Article(id=1277240051029377694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1277239982603502113, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.05.024, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734278400000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1737388800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-01-21, onlineDate=1782447358138, onlineDateStr=2026-06-26, pubDate=1748102400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782447358138, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782447358138, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782447358138, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1277239982603502113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2025', volume='46', issue='5', pageStart='1025', pageEnd='1277', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1748102400000', pubDateStr='2025-05-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782447341824, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782447947315, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1277242522292319215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1277239982603502113, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1277242522292319216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1277239982603502113, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1259, endPage=1267, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1277240052237337248, articleId=1277240051029377694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Effects of Different Enclosure Netting Methods on Pesticide Degradation, Quality Characteristics and Economic Benefits of Cowpea, columnId=1236286112713470633, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Post-harvest Treatment & Quality Safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study investigated the impact of different netting methods on the cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) industry. Specifically, it compared the degradation characteristics of three pesticides-matrine, spinosad, and difenoconazole-under two netting conditions (fully enclosed and semi-enclosed), the accumulation changes of pectin, cellulose, total phenols, and flavonoids, and analyzed the economic benefits of cowpea cultivation under the netting methods. The results indicated that under semi-enclosed netting conditions, the half-life of the pesticides was 1.13 days for matrine, 0.42 days for spinosad, and 1.96 days for difenoconazole. In contrast, under fully enclosed netting conditions, the half-life of the pesticides was 1.53 days, 0.83 days, and 2.51 days, respectively. Compared to fully enclosed netting, the degradation rate of the pesticides was significantly faster under semi-enclosed netting conditions. Regarding the accumulation of key substances, there was no significant difference in the contents of pectin [(15.88±2.025)mg/g] and cellulose [(1.75±0.128)mg/g] between semi-enclosed and fully enclosed conditions. However, total phenol content under semi-enclosed netting [(0.42±0.125)mg/g was 40.00% lower than that under fully enclosed netting [(0.70±0.091)mg/g], and flavonoid content [(6.08±2.509)mg/g] was 55.91% lower under semi-enclosed netting than under fully enclosed netting [(13.79±0.876)mg/g]. Economic analysis showed that considering field management, pest control investment, and market conditions, cowpea cultivation under fully enclosed netting yielded higher input and output compared to semi-enclosed netting. When the purchase price of cowpea reaches 5.11 yuan/kg (for fully enclosed netting) and 3.85 yuan/kg (for semi-enclosed netting), the profit and loss break even. This study would provide both theoretical and practical guidance for selecting appropriate netting methods for cowpea cultivation.

, authors=null, authorsList=Guangtao XING, Qikai ZHANG, Hanyang ZHAO, Yihong LI, Shuchang WANG, Wen XIE, Shengyong WU, Baoqian LYU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shengyong WU, Baoqian LYU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1277240056037376681, articleId=1277240051029377694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=不同围网方式对豇豆农药降解、品质特性及经济效益的影响, columnId=1236286112877048492, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=采后处理与质量安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探讨不同围网方式对豇豆产业的影响,本研究比较了全封闭和半封闭2种围网方式下,豇豆田中苦参碱、多杀霉素和苯醚甲环唑3种农药的降解特性,以及豇豆果胶、纤维素、总酚和类黄酮等物质的积累变化,并进一步分析了不同围网方式对豇豆种植经济效益的影响。结果表明:在半封闭围网环境中,苦参碱、多杀霉素和苯醚甲环唑的半衰期分别为1.13、0.42、1.96 d,而在全封闭围网环境中,3种农药的半衰期分别为1.53、0.83、2.51 d,与全封闭围网相比,半封闭围网条件下3种农药的降解速率显著较快。在品质方面,2种围网方式下,豇豆的果胶和纤维素含量无显著差异,而半封闭围网的总酚含量[(0.42±0.125)mg/g]比全封闭围网的[(0.70±0.091)mg/g]低40.00%,类黄酮含量[(6.08±2.509)mg/g]则比全封闭围网的[(13.79±0.876)mg/g]低55.91%。经济效益分析结果显示,在综合考虑田间管理、防虫网投入及市场环境的影响后,全封闭围网方式的豇豆在投入和产量方面均高于半封闭围网;当豇豆的收购单价达到5.11元/kg(全封闭围网)或3.85元/kg(半封闭围网)时,利润收支达到平衡。本研究结果为豇豆围网方式的选择提供理论依据和实践指导。

, authors=

邢光涛(2002—),男,学士,研究方向:资源利用与植物保护

*同等贡献作者:张起恺(1994—),男,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:昆虫生态学。

