Article(id=1277241036967637250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1277239982603502113, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.05.014, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733068800000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1737561600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-01-23, onlineDate=1782447593203, onlineDateStr=2026-06-26, pubDate=1748102400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782447593203, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782447593203, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782447593203, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1277239982603502113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2025', volume='46', issue='5', pageStart='1025', pageEnd='1277', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1748102400000', pubDateStr='2025-05-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782447341824, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782447947315, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1277242522292319215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1277239982603502113, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1277242522292319216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1277239982603502113, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1154, endPage=1165, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1277241037282210054, articleId=1277241036967637250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Nutrient Transfer Capacity and Nutrient Accumulation of Main and New Quality Litchi Cultivars in South China, columnId=1236256434120348225, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Plant Cultivation, Physiology & Biochemistry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The present work aims to provide references for differentiated nutrient management of litchi cultivars, and enhance the cultivation promotion of the new quality cultivars via clarifying the differences in nutrient content, nutrient transfer capacity and nutrient accumulation in different parts of litchi fruits among the main and the new quality cultivars in South China. A total of 73 litchi fruit samples belonging to 25 main and new quality litchi cultivars were collected from 29 litchi orchards in South China. The contents of 12 nutrients in pericarp, flesh and kernel of litchi fruits were determined to compare the discrepancies in nutrient transfer and accumulation among cultivars. Further, the types of nutrient accumulation in litchi fruit were categorized through cluster analysis. The results show that, most cultivars of litchi had the highest K content in the pericarp and the flesh, whereas the highest N content were observed in the kernel. The average transfer factors of P, S, Fe, Cu and Zn from pericarp to kernel ranged from 1.09 to 1.58, with strong transfer ability. N, K, Mg, B and Mo had medium transfer ability, with the average transfer factors within 0.53-0.99. The average transfer factor of Ca and Mn was only 0.35 and 0.481 respectively, with relative low transfer capability. With regard to the transfer capability from pericarp to flesh, N, K, Mg, S, Fe, Zn, B and Mo were figured by average transfer factors of 0.49-0.87, and Cu and P by high average transfer factors (5.91 and 1.32). However, Ca and Mn were characterized by extremely low average transfer factors of 0.069 and 0.112, respectively. Among the 25 cultivars, the content of Ca, Mg and Mn in Xiantaoli peel was higher than that of all the other cultivars, which was 6.13 g/kg, 3.34 g/kg and 233.52 mg/kg, respectively. Moreover, the ability of the three elements transferring from peel to kernel or flesh was lower than that of all the other cultivars, leading to excess accumulation in the peel. The requirement of N and K in 25 litchi cultivars was categorized into seven types: low N and high K, medium N and low K, medium N and medium K, medium N and high K, high N and low K, high N and medium K, high N and high K. The accumulation of Ca, Mg, B and Mo was divided into three groups including the low-, medium- and high-types, respectively. Ca and Mn were difficult to transfer in litchi fruit, being an obstacle to the development of litchi fruit. Conclusively, the nutrient accumulation of litchi fruit is cultivar dependent, therefore, elaborate nutrient strategy for litchi can be made to meet the nutrient demand for fruit development. The fertilization strategy for the new quality varieties of litchi can be referred to the traditional cultivars belonging to the same nutrient requirement type.

, authors=null, authorsList=Bokai YANG, Jiawen ZHANG, Zenghui WEI, Cuihua BAI, Lixian YAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lixian YAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1277241039861707027, articleId=1277241036967637250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=华南主栽及优新品种荔枝果实养分转移及累积特征, columnId=1236256434313286224, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=作物栽培与生理生化, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

明确华南主栽及优新品种荔枝果实不同部位养分含量、养分转移能力和养分累积量差异,为不同荔枝品种果实生长发育的差异化养分管理提供参考,以促进优新品种的推广种植。本研究从华南产区29个荔枝园25个主栽和优新荔枝品种中共采集73个果实样本,测定果皮、果肉和果核的12种养分含量,比较不同品种荔枝果实养分转移和累积特点的差异,通过聚类分析将荔枝果实养分累积类型进行分类。结果表明:大部分荔枝品种的果皮和果肉以K含量最高,果核以N含量最高。P、S、Fe、Cu和Zn从果皮至果核的转移系数均值在1.09~1.58之间,转移能力强;N、K、Mg、B和Mo转移能力中等,转移系数均值为0.53~0.99;Ca和Mn的转移能力较低,转移系数均值分别为0.35和0.481。N、K、Mg、S、Fe、Zn、B和Mo从果皮至果肉的转移系数均值在0.49~0.87之间,Cu和P从果皮至果肉的转移系数均值分别为5.91和1.32,而Ca和Mn的转移系数均值仅分别为0.069和0.112。在25个荔枝品种中,仙桃荔果皮的Ca、Mg、Mn含量明显高于其他品种,分别为6.13 g/kg、3.34 g/kg和233.52 mg/kg,且这3种元素从果皮转移至果核或果肉的能力均较其他品种低,容易在果皮中过量积累。25个品种果实中N、K的累积类型可分为低N高K、中N低K、中N中K、中N高K、高N低K、高N中K和高N高K共7种,Ca、Mg、B和Mo可分为低、中、高3种累积型。在荔枝生长发育过程中,Ca和Mn在荔枝果实中的转移能力低,成为果实生长发育的营养限制因素。总之,不同荔枝品种果实养分累积类型各异,可根据其养分累积类型制订更为精细的养分管理策略。优新荔枝品种施肥技术的制定可参考同类型的主栽传统品种。

, authors=

杨博凯(2000—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:荔枝果色营养调控。

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* 姚丽贤(YAO Lixian),E-mail:
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杨博凯(2000—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:荔枝果色营养调控。

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杨博凯(2000—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:荔枝果色营养调控。

