Article(id=1277241076037579272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1277239982603502113, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.05.021, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733328000000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1736524800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-01-11, onlineDate=1782447602518, onlineDateStr=2026-06-26, pubDate=1748102400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782447602518, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782447602518, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782447602518, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1277239982603502113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2025', volume='46', issue='5', pageStart='1025', pageEnd='1277', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1748102400000', pubDateStr='2025-05-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782447341824, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782447947315, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1277242522292319215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1277239982603502113, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1277242522292319216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1277239982603502113, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1226, endPage=1237, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1277241076347957770, articleId=1277241076037579272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Effects of Centrifugal Treatment on Particle Size, Molecular Weight, and Properties of Natural Rubber from Two Cultivars, columnId=1236286112713470633, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Post-harvest Treatment & Quality Safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Natural rubber (NR) is an important industrial material and strategic resource. Its composition, structure, and properties are influenced by factors such as the rubber tree cultivar and processing methods, leading to significant variations in quality stability. By studying the changes in particle size and molecular weight of natural rubber prepared through different centrifugation cycles, this research explored the effects on rubber composition and performance, which is crucial for obtaining high-quality rubber. In this study, two rubber cultivars, Reyan 73397 and PR107, were selected to investigate the impact of different centrifugation cycles on the particle size of latex, molecular weight, physicochemical properties of raw rubber, and vulcanized rubber properties. After centrifugation, the particle size of the latex from both cultivars increased with the number of centrifugation cycles, and the particle size distribution became more concentrated, with Reyan 73397 having a larger particle size than PR107. The molecular weight decreased, and the molecular weight distribution narrowed as the centrifugation cycles increased. With more centrifugation cycles, the ash content, gel content, nitrogen content, and Mooney viscosity of both cultivars decreased, the vulcanization time extended, but the resistance to storage hardening increased. However, the tensile strength and tear strength were reduced. The aging resistance of the vulcanized rubber from both cultivars decreased with the increase of centrifugation cycles. Furthermore, centrifugal treatment increased the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the rubber, enhanced its resistance to wet sliding, and increased the rolling resistance and heat build-up of the rubber.

, authors=null, authorsList=Qingyun ZHAO, Yihao FAN, Jianhe LIAO, Jiagang ZHENG, Xiaoxue LIAO, Rentong YU, Yanfang ZHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yanfang ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1277241080353518116, articleId=1277241076037579272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=离心处理对2个品系天然橡胶粒径、分子量及性能的影响, columnId=1236286112877048492, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=采后处理与质量安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

天然橡胶(NR)作为重要的工业原料和战略资源,其组分结构与性能受橡胶树品系、加工方法等因素的影响,导致质量稳定性有较大差异。通过研究不同离心次数制备的天然橡胶的粒径与分子量变化,探讨其对橡胶组分与性能的影响,对获取高质量橡胶有重要意义。本研究选取热研73397和PR107两个橡胶品系,通过不同离心次数处理,探究其对胶乳粒径、生胶的分子量和理化性质、硫化胶性能的影响。结果表明:离心处理后,2个品系胶乳的粒径均随离心次数的增加而增大,粒径分布更集中,热研73397的粒径大于PR107;分子量随离心次数的增加而降低,分子量分布变窄;随着离心次数增加,2个品系的灰分、凝胶含量、氮含量及门尼黏度均下降,硫化时间延长,但抵抗贮存硬化能力增强,拉伸强度和撕裂强度有所降低,2个品系所得硫化胶的耐老化性随离心次数增加而降低。此外,离心处理提高了橡胶的玻璃化转变温度(Tg),增强了橡胶抗湿滑性能,橡胶的滚动阻力和生热性增加。

, authors=

赵庆云(2000—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:天然橡胶及复合材料。

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* 赵艳芳(ZHAO Yanfang),E-mail:
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赵庆云(2000—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:天然橡胶及复合材料。

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赵庆云(2000—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:天然橡胶及复合材料。

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label=图9, caption=热研73397和PR107生胶的TG及DTG曲线, figureFileSmall=pB3Od0hPfZCk17wKdvBdXg==, figureFileBig=fZdBY0fgHN7khVZ1EZgs5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277241090906387057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241076037579272, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=DMA curves of vulcanized rubber from Reyan 73397 and PR107, figureFileSmall=iQ9OO77KwjdnQqbRLSJYPg==, figureFileBig=QoDwR0M3rXo8OwRh7UbAuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277241090977690226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241076037579272, language=CN, label=图10, caption=热研73397及PR107硫化胶的DMA曲线, figureFileSmall=iQ9OO77KwjdnQqbRLSJYPg==, figureFileBig=QoDwR0M3rXo8OwRh7UbAuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277241091044799091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241076037579272, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Molecular weight distribution coefficients (PDI) of rubber from two cultivars with different centrifugation cycles

