Article(id=1277240293929910559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1277239982603502113, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.05.015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730736000000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1737561600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-01-23, onlineDate=1782447416049, onlineDateStr=2026-06-26, pubDate=1748102400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782447416049, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782447416049, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782447416049, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1277239982603502113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2025', volume='46', issue='5', pageStart='1025', pageEnd='1277', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1748102400000', pubDateStr='2025-05-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782447341824, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782447947315, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1277242522292319215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1277239982603502113, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1277242522292319216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1277239982603502113, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1166, endPage=1175, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1277240294361923873, articleId=1277240293929910559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Effect of Gibberellin on Longan Fruit Size, columnId=1236256434120348225, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Plant Cultivation, Physiology & Biochemistry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The effect of gibberellin (GAs) on the fruit size of longan using the F1 generation of a stable hybrid population, FD 52 (big-size fruit) and FD 114 (small-size fruit), which derived from the cross between ‘Fengliduo’ and ‘Dawuyuan’, were studied. Three concentrations of gibberellin (50 mg/L, 100 mg/L, and 150 mg/L) were applied to the inflorescences of small-fruit longan at four time points: 3 days before anthesis (–3 d), on the day of anthesis (0 d), 3 days after anthesis (3 d), and 6 days after anthesis (6 d). The endogenous GAs contents in the treatments were measured, and fruit quality traits were mature at the ripening stage. Additionally, the endogenous GAs content, cell size, and the number of cell layers in untreated large-fruit and small-fruit longan were compared. Results showed that exogenous gibberellin application significantly increased endogenous GAs levels and promoted fruit enlargement, with the most pronounced effect observed when 100 mg/L gibberellin was applied 3 days after anthesis. Early in fruit development, GA4 was the predominant active gibberellin in longan fruit, with higher levels of GA4, larger cell size, and more cell layers observed in big-size varieties compared to small-size ones. The findings suggest that GAs application and the differential accumulation of GA4 along with cellular factors such as cell size and layer number, contribute to the variation in fruit size. This study would provide valuable insights for improving longan fruit size through the application of gibberellin in cultivation practices.

, authors=null, authorsList=Yue CHENG, Xiaowen HU, Liqin LIU, Lifei ZHU, Tianzi LI, Xiang LI, Dengwei JUE, Jiwang HONG, Shengyou SHI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shengyou SHI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1277240299327979824, articleId=1277240293929910559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=赤霉素对龙眼果实大小的影响研究, columnId=1236256434313286224, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=作物栽培与生理生化, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了探索赤霉素(GAs)对龙眼果实大小的影响,本研究以龙眼杂交群体凤梨朵×大乌圆的F1代中稳定遗传的大果FD 52与小果FD 114植株为材料,分别于开花当天(0 d)、开花3、6、9、16、23、30 d测定大、小果实中内源GAs含量、细胞大小及细胞层数(细胞数目);选取50、100、150 mg/L三个浓度GAs溶液分别在开花前3 d(–3 d)、开花当天(0 d)、开花3 d和开花6 d对小果龙眼花穗进行外施处理,测定内源GAs含量以及成熟果实品质。结果表明:在龙眼果实发育早期,龙眼果实中的GA4含量均高于GA1、GA3、GA7三种活性GAs,且大果FD 52的内源GA4含量、细胞大小和细胞层数均高于小果FD 114,外施GAs对提升内源GAs含量及增大龙眼果实均具有促进作用,尤其是开花3 d施用100 mg/L GAs处理组的增长效果最为显著。上述结果可为栽培上通过外施GAs提高龙眼果实大小提供参考。

, authors=

程悦(2000—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:龙眼育种。

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* 石胜友(SHI Shengyou),E-mail:
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程悦(2000—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:龙眼育种。

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程悦(2000—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:龙眼育种。