, authorsList=邢光涛, 张起恺, 赵瀚洋, 李奕宏, 王树昌, 谢文, 吴圣勇, 吕宝乾, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=吴圣勇, 吕宝乾, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
** 吴圣勇(WU Shengyong),E-mail:;
吕宝乾(LYU Baoqian),E-mail:
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邢光涛(2002—),男,学士,研究方向:资源利用与植物保护

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邢光涛(2002—),男,学士,研究方向:资源利用与植物保护

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*同等贡献作者:张起恺(1994—),男,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:昆虫生态学。

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*同等贡献作者:张起恺(1994—),男,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:昆虫生态学。

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postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5.Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1277240060252652220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277240051029377694, companyId=1277240060206514873, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5.中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所,北京 100081)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1277240088308351735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277240051029377694, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Overview of the test site, figureFileSmall=9ll/7vXc7PkRJOXhEepRqA==, figureFileBig=Avp91AXDzXqFOp3pHIoAcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277240090023822072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277240051029377694, language=CN, label=图1, caption=试验地概况, figureFileSmall=9ll/7vXc7PkRJOXhEepRqA==, figureFileBig=Avp91AXDzXqFOp3pHIoAcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277240090833322745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277240051029377694, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Pesticide residue under different enclosure netting methods in cowpea

* indicates significant difference (P<0.05).

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*表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

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Mass spectrometry parameters of three insecticides

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
药剂Pesticide母离子Precursor ion (m/z)子离子Product ion (m/z)碰撞能量CE/eV去簇电压DP/V
苦参碱249.2176.1*, 148.133.0*, 32.0120
多杀霉素732.5142.1*, 98.135.0*, 95.0110
苯醚甲环唑406.1251.0*, 337.030.0*, 20.060
), ArticleFig(id=1277240092917891838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277240051029377694, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

3种杀虫剂的质谱检测参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
药剂Pesticide母离子Precursor ion (m/z)子离子Product ion (m/z)碰撞能量CE/eV去簇电压DP/V
苦参碱249.2176.1*, 148.133.0*, 32.0120
多杀霉素732.5142.1*, 98.135.0*, 95.0110
苯醚甲环唑406.1251.0*, 337.030.0*, 20.060
), ArticleFig(id=1277240094167794431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277240051029377694, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Linear range, linear equation and correlation coefficient of three insecticides

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
药剂Pesticide浓度范围Concentration range/(μg·mL–1)线性方程(基质)Linear equation (matrix)相关系数R2
苦参碱0.005~0.500y=1×106x+15 5640.9985
多杀霉素0.005~0.500y=3×107x+537 2580.9965
苯醚甲环唑0.005~0.500y=6×107x+1 468 9250.9999
), ArticleFig(id=1277240094562059008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277240051029377694, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

3种药剂的线性范围、线性回归方程和相关系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
药剂Pesticide浓度范围Concentration range/(μg·mL–1)线性方程(基质)Linear equation (matrix)相关系数R2
苦参碱0.005~0.500y=1×106x+15 5640.9985
多杀霉素0.005~0.500y=3×107x+537 2580.9965
苯醚甲环唑0.005~0.500y=6×107x+1 468 9250.9999
), ArticleFig(id=1277240094641750785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277240051029377694, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Recovery rate and relative standard deviation (RSD) of three insecticides in cowpea at three different spiked concentrations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
药剂Pesticide0.01 mg/kg0.10 mg/kg2.00 mg/kg
回收率Recovery rate/%相对标准偏差RSD/%回收率Recovery rate/%相对标准偏差RSD/%平均回收率Recovery rate/%相对标准偏差RSD/%
苦参碱921.7905.1912.7
多杀霉素732.5742.0762.2
苯醚甲环唑825.8811.9763.9
), ArticleFig(id=1277240094998266626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277240051029377694, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同添加浓度下豇豆中3种药剂的回收率和相对标准偏差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
药剂Pesticide0.01 mg/kg0.10 mg/kg2.00 mg/kg
回收率Recovery rate/%相对标准偏差RSD/%回收率Recovery rate/%相对标准偏差RSD/%平均回收率Recovery rate/%相对标准偏差RSD/%
苦参碱921.7905.1912.7
多杀霉素732.5742.0762.2
苯醚甲环唑825.8811.9763.9
), ArticleFig(id=1277240095098929923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277240051029377694, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Regression equation and relevant parameters of degradation dynamics of three pesticide in cowpea