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orderNo=3, keyword=养分转移), Keyword(id=1277241046169940286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241036967637250, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=养分累积)], refs=[Reference(id=1277241049647018320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241036967637250, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=null, issue=2, pageStart=12, pageEnd=18, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=陈厚彬, 庄丽娟, 黄旭明, 苏钻贤, journalName=中国热带农业, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈厚彬, 庄丽娟, 黄旭明, 苏钻贤. 荔枝龙眼产业发展现状与前景[J]. 中国热带农业, 2013(2): 12-18., articleTitle=荔枝龙眼产业发展现状与前景, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1277241049718321489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241036967637250, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=null, issue=2, pageStart=12, pageEnd=18, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=CHEN H B, ZHUANG L J, HUANG X M, SU Z X, journalName=China 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Observation of abnormal symptoms and mineral nutritional analysis of litchi and longan fruit[J]. South China Fruits, 2017, 46(4): 49-54. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Observation of abnormal symptoms and mineral nutritional analysis of litchi and longan fruit, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1277241053656772980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241036967637250, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=12, pageEnd=15, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=36, authorNames=TOMAS F S, journalName=Climate change 2013: the physical science basis, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TOMAS F S. Climate change 2013: the physical science basis[M]. 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Progress in the study of spatio-temporal distribution of extreme precipitation and its atmospheric circulation background in China[J]. Journal of Meteorological Research and Application, 2023, 44(4): 70-77. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Progress in the study of spatio-temporal distribution of extreme precipitation and its atmospheric circulation background in China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1277241054004900217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241036967637250, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=40, issue=2, pageStart=272, pageEnd=284, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=41, authorNames=HUANG F, HE M, TANG Z, LI H S, WANG S Q, JIN C, journalName=Journal of Tropical Meteorology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HUANG F, HE M, TANG Z, LI H S, WANG S Q, JIN C. Climatological characteristics of heavy rainfall during rainy season in South China: an analysis of IMERG precipitation data from 2001 to 2020[J]. Journal of Tropical Meteorology, 2024, 40(2): 272-284., articleTitle=Climatological characteristics of heavy rainfall during rainy season in South China: an analysis of IMERG precipitation data from 2001 to 2020, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1277241049558937935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241036967637250, awardId=CARS-32, language=CN, fundingSource=国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-32), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1277241040100782358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241036967637250, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1277241040113365271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241036967637250, companyId=1277241040100782358, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1277241040121753880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241036967637250, companyId=1277241040100782358, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=华南农业大学资源环境学院,广东广州 510642)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1277241046425792831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241036967637250, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Nutrient contents in litchi pericarp of different cultivars

Cultivars No. are the same as Table 1.

, figureFileSmall=NsrnB4DDxsZCcAGwzYDnhg==, figureFileBig=/ajJZDcMYStA4ney8jSMRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277241046778114368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241036967637250, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同荔枝品种果皮养分含量

品种编号同表1

, figureFileSmall=NsrnB4DDxsZCcAGwzYDnhg==, figureFileBig=/ajJZDcMYStA4ney8jSMRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277241048539722049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241036967637250, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Nutrient contents in litchi kernel of different cultivars

Cultivars No. are the same as Table 1.

, figureFileSmall=C6kJ760W2h11BhNndT5YNg==, figureFileBig=dvBw+x83F7Tbzz7FO6XcDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277241048627802434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241036967637250, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同荔枝品种果核养分含量

品种编号同表1

, figureFileSmall=C6kJ760W2h11BhNndT5YNg==, figureFileBig=dvBw+x83F7Tbzz7FO6XcDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277241048703299907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241036967637250, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Nutrient contents in litchi flesh of different cultivars

Cultivars No. are the same as Table 1.

, figureFileSmall=ntXV4kGUVakSK2eBLrRvEw==, figureFileBig=QenN1vAPs3kkJ+1rS4ilWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277241048770408772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241036967637250, language=CN, label=图3, caption=荔枝不同品种果肉养分含量

品种编号同表1

, figureFileSmall=ntXV4kGUVakSK2eBLrRvEw==, figureFileBig=QenN1vAPs3kkJ+1rS4ilWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277241048833323333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241036967637250, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Cluster analysis of N and K nutrient accumulation types in different litchi cultivars, figureFileSmall=bTWPJdiwmCLX1+XEJu+K5w==, figureFileBig=07rHzMfjX924ZHvykmo42A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277241048900432198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241036967637250, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同荔枝品种果实N和K养分累积聚类分析, figureFileSmall=bTWPJdiwmCLX1+XEJu+K5w==, figureFileBig=07rHzMfjX924ZHvykmo42A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277241048959152455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241036967637250, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Cluster analysis of secondary and micro-nutrient accumulation types in different litchi cultivars, figureFileSmall=qZRG/U0AWjfDIw8Urhn9YQ==, figureFileBig=7SmH7Lqs/fFOyIGWdiN9jg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277241049026261320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241036967637250, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同荔枝品种果实微量元素养分累积聚类分析, figureFileSmall=qZRG/U0AWjfDIw8Urhn9YQ==, figureFileBig=7SmH7Lqs/fFOyIGWdiN9jg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277241049093370185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241036967637250, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Main and new quality litchi cultivars in South China

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号No.品种Cultivar编号No.品种Cultivar
1桂味14黑叶
2妃子笑15巨美人
3鸡嘴荔16庙种糯
4仙进奉17岭丰糯
5糯米糍18绿纱
6井岗红糯19黑珍珠
7新球蜜荔20水晶球
8草莓荔21胭脂红
9马贵荔22甜岩
10唐夏红23挂绿
11紫娘喜24翡脆
12仙桃荔25贵妃红
13白糖罂
), ArticleFig(id=1277241049164673354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241036967637250, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

华南地区主栽及优新荔枝品种

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号No.品种Cultivar编号No.品种Cultivar
1桂味14黑叶
2妃子笑15巨美人
3鸡嘴荔16庙种糯
4仙进奉17岭丰糯
5糯米糍18绿纱
6井岗红糯19黑珍珠
7新球蜜荔20水晶球
8草莓荔21胭脂红
9马贵荔22甜岩
10唐夏红23挂绿
11紫娘喜24翡脆
12仙桃荔25贵妃红
13白糖罂
), ArticleFig(id=1277241049231782219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241036967637250, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Transfer factors of nutrient elements from pericarp to kernel in different litchi cultivars