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Effects of three gibberellins on fruit ripening and quality of blueberry, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1277240342504145354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277240293929910559, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=30, issue=6, pageStart=978, pageEnd=984, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=61, authorNames=薛莞莞, 龚荣高, 丁建林, 李克强, 邹金, 李如龙, 彭宏贵, journalName=浙江农业学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=薛莞莞, 龚荣高, 丁建林, 李克强, 邹金, 李如龙, 彭宏贵. 赤霉素喷施对红灯甜樱桃果实品质及解剖结构的影响[J]. 浙江农业学报, 2018, 30(6): 978-984., articleTitle=赤霉素喷施对红灯甜樱桃果实品质及解剖结构的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1277240342567059915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277240293929910559, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=30, issue=6, pageStart=978, pageEnd=984, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=62, authorNames=XUE W W, GONG R G, DING J L, LI K Q, ZOU J, LI R L, PENG H G, journalName=Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XUE W W, GONG R G, DING J L, LI K Q, ZOU J, LI R L, PENG H G. Effect of gibberellin on fruit quality and anatomical structure of Hongdeng sweet cherry[J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2018, 30(6): 978-984. 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University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, 402160, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1277240302196883775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277240293929910559, companyId=1277240301941031228, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.重庆文理学院,重庆 402160)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1277240319469027706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277240293929910559, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Young flowers and young fruit materials in early development of longans with large and small fruits (Petals removed), figureFileSmall=z2mTVFg7/7GwqCXd/1+iEg==, figureFileBig=JoBtI/cjLz7ME3zR+F326g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277240320207225211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277240293929910559, language=CN, label=图1, caption=大、小果龙眼发育早期的幼花以及幼果材料(已将花瓣去除), figureFileSmall=z2mTVFg7/7GwqCXd/1+iEg==, figureFileBig=JoBtI/cjLz7ME3zR+F326g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277240320643432828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277240293929910559, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Contents of four active GAs in large and small fruits at different developmental stages

* indicates significant difference among treatments (P<0.05); **, *** indicates extremely significant difference among treatments (P<0.01, P<0.001); ns indicates no significant difference.

, figureFileSmall=GDJ29h17G11oJddEqDiuWQ==, figureFileBig=92tyOMKTZMIkZO10K0xHnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277240320765067645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277240293929910559, language=CN, label=图2, caption=大、小果不同发育时期4种活性GAs含量比较

*表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05);**、***表示处理间差异极显著(P<0.01,P<0.001);ns表示差异不显著。

, figureFileSmall=GDJ29h17G11oJddEqDiuWQ==, figureFileBig=92tyOMKTZMIkZO10K0xHnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277240321092223358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277240293929910559, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Cross-sectional and longitudinal sections of paraffin sections at each stage of large and small fruits, figureFileSmall=IeTdulQVPbaAAvXGKEnaHw==, figureFileBig=/Y86yN9iwTNwBAvh14CuKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277240321163526527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277240293929910559, language=CN, label=图3, caption=大、小果果实各时期石蜡切片横、纵切图, figureFileSmall=IeTdulQVPbaAAvXGKEnaHw==, figureFileBig=/Y86yN9iwTNwBAvh14CuKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277240321536819584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277240293929910559, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Transverse, longitudinal cell size and number of longitudinal cell layers at different developmental stages of large and small fruits

* indicates significant difference among treatments (P<0.05); **, *** indicates extremely significant difference among treatments (P<0.01, P<0.001); ns indicates no significant difference.

, figureFileSmall=4N+xmg815V2Sm5X0GEO4Jw==, figureFileBig=zPrJqutBju5cK23yxHqmvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277240321662648705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277240293929910559, language=CN, label=图4, caption=大、小果不同发育时期横、纵向细胞大小及层数比较

*表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05);**、***表示处理间差异极显著(P<0.01,P<0.001);ns表示差异不显著。

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*** indicates extremely significant difference among treatments (P<0.001).

, figureFileSmall=9ogt4gPh0MLRt2upQJeVkA==, figureFileBig=ngI+jaqYNB5tDigtREDnzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277240322300182915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277240293929910559, language=CN, label=图5, caption=发育早期大、小果果实体积

***表示处理间差异极显著(P<0.001)。

, figureFileSmall=9ogt4gPh0MLRt2upQJeVkA==, figureFileBig=ngI+jaqYNB5tDigtREDnzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277240324040819076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277240293929910559, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=GAs content in the control group and the experimental group after external gibberellin treatment

Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference among treatments (P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=G8KSgXZOaUT05cduh1UoXA==, figureFileBig=MgnPDCpROan3+lhH1rKuCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277240324439277957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277240293929910559, language=CN, label=图6, caption=外施GAs处理后的对照组以及试验组各时期的GAs含量

不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=G8KSgXZOaUT05cduh1UoXA==, figureFileBig=MgnPDCpROan3+lhH1rKuCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277240324569301382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277240293929910559, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Experimental treatments of external gibberellin