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
品系Cultivar分子量分布系数PDI
FNRLL1L2FL1FL2L12
热研733979.2746.8415.9606.8706.0937.729
PR1078.2428.1296.7017.7167.1317.292
), ArticleFig(id=1277241091111907956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241076037579272, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2个品系不同离心次数橡胶分子量分布系数(PDI)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
品系Cultivar分子量分布系数PDI
FNRLL1L2FL1FL2L12
热研733979.2746.8415.9606.8706.0937.729
PR1078.2428.1296.7017.7167.1317.292
), ArticleFig(id=1277241091174822517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241076037579272, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Vulcanization characteristics of compound rubber from two cultivars with different centrifugation cycles

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
胶乳样品Latex sample品系Cultivar硫化时间Sulfurization time/min转矩Torque/(dN·m–1)
t10t90MHMLMH-ML
FNRL热研733971.4414.044.5990.3394.260
PR1072.0715.334.6060.3554.251
L1热研733975.3833.282.6320.2632.369
PR1072.2519.453.5380.3083.230
L2热研733973.5524.462.5970.2312.366
PR1071.2414.553.8160.2703.546
FL1热研733973.2223.153.6920.3323.360
PR1072.5419.263.8760.3743.502
FL2热研733973.3623.013.4880.3433.145
PR1073.2222.543.6410.3473.294
L12热研733975.4033.142.7690.2782.491
PR1072.3619.163.7490.3033.446
), ArticleFig(id=1277241091250319990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241076037579272, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2个品系不同离心次数橡胶混炼胶的硫化特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
胶乳样品Latex sample品系Cultivar硫化时间Sulfurization time/min转矩Torque/(dN·m–1)
t10t90MHMLMH-ML
FNRL热研733971.4414.044.5990.3394.260
PR1072.0715.334.6060.3554.251
L1热研733975.3833.282.6320.2632.369
PR1072.2519.453.5380.3083.230
L2热研733973.5524.462.5970.2312.366
PR1071.2414.553.8160.2703.546
FL1热研733973.2223.153.6920.3323.360
PR1072.5419.263.8760.3743.502
FL2热研733973.3623.013.4880.3433.145
PR1073.2222.543.6410.3473.294
L12热研733975.4033.142.7690.2782.491
PR1072.3619.163.7490.3033.446
), ArticleFig(id=1277241091309040247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241076037579272, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Shore A hardness of vulcanized rubber samples with different centrifugation cycles from different cultivars

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
品系Cultivar邵尔A硬度Shore A hardness/HA
FNRLL1L2FL1FL2L12
热研73397433735403936
PR107443938424040
), ArticleFig(id=1277241091384537720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241076037579272, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同品系不同离心次数硫化胶样品的邵尔A硬度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
品系Cultivar邵尔A硬度Shore A hardness/HA
FNRLL1L2FL1FL2L12
热研73397433735403936
PR107443938424040
), ArticleFig(id=1277241091447452281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241076037579272, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Physical properties of vulcanized rubber after aging from two cultivars with different centrifugation cycles

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
胶乳样品Latex sample品系Cultivar邵尔A硬度Shore A hardness/HA拉伸强度保持率Tensile strength retention rate/%拉断伸长率保持率Tensile elongation retention rate/%
FNRL热研73397–56569
PR107–56670
L1热研73397–75061
PR107–75466
L2热研73397–112340
PR107–102641
FL1热研73397–83455
PR107–83658
FL2热研73397–93750
PR107–103452
L12热研73397–113342
PR107–112643
), ArticleFig(id=1277241091510366842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241076037579272, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

2个品系不同离心次数橡胶硫化胶老化后的物理性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
胶乳样品Latex sample品系Cultivar邵尔A硬度Shore A hardness/HA拉伸强度保持率Tensile strength retention rate/%拉断伸长率保持率Tensile elongation retention rate/%
FNRL热研73397–56569
PR107–56670
L1热研73397–75061
PR107–75466
L2热研73397–112340
PR107–102641
FL1热研73397–83455
PR107–83658
FL2热研73397–93750
PR107–103452
L12热研73397–113342
PR107–112643
), ArticleFig(id=1277241093171311227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241076037579272, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Glass transition temperature of raw rubber

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
品系CultivarTg/℃
FNRLL1FL1
热研73397–62.97–62.81–62.77
PR107–63.17–62.92–62.81
), ArticleFig(id=1277241093246808700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241076037579272, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