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
品种CultivarNPKCaMgSFeMnCuZnBMo
桂味1.180.990.550.380.971.161.070.4161.521.300.420.85
妃子笑0.991.200.510.240.931.461.320.3831.572.110.751.39
鸡嘴荔1.020.880.390.460.851.031.200.2311.621.280.601.17
仙进奉1.000.620.130.520.901.021.360.5771.241.860.680.63
糯米糍1.070.720.280.851.131.201.330.7691.442.310.450.75
井岗红糯1.030.770.310.661.051.271.480.5762.031.760.461.00
新球蜜荔0.971.670.740.150.941.211.310.2591.680.770.840.49
草莓荔0.901.130.350.631.261.521.320.7791.320.961.070.78
马贵荔1.151.840.610.200.961.461.000.3101.470.801.030.86
唐夏红0.971.470.500.230.711.140.870.2961.390.941.100.90
紫娘喜1.071.540.550.100.851.270.630.4371.570.791.060.75
仙桃荔0.931.290.960.120.490.971.570.0891.690.740.750.28
白糖罂1.011.110.780.250.730.910.980.2391.711.770.770.60
黑叶0.851.111.180.120.670.810.720.0941.390.570.870.63
巨美人0.981.160.900.130.530.831.300.1691.440.450.680.54
庙种糯0.880.720.480.471.212.261.760.4611.701.951.130.55
岭丰糯0.970.890.490.470.960.751.010.5101.671.661.030.59
绿纱1.020.930.470.511.301.031.421.3042.192.151.301.26
黑珍珠0.870.530.330.550.990.991.351.5701.793.180.821.37
水晶球0.810.810.290.691.240.931.131.1571.461.360.660.98
胭脂红1.011.050.380.330.771.081.310.5801.551.330.511.05
甜岩0.971.330.540.110.511.171.110.0921.742.040.641.15
挂绿0.931.200.620.210.861.411.390.3331.321.550.621.06
翡脆1.051.010.410.280.751.030.870.2531.581.320.621.39
贵妃红1.141.260.570.150.581.141.280.1441.391.190.531.13
均值0.991.090.530.350.891.161.200.4811.581.450.780.89
), ArticleFig(id=1277241049303085388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277241036967637250, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

养分元素在不同品种荔枝果实从果皮至果核的转移系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
品种CultivarNPKCaMgSFeMnCuZnBMo
桂味1.180.990.550.380.971.161.070.4161.521.300.420.85
妃子笑0.991.200.510.240.931.461.320.3831.572.110.751.39
鸡嘴荔1.020.880.390.460.851.031.200.2311.621.280.601.17
仙进奉1.000.620.130.520.901.021.360.5771.241.860.680.63
糯米糍1.070.720.280.851.131.201.330.7691.442.310.450.75
井岗红糯1.030.770.310.661.051.271.480.5762.031.760.461.00
新球蜜荔0.971.670.740.150.941.211.310.2591.680.770.840.49
草莓荔0.901.130.350.631.261.521.320.7791.320.961.070.78
马贵荔1.151.840.610.200.961.461.000.3101.470.801.030.86
唐夏红0.971.470.500.230.711.140.870.2961.390.941.100.90
紫娘喜1.071.540.550.100.851.270.630.4371.570.791.060.75
仙桃荔0.931.290.960.120.490.971.570.0891.690.740.750.28
白糖罂1.011.110.780.250.730.910.980.2391.711.770.770.60
黑叶0.851.111.180.120.670.810.720.0941.390.570.870.63
巨美人0.981.160.900.130.530.831.300.1691.440.450.680.54
庙种糯0.880.720.480.471.212.261.760.4611.701.951.130.55
岭丰糯0.970.890.490.470.960.751.010.5101.671.661.030.59
绿纱1.020.930.470.511.301.031.421.3042.192.151.301.26
黑珍珠0.870.530.330.550.990.991.351.5701.793.180.821.37
水晶球0.810.810.290.691.240.931.131.1571.461.360.660.98
胭脂红1.011.050.380.330.771.081.310.5801.551.330.511.05
甜岩0.971.330.540.110.511.171.110.0921.742.040.641.15
挂绿0.931.200.620.210.861.411.390.3331.321.550.621.06
翡脆1.051.010.410.280.751.030.870.2531.581.320.621.39
贵妃红1.141.260.570.150.581.141.280.1441.391.190.531.13
均值0.991.090.530.350.891.161.200.4811.581.450.780.89
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Transfer factors of nutrient elements from pericarp to flesh of different litchi cultivars

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品种CultivarNPKCaMgSFeMnCuZnBMo
桂味0.721.090.680.0540.480.720.910.1160.930.530.390.40
妃子笑0.701.120.810.1070.350.891.520.0751.490.660.480.68
鸡嘴荔0.811.150.570.0710.530.741.220.0744.380.550.440.96
仙进奉0.690.810.370.0720.290.500.640.0600.860.410.370.27
糯米糍0.791.170.800.0910.400.741.390.1050.800.550.390.33
井岗红糯0.811.210.640.0450.410.781.320.0810.400.510.380.68
新球蜜荔1.061.991.100.0660.831.121.280.1437.990.570.790.55
草莓荔0.801.460.650.1380.920.890.740.1905.690.430.710.62
马贵荔1.112.030.750.1040.761.111.110.16520.730.980.760.87
唐夏红1.262.580.970.1410.671.180.930.17718.720.750.780.91
紫娘喜1.422.950.820.0490.691.290.610.22517.060.700.970.90
仙桃荔0.621.031.060.0330.220.610.980.0203.200.470.460.26
白糖罂0.781.200.940.0560.370.520.520.0524.011.110.570.52
黑叶0.761.281.290.0580.470.450.540.0454.350.520.600.63
巨美人0.761.170.990.0630.340.480.790.0905.160.530.470.52
庙种糯0.611.050.880.0530.370.541.080.0401.770.680.640.48
岭丰糯0.660.960.830.0560.340.620.500.0576.380.850.590.62
绿纱0.771.010.790.0460.390.780.590.1402.570.690.640.87
黑珍珠0.650.960.760.0470.570.490.620.1654.120.870.360.81
水晶球0.610.850.690.0620.700.410.550.1583.900.490.360.70
胭脂红0.741.120.760.0580.350.860.850.1403.930.700.340.89
甜岩0.841.300.660.0520.381.050.860.10016.092.140.581.20
挂绿0.761.150.710.0770.520.820.800.2812.811.460.490.94
翡脆0.791.230.690.0480.380.790.470.0437.350.630.410.98
贵妃红0.941.220.620.0670.440.930.910.0643.080.890.421.08
均值0.821.320.790.0690.490.770.870.1125.910.750.540.71
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养分元素在不同荔枝品种果实从果皮至果肉的转移系数