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GAs浓度GAs concentration/(mg·L-1)开花时间Flowering time
–3 d0 d3 d6 d
50T1T2T3T4
100T5T6T7T8
150T9T10T11T12
清水(CK)T13T14T15T16
), ArticleFig(id=1277240324904845703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277240293929910559, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

外施GAs试验处理设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GAs浓度GAs concentration/(mg·L-1)开花时间Flowering time
–3 d0 d3 d6 d
50T1T2T3T4
100T5T6T7T8
150T9T10T11T12
清水(CK)T13T14T15T16
), ArticleFig(id=1277240325244584328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277240293929910559, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Quality of ripe fruits in experimental group and control group after external gibberellin treatment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理Treatment单果质量Fruit weight/g果实横径Fruit diameter/mm果实纵径Fruit length/mm果实侧径Fruit side diameter/mm可溶性固形物Soluble Solid/%可食率Edible rate/%
CK7.54±0.52f22.74±1.17c22.79±0.80d21.54±1.23e19.57±1.06cd0.58±0.02c
T17.78±0.50ef24.33±1.70b23.30±0.67cd22.13±0.65de19.44±0.63cd0.62±0.02a
T28.35±0.67cd24.00±0.69b24.09±1.02b22.79±0.57cd19.59±0.81cd0.60±0.02abc
T310.02±0.68a25.68±1.75a25.68±0.64a24.79±0.66a20.84±1.32ab0.59±0.01bc
T48.33±0.50cde24.46±0.61b24.01±0.73bc22.78±0.48cd21.42±0.92a0.58±0.03c
T58.06±0.60cdef23.99±0.82b24.10±0.61b22.53±0.83cd21.19±0.63ab0.59±0.02bc
T68.60±0.75c24.55±0.92b24.36±0.86b23.22±0.78bc20.34±0.91bc0.60±0.02abc
T710.31±0.49a26.23±1.20a26.05±1.07a24.62±0.62a21.10±1.01ab0.61±0.02ab
T88.26±0.52cde24.20±0.59b23.85±0.33bc22.86±0.77cd20.72±0.69ab0.60±0.02abc
T98.01±0.44def23.74±1.02b23.61±0.77bc22.18±0.89de19.20±0.96d0.55±0.03d
T108.40±0.38cd24.58±0.43b23.89±0.49bc23.31±0.60bc19.56±0.54cd0.61±0.02ab
T119.29±0.41b25.84±0.50a25.45±0.53a23.72±0.62b19.11±1.08d0.56±0.02d
T128.45±0.78cd24.11±1.13b23.96±0.77bc23.09±0.99bc18.79±1.03d0.60±0.03abc
), ArticleFig(id=1277240325345247625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277240293929910559, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