生胶的玻璃化转变温度变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
品系CultivarTg/℃
FNRLL1FL1
热研73397–62.97–62.81–62.77
PR107–63.17–62.92–62.81
), ArticleFig(id=1277241093318111869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241076037579272, language=EN, label=Tab. 6, caption=

Thermogravimetric data of raw rubber from Reyan 73397 and PR107

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目Item品系CultivarT0/℃TP/℃Tf/℃
FNRL热研7339730.1376.1477.3
PR10730.3376.1477.6
L1热研7339731.8376.6477.1
PR10731.1376.1477.2
FL1热研7339730.3376.8478.0
PR10730.6376.6477.6
), ArticleFig(id=1277241093397803646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241076037579272, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

热研73397及PR107生胶的热失重数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目Item品系CultivarT0/℃TP/℃Tf/℃
FNRL热研7339730.1376.1477.3
PR10730.3376.1477.6
L1热研7339731.8376.6477.1
PR10731.1376.1477.2
FL1热研7339730.3376.8478.0
PR10730.6376.6477.6
), ArticleFig(id=1277241093481689727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241076037579272, language=EN, label=Tab. 7, caption=

Tan δ of vulcanized rubber from Reyan 73397 and PR107

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目Item品系Cultivartanδ
0 ℃60 ℃80 ℃
FNRL热研733970.1800.0400.031
PR1070.1860.0360.030
L1热研733970.2070.0840.072
PR1070.2160.0670.052
FL1热研733970.2010.0600.050
PR1070.2200.0560.046
), ArticleFig(id=1277241093557187200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241076037579272, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

热研73397及PR107硫化胶的tanδ

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目Item品系Cultivartanδ
0 ℃60 ℃80 ℃
FNRL热研733970.1800.0400.031
PR1070.1860.0360.030
L1热研733970.2070.0840.072
PR1070.2160.0670.052
FL1热研733970.2010.0600.050
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离心处理对2个品系天然橡胶粒径、分子量及性能的影响
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赵庆云 1 , 范亿豪 1 , 廖建和 1, 2 , 郑加刚 1 , 廖小雪 1, 2 , 于人同 1, 2 , 赵艳芳 1, 2, *
热带作物学报 | 采后处理与质量安全 2025,46(5): 1226-1237
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热带作物学报 |采后处理与质量安全 2025 , 46 (5) : 1226 -1237
离心处理对2个品系天然橡胶粒径、分子量及性能的影响
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赵庆云1, 范亿豪1, 廖建和1, 2, 郑加刚1, 廖小雪1, 2, 于人同1, 2, 赵艳芳1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.海南大学材料科学与工程学院,海南海口 570228
  • 2.西双版纳合盛橡胶科技有限公司,云南西双版纳 666108
通讯作者:
* 赵艳芳(ZHAO Yanfang),E-mail:
Effects of Centrifugal Treatment on Particle Size, Molecular Weight, and Properties of Natural Rubber from Two Cultivars
Qingyun ZHAO1, Yihao FAN1, Jianhe LIAO1, 2, Jiagang ZHENG1, Xiaoxue LIAO1, 2, Rentong YU1, 2, Yanfang ZHAO1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
  • 2.Xishuangbanna Halcyon Rubber Tech. Co., Ltd., Xishuangbanna, Yunnan 666108, China
出版时间: 2025-05-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.05.021
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天然橡胶(NR)作为重要的工业原料和战略资源,其组分结构与性能受橡胶树品系、加工方法等因素的影响,导致质量稳定性有较大差异。通过研究不同离心次数制备的天然橡胶的粒径与分子量变化,探讨其对橡胶组分与性能的影响,对获取高质量橡胶有重要意义。本研究选取热研73397和PR107两个橡胶品系,通过不同离心次数处理,探究其对胶乳粒径、生胶的分子量和理化性质、硫化胶性能的影响。结果表明:离心处理后,2个品系胶乳的粒径均随离心次数的增加而增大,粒径分布更集中,热研73397的粒径大于PR107;分子量随离心次数的增加而降低,分子量分布变窄;随着离心次数增加,2个品系的灰分、凝胶含量、氮含量及门尼黏度均下降,硫化时间延长,但抵抗贮存硬化能力增强,拉伸强度和撕裂强度有所降低,2个品系所得硫化胶的耐老化性随离心次数增加而降低。此外,离心处理提高了橡胶的玻璃化转变温度(Tg),增强了橡胶抗湿滑性能,橡胶的滚动阻力和生热性增加。