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品种CultivarNPKCaMgSFeMnCuZnBMo
桂味0.721.090.680.0540.480.720.910.1160.930.530.390.40
妃子笑0.701.120.810.1070.350.891.520.0751.490.660.480.68
鸡嘴荔0.811.150.570.0710.530.741.220.0744.380.550.440.96
仙进奉0.690.810.370.0720.290.500.640.0600.860.410.370.27
糯米糍0.791.170.800.0910.400.741.390.1050.800.550.390.33
井岗红糯0.811.210.640.0450.410.781.320.0810.400.510.380.68
新球蜜荔1.061.991.100.0660.831.121.280.1437.990.570.790.55
草莓荔0.801.460.650.1380.920.890.740.1905.690.430.710.62
马贵荔1.112.030.750.1040.761.111.110.16520.730.980.760.87
唐夏红1.262.580.970.1410.671.180.930.17718.720.750.780.91
紫娘喜1.422.950.820.0490.691.290.610.22517.060.700.970.90
仙桃荔0.621.031.060.0330.220.610.980.0203.200.470.460.26
白糖罂0.781.200.940.0560.370.520.520.0524.011.110.570.52
黑叶0.761.281.290.0580.470.450.540.0454.350.520.600.63
巨美人0.761.170.990.0630.340.480.790.0905.160.530.470.52
庙种糯0.611.050.880.0530.370.541.080.0401.770.680.640.48
岭丰糯0.660.960.830.0560.340.620.500.0576.380.850.590.62
绿纱0.771.010.790.0460.390.780.590.1402.570.690.640.87
黑珍珠0.650.960.760.0470.570.490.620.1654.120.870.360.81
水晶球0.610.850.690.0620.700.410.550.1583.900.490.360.70
胭脂红0.741.120.760.0580.350.860.850.1403.930.700.340.89
甜岩0.841.300.660.0520.381.050.860.10016.092.140.581.20
挂绿0.761.150.710.0770.520.820.800.2812.811.460.490.94
翡脆0.791.230.690.0480.380.790.470.0437.350.630.410.98
贵妃红0.941.220.620.0670.440.930.910.0643.080.890.421.08
均值0.821.320.790.0690.490.770.870.1125.910.750.540.71
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华南主栽及优新品种荔枝果实养分转移及累积特征
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杨博凯 , 张嘉雯 , 韦增辉 , 白翠华 , 姚丽贤 *
热带作物学报 | 作物栽培与生理生化 2025,46(5): 1154-1165
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热带作物学报 |作物栽培与生理生化 2025 , 46 (5) : 1154 -1165
华南主栽及优新品种荔枝果实养分转移及累积特征
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杨博凯, 张嘉雯, 韦增辉, 白翠华, 姚丽贤*
作者信息
  • 华南农业大学资源环境学院,广东广州 510642
通讯作者:
* 姚丽贤(YAO Lixian),E-mail:
Nutrient Transfer Capacity and Nutrient Accumulation of Main and New Quality Litchi Cultivars in South China
Bokai YANG, Jiawen ZHANG, Zenghui WEI, Cuihua BAI, Lixian YAO*
Affiliations
  • College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
出版时间: 2025-05-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.05.014
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明确华南主栽及优新品种荔枝果实不同部位养分含量、养分转移能力和养分累积量差异,为不同荔枝品种果实生长发育的差异化养分管理提供参考,以促进优新品种的推广种植。本研究从华南产区29个荔枝园25个主栽和优新荔枝品种中共采集73个果实样本,测定果皮、果肉和果核的12种养分含量,比较不同品种荔枝果实养分转移和累积特点的差异,通过聚类分析将荔枝果实养分累积类型进行分类。结果表明:大部分荔枝品种的果皮和果肉以K含量最高,果核以N含量最高。P、S、Fe、Cu和Zn从果皮至果核的转移系数均值在1.09~1.58之间,转移能力强;N、K、Mg、B和Mo转移能力中等,转移系数均值为0.53~0.99;Ca和Mn的转移能力较低,转移系数均值分别为0.35和0.481。N、K、Mg、S、Fe、Zn、B和Mo从果皮至果肉的转移系数均值在0.49~0.87之间,Cu和P从果皮至果肉的转移系数均值分别为5.91和1.32,而Ca和Mn的转移系数均值仅分别为0.069和0.112。在25个荔枝品种中,仙桃荔果皮的Ca、Mg、Mn含量明显高于其他品种,分别为6.13 g/kg、3.34 g/kg和233.52 mg/kg,且这3种元素从果皮转移至果核或果肉的能力均较其他品种低,容易在果皮中过量积累。25个品种果实中N、K的累积类型可分为低N高K、中N低K、中N中K、中N高K、高N低K、高N中K和高N高K共7种,Ca、Mg、B和Mo可分为低、中、高3种累积型。在荔枝生长发育过程中,Ca和Mn在荔枝果实中的转移能力低,成为果实生长发育的营养限制因素。总之,不同荔枝品种果实养分累积类型各异,可根据其养分累积类型制订更为精细的养分管理策略。优新荔枝品种施肥技术的制定可参考同类型的主栽传统品种。