外施GAs处理后的试验组以及对照组的成熟果实品质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理Treatment单果质量Fruit weight/g果实横径Fruit diameter/mm果实纵径Fruit length/mm果实侧径Fruit side diameter/mm可溶性固形物Soluble Solid/%可食率Edible rate/%
CK7.54±0.52f22.74±1.17c22.79±0.80d21.54±1.23e19.57±1.06cd0.58±0.02c
T17.78±0.50ef24.33±1.70b23.30±0.67cd22.13±0.65de19.44±0.63cd0.62±0.02a
T28.35±0.67cd24.00±0.69b24.09±1.02b22.79±0.57cd19.59±0.81cd0.60±0.02abc
T310.02±0.68a25.68±1.75a25.68±0.64a24.79±0.66a20.84±1.32ab0.59±0.01bc
T48.33±0.50cde24.46±0.61b24.01±0.73bc22.78±0.48cd21.42±0.92a0.58±0.03c
T58.06±0.60cdef23.99±0.82b24.10±0.61b22.53±0.83cd21.19±0.63ab0.59±0.02bc
T68.60±0.75c24.55±0.92b24.36±0.86b23.22±0.78bc20.34±0.91bc0.60±0.02abc
T710.31±0.49a26.23±1.20a26.05±1.07a24.62±0.62a21.10±1.01ab0.61±0.02ab
T88.26±0.52cde24.20±0.59b23.85±0.33bc22.86±0.77cd20.72±0.69ab0.60±0.02abc
T98.01±0.44def23.74±1.02b23.61±0.77bc22.18±0.89de19.20±0.96d0.55±0.03d
T108.40±0.38cd24.58±0.43b23.89±0.49bc23.31±0.60bc19.56±0.54cd0.61±0.02ab
T119.29±0.41b25.84±0.50a25.45±0.53a23.72±0.62b19.11±1.08d0.56±0.02d
T128.45±0.78cd24.11±1.13b23.96±0.77bc23.09±0.99bc18.79±1.03d0.60±0.03abc
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赤霉素对龙眼果实大小的影响研究
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程悦 1, 2 , 胡小文 2 , 刘丽琴 2 , 朱利飞 2 , 李甜子 2 , 李响 2 , 决登伟 4 , 洪继旺 3 , 石胜友 1, 2, 3, *
热带作物学报 | 作物栽培与生理生化 2025,46(5): 1166-1175
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热带作物学报 |作物栽培与生理生化 2025 , 46 (5) : 1166 -1175
赤霉素对龙眼果实大小的影响研究
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程悦1, 2, 胡小文2, 刘丽琴2, 朱利飞2, 李甜子2, 李响2, 决登伟4, 洪继旺3, 石胜友1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1.华中农业大学园艺林学学院,湖北武汉 430071
  • 2.中国热带农业科学院南亚热带作物研究所/农业农村部热带果树生物学重点实验室,广东湛江 524013
  • 3.中国热带农业科学院热带作物品种资源研究所,海南海口 571101
  • 4.重庆文理学院,重庆 402160
通讯作者:
* 石胜友(SHI Shengyou),E-mail:
Effect of Gibberellin on Longan Fruit Size
Yue CHENG1, 2, Xiaowen HU2, Liqin LIU2, Lifei ZHU2, Tianzi LI2, Xiang LI2, Dengwei JUE4, Jiwang HONG3, Shengyou SHI1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
  • 2.Institute of South Subtropical Crops, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524013, China
  • 3.Institute of Tropical Crop Variety Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China
  • 4.Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, 402160, China
出版时间: 2025-05-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.05.015
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为了探索赤霉素(GAs)对龙眼果实大小的影响,本研究以龙眼杂交群体凤梨朵×大乌圆的F1代中稳定遗传的大果FD 52与小果FD 114植株为材料,分别于开花当天(0 d)、开花3、6、9、16、23、30 d测定大、小果实中内源GAs含量、细胞大小及细胞层数(细胞数目);选取50、100、150 mg/L三个浓度GAs溶液分别在开花前3 d(–3 d)、开花当天(0 d)、开花3 d和开花6 d对小果龙眼花穗进行外施处理,测定内源GAs含量以及成熟果实品质。结果表明:在龙眼果实发育早期,龙眼果实中的GA4含量均高于GA1、GA3、GA7三种活性GAs,且大果FD 52的内源GA4含量、细胞大小和细胞层数均高于小果FD 114,外施GAs对提升内源GAs含量及增大龙眼果实均具有促进作用,尤其是开花3 d施用100 mg/L GAs处理组的增长效果最为显著。上述结果可为栽培上通过外施GAs提高龙眼果实大小提供参考。

龙眼  /  赤霉素  /  果实大小  /  外施

The effect of gibberellin (GAs) on the fruit size of longan using the F1 generation of a stable hybrid population, FD 52 (big-size fruit) and FD 114 (small-size fruit), which derived from the cross between ‘Fengliduo’ and ‘Dawuyuan’, were studied. Three concentrations of gibberellin (50 mg/L, 100 mg/L, and 150 mg/L) were applied to the inflorescences of small-fruit longan at four time points: 3 days before anthesis (–3 d), on the day of anthesis (0 d), 3 days after anthesis (3 d), and 6 days after anthesis (6 d). The endogenous GAs contents in the treatments were measured, and fruit quality traits were mature at the ripening stage. Additionally, the endogenous GAs content, cell size, and the number of cell layers in untreated large-fruit and small-fruit longan were compared. Results showed that exogenous gibberellin application significantly increased endogenous GAs levels and promoted fruit enlargement, with the most pronounced effect observed when 100 mg/L gibberellin was applied 3 days after anthesis. Early in fruit development, GA4 was the predominant active gibberellin in longan fruit, with higher levels of GA4, larger cell size, and more cell layers observed in big-size varieties compared to small-size ones. The findings suggest that GAs application and the differential accumulation of GA4 along with cellular factors such as cell size and layer number, contribute to the variation in fruit size. This study would provide valuable insights for improving longan fruit size through the application of gibberellin in cultivation practices.