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
药剂Pesticide防虫网类型Type of insect-proof net消解动态方程Linear equation of degradation dynamics相关系数R2半衰期T1/2/d
苦参碱半封闭式C=0.0456e–0.615t0.97381.13
全封闭式C=0.0341e–0.452t0.98021.53
多杀霉素半封闭式C=1.0042e–1.632t0.99420.42
全封闭式C=0.2601e–0.835t0.94990.83
苯醚甲环唑半封闭式C=2.0733e–0.354t0.91141.96
全封闭式C=1.7832e–0.276t0.87112.51
), ArticleFig(id=1277240095459640068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277240051029377694, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

3种药剂在豇豆中的消解动力学方程及其相关参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
药剂Pesticide防虫网类型Type of insect-proof net消解动态方程Linear equation of degradation dynamics相关系数R2半衰期T1/2/d
苦参碱半封闭式C=0.0456e–0.615t0.97381.13
全封闭式C=0.0341e–0.452t0.98021.53
多杀霉素半封闭式C=1.0042e–1.632t0.99420.42
全封闭式C=0.2601e–0.835t0.94990.83
苯醚甲环唑半封闭式C=2.0733e–0.354t0.91141.96
全封闭式C=1.7832e–0.276t0.87112.51
), ArticleFig(id=1277240095883264773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277240051029377694, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Quality of cowpeas under different enclosure netting methods of cowpea

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标Indicator半封闭式Semi-enclosed全封闭式Fully enclosed
果胶15.88±2.025a18.64±2.579a
纤维素1.75±0.128a1.70±0.041a
总酚0.42±0.125b0.70±0.091a
类黄酮6.08±2.509b13.79±0.876a
), ArticleFig(id=1277240096248169222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277240051029377694, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同围网方式下的豇豆品质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标Indicator半封闭式Semi-enclosed全封闭式Fully enclosed
果胶15.88±2.025a18.64±2.579a
纤维素1.75±0.128a1.70±0.041a
总酚0.42±0.125b0.70±0.091a
类黄酮6.08±2.509b13.79±0.876a
), ArticleFig(id=1277240096353026823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277240051029377694, language=EN, label=Tab. 6, caption=

Economic benefit analysis of cowpea under two insect-proof netting methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
围网方式Type of insect-proof net投入input/[yuan·(667 m2)–1]总成本Total cost/[yuan·(667 m2)–1]产值Output value/[yuan·(667 m2)–1]纯收入Net income/[yuan·(667 m2)–1]产投比Inputoutput ratio
防虫网Insect netting施药Pesticide其他Other
半封闭式27001690600010390108004101.04
全封闭式850081560001531512000–33150.78
), ArticleFig(id=1277240096764068616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277240051029377694, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同围网方式下豇豆的经济效益分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
围网方式Type of insect-proof net投入input/[yuan·(667 m2)–1]总成本Total cost/[yuan·(667 m2)–1]产值Output value/[yuan·(667 m2)–1]纯收入Net income/[yuan·(667 m2)–1]产投比Inputoutput ratio
防虫网Insect netting施药Pesticide其他Other
半封闭式27001690600010390108004101.04
全封闭式850081560001531512000–33150.78
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不同围网方式对豇豆农药降解、品质特性及经济效益的影响
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邢光涛 1, 2 , 张起恺 3, 4 , 赵瀚洋 1 , 李奕宏 1 , 王树昌 3 , 谢文 1, 5 , 吴圣勇 1, 2, ** , 吕宝乾 3, 4, **
热带作物学报 | 采后处理与质量安全 2025,46(5): 1259-1267
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热带作物学报 |采后处理与质量安全 2025 , 46 (5) : 1259 -1267
不同围网方式对豇豆农药降解、品质特性及经济效益的影响
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邢光涛1, 2, 张起恺3, 4, 赵瀚洋1, 李奕宏1, 王树昌3, 谢文1, 5, 吴圣勇1, 2, ** , 吕宝乾3, 4, **
作者信息
  • 1.三亚中国农业科学院国家南繁研究院,海南三亚 572024
  • 2.中国农业科学院植物保护研究所/植物病虫害综合治理全国重点实验室,北京 100193
  • 3.中国热带农业科学院环境与植物保护研究所/农业农村部热带作物有害生物综合治理重点实验室,海南海口 571101
  • 4.中国热带农业科学院三亚研究院/海南省南繁生物安全与分子育种重点实验室,海南三亚 572025
  • 5.中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所,北京 100081
通讯作者:
** 吴圣勇(WU Shengyong),E-mail:;
吕宝乾(LYU Baoqian),E-mail:
Effects of Different Enclosure Netting Methods on Pesticide Degradation, Quality Characteristics and Economic Benefits of Cowpea
Guangtao XING1, 2, Qikai ZHANG3, 4, Hanyang ZHAO1, Yihong LI1, Shuchang WANG3, Wen XIE1, 5, Shengyong WU1, 2, ** , Baoqian LYU3, 4, **
Affiliations
  • 1.National Hainan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, Hainan 572024, China
  • 2.Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Beijing 100193, China
  • 3.Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China
  • 4.Sanya Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences / Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in the Nanfan Area, Sanya, Hainan 572025, China
  • 5.Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
出版时间: 2025-05-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.05.024
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为探讨不同围网方式对豇豆产业的影响,本研究比较了全封闭和半封闭2种围网方式下,豇豆田中苦参碱、多杀霉素和苯醚甲环唑3种农药的降解特性,以及豇豆果胶、纤维素、总酚和类黄酮等物质的积累变化,并进一步分析了不同围网方式对豇豆种植经济效益的影响。结果表明:在半封闭围网环境中,苦参碱、多杀霉素和苯醚甲环唑的半衰期分别为1.13、0.42、1.96 d,而在全封闭围网环境中,3种农药的半衰期分别为1.53、0.83、2.51 d,与全封闭围网相比,半封闭围网条件下3种农药的降解速率显著较快。在品质方面,2种围网方式下,豇豆的果胶和纤维素含量无显著差异,而半封闭围网的总酚含量[(0.42±0.125)mg/g]比全封闭围网的[(0.70±0.091)mg/g]低40.00%,类黄酮含量[(6.08±2.509)mg/g]则比全封闭围网的[(13.79±0.876)mg/g]低55.91%。经济效益分析结果显示,在综合考虑田间管理、防虫网投入及市场环境的影响后,全封闭围网方式的豇豆在投入和产量方面均高于半封闭围网;当豇豆的收购单价达到5.11元/kg(全封闭围网)或3.85元/kg(半封闭围网)时,利润收支达到平衡。本研究结果为豇豆围网方式的选择提供理论依据和实践指导。