天然橡胶  /  胶乳粒径  /  分子量  /  理化性能  /  力学性能

Natural rubber (NR) is an important industrial material and strategic resource. Its composition, structure, and properties are influenced by factors such as the rubber tree cultivar and processing methods, leading to significant variations in quality stability. By studying the changes in particle size and molecular weight of natural rubber prepared through different centrifugation cycles, this research explored the effects on rubber composition and performance, which is crucial for obtaining high-quality rubber. In this study, two rubber cultivars, Reyan 73397 and PR107, were selected to investigate the impact of different centrifugation cycles on the particle size of latex, molecular weight, physicochemical properties of raw rubber, and vulcanized rubber properties. After centrifugation, the particle size of the latex from both cultivars increased with the number of centrifugation cycles, and the particle size distribution became more concentrated, with Reyan 73397 having a larger particle size than PR107. The molecular weight decreased, and the molecular weight distribution narrowed as the centrifugation cycles increased. With more centrifugation cycles, the ash content, gel content, nitrogen content, and Mooney viscosity of both cultivars decreased, the vulcanization time extended, but the resistance to storage hardening increased. However, the tensile strength and tear strength were reduced. The aging resistance of the vulcanized rubber from both cultivars decreased with the increase of centrifugation cycles. Furthermore, centrifugal treatment increased the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the rubber, enhanced its resistance to wet sliding, and increased the rolling resistance and heat build-up of the rubber.