longan  /  gibberellin  /  fruit size  /  external
程悦, 胡小文, 刘丽琴, 朱利飞, 李甜子, 李响, 决登伟, 洪继旺, 石胜友. 赤霉素对龙眼果实大小的影响研究. 热带作物学报, 2025 , 46 (5) : 1166 -1175 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.05.015
Yue CHENG, Xiaowen HU, Liqin LIU, Lifei ZHU, Tianzi LI, Xiang LI, Dengwei JUE, Jiwang HONG, Shengyou SHI. Effect of Gibberellin on Longan Fruit Size[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2025 , 46 (5) : 1166 -1175 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.05.015
龙眼(Dimocarpus longan Lour.)是我国南方重要的经济果树之一,对南方农村经济的发展起到了重要作用。龙眼作为著名的南亚热带名优水果,影响其果实品质的因素主要有果实大小和单果质量、可食率以及可溶性固形物含量等[1-2]。而果实大小作为衡量果实品质的重要因素,严重影响着龙眼的经济价值。但我国目前栽培龙眼存在“大果不甜,甜果不大”的普遍性问题,严重影响了龙眼的商品价值,制约了龙眼产业的健康和可持续发展。
GAs是植物中重要的生长激素,参与调控植物众多生长发育过程,在果树生产栽培上得到了广泛应用[3]。GAs也是影响果实坐果和果实发育的关键因素,许多果树坐果期和果实发育早期GAs都维持在较高水平,如苹果[4]、梨[5]、葡萄[6]、李[7]等。多项研究表明,在果实发育早期,通过外施GAs,可显著增加成熟期果实大小。如祖超等[8]通过外施60 mg/L GAs,可以将胡椒产量提高1.46倍。刘静等[9]对金手指葡萄喷施25 mg/L浓度GA3溶液,可以通过促进细胞膨大从而显著拉长果实。UDDIN等[10]发现使用300 mg/L的GA3处理红毛丹可以有效增大果实、提高坐果率和最终产量。
由于不同植物对GAs敏感程度存在差异,同一植物不同发育阶段对GAs的需求也不同,因此外施GAs的剂量和时间尤为关键[11],而龙眼生产上此方面的研究相对滞后。在已鉴定的136种GAs及其衍生物中,具有生物活性的GAs主要为GA1、GA3、GA4和GA7[12-13],不同植物起作用的活性GAs也不尽相同。前人研究表明,龙眼果实中活性GAs主要为GA4和GA7[14],而本课题前期研究表明外施GA3也能增加龙眼果实单果质量[15],但这几种GAs哪种起关键作用及怎样影响龙眼果实大小并不清楚。因此,本研究以此为切入点,通过对小果龙眼外施GAs,探索外源GAs对龙眼果实大小是否有促进作用,并摸索合适的施用时间和剂量。同时通过分析大果与小果龙眼果实的内源活性GAs含量以及细胞大小、细胞数目之间的差异,探究二者与龙眼果实大小之间的相关性。以期为生产上通过外施GAs提高龙眼果实大小提供参考,提高龙眼种植户的经济效益。
本研究选用凤梨朵×大乌圆杂交F1代中稳定遗传的极大果植株(FD 52)和极小果植株(FD 114),种植于中国热带农业科学院南亚热带作物研究所荔枝龙眼种质资源圃(21°15ʹ58ʺN,110°16ʹ28ʺE,海拔32 m,年平均温度23 ℃,年均降雨量1690 mm,年平均日照时数1912 h,全年无霜)。经多年观测,FD 52平均单果质量为13.10 g,果实横径、纵径、侧径分别为29.00、28.04、26.78 mm,可溶性固形物含量为17.19%,可食率为63.9%,为杂交群体中典型的大果种质。FD 114平均单果质量为6.96 g,果实横径、纵径、侧径分别为22.72、20.78、21.58 mm,可溶性固形物含量为20.02%,可食率为62.0%,为杂交群体中极小果种质。树龄13 a,采用标准化栽培管理,树体健壮,生长势良好。