荔枝  /  果实生长  /  养分转移  /  养分累积

The present work aims to provide references for differentiated nutrient management of litchi cultivars, and enhance the cultivation promotion of the new quality cultivars via clarifying the differences in nutrient content, nutrient transfer capacity and nutrient accumulation in different parts of litchi fruits among the main and the new quality cultivars in South China. A total of 73 litchi fruit samples belonging to 25 main and new quality litchi cultivars were collected from 29 litchi orchards in South China. The contents of 12 nutrients in pericarp, flesh and kernel of litchi fruits were determined to compare the discrepancies in nutrient transfer and accumulation among cultivars. Further, the types of nutrient accumulation in litchi fruit were categorized through cluster analysis. The results show that, most cultivars of litchi had the highest K content in the pericarp and the flesh, whereas the highest N content were observed in the kernel. The average transfer factors of P, S, Fe, Cu and Zn from pericarp to kernel ranged from 1.09 to 1.58, with strong transfer ability. N, K, Mg, B and Mo had medium transfer ability, with the average transfer factors within 0.53-0.99. The average transfer factor of Ca and Mn was only 0.35 and 0.481 respectively, with relative low transfer capability. With regard to the transfer capability from pericarp to flesh, N, K, Mg, S, Fe, Zn, B and Mo were figured by average transfer factors of 0.49-0.87, and Cu and P by high average transfer factors (5.91 and 1.32). However, Ca and Mn were characterized by extremely low average transfer factors of 0.069 and 0.112, respectively. Among the 25 cultivars, the content of Ca, Mg and Mn in Xiantaoli peel was higher than that of all the other cultivars, which was 6.13 g/kg, 3.34 g/kg and 233.52 mg/kg, respectively. Moreover, the ability of the three elements transferring from peel to kernel or flesh was lower than that of all the other cultivars, leading to excess accumulation in the peel. The requirement of N and K in 25 litchi cultivars was categorized into seven types: low N and high K, medium N and low K, medium N and medium K, medium N and high K, high N and low K, high N and medium K, high N and high K. The accumulation of Ca, Mg, B and Mo was divided into three groups including the low-, medium- and high-types, respectively. Ca and Mn were difficult to transfer in litchi fruit, being an obstacle to the development of litchi fruit. Conclusively, the nutrient accumulation of litchi fruit is cultivar dependent, therefore, elaborate nutrient strategy for litchi can be made to meet the nutrient demand for fruit development. The fertilization strategy for the new quality varieties of litchi can be referred to the traditional cultivars belonging to the same nutrient requirement type.