豇豆  /  防虫网  /  围网方式  /  农药残留  /  品质  /  经济效益

This study investigated the impact of different netting methods on the cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) industry. Specifically, it compared the degradation characteristics of three pesticides-matrine, spinosad, and difenoconazole-under two netting conditions (fully enclosed and semi-enclosed), the accumulation changes of pectin, cellulose, total phenols, and flavonoids, and analyzed the economic benefits of cowpea cultivation under the netting methods. The results indicated that under semi-enclosed netting conditions, the half-life of the pesticides was 1.13 days for matrine, 0.42 days for spinosad, and 1.96 days for difenoconazole. In contrast, under fully enclosed netting conditions, the half-life of the pesticides was 1.53 days, 0.83 days, and 2.51 days, respectively. Compared to fully enclosed netting, the degradation rate of the pesticides was significantly faster under semi-enclosed netting conditions. Regarding the accumulation of key substances, there was no significant difference in the contents of pectin [(15.88±2.025)mg/g] and cellulose [(1.75±0.128)mg/g] between semi-enclosed and fully enclosed conditions. However, total phenol content under semi-enclosed netting [(0.42±0.125)mg/g was 40.00% lower than that under fully enclosed netting [(0.70±0.091)mg/g], and flavonoid content [(6.08±2.509)mg/g] was 55.91% lower under semi-enclosed netting than under fully enclosed netting [(13.79±0.876)mg/g]. Economic analysis showed that considering field management, pest control investment, and market conditions, cowpea cultivation under fully enclosed netting yielded higher input and output compared to semi-enclosed netting. When the purchase price of cowpea reaches 5.11 yuan/kg (for fully enclosed netting) and 3.85 yuan/kg (for semi-enclosed netting), the profit and loss break even. This study would provide both theoretical and practical guidance for selecting appropriate netting methods for cowpea cultivation.