natural rubber  /  latex particle size  /  molecular weight  /  physicochemical properties  /  mechanical properties
赵庆云, 范亿豪, 廖建和, 郑加刚, 廖小雪, 于人同, 赵艳芳. 离心处理对2个品系天然橡胶粒径、分子量及性能的影响. 热带作物学报, 2025 , 46 (5) : 1226 -1237 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.05.021
Qingyun ZHAO, Yihao FAN, Jianhe LIAO, Jiagang ZHENG, Xiaoxue LIAO, Rentong YU, Yanfang ZHAO. Effects of Centrifugal Treatment on Particle Size, Molecular Weight, and Properties of Natural Rubber from Two Cultivars[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2025 , 46 (5) : 1226 -1237 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.05.021
天然橡胶(NR)由于兼具高弹性、耐疲劳、抗撕裂、低生热等诸多优良特性,在国防军工和国民经济领域有着不可取代的地位[1-3]。作为一种天然合成高分子,由于其生物合成受橡胶树品系、粒径及分子量差异、非胶组分差异、加工方法等诸多因素影响,导致其结构和性能存在较大变异性,质量稳定性差。
在实际种植和培育橡胶树的过程中,形成了诸多橡胶树品系,如RRIM600、热研72059、PR107、云研772、热研73397等[4-6]。不同品系橡胶树在种植和培育过程中对气候、土壤等诸多因素的响应不同,加上不同品系本身的基因变异,各个品系的天然橡胶在成分组成、结构组分差异(如蛋白质、酯含量等)[7-10]、分子量及分子量分布、非胶组分的种类和含量上均表现出各自独有的特性,进而影响到后续制品的各项性能[11-13]。不同品系天然生胶的性能不同,在进行一些品系对比时,热研73397品系天然生胶加工性能较为优异,硫化胶所需正硫化时间较其他品系更长[14]。同样,对于混炼胶的硫化特性以及硫化胶的机械性能,不同品系之间也有差异[15-16]
橡胶粒子的粒径是天然胶乳中引起结构和性能变化的因素,对胶乳离心处理能得到粒径小但数量众多的小橡胶粒子和量少但粒径大的大橡胶粒子。在离心制备浓缩胶乳的过程中粒径较小的橡胶粒子随胶清流出,同时大量游离蛋白也随之被带走[17]。不同品系不同粒径大小的橡胶粒子非胶组分含量、支化和凝胶含量表现出显著差异,小橡胶粒子中凝胶含量明显高于大橡胶粒子,不同粒径橡胶粒子分子量及其分布也不尽相同[18],小橡胶粒子显示为单峰分子量分布且平均分子量较高,大橡胶粒子表现为双峰分布[19]。小橡胶颗粒中的橡胶链较长,大橡胶颗粒的分子量分布较宽,由小橡胶颗粒和大橡胶颗粒的乳胶制备的天然橡胶的结构和性能有明显差异[20-21]。分子量分布与粒径大小及磷脂存在密切关系,大橡胶粒子包含主要源自磷脂的支化点,以形成支化结构;小橡胶粒子主要由线性分子组成,没有或存在少量支化[22-23]。SRIRING等[24-26]研究得到大橡胶粒子橡胶含有较多磷脂,形成较强的天然网络。小橡胶粒子中含量较高的蛋白质,其促硫化作用得以凸显,且具有较大比表面积和较高蛋白质含量使得其具有更高的交联密度[27]。除磷脂外,蛋白质以及一些金属离子也参与橡胶支化结构的形成[28-29]
大多离心研究只针对于单一品系进行,研究离心次数对不同品系橡胶粒径、分子量、理化性质、硫化胶性能等未见报道。因此,本研究对天然胶乳进行不同离心次数处理,探究离心处理对2个品系橡胶粒径、分子量、理化性质、硫化胶性能等的影响,建立天然橡胶粒径大小分布、分子量大小分布与性能的对应关系,明确影响胶乳品质的核心指标,为高品质胶乳核心质量指标的确定提供依据。
新鲜天然胶乳购自中国热带农业科学院试验场;乙酸购自广东光华科技股份有限公司;促进剂M购自上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;硬脂酸、氧化锌、五氧化二磷(P2O5)购自国药集团化学试剂有限公司;四氢呋喃、硫酸购自上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;硫黄:市售;十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)购自上海易恩化学技术有限公司。
LX-460碟式分离机(浙江轻机离心机制造有限公司)、LA-960激光粒度仪(Horiba)、Agilent 1260 Infinity II凝胶渗透色谱仪(安捷伦)、XK160-320开放式炼胶机(扬州市道纯试验机械厂)、MDR-2000E无转子硫化仪、MV2-2000门尼黏度仪(无锡市蠡园电子化工设备有限公司)、KS-II快速塑性计、RPI-140老化箱(北京澳玛琦科技发展有限公司)、XHS邵尔硬度计(营口市材料试验机有限公司)、BHO-401A老化试验箱(上海一恒科学仪器有限公司)、凯氏定氮仪(济南海能仪器股份有限公司)、AL-7000-SU2万能拉力试验机(高铁科技股份有限公司)、DISCOVER DSC250差示扫描量热仪(美国热分析仪器公司)、TL9000热重分析仪(Perkin Elmer)、动态机械分析仪(德国耐驰)。