litchi  /  fruit development  /  nutrient transfer  /  nutrient accumulationr
杨博凯, 张嘉雯, 韦增辉, 白翠华, 姚丽贤. 华南主栽及优新品种荔枝果实养分转移及累积特征. 热带作物学报, 2025 , 46 (5) : 1154 -1165 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.05.014
Bokai YANG, Jiawen ZHANG, Zenghui WEI, Cuihua BAI, Lixian YAO. Nutrient Transfer Capacity and Nutrient Accumulation of Main and New Quality Litchi Cultivars in South China[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2025 , 46 (5) : 1154 -1165 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.05.014
荔枝(Litchi chinensis Sonn.)是无患子科荔枝属的多年生木本果树,适宜种植区域仅为南纬和北纬18°~26°范围内[1]。荔枝主产国包括中国、印度和越南等8个国家,东南亚地区生产全球约95%的荔枝,而我国荔枝种植面积和总产量均位居世界第一[2]。目前对于荔枝栽培技术的研究较多,而荔枝树体养分需求的研究较少。国内外对荔枝叶片养分含量变化及养分转移[3-5]、树体营养累积[6]、叶片营养诊断[7]等方面开展了不少研究,为荔枝养分管理提供了重要理论支持。然而,对于不同品种,尤其是一些优质新荔枝品种果实的营养累积特性,则缺乏研究报道,导致对优新荔枝品种的施肥技术制定缺乏基础指导参数。
我国荔枝品种多达200多个,商业化种植品种有30多个[8]。其中,妃子笑和桂味分别是我国最广泛种植且种植面积最大的早熟和中晚熟优质荔枝品种,白糖罂和黒叶是传统的早熟优质品种和大众化品种。随着荔枝选育种技术的进步,近年荔枝优新品种不断出现,如仙进奉、井岗红糯、仙桃荔、巨美人、岭丰糯、新球蜜荔、贵妃红和庙种糯等,不但丰富了我国荔枝主栽品种结构,满足人们对不同风味荔枝的需求,而且这些优新品种的种植效益明显高于传统品种,对于荔枝产业的高质量发展具有重大推动作用。
目前已有的荔枝营养特性研究多集中在1个或数个传统荔枝品种,对主栽品种,尤其是优新品种果实养分累积特性研究不足,难以为优新品种栽培提供配套施肥技术支持,这在很大程度上限制了优新品种的推广种植。已有研究表明,荔枝果实累积的N、K、Ca、Zn、S养分基本全部为果实膨大期树体新增吸收,而P、Mg、B、Mo则部分来自上一年秋梢的养分转移[9]。这表明荔枝果实发育期的养分供应对果实的生长发育、产量和品质形成具有重要影响。近年优新荔枝品种的推广种植,通常是在老果园进行高接换种更新品种,原有树体养分累积仍然保留,优新品种果实养分需求主要依赖当年树体新增吸收。因此,本研究在广东、广西和福建等省(区)荔枝主产区采集25个主栽和优新品种荔枝的73个果实样本,对不同品种果实大、中、微量元素养分转移能力及累积特点进行比较,探明不同类型品种果实的养分需求参数,为基于品种养分累积类型制定分类施肥技术方案提供依据。
于2020—2022年果实成熟期,在广东、广西和福建等省(区)荔枝主产区29个生产果园,采集25个荔枝品种共73个果实样本(表1)。2020年在21个荔枝园采集6个优新荔枝品种,共49个果实样本,分别为桂味16个、妃子笑11个、糯米糍6个、仙进奉6个、井岗红糯7个和鸡嘴荔3个。2021年在2个荔枝园采集9个品种共10个果实样本,9个品种分别为鸡嘴荔、新球蜜荔、草莓荔、马贵荔、仙进奉、唐夏红、桂味、紫娘喜和井岗红糯。2022年在6个荔枝园采集14个品种共14个果实样本,14个品种分别为仙桃荔、白糖罂、黑叶、巨美人、庙种糯、岭丰糯、绿纱、黑珍珠、水晶球、胭脂红、甜岩、挂绿、翡脆和贵妃红。所选优新品种均采用高接换种的技术进行品种更新,换种品种的砧木树龄均在10 a以上,与所选用的传统品种树龄接近。选择树体独立完整、中高产且无裂果的荔枝树进行采样,所采果实样本均生长正常、大小中等且无病虫害及机械损伤。
将荔枝果实样本清洗后,用吸水纸吸干水分,分为果皮、果肉和果核,采集3部分样本,在105 ℃杀青0.5 h后,在65 ℃烘干,并记录干质量,计算水分含量。烘干样本用粉碎机粉碎后,在干燥器中保存备用,测定N、P、K、Ca、Mg、S、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、B、Mo等营养元素含量。每个样本测定3次重复。样本N含量用H2SO4-H2O2消解-凯氏定氮法测定。取部分样本用HNO3-HClO4消煮,消煮液P含量用钼锑抗比色法测定,消煮液K含量用火焰光度计法测定,消煮液Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn含量使用ICP-OES测定,B、Mo含量使用ICP-MS测定[10]
养分元素从果皮到果肉或果核的转移系数=果肉或果核的养分含量/果皮养分含量。试验数据使用Excel软件进行整理,用Origin Pro软件绘图,使用SPSS 24.0软件进行聚类分析。每个品种养分含量为所有样本数据的平均值。
图1所示,不同品种荔枝果皮养分含量有一定差异。妃子笑、仙桃荔和黑叶3个品种果皮以N元素含量最高,分别为12.45、12.44、11.20 g/kg(图1A);其余21个品种果皮均以K含量为最高,其中贵妃红果皮的K含量最高(24.03 g/kg)。25个品种中以黑珍珠果皮的P含量最高(1.76 g/kg),紫娘喜最低(0.84 g/kg)。果皮Ca含量以仙桃荔的最高(6.13 g/kg),而草莓荔最低(2.00 g/kg)(图1B)。Mg含量也以仙桃荔最高(3.34 g/kg),而挂绿最低,仅为1.59 g/kg。白糖罂果皮的S含量最高(1.44 g/kg),而挂绿最低(0.74 g/kg)。桂味和妃子笑等14个品种果皮的Mn元素含量远高于其他微量元素,其中仙桃荔果皮的Mn含量最高达233.52 mg/kg(图1C)。草莓荔、紫娘喜、绿纱、黑珍珠、水晶球和挂绿6个品种果皮的Mn含量低于Fe含量,Fe含量则以紫娘喜的最高(56.29 mg/kg)。Cu以仙进奉的最高(15.40 mg/kg),甜岩则最低(4.22 mg/kg)。果皮的Zn含量则以草莓荔最高(38.61 mg/kg),甜岩最低(8.82 mg/kg)(图1D)。果皮的B含量介于10.64~29.48 mg/kg之间,其中贵妃红最高,马贵荔最低。Mo是荔枝果皮中含量最低的养分元素,25个品种荔枝果皮的Mo含量在0.120~0.260 mg/kg之间,其中黑叶、贵妃红和绿纱3个品种果皮的Mo含量仅为0.120 mg/kg。