cowpea  /  insect-proof net  /  enclosure netting methods  /  pesticide residue  /  quality  /  economic benefits
邢光涛, 张起恺, 赵瀚洋, 李奕宏, 王树昌, 谢文, 吴圣勇, 吕宝乾. 不同围网方式对豇豆农药降解、品质特性及经济效益的影响. 热带作物学报, 2025 , 46 (5) : 1259 -1267 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.05.024
Guangtao XING, Qikai ZHANG, Hanyang ZHAO, Yihong LI, Shuchang WANG, Wen XIE, Shengyong WU, Baoqian LYU. Effects of Different Enclosure Netting Methods on Pesticide Degradation, Quality Characteristics and Economic Benefits of Cowpea[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2025 , 46 (5) : 1259 -1267 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.05.024
豇豆(Vigna unguiculata),又名豆角、带豆、架豆等,属于豆科豇豆属一年生草本植物。作为海南地区的重要经济作物,豇豆在促进当地农业经济增长方面发挥了重要作用[1]。然而,海南地区高温高湿的气候,以及豇豆花果同期发育的特性,使豇豆容易受枯萎病、蓟马、斑潜蝇等病虫害的侵袭。这不仅导致早衰和减产,还严重影响豇豆的品质[2-4]。在收获期间,种植户通常依赖化学农药控制病虫害,但这种做法使农药的安全间隔期难以得到有效保障,农药残留问题日益严重[5]
防虫网覆盖栽培技术作为一种有效的无公害蔬菜生产措施[6],因其能够有效阻隔害虫进入,并且能防止益虫逃逸[7];同时,防虫网具有抗风防寒、保温保湿等功能,有助于改善蔬菜的生长小环境,并减少农药使用次数而得到广泛应用[8-9]。近年来,在防虫网覆盖方式的选择方面,许多科研人员还存在较大争议,并为此做了深入研究。例如,罗丰等[10]通过比较全封闭围网条件下白色与绿色防虫网对豇豆的影响,发现绿色防虫网能够有效提高豇豆产量并减少蓟马发生;陈育民等[11]的研究显示,在地毯式覆盖防虫网的条件下,播种20 d的菜心中未检测到哒螨灵(pyridaben)、氯氰菊酯(cypermethrin)、啶虫脒(acetamiprid)和甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐(emamectin-benzoate)等农药残留;李强等[12]的研究发现,相比全封闭防虫网,半封闭防虫网能够显著促进豇豆的生长发育,并提高叶绿素含量;陈燕羽等[9]报道了在全封闭围网条件下,40目和60目的防虫网对豇豆豆大蓟马的阻隔防效分别达到55%和80%。豇豆的市场销售与其品质密切相关,优质豇豆具有更强的市场竞争力。豇豆的品质评价不仅包括口感和外观,还涉及有害物质残留等因素。已有研究表明,果胶、纤维素等成分对豇豆的口感至关重要[13-14],而总酚、类黄酮等抗氧化物质则能够提高豇豆的抗衰老和抗病虫害能力,间接影响其外观品质[15-17]。然而,关于不同围网方式对豇豆果实品质和农药残留影响的比较研究仍较为缺乏。因此,本研究针对半封闭和全封闭2种围网方式,结合2023年我国豇豆农药登记产品及其药剂特性,深入探讨海南地区豇豆中常用的3种农药(苦参碱、多杀霉素和苯醚甲环唑)的降解特性,并比较2种围网方式下豇豆果胶、纤维素、总酚和类黄酮等物质的积累差异。此外,本研究还将对这2种围网方式进行经济效益分析,为不同防虫网覆盖方式在豇豆中的科学应用与开发提供理论依据和实践指导。
田间试验于2023年10月至2024年2月在海南省三亚市崖州区临高村试验田(18°37′N,109°14′E)开展,试验总面积约1300 m2。试验设施采用不锈钢钢管搭建支架,并覆盖防虫网。防虫网四周使用白色尼龙材质的60目网,顶端为40目网,网室的高度为4.2 m。地面上铺设滴灌系统及银色地膜,主要用于肥水管理和虫害防控。试验设置2种围网方式:(1)全封闭防虫网,整个网室完全覆盖防虫网;(2)半封闭防虫网,顶部不覆盖防虫网(图1)。