将所取的2个品系新鲜胶乳(原乳)经补氨处理后,加入0.2%的SDS,搅拌均匀,采用工厂的离心机进行离心处理,分别得到离心1次、2次的浓缩胶乳,再根据其干胶体积比为1∶1分别将原乳、离心1次、离心2次的浓缩胶乳进行两两混合,得到6个不同胶乳样品,分别将其编号为FNRL、L1、L2、FL1、FL2、L12
将所得胶乳样品稀释到25%,使用乙酸进行凝固。凝块熟化24 h,采用压片机和绉片机进行脱水、压绉,制成厚度约5~8 mm表面具有菱形花纹的胶片。将压绉所得胶片放于阴凉通风处进行挂片,3 d后放入烘房中进行干燥,得到天然橡胶生胶。
按照纯胶配方每100 g天然橡胶添加硫黄3.5 g,氧化锌6 g,硬脂酸0.5 g,促进剂M 0.5 g,将生胶与配合剂在开炼机上混炼得到混炼胶。混炼胶经适当停放后,采用无转子硫化仪测试混炼胶的硫化特性,并用平板硫化机按照145 ℃×t90进行硫化,制得硫化胶。
(1)胶乳粒径。采用LA-960激光粒度分析仪分析,胶乳遮光度为1.388,水为介质。天然橡胶生胶的分子量及分子量分布采用凝胶渗透色谱表征,溶剂为四氢呋喃。
(2)灰分含量。灰分含量根据GB/T 4498—1997标准进行测试。氮含量按照GB/T 8088—2008标准测定。
(3)凝胶含量。称取约0.1 g的天然橡胶生胶(记为m0),以四氢呋喃作为溶剂,浸泡1周后,采用GL-21M冷冻离心机进行离心分离,得到沉淀物。取一个称量皿,称取重量(m1),将沉淀物倒入其中,在100 ℃下烘干至恒重,然后称取总重量(m2)。凝胶含量(A)计算公式:
(4)塑性初值(P0)。P0按照GB/T 3510—1992,采用KS-II快速塑性计进行测试,温度为100 ℃,预热1 min,测试4 min。P30按照GB/T 3517—2002标准,采用老化试验箱对样品进行老化(140 ℃,30 min),采用KS-II快速塑性计进行测试。塑性保持率(PRI)的计算公式:
(5)门尼黏度。门尼黏度按照GB/T 1232.1—2000标准进行测试,测试温度为100 ℃,时间为4 min。
(6)差示扫描量热分析(DSC)。剪取3~10 mg生胶试样,测试的温度范围–80~80 ℃,升温速率为10 ℃/min。热重分析(TGA),剪取3~10 mg生胶试样,测试的温度范围为室温至600 ℃,以10 ℃/min速率升温,N2气氛。
(7)硫化特性和物理机械性能。硫化特性和物理机械性能按照GB/T 16584—1996标准,取5~6 g混炼胶在无转子硫化仪上进行测试,测试温度为145 ℃。
(8)其他指标测定。按照GB/T 528—1998、GB/T 529—2008标准对硫化胶拉伸强度进行测定;按照GB/T 531.1—2008标准测试硫化胶的硬度;按照GB/T 528—1998标准对试样进行老化试验。
(9)动态热机械分析。测试条件:N2气氛、应变0.1%、频率10 Hz、温度范围–80~80 ℃、升温速率3 ℃/min。
所有数据均取3次重复平均值,采用Origin软件进行数据处理及分析。
图1可知,热研73377和PR107两个品系的胶乳离心后胶乳粒径分布曲线发生右移,且橡胶粒子的平均粒径随离心次数梯度递增,粒径分布也愈发集中,混合样品居于二者之间。不同离心次数胶乳的粒径D50、D90同图1所示趋势一致,D50、D90粒径随离心次数递增,混合样品居于二者之间。同时,不同品系胶乳的粒径有一定差别,热研73397的粒径大于PR107。总体而言,1次离心能使胶乳粒径增幅增大,2次离心增幅减缓。在相同处理条件下,2个品系粒径存在差异,也说明橡胶的粒径受到橡胶品系的影响。
图2可知,离心处理能降低天然橡胶的数均分子量(Mn)、重均分子量(Mw),与粒径变化趋势相反。热研73397的MnMw均随离心次数的增加而降低;PR107的Mw随离心次数增加而降低,而Mn只表现出离心后的降低趋势。混合样品的MnMw无明显变化。
在相同处理条件下,PR107的MnMw较热研73397大。但二者变化幅度趋势相同,其中离心1次降低的幅度较大,离心2次降低的幅度稍小。
表1可知,2个品系的分子量分布系数(PDI)表现出相同的趋势,均随着离心次数的增加,PDI减小,即分子量分布变窄,对于混合样品,MwMn和PDI趋势不明显。2个品系的PDI差异较大,在相同处理条件下表现出不同特征。可见,天然橡胶分子量与橡胶粒子粒径之间的关系受到橡胶树品系的影响,离心对热研73397的影响更大。
2个品系不同离心次数所得天然生胶的灰分含量、氮含量、凝胶含量、门尼黏度测试结果如图3所示。离心后的橡胶其灰分随离心次数梯度下降,混合样品介于二者之间,且PR107各项数值大于热研73397。原因是在离心过程中,密度较大的无机盐和杂质随胶清流走,但密度小的并没有除去,随浓缩胶乳流走。2个品系原乳制成的干胶中,PR107的灰分含量明显高于热研73397,表明PR107中无机盐含量明显高于热研73397。