为比较大果与小果龙眼果实的内源活性GAs含量以及细胞大小、细胞数目之间的差异,根据课题组前期的研究结果[16],本研究选取龙眼果实发育前期0~30 d为试验时间,分别于开花当天(0 d)、开花3、6、9、16、23、30 d,采集大果和小果植株的幼花及幼果作为试验材料(图1)。一部分置于液氮速冻后保存于–80 ℃超低温冰箱中,用于测定内源活性GAS含量;另一部分立即放入FAA固定液,固定24 h后用于制作石蜡切片。
参考胡香英[17]的研究结果以及生产上的经验,选取50、100、150 mg/L浓度梯度外施GAs,于开花前3 d(–3 d)、开花当天(0 d)、开花3 d和开花6 d对小果龙眼分别外施50、100、150 mg/L浓度GAs溶液,以喷施清水作对照(表1)。采集处理样本经液氮速冻后放置于–80 ℃超低温冰箱中保存用于后续试验。另外每个处理保留2~3个花穗使其自然生长至成熟,用作测量果实品质指标。
采用乙腈溶液提取方法提取龙眼样品的内源GAs,以QuEChERS方法净化其中杂质,并以氮气吹扫方式浓缩样品。而后以安捷伦1290高效液相色谱仪和SCIEX公司Qtrap 6500质谱仪,测定样品的内源GAs含量,并在提取液中加入内标物质校正检测结果。
将上述材料取样后立即置于FAA固定液,固定24 h后用于制作果实的横、纵石蜡切片,染色方法采用0.5%的甲苯胺蓝溶液染色30~60 s,染色完成后用中性树胶封片。使用NIKON 80 i生物显微镜,在200倍放大倍数下观察组织结构。每个材料随机选取10个大小均匀视野,使用Image J软件统计细胞大小。细胞层数参考HAMADA等[18]的方法进行统计。
于开花–3、0、3、6 d的早上8:00,分别选取小果龙眼FD 114树体上生长健壮且一致的花穗5~6个,喷施50、100、150 mg/L浓度GAs溶液(购自上海源叶生物科技有限公司),以花穗表面湿润均匀且无液滴滴落为止,并以喷施清水作对照(CK)。
用电子天平称量单果质量和果肉质量,并计算可食率(可食率=果肉质量/单果质量×100%);游标卡尺测量果实横径、侧径和纵径;可溶性固形物含量使用便携式糖度计进行测定。每个指标测10个生物学重复。果实体积参考椭圆体计算公式V=4/3×π×a×b×c×1/8进行计算,其中a、b、c分别代表龙眼果实的横径、纵径和侧径。
使用IBM SPSS Statistics 27软件进行差异显著性分析(P<0.05为差异显著,P<0.01为差异极显著),试验数据使用Microsoft Office Excel 2019和GraphPad Prism 8.4.3软件制图。
为了探究内源GAs对果实大小的影响,比较同一杂交群体后代大果种质(FD 52)和小果种质(FD 114)果实发育早期内源活性GAs含量的差异,发现大果和小果的4种内源活性GAs含量均差异显著(图2)。其中,GA4含量显著高于其他种类GAs,表明GA1、GA3、GA4和GA7可能在龙眼果实发育中对果实大小均起到了促进作用,但占主导的为GA4。大果和小果种质GA4含量具有相同的变化趋势,均表现为先上升后下降趋势。大果种质在开花16 d内源GA4含量达到峰值,小果种质则在开花23 d达到峰值。表明GA4还有可能调节果实发育周期。
为进一步研究内源GAs如何影响龙眼果实大小,通过石蜡切片的方法比较果实发育早期大果和小果(未进行GAs处理)龙眼细胞大小和细胞层数的差异(图3)。结果表明,横向细胞大小和细胞层数在开花0~6 d差异不显著,在开花9~30 d差异显著(图4),而纵向细胞在果实早期发育的各阶段大果细胞大小和细胞层数均显著高于小果。表明龙眼果实发育早期开始阶段,果实大小主要体现在纵向细胞的增大和细胞数目的增加方面,随后才是整个果实的膨大,在果实发育早期,大果果实体积显著大于小果(图5)。进一步分析表明,大果在开花9 d后开始快速增大,而小果则在开花16 d开始快速增大,表明小果果实快速膨大期相对于大果有一定滞后,这与内源GA4含量变化趋势一致,表明内源GA4可能通过细胞的增大和细胞数目的增加影响龙眼果实大小。
采用不同处理时间和剂量对小果龙眼外施GAs溶液,研究外源GAs对内源GAs的影响。结果表明(图6),各时段GA4含量均显著高于GA1、GA3和GA7,更加明确了GA4是龙眼中的主要活性GAs。外施GAs处理组的内源GAs含量相较于对照组显著升高,其中100 mg/L浓度和开花3 d的处理组,对于GA4含量的提升效果最明显。