供试豇豆品种为必丰,由河北必丰生物科技有限公司提供;防虫网由河北省安平县舜天丝网制品有限公司提供。供试药剂:0.3%苦参碱水剂(江西万德化工科技有限公司),25 g/L多杀霉素A悬浮剂(陕西新德益农作物保护有限公司),40%苯醚甲环唑悬浮剂(江西万德化工科技有限公司)。
在豇豆结荚期,分别在2种围网处理小区内喷施苦参碱、多杀霉素和苯醚甲环唑3种农药,施药剂量为推荐的最高使用量。最后1次施药后,于第1、2、3、4、5天分别采摘豇豆样品,并设置3个重复样本。采样后,将样品粉碎置于–20 ℃条件下冷冻保存。根据《食品安全国家标准 植物源性食品中331种农药及其代谢物残留量的测定 液相色谱-质谱联用法》(GB 23200.121—2021)[18]对农药残留进行测定。具体操作如下:准确称取10 g豇豆样品,置于50 mL离心管中,加入20 mL乙腈和1 mL氨水,混匀后在8000 r/min条件下离心5 min;取上清液并加入4 g无水MgSO4、1 g NaCl混匀,静置1 h。取6 mL上清液,转移至含900 mg无水MgSO4和150 mg PSA离心管中,在4200 r/min条件下离心5 min,取上清液后通过有机滤膜过滤,利用超高效液相色谱-质谱仪(Sciex 4500)测定。液相色谱条件为:Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18(2.1 mm×50 mm,1.7 μm),分析时间10 min,流速为0.3 mL/min,进样量为2 μL,柱温设为30 ℃;流动相:A为10 mmol/L甲酸铵水溶液,B为乙腈溶液;梯度洗脱条件:0~1.5 min,2% B;1.5~3 min,75% B;3~5 min,2% B。质谱条件:正离子模式(ESI+);多反应监测(MRM);气帘气压力为35 psi,离子化电压为5500 V,离子源温度为350 ℃;喷雾气压力和辅助气压力均为55 psi。3种农药的质谱参数见表1
标准曲线制作:分别配置0.500、0.200、0.100、0.050、0.010、0.005 μg/mL苦参碱、多杀霉素和苯醚甲环唑基质标准溶液,以质量浓度为横坐标,相应的峰面积为纵坐标,建立标准曲线。
添加回收试验:精密称取10 g豇豆样品置于容量瓶中,按0.01、0.100、2.00 mg/kg浓度在样品中分别添加苦参碱、多杀霉素和苯醚甲环唑,设置3个不同的添加浓度,每个浓度重复5次,计算回收率和精密度。
(1)标准曲线制作。将果胶、纤维素、总酚和类黄酮的标准溶液分别稀释至以下浓度:果胶(0、0.125、0.500、0.625、0.750、1.000、1.250 mg/mL),纤维素(5、10、15、20、25、30 μg/mL),总酚(2、4、6、10、12 μg/mL),类黄酮(0、0.1、0.2、0.4、0.6、1.0 mg/mL)。每个浓度设立3个重复样本,取其均值,制作标准曲线。
(2)在豇豆成熟期,选取2种围网方式下果实饱满的豇豆样品,每种处理设置3个重复,进行果实品质指标测定。
果胶含量测定:称取0.3 g样品,加入1 mL 80%乙醇,于90 ℃水浴加热10 min,10 000 r/min离心3 min,取沉淀,于沉淀中加入1 mL 0.5 mol/L硫酸溶液,于90 ℃水浴加热1 h,在10 000 r/min条件下离心3 min,取上清液作为待测液。吸取100 μL待测液于容量瓶中定容,采用咔唑比色法[19]测定果胶含量。
纤维素含量测定:称取0.05 g风干样品,加入1 mL 60% H2SO4,在冰水浴条件下处理30 min,于6000 r/min离心10 min,取上清液,加入980 μL 60% H2SO4混匀,作为待测液。吸取120 μL待测液于容量瓶中定容,采用蒽酮比色法测定纤维素含量。
总酚含量测定:称取2 g匀浆后的样本,加入10 mL 70%乙醇溶液,超声提取90 min,过滤,取滤液作为待测液。吸取30 μL待测液于容量瓶中定容,采用福林酚试剂比色法[17]测定总酚含量。
类黄酮含量测定:称取0.05 g风干样品,加入1.5 mL 60%乙醇,震荡2 h,于6000 r/min条件下离心10 min,取上清液作为待测液。吸取30 μL待测液于容量瓶中定容,采用亚硝酸钠-硝酸铝比色法[17]测定类黄酮含量。
本研究对2种围网方式种植豇豆的经济效益进行分析,主要涉及种植前期准备、日常生长维护和后期收获3个阶段。相关数据通过实地记录、收集,具体投入成本包括围网一次性投入费用、农药费用及其他费用(如土地整理、地膜、种子、水肥、人工等)。总收入则依据豇豆产量和市场售价计算得出。测定各方案小区豇豆成熟后的产量,并结合当年防虫网、农药和豇豆价格,计算投入产出比(cost-benefit ratio,CBR)。