由2个品系不同处理方式的氮含量可知,以原乳所制备的干胶中,2个品系样品的氮含量相差不大,但氮含量均为最高。这是由于粒径较小的橡胶粒子携带蛋白质含量较高或者一些游离蛋白随离心分离被除去,导致各级分样品的氮含量均随离心次数增大而降低。相较于PR107,热研73397经过1次离心分离后的样品氮含量降幅较大,可能是热研73397品系的原乳中含有较多游离蛋白,在离心分离过程中残留在胶清中。而对于2个品系的混合样品,都居于混合前的2个样品之间。在不同品系中,氮含量与粒子粒径的关系变化规律一致,但同一处理条件下的氮含量不尽相同,这表明天然橡胶的组分构成与粒子粒径的关系受橡胶树品系的影响[30]
离心后2个品系橡胶的凝胶含量均有下降趋势,且随离心次数的增加而降低,PR107各级凝胶含量明显高于热研73397。且PR107在相同处理条件下MnMw均大于热研73397,其粒径均小于热研73397,表明橡胶凝胶含量大小不仅受到品系的影响,还与橡胶粒径及其分子量之间有很大联系。即橡胶粒子产生凝胶的机制和程度在不同品系的橡胶树中有所不同,橡胶分子结构与粒子粒径的关系受到橡胶树品系的影响。
2个品系的门尼黏度有一定差别,PR107明显高于热研73397。热研73397离心1次对门尼黏度的影响较大,但PR107离心2次后的门尼黏度与离心1次差别不大,结合其氮含量趋势来看,橡胶的门尼黏度与其蛋白质之间有一定的联系,蛋白质促进橡胶中一些网络结构的形成,使其门尼黏度增大。
门尼应力松弛与网络结构相关,网络结构密度越高松弛速率越慢,达到平衡时门尼黏度保持率越高。热研73397和PR107不同离心次数样品的门尼应力松弛曲线如图4所示。离心后热研73397橡胶的松弛速率变快,门尼黏度保持率变低,且随离心次数增加松弛速率加快,混合后样品能明显提高其门尼黏度保持率。离心同样使PR107橡胶松弛速率加快,门尼黏度保持率降低,但随离心次数增加,其门尼黏度保持率几乎不变,混合样品同样无明显变化。由上述分析可知,胶乳离心次数能降低橡胶缠结网络结构,生胶加工中有增塑作用。
2个种品系不同离心次数所得天然橡胶生胶的P0、PRI和加速贮存硬化值(ΔP)测试结果如图5所示。对于未经离心处理(原乳)的2个品系天然橡胶,以PR107的P0值最高,表明其分子量较大,热研73397的P0值较低,表明其分子量较小,这与图2所测结果相符。2个品系的PRI均高于60,其大小顺序为PR107>热研73397,表明PR107生胶耐老化性更优。随着离心次数的增加,2个品系的P0、PRI均呈现下降趋势,且离心1次的下降幅度最大,离心2次的样品性能与1次相近,混合样品的性能基本介于二者之间,这是由于橡胶中蛋白质能提高橡胶的耐老化性,而胶乳经过离心后使得蛋白质减少,从而橡胶的耐老化性降低。其ΔP随离心次数的增加而递减,表明离心后其抵抗贮存硬化效果明显。2个品系的原乳与离心后样品混合后,其贮存硬化明显,因为鲜胶乳经离心后,其中某些易使橡胶发生贮存硬化的物质被除去,使橡胶的交联网络难以形成。
图6表2可知,就原乳样品而言,PR107的焦烧时间(t10)、正硫化时间(t90)较长;热研73397稍短,最高转矩(MH)、最低转矩(ML)、MH-ML二者相近。整体来看,PR107的硫化时间短于热研73397,这是因为蛋白质在橡胶中有促进硫化作用,PR107中蛋白质含量高于热研73397,从而使得硫化时间缩短。热研73397经离心后,其混炼胶的t10t90明显增加,说明离心处理能增加天然橡胶的加工操作安全性,但也延长了硫化时间。离心1次的t10t90较离心2次长,说明再次离心能缩短硫化时间,起到加速硫化的作用。对于PR107,其离心1次后混炼胶的t10t90明显增加,但离心2次后其混炼胶的t10t90低于原乳,说明2次离心有促进硫化的作用。对于混合后的胶样,热研73397原乳混合样品介于二者之间,1次与2次混合样品凸显1次离心特性,PR107无明显规律。热研73397混炼胶的MHML以及MH-ML值均随离心次数的增加而下降,其胶料硬度降低,流动性增加;PR107离心后混炼胶的MHML以及MH-ML均降低,2次离心大于1次离心。总的来说,离心对天然橡胶的焦烧时间和硫化时间影响较大,胶样的硫化特性受到橡胶品系的影响。
图7A可知,离心后橡胶撕裂强度下降,热研73397较PR107降幅明显。PR107离心1次和离心2次撕裂强度无明显差异。由图7B图7C所示,300%定伸应力所呈现的趋势与撕裂强度基本一致。2个品系的橡胶离心后拉断伸长率上升,拉断伸长率基本在830%左右。由表3可知,2个品系原乳所制硫化胶的硬度相近,混合胶样也在二者之间,基本与硫化特性中MH值的变化趋势一致。
各样品硫化胶经100 ℃×24 h老化后的性能如表4所示。离心次数对橡胶的耐老化性能影响较大。2个品系天然橡胶老化后的邵尔A硬度变化相似,对比发现,随离心次数增加,硫化胶耐老化性降低,2次离心耐老化性较差。由硬度变化、拉伸强度保持率、拉断伸长率保持率可知,PR107的耐老化性能较好。
采用DSC对热研73397、PR107生胶进行测试,结果如图8表5所示。离心导致生胶玻璃化转变温度(Tg)稍有升高,说明离心前橡胶中分子链更难发生运动,与生胶样品高硬度的表现相一致。PR107的Tg低于热研73397,表明橡胶的Tg一定程度上受到橡胶品系的影响,但2个品系主要成分均为橡胶烃,从各样品的Tg来看总体差异不大,均在-63 ℃左右。