不同品种荔枝果核养分含量见图2。紫娘喜、黑叶、巨美人、甜岩、挂绿和贵妃红6个品种果核的K含量最高,在9.67~13.77 g/kg之间(图2A)。其余19个品种果核以N含量最高,其中妃子笑的N含量最高(12.37 g/kg),水晶球最低(9.01 g/kg)。挂绿和马贵荔的P含量最高(1.67 g/kg),糯米糍最低(0.75 g/kg)。仙进奉、糯米糍、绿纱、黑珍珠和水晶球5个品种果核的Ca含量(2.12~2.60 g/kg)高于Mg含量(图2B)。其余20个品种则Mg含量高于Ca含量,以庙种糯的最高(2.71 g/kg),甜岩最低(1.18 g/kg)。庙种糯的S含量最高(2.56 g/kg),黑叶最低(0.83 g/kg)。桂味、妃子笑、仙进奉、糯米糍、井岗红糯和庙种糯6个品种果核的Mn含量(29.69~60.17 mg/kg)大于Fe含量,其余19个品种的Fe含量高于Mn含量(图2 C)。荔枝果核的Z n含量变化幅度较大(14.98~62.85 mg/kg),黑珍珠的Zn含量最高。供试品种中大部分品种果核的B含量与Cu含量相近(图2D)。其中井岗红糯的Cu含量最高(26.52 mg/kg),甜岩的最低(7.35 mg/kg);绿纱的B含量最高(17.07 mg/kg),糯米糍的最低(8.13 mg/kg)。Mo是果核内含量最低的养分元素,以妃子笑最高(0.230 mg/kg),黑叶与仙桃荔的最低(0.073 mg/kg)。
除妃子笑和马贵荔果肉以N含量为最高外,其余23个品种果肉均以K含量最高,在7.68~15.68 g/kg之间(图3A)。紫娘喜和唐夏红果肉的P含量最高(2.47 g/kg),水晶球、仙进奉和岭丰糯为最低(1.07 g/kg)。果肉Ca含量以唐夏红最高(0.61 g/kg),桂味最低(0.15 g/kg)(图3B)。果肉S含量与Mg含量较为接近。果肉S含量以唐夏红最高(1.00 g/kg),黑叶最低(0.46 g/kg);Mg含量也以唐夏红最高(1.9 g/kg),绿纱、岭丰糯和仙进奉最低(0.65 g/kg)。唐夏红的Fe含量最高(40.12 mg/kg),挂绿最低(14.35 mg/kg)(图3C)。大部分品种的果肉Cu元素含量高于其他微量元素,以马贵荔果肉Cu含量最高(164.98 mg/kg),井岗红糯最低(5.25 mg/kg)。不同品种果肉Zn含量在11.59~29.16 mg/kg之间,马贵荔最高,糯米糍最低。桂味Mn含量最高(8.57 mg/kg),挂绿最低(1.68 mg/kg)。
贵妃红的B含量最高(12.39 mg/kg),仙进奉和黑珍珠最低(6.79 mg/kg)。各品种荔枝果肉Mo含量在0.067~0.180 mg/kg,其中仙进奉仅为0.067 mg/kg(图3D)。
不同品种荔枝从果皮转移N至果核的能力较为接近,转移系数介于0.81~1.18之间,其中以桂味最高,水晶球最低。P的转移系数差异较大,其中马贵荔的转移系数最高达1.84,而黑珍珠的仅为0.53。除少数品种转移K能力较强外,大部分品种K的转移能力均较弱,其中仙进奉的K转移系数仅为0.13。与K类似,除少数品种从果皮转移Ca至果核的能力较强外,大部分品种的Ca转移系数均较低,其中巨美人、黑叶、仙桃荔、甜岩、紫娘喜的Ca转移系数分别为0.13、0.12、0.12、0.11、0.10。不同品种的Mg转运能力存在较大差异,其中绿纱的转移系数最高(1.30),仙桃荔最低(0.49)。大部分品种的S转移能力较强,其中庙种糯转移S的能力最强(2.26),岭丰糯相对最弱(0.75)。Cu是从果皮向果核转移能力最强的养分元素。其中,转移Cu能力最强的是绿纱(2.19),最弱的是仙进奉(1.24)。庙种糯对Fe的转移系数最高(1.76),紫娘喜最低仅为0.63。大部分品种对Mn转运能力极弱,其中仙桃荔、甜岩和黑叶的转移系数分别为0.089、0.092和0.094。Zn、B和Mo在不同品种果皮至果核间的转移能力存在较大差异,如黑珍珠的Zn转移系数(3.18)约为巨美人(0.45)的7倍,绿纱的B(1.30)的转移系数为桂味(0.42)的3倍,翡脆和妃子笑的Mo(1.39)的转移系数为仙桃荔(0.28)的5倍(表2)。
整体来看,Cu从荔枝果皮向果肉的转移能力最强,转移系数均值高达5.91;P次之,转移系数均值为1.32;N、K、Mg、S、Fe、Zn、B和Mo 8种元素的转移能力中等,转移系数均值在0.49~0.87之间;而Ca和Mn元素向果肉转移的能力极低,转移系数均值分别仅为0.069和0.112(表3)。
不同品种荔枝大、中量养分元素从果皮转移至果肉的能力也有较大差异。如,N从紫娘喜果皮至果肉的转移系数最高(1.42),而庙种糯和水晶球则最低(0.61)。P的转移系数以紫娘喜最高(2.95),仙进奉最低(0.81)。K的转移能力以黑叶最强(1.29),仙进奉最低,仅为0.37。Ca是转移能力最低的元素,其转移系数介于0.033~0.141之间,以唐夏红最高,而仙桃荔最低。Mg的转移系数以草莓荔最高(0.92),而仙桃荔最低仅为0.22。紫娘喜(1.29)对S的转移能力最强,其转移能力是最低的水晶球(0.41)的3倍。
对于微量元素,不同品种从果皮运输至果肉的能力也存在一定差异。不同品种以妃子笑转移Fe的能力最强(1.52),翡脆最低(0.47)。挂绿和仙桃荔分别是转运Mn能力最强和最弱的品种,前者的转移系数(0.281)约为后者(0.020)的14倍。各种养分元素中品种间转移Cu能力的差异最大,马贵荔对Cu转移系数(20.73)是井岗红糯的(0.40)50余倍。对于Zn,甜岩的转移系数最高(2.14),仙进奉最低(0.41)。紫娘喜转移B的能力相对最强(0.97),而胭脂红最低(0.34)。甜岩转移Mo的能力最强(1.20),仙桃荔最低(0.26)。
N、K、Mg、B和Mo 5种元素在果皮-果肉和果皮-果核间的转移能力均为中等,Ca和Mn从果皮至果肉的转移能力极弱。S、Fe和Zn从果皮至果肉的转移能力较弱,而从果皮至果核的转移能力较强。P从果皮至果肉或果核的转移能力均较强,Cu从果皮至果肉的转移能力极强,从果皮至果核的转移能力则有所降低。
对荔枝果实N、P、K累积量进行聚类分析时,由于P累积量远低于N和K累积量,难以作出明显的聚类区分,因此,仅对不同品种果实的N和K累积量进行聚类分析。由聚类分析结果可知,可将25个荔枝品种分为7个类群,第1类群为低N高K累积型,包含水晶球、胭脂红与翡脆3个品种,此类品种的K、N平均累积量分别为(329.3±15.1)、(165.1±4.4)g/100 kg,K/N累积比为1.99。第2类群为中N低K累积型,包含糯米糍、井岗红糯、桂味、马贵荔、草莓荔和唐夏红6个品种,N、K平均累积量分别为(176.2±11.1)、(194.3.±14.3)g/100 kg,K/N累积比为1.10。第3类群为中N中K累积型,有鸡嘴荔、仙进奉和仙桃荔3个品种,N、K平均累积量分别为(189.4±5.9)、(231.8.4±10.5)g/100 kg,K/N累积比为1.22。第4类群为中N高K累积型,包含巨美人、庙种糯、岭丰糯、绿纱和黑珍珠5个品种,N、K平均累积量分别为(177.2±10.6)、(288.6±10.6)g/100 kg,K/N累积比为1.63。第5类群为高N低K累积型,仅有妃子笑1个品种,N、K累积量分别为210、168.3 g/100 kg,K/N累积比为0.80。第6类群为高N中K类型,包括新球蜜荔、白糖罂、紫娘喜和黑叶4个品种,N、K平均累积量分别为(213.2±9.9)、(268.3±15.3)g/100 kg,K/N累积比为1.26。第7类群为高N高K类型,包含甜岩、挂绿和贵妃红3个品种,K平均累积量为(380.8±19.1)g/100 kg,N平均累积量为(222.4±14.3)g/100 kg,K/N累积比例为1.71(图4)。
