥力、减少环境损失和实现作物高产具有重要意义[1-2]
本研究中,施用橡胶林氮肥(施氮量100~400 kg/hm2)当年的土壤氮肥残留率仅有7.6%~15.3%,2 a后的氮肥残留率低至5.3%~13.6%。前人研究表明,大田作物当季的氮肥残留率大致在30.0%~50.0%之间[4-5,15]。关于小麦-玉米轮作体系的一项研究显示,施氮量为75~300 kg/hm2,2 a后氮肥在土壤中的残留率仍然有22.1%~32.8%[16]。由此可见,本研究中的氮肥残留率远低于大田作物的氮肥残留率。究其原因,氮肥在土壤中的残留主要受施氮量、作物品种、土壤类型、气候条件及管理方式等多种因素的综合影响。结合研究区的年均降雨量(1600 mm)来分析,很可能发生了较为严重的淋洗损失,同时也意味着在本研究独特的气候条件、土壤类型及栽培作物条件下,施用氮肥后土壤对肥料氮的固持能力很低。近期研究发现,海南植胶区土壤有机碳平均含量仅为8.33 g/kg[17],为碳限制型土壤,无法有效地固持或保存未被作物吸收利用的肥料氮,这进一步印证了本研究结果。SEBILO等[7]利用15N同位素示踪技术田间原位研究了肥料氮的长期去向,发现早期施入的氮肥在长达25 a的时间里,约有61.0%~65.0%的氮肥被植物吸收,但仍然有12.0%~15.0%的氮肥(大多以有机态氮形式)残留在土壤中。ZHAO等[18]在水稻-小麦轮作系统中开展长达17 a的田间15N示踪试验,衰减函数拟合结果显示肥料氮在土壤中的停留时间为23~31 a。可见,土壤中残留的肥料氮参与了土壤氮库的内循环,后续能够被作物持续吸收利用,是土壤氮库的重要补充[19]。因此,从这个意义出发,需要在一定程度上提高橡胶林施用氮肥后的土壤残留率,以维持或增加土壤氮肥力。
本研究表明,高氮处理下氮肥在土壤中的残留量虽然高于中、低氮处理,但是其残留量并未呈现出倍数级增加趋势。已有研究证实,矿质氮肥在提高氮素利用率和土壤氮肥力方面存在一定局限性[20]。长期施用矿质肥料的土壤中,很大一部分氮肥通过氨挥发[21]、淋洗[22]及硝化-反硝化[23]等过程而损失。而合理的施氮量及化肥配施有机肥是提高土壤氮肥力、减少环境损失的重要措施[24-25]。前期研究发现,橡胶林砖红壤中碳源的缺乏是限制土壤氮转化过程的主要因素,同时土壤碳源的缺乏,可能也限制了土壤对氮肥的持留[12]。为此,本研究开展了添加外源碳条件下不同施氮水平的田间试验,发现施氮和添加碳对肥料氮残留量均有极显著影响,二者之间存在交互作用;同时,添加碳对肥料氮残留率存在极显著正效应。上述结果支持了添加碳能增加橡胶林肥料氮的土壤残留这一假设。究其原因,可能是外源碳的添加能够增加土壤可利用有机碳,改善土壤结构以及提高土壤缓冲能力[26],增强了土壤对肥料氮的物理吸附和化学固定能力[27-29];同时,外源碳的添加(如葡萄糖等)也大大增加了微生物的可利用碳源[30-32],激发了土壤微生物活性,促进了微生物对肥料氮的利用和固持,在一定程度上能提高肥料氮在土壤中的持留[33-35]。本研究中,在低施氮量水平下外源碳的添加使肥料氮土壤持留的增加情况尤为明显。同时,与对照相比,低氮处理对增加土壤全氮含量的效果优于高氮处理。研究表明,碳、氮等外源物质的施用对土壤碳氮过程存在一个激发效应(priming effects,PEs),而这个过程受诸多因素的驱动[36]。其中,外源物料C/N是影响激发效应方向(正激发或负激发)和强度的关键因素[36-37]。有研究发现,添加葡萄糖和氮后,随着外源物料C/N的下降土壤正激发效应随之增强,表现出外源氮有效性的增加诱导出更高的正激发效应,从而加速土壤有机氮等的矿化分解[38]。本研究中,随着施氮量的增加,外源物料C/N下降,中、高氮处理可能对土壤产生了比低氮处理更强的正激发效应,在一定程度上可能会促进土壤有机氮的分解,同时在激发条件下也可能大大增加肥料氮的环境损失,从而不利于土壤对肥料氮的固持。这可能是高氮处理下土壤全氮含量较低的主要原因。
综上所述,本研究揭示了添加碳源能够有效增加橡胶林土壤对肥料氮的持留,佐证了橡胶林施肥生产中应该重视化肥配施有机肥。
通过田间试验,采用15N同位素示踪技术研究了外源碳添加条件下橡胶林氮肥施用后的土壤残留,研究发现,热带季风气候条件下,橡胶林氮肥施用后具有较低的土壤残留率,其残留率随着施氮量的增加呈下降趋势;外源碳添加条件下低氮水平(100 kg/hm2)更有利于提升土壤全氮含量和有机碳含量;添加碳对肥料氮残留量和残留率均具有极显著的正效应,碳源的添加能够有效地增加橡胶林土壤对肥料氮的持留。研究证实,土壤碳源的缺乏是导致橡胶林氮肥施用后在土壤中残留率低的重要影响因素,橡胶林施肥生产中应该重视化肥配施有机肥,且施氮量不宜过高。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFD2300902)
  • 海南省重点研发计划项目(ZDYF2025XDNY116)
  • 海南省自然科学基金项目(322QN411)
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2025年第46卷第5期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.05.025
  • 接收时间:2024-12-03
  • 首发时间:2026-06-26
  • 出版时间:2025-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-03
  • 录用日期:2025-01-08
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFD2300902)
海南省重点研发计划项目(ZDYF2025XDNY116)
海南省自然科学基金项目(322QN411)
作者信息
    1.中国热带农业科学院橡胶研究所,海南海口 571101
    2.儋州橡胶林土壤环境海南省野外科学观测站,海南儋州 571737
    3.中国农业大学资源与环境学院,北京 100193

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* 王大鹏(WANG Dapeng),E-mail:;
茶正早(CHA Zhengzao),E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rdzwxb/CN/10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.05.025
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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