2个品系的TG及DTG曲线如图9所示。2个品系都只有一条分解峰。表6为2个品系生胶热失重数据,2个品系离心后其初始降解温度(T0)均有升高趋势,因为胶乳离心后蛋白质的脱出对橡胶的热稳定性有影响。其最大失重速率温度(Tp)以及终止温度(Tf)基本无变化。
为了考查离心对硫化天然橡胶动态粘弹性的影响,对样品进行了DMA测试,结果如图10表7所示。由图10A可知,热研73397离心后橡胶储存模量降低,而二者混合后使得储存模量大大降低。由图10B可知,PR107离心后储能模量增大,混合样品介于二者之间,热研73397原乳以及离心1次胶样储能模量远大于PR107。损耗角正切tanδ的峰值可反映材料的内损耗,所对应的温度可比较准确地反映聚合物分子链段或基团开始运动的Tg。由图10C图10E可知,2个品系离心后均使得tanδ峰值降低,曲线有右移趋势,表明离心前后橡胶内损耗以及Tg存在明显差异。
通常0 ℃时的tanδ对应胶料的抗湿滑性能,其值越大,胶料的抗湿滑性能越好;60 ℃时的tanδ对应胶料的滚动阻力,其值越小,胶料的滚动阻力和生热越小[31]。由表7图10D图10F可知,离心可增强胶料抗湿滑性能,品系PR107抗湿滑性能优于热研73397,同时离心也可使橡胶滚动阻力和生热增大。PR107滚动阻力以及生热小于热研73397,随温度增加,滚动阻力以及生热减小。
离心处理对橡胶各组分的分离有显著效果。离心处理过程中大小橡胶粒子分离,使得小橡胶粒子被甩出,粒径分布随之改变。大小橡胶粒子展现出不同的分子量分布,大橡胶粒子为双峰分布,小橡胶粒子为单峰分布[19]。橡胶粒子的相对分子质量较大,小橡胶粒子在浓缩胶乳中含量越多,混合胶乳的相对分子质量随之增大;随着小粒子含量的增加,浓缩胶乳样的平均粒径不断减少[32]。本研究采用不同离心次数对2个品系新鲜胶乳进行离心处理,研究离心处理对不同品系天然橡胶粒径、分子量及性能的影响。随着离心次数的增加,橡胶粒子的平均粒径增大,分布范围变窄,热研73397的粒径普遍大于PR107,说明橡胶的粒径不仅受离心影响,还与品系有关。此外,离心次数也导致2个品系的分子量和分子量分布发生变化,离心处理能降低天然橡胶的MnMw,且PDI随离心次数的增加而减小,PR107的分子量较热研73397大,橡胶的分子量大小及分布不仅受离心影响,还与品系有关。
非胶组分对天然橡胶性能有较大影响,橡胶粒子大小与表面吸附的蛋白质以及磷脂有关,对硫化特性、生胶及硫化胶的各项性能上也有较大影响[25]。本研究中离心处理时大量非胶组分被甩出,其中包括一些蛋白质以及无机盐等,使得天然橡胶的灰分含量、凝胶含量、氮含量和门尼黏度随离心次数的增加而降低;蛋白质对橡胶硫化特性有显著的影响,有一定的促硫化作用;2个品系的硫化特性也因离心次数不同而改变,PR107中蛋白质含量较高,硫化时间缩短,且离心处理胶乳次数多延长了胶样的硫化时间。
大小粒子之间有协同作用,二者之间占比不同,相应性能也不同。随着小橡胶粒子的甩出,橡胶的缠结网络结构降低,显著降低了橡胶的松弛速率和门尼黏度保持率,尤其是热研73397,随着离心次数的增加,这些变化更为明显,同时因为缺少小橡胶粒子的缘故,橡胶网状密度降低,拉伸强度等也随之降低。橡胶品系之间也有差异,PR107较热研73397的耐老化性更好,离心处理对PR107的撕裂强度的影响不大,而热研73397的撕裂强度下降明显。储能模量显示出2个品系对离心的不同响应,PR107储能模量增加,热研73397则下降。离心处理不仅影响橡胶的加工特性,还在一定程度上改变了其热稳定性和抗湿滑性能。总体来看,离心处理对不同品系天然橡胶粒径、分子量及性能有较大影响。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD2301202)
  • 海南大学热带高效农业产业技术体系专项(THAITS-3)
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2025年第46卷第5期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.05.021
  • 接收时间:2024-12-05
  • 首发时间:2026-06-26
  • 出版时间:2025-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-05
  • 录用日期:2025-01-11
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国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD2301202)
海南大学热带高效农业产业技术体系专项(THAITS-3)
作者信息
    1.海南大学材料科学与工程学院,海南海口 570228
    2.西双版纳合盛橡胶科技有限公司,云南西双版纳 666108

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* 赵艳芳(ZHAO Yanfang),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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