对荔枝果实的Ca、Mg、B和Mo累积量进行聚类分析,可将25个荔枝品种分为低、中、高3种累积类型(图5)。Ca低累积型品种有桂味、糯米糍、黑叶等10个品种,Ca平均累积量为(17.6±1.7)g/100 kg;Ca中累积型有白糖罂、水晶球、胭脂红和贵妃红4个品种,Ca平均累积量为(22.3±1.1)g/100 kg;Ca高累积型品种包括妃子笑、鸡嘴荔、翡脆等11个品种,Ca平均累积量达到(28.3±1.6)g/100 kg。
25个荔枝品种中,对Mg累积量低的有桂味、妃子笑、巨美人等13个品种,Mg平均累积量为(23.7±2.0)g/100 kg;Mg累积量中等的有鸡嘴荔、贵妃红、黑珍珠等8个品种,平均累积量为(28.7±1.2)g/100 kg;Mg高累积型品种有新球密荔、唐夏红、紫娘喜和水晶球等4个品种,Mg平均累积量高达(35.4±1.8)g/100 kg。
属于B低累积型的品种包括仙进奉、糯米糍、黑珍珠等共9个品种,B平均累积量为(190.0±16.1)mg/100 kg;桂味、妃子笑、水晶球等15个品种为B中累积型品种,B平均累积量为(250.0±22.6)mg/100 kg;贵妃红属于B高累积型,B累积量高达369.4 mg/100 kg。
Mo是荔枝果实累积量最低的养分元素,其累积量远远低于其他微量元素养分。黑叶、仙桃荔、黑珍珠等16个品种为Mo低累积型,Mo平均累积量为(2.4±0.3)mg/100 kg;桂味、妃子笑、水晶球等7个品种属于Mo中累积型,Mo平均累积量为(3.1±0.1)mg/100 kg;甜岩和挂绿则为Mo高累积品种,Mo平均累积量为(3.7±0.1)mg/100 kg。
在作物生产中,目前确定果树合理施肥量的主要方法有4种:养分平衡法、土壤肥力指标法、肥料效应函数法、营养诊断法[11]。由于肥料效应函数法考察的是作物产量对施肥的真实田间反映,被认为是确定合理施肥量的最准确方法。由于荔枝为多年生长寿木本果树,树体营养为多年累积的结果,且荔枝主栽品种多,近年优新品种不断出现,通过田间试验确定不同品种荔枝合理施肥量,不但难度大,而且试验周期长。华南大部分荔枝园同时种植2个或2个以上品种荔枝,根据荔枝品种养分累积特性进行差异化养分管理是极为必要的。不同品种荔枝果实养分累积量及累积比例差别较大,本研究将25个主栽及优新荔枝品种分为低N高K、中N低K、中N中K、中N高K、高N低K、高N中K和高N高K共7种养分累积类型。在荔枝座果后,参考已有主栽品种妃子笑、桂味、白糖罂等的田间施肥技术研究结果[12-14],结合主栽和优新品种果实养分累积分类,可制订有针对性的果实发育期氮钾养分管理策略。
近年来,我国荔枝主产区(广东、广西、海南、福建、云南和四川)很多荔枝品种爆发一种由Mn胁迫诱发的生理性病害——黑皮病[15-17]。其中,桂味、马贵荔和黑珍珠尤其容易发病且发病严重,井岗红糯、岭丰糯、仙进奉等优新品种也较容易发病。发病荔枝果皮在果实膨大期出现不规则的黑褐斑,严重影响果实外观,大幅降低荔枝售价,发病严重者甚至失去商品价值,对荔枝生产打击很大。
本研究显示,Mn从荔枝果皮向果核和果肉转移的能力均很低,大部分的Mn累积在果皮,这是荔枝易发黑皮病的重要生理基础。然而,虽然桂味尤其容易发生黑皮病,但本研究表明,桂味果皮的Mn含量在25个荔枝品种中属中上水平。同时,仙桃荔果皮的Mn含量明显高于其他供试品种,但根据本课题组近年在华南荔枝主产区的观察,该品种不易发生黑皮病。在果皮Mn含量较高的新球蜜荔、马贵荔、唐夏红、巨美人和胭脂红中,仅有马贵荔在广东、广西、云南和四川多省(区)均普遍发病;唐夏红在四川产区也见发病;其他品种由于种植面积有限,目前难以确定其发病难易和普遍程度。这说明荔枝果皮Mn含量的高低并不是黑皮病品种敏感性差异的主要原因。这也佐证了本课题组前期研究提出的Mn胁迫下荔枝果皮活性氧累积响应是黑皮病发生关键的观点[15-17]。根据以上分析,比较不同荔枝品种黑皮病发生的差异,还需从Mn胁迫下不同品种荔枝果皮的生化响应机制进行深入研究。
华南荔枝园土壤普遍缺乏钙、镁、硼、钼4种养分[18-19]。根据本课题组多年调查和检测,华南5省(区)的妃子笑均容易出现缺钙、或钙镁或钙镁硼同时缺乏的生理性病害[20],这可能与该品种Ca需求量高,且为早熟品种,果实发育期恰逢多雨季节有关。此外,糯米糍是传统优质品种,但其采前裂果现象尤为突出。这可能与糯米糍果皮Ca含量和果实Ca累积量低,且果皮薄有关。
近年荔枝由锰胁迫、缺钙、钙镁缺乏或钙镁硼同时缺乏诱发的生理性病害发生越来越普遍,而这种现象被认为与气候变化有很大关系[15-17,20]。高温、干旱、低温、高湿均会加剧荔枝生理性病害的发生。IPCC报告[21]指出,在全球大部分地区,极端气候呈显著上升趋势。《中国气候变化蓝皮书(2023)》[22]显示,中国气候系统变暖仍在持续,极端高温和极端强降雨事件自20世纪90年代中期以来明显增多,极端天气气候事件风险进一步加剧。20世纪90年代初以来,华南地区前汛期总降水量呈显著增加趋势,极端强降水量异常程度也明显增强[23-24],而该时期与荔枝果实膨大期(5—6月)高度重合,导致荔枝果实出现生理性病害的风险也在增加。
为预防荔枝果实生理性病害的发生,根据不同品种锰、钙、镁、硼累积类型,尤其是对这4种养分累积量较高或较低的品种,研究有针对性的技术措施预防生理性病害的发生,是值得关注的科学问题。对于优新荔枝品种,在大面积推广种植之前,加强对其营养需求特性的研究,为科学施肥提供基础数据,也是十分必要且迫切的。
大中微量元素养分在25个荔枝品种果皮、果核和果肉中的含量有一定差异,不同养分从果皮转移至果核和果肉的能力也有差异。Ca和Mn从果皮向果核,尤其向果肉转移能力很低,成为荔枝果实发育的重要限制因素。优新品种仙桃荔Ca、Mg、Mn果皮中含量最高,向果核和果肉转移能力最弱,在生产上需要关注该品种生理性病害的发生。根据荔枝果实养分累积特点,25个品种的N、K养分累积类型可划分为7种,Ca、Mg、B、Mo的累积类型可分为3种,研究结果为制定不同品种的养分管理策略提供依据。
  • 国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-32)
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2025年第46卷第5期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.05.014
  • 接收时间:2024-12-02
  • 首发时间:2026-06-26
  • 出版时间:2025-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-02
  • 录用日期:2025-01-23
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国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-32)
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    华南农业大学资源环境学院,广东广州 510642

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* 姚丽贤(YAO Lixian),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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