农药残留量根据消解动态曲线方程[20],即一级动力学指数公式Ct=C0e–kt计算,半衰期计算公式:T1/2=ln2/k。式中:Ctt时刻苦参碱、多杀霉素、苯醚甲环唑的残留量,C0为苦参碱、多杀霉素、苯醚甲环唑的原始沉积量,k为消解速率常数,t为消解时间,T1/2为半衰期。此外,通过双因素方差分析比较2种围网方式下豇豆农药降解的差异,独立样本t检验比较2种围网方式下豇豆果胶、纤维素、总酚、类黄酮4种物质含量的差异,显著性水平为0.05。利用IBM SPSS Statistics 27软件进行数据分析。
苦参碱、多杀霉素、苯醚甲环唑3种药剂浓度在0.005~0.500 μg/mL范围时,其标准溶液线性方程分别为y=1×106x+15 564(R2=0.9985)、y=3×107x+537 258(R2=0.9965)、y=6×107x+1 468 925(R2=0.9999)(表2)。苦参碱、多杀霉素、苯醚甲环唑3种药剂在0.01、0.10、2.00 mg/kg添加浓度下的平均回收率分别为90.0%~92.0%、73.0%~76.0%、76.0%~82.0%。相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为1.7%~5.1%、2.0%~2.5%、1.9%~5.8%(表3)。苦参碱、多杀霉素、苯醚甲环唑的最小检出量为0.005 ng。
根据试验设计进行操作和取样测定,得到了2种围网方式下苦参碱、多杀霉素和苯醚甲环唑在豇豆中的残留动态(图2)。结果表明,2种围网方式下3种药剂的残留量均呈逐渐下降趋势。施药2 d后,苦参碱和多杀霉素的药剂残留量均显著下降,下降幅度为45%~83%。苯醚甲环唑在半封闭围网方式下呈下降趋势,减少了6.7%,而在全封闭围网方式下,苯醚甲环唑的残留量则略有上升,增加了0.63%。施药3 d后,半围网方式下3种药剂的残留量均显著低于全围网的残留量。3种药剂在豇豆中的消解过程基本符合动力学一级降解模型(表4),在半封闭、全封闭方式下,苦参碱在豇豆中的动力学一级方程分别为C=0.0456e–0.615tR2=0.9738)、C=0.0341e–0.452tR2=0.9802),降解半衰期分别为1.13、1.53 d;多杀霉素的动力学一级方程分别为C=1.0042e–1.632tR2=0.9942)、C=0.2601e–0.835tR2=0.9499),降解半衰期分别为0.42、0.83 d;苯醚甲环唑的动力学一级方程分别为C=2.0733e–0.354tR2=0.9114)、C=1.7832e–0.276tR2=0.8711),降解半衰期分别为1.96、2.51 d。
在2种围网方式下豇豆的果胶、纤维素、总酚和类黄酮含量见表5。结果表明,2种围网方式下的果胶和纤维素含量无显著性差异,而半封闭围网方式下的总酚和类黄酮含量显著低于全封闭围网方式的含量,分别下降40.00%和55.91%(表5)。
结合2023—2024年三亚市崖州区当地市场的实际情况,关于投入成本方面,与半封闭围网相比,全封闭围网在防虫网投入上每667 m2增加5800元,而施用农药的投入则减少875元。在其他投入方面(包括整地、水肥、人工、种子等),2种围网方式的投入均为6000元/667 m2。因此,全封闭围网的总投入成本比半封闭围网高4925元。在产量和产值方面,全封闭围网下的豇豆总产量比半封闭围网高300 kg,全封闭围网的总产量为3000 kg/667 m2,半封闭围网的总产量为2700 kg/667 m2。根据2024年三亚市崖州区的豇豆市场价格(4元/kg),全封闭围网和半封闭围网的总产值分别为12 000元和10 800元。根据市场价格为4元/kg的条件,当半封闭围网的纯收入比全封闭围网高3725元时,半封闭围网和全封闭围网的产投比分别为1.04和0.78(表6)。根据2种围网方式下豇豆利润随单价变化的情况,全封闭围网和半封闭围网豇豆的收购单价分别达到5.11、3.85元/kg时,利润收支达到平衡。当收购价低于16.4元/kg时,半封闭围网的豇豆利润高于全封闭围网(图3)。