对外施GAs对照组(此时CK取T13、T14、T15、T16的平均值)以及试验组成熟期果实主要品质性状进行测定(表2),结果表明,相较于对照组,试验组中的所有处理均使单果质量有所增加。其中以开花3 d喷施100 mg/L的单果质量增加最为明显,比对照组的单果质量增加了36.8%。同时果实横径、侧径、纵径分别比对照组增加7.8%、14.3%、11.3%。表明此处理对单果质量和果实大小增加最为显著。同时各处理之间的可食率差异不显著,说明外施GAs后果实各部分均匀增大。另外,T3、T4、T5、T6、T7、T8的可溶性固形物含量分别增加了6.5%、9.5%、8.3%、3.9%、7.8%、5.9%,其余几组与对照组差异不显著,表明果实大小的增加并不会造成可溶性固形物的降低,甚至有促进作用。
目前被发现广泛分布于高等植物、藻类、真菌及细菌中的GAs种类高达136种,其中具有生物活性的主要有GA1、GA3、GA4和GA7[19-20]。而经前人研究发现,龙眼中的活性GAs主要是GA4和GA7。本研究结果证实了这一结论,在龙眼果实发育早期,GA4含量显著高于GA1、GA3和GA7。并且在大果中,内源活性GA4含量各时期均显著高于小果,GA1、GA3和GA7含量虽然较少,但也随着果实发育显著增加,表明GA4在龙眼果实发育早期占主导作用,GA1、GA3和GA7起辅助作用。ERIKSSON等[21]在关于GAs在拟南芥开花调控中作用的研究中发现,GA4是调节LEAFY(LFY)转录和开花时间的活性GAs。VARBANOVA等[22]发现在拟南芥中,主要的生物活性GAs(GA4和GA1)参与了植物生长发育过程。并且拟南芥中的GA4和GA1在幼苗、芽、发育中的种子、萌发的种子、成熟的种子中均被研究检测。NAKAYAMA等[23]的研究确定了GA4是控制黄瓜茎伸长的活性GAs。FUJIOKA等[24]在正常玉米幼苗营养芽提取物中鉴定出的活性GAs为GA1。HIRANO等[25]研究发现,在水稻花药中检测到的活性GAs为GA4,而在叶片中则为GA1。以上研究均表明,在不同植物、不同组织和不同发育阶段起作用的活性GAs类型有所区别,因此探究在龙眼中最主要的活性GAs十分必要。但不同活性GAs在龙眼中是否具有组织特异性或者发育阶段的特异性,这些活性GAs之间是否可以通过相互转化从而达到动态平衡,这些问题尚需从生物化学、分子生物学和细胞生物学等多角度进行更深入的研究。
不同植物、品种、组织甚至不同发育时期对于GAs的敏感度可能也存在差异。如房玉慧[26]的研究表明,在桃树休眠解除期的花芽、根部以及茎中仅存在GA1、GA3、GA4三种活性GAs,其中GA1含量最高,仅存于花芽,且含量随着休眠解除加深而升高。谢伶俐等[27]研究发现欧洲的甘蓝型油菜品系中的GAs总量高于中国油菜品系。本研究结果也表明,在龙眼果实发育早期,无论大果还是小果种质GA4含量均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,在果实发育快速膨大期,GA4含量并不是最高的。表明可能还有其他生长激素、信号分子或者营养物质等因素也影响果实的增大,GAs可能只起到激活子的作用。果实发育是一个复杂的生理过程,期间可能涉及到多种因子的协同作用,因此尚需进行更为广泛和深入的研究。
从果实发育的内因来看,影响果实大小的主要因素是细胞的大小、数量以及细胞间的间隙,不同物种间影响果实大小的细胞学机制也各不相同,其中又以前2种影响因子更为常见[28]。如橄榄[29]和蓝莓[30]果实大小主要体现在细胞数目之间的差异,而在苹果[31]上的研究表明细胞数量和细胞大小共同决定果实大小。本研究结果也表明,在龙眼果实发育早期,大果龙眼和小果龙眼果实大小差异也主要体现在细胞大小和细胞数目的差异。在果实发育开始阶段(0~6 d),主要是纵向细胞的增加和伸长,而横向细胞在开花6 d之后细胞大小与细胞数目才呈现显著差异。
众多研究表明GAs在果实生长发育过程中发挥了重要作用,GAs的代谢直接或间接地影响了果实的大小[32],使得GAs成为农业生产中提升作物产量和品质的重要工具。本研究结果表明外施GAs可以显著提高小果龙眼果实大小,且开花3 d外施100 mg/L浓度GAs溶液试验组的效果最为明显。不同果树对于外施GAs的种类、时间和剂量存在一定的差异,如马靖恒等[33]研究发现果实膨大期喷施100 mg/L GA3+5 mg/L CPPU时对蓝莓整体果实品质提升效果最显著。郭俊强等[34]研究表明,户太8号葡萄和夏黑葡萄分别先在花期1~3 d和盛花期浸蘸25 mg/L GA3,10~15 d后再浸蘸50 mg/L GA3+2 mg/L CPPU效果最好。LIU等[35]研究发现100 mg/L GAs处理可以显著增加苹果果实质量。LEE等[36]研究发现不同浓度和处理次数的GA3对樱桃和普通番茄的鲜重有不同影响,有些处理会造成果实鲜重的增加,而有些处理则对果实质量影响不大。这些研究均表明外施GAs确实可以增加果实大小,但在不同植物甚至不同品种中,施用GAs的最适浓度和最佳时间需不断摸索。
尽管试验组(外施GAs处理的小果花序)在果实质量和尺寸方面表现出显著的改善,但相对来说对可食率的影响不明显。这说明GAs处理主要作用于果实的整体生长,而非果实内部可食部分与非可食部分的比例。尽管这种增幅相比单果质量的增长可能相对较小,但仍然表明了外施GAs对果实整体大小的积极影响。此外,GAs处理还使果实的可溶性固形物含量维持稳定甚至有所提升。表明外施GAs不仅可以有效增大龙眼果实大小,还能保证果实品质,为解决龙眼产业上“大果不甜,甜果不大”的问题提供了一条途径。在葡萄上的研究也表明GA3溶液不仅能使果粒增大和单果质量的增加,还能提高可溶性固形物含量[37]。而郑柯斌等[38]研究结果显示,外施50 mg/L GA4处理后的蓝莓可溶性固形物含量相较于对照提高了19.44%。而薛莞莞等[39]在红灯甜樱桃上的研究与之相反,表明在甜樱桃生长发育期间虽然喷施GAs溶液会增加单果质量和纵径,但同时也会降低可溶性固形物含量。表明外施GAs对果实品质的影响在不同果树中存在差异,且外施GAs对龙眼其他重要果实品质性状如糖的种类、维生素含量、风味等指标的影响尚需进一步研究。
本研究明确了龙眼果实大小是由细胞大小和细胞数目共同决定的,GA4作为龙眼中最主要的内源GAs,GA4含量的变化会影响龙眼果实细胞的分裂与膨大,从而导致龙眼果实大小之间的显著差异。在开花3 d喷施100 mg/L浓度的外源GAs能够显著促进龙眼果实的生长发育以及改善果实品质,特别是在果实大小以及质量方面,表现出显著的增强效果。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(32272674)
  • 热带作物生物育种全国重点实验室科研专项(NKLTCBCXTD11)
  • 中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(1630062024003)
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2025年第46卷第5期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.05.015
  • 接收时间:2024-11-05
  • 首发时间:2026-06-26
  • 出版时间:2025-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-05
  • 录用日期:2025-01-23
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(32272674)
热带作物生物育种全国重点实验室科研专项(NKLTCBCXTD11)
中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(1630062024003)
作者信息
    1.华中农业大学园艺林学学院,湖北武汉 430071
    2.中国热带农业科学院南亚热带作物研究所/农业农村部热带果树生物学重点实验室,广东湛江 524013
    3.中国热带农业科学院热带作物品种资源研究所,海南海口 571101
    4.重庆文理学院,重庆 402160

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* 石胜友(SHI Shengyou),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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