本研究建立了苦参碱、多杀霉素和苯醚甲环唑在豇豆中的残留分析方法,并验证了其精度和精密度符合药剂残留分析标准,还分析了这3种药剂在全封闭和半封闭围网下的残留动态变化。根据相关系数显著性检验,相关系数|r|≥0.6319,表明二者存在紧密关联[21]。本研究结果表明,2种围网方式下药剂的降解动态均具有较好的相关性(|r|≥0.8711)。根据3种药剂在豇豆上的残留量变化及半衰期,发现苯醚甲环唑在施药后2 d的残留量大幅下降,而苦参碱和多杀霉素在施药后1 d即出现较为明显的下降趋势,降解速率较快。这与前人的研究结果[22-23]一致,表明苦参碱和多杀霉素作为生物源农药具有较高的降解性,而苯醚甲环唑作为三唑类药剂,属于难降解的化学农药[24-25]。此外,同一药剂在全封闭和半封闭围网下的降解速率存在显著差异。3种药剂在半封闭围网中的降解速率普遍快于全封闭围网,这可能与覆盖防虫网对网内小气候的影响有关[8],与半封闭围网相比,全封闭围网具有更强的密闭性,这种特性一方面阻碍了围网内外空气与水分的流通,使内部温湿度环境更为稳定[6,26];另一方面,全封闭围网如同一个屏障,极大地限制了光线的进入,导致光照强度明显降低。此外,全封闭结构使其内部受降水淋溶等外界环境干扰因素的影响大幅减小[6,8,27]。基于植物在相同土壤条件下,物理降解(光解、热解、水解等)是植物表面农药降解的主要因素[20]。在全封闭围网环境中,低光照强度、稳定的温湿度及较小的外界影响,这些条件的综合作用导致药剂的降解速率明显放缓。其中值得注意的是,在施药后2 d全封闭围网中苯醚甲环唑的残留量略有增加。这可能与全封闭围网的密闭性有关。由于该环境阻碍了药剂蒸发后向外逸散的过程,使挥发的药剂被迫在豇豆表面重新积聚[20],最终导致其残留量在检测数据中呈现上升现象。这为全封闭围网方式下精准把控农药降解带来了新的挑战,还亟需进一步深入研究,以优化防控策略。
本研究中,2种围网方式下豇豆的品质表现出一定差异。果胶和纤维素作为豇豆细胞壁的主要成分,在维持结构完整性、延缓衰老和保持新鲜度方面发挥着关键作用[13-14]。尽管2种围网方式下果胶和纤维素的积累差异不显著,但果胶和纤维素对豇豆的口感和质地产生一定影响。果胶有助于延缓细胞壁退化,保持豇豆的脆嫩口感,而纤维素则直接影响质地,较高的纤维素含量可能导致口感较为粗糙。与果胶和纤维素不同,抗氧化物质如酚类和类黄酮在2种围网方式下的积累存在显著差异。在全封闭围网中,由于较高的温湿度和较低的光照条件,豇豆的抗氧化系统被激活,酚类和类黄酮的合成显著增加。这些物质有助于提高豇豆的抗氧化能力、增强抗病虫害能力,并延长保鲜期[15-17]。相反,半封闭围网提供的环境导致豇豆受到胁迫较小,酚类和类黄酮的合成量较低,因此其抗氧化能力较弱,保鲜期较短,抗病虫害能力也较差。总体而言,果胶和纤维素含量的差异不显著,酚类和类黄酮的差异对豇豆品质的影响更为突出。全封闭围网下,豇豆具有较高的抗氧化物质含量,表现出更好的储存性能和更长的保鲜期,其品质相对优越;而半封闭围网下的豇豆则可能因抗氧化能力较弱,在存储和运输过程中更容易发生品质衰退[16]
全封闭和半封闭围网方式在经济效益上存在显著差异。全封闭围网初期投入较高,主要由于使用高质量防虫网和较大的搭建高度,导致防虫网搭建成本增加。然而,全封闭围网提供了更为稳定的生长环境,并有效减少了病虫害的侵袭,因此产量较高,病虫害防治成本较低,长期经济效益优于半封闭围网。相比之下,半封闭围网的搭建成本较低且结构简便,但由于其开放性较强,容易遭受较为严重的病虫害侵袭,需要频繁施药,导致施药成本增加。在2024年三亚市崖州区豇豆市场价格较低的情况下,半封闭围网未能实现盈利,而全封闭围网也面临亏损。然而,随着收购价格的提升,全封闭围网的经济优势逐渐显现。特别是在防虫网技术不断优化,且大规模应用后,防虫网的使用成本有望降低,从而进一步提升利润。
综上所述,在对比半封闭式与全封闭式2种围网方式时,发现苦参碱、多杀霉素、苯醚甲环唑3种药剂的残留量在半封闭式围网条件下的消解速率更为迅速;2种围网方式下,豇豆果胶与纤维素物质的积累差异不显著,而在全封闭围网下豇豆的总酚、类黄酮含量显著高于半封闭围网。从实际生产效益来看,全封闭围网在防虫成效以及作物产量方面优势突出,但其前期投入成本偏高;而半封闭围网虽然搭建过程简易、成本低廉,但其防虫效果欠佳,致使病虫害防治投入增加。基于此,种植户需依据具体的市场行情以及自身的种植需求,审慎权衡2种围网方式,择优选用。本研究结果可为豇豆种植领域中2种防虫网围网方式的合理应用提供参考依据。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFD1400100)
  • 三亚中国农业科学院国家南繁研究院“南繁专项”(YDLH2402)
  • 农业农村部自有履职类项目(豇豆专项-2024)
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2025年第46卷第5期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.05.024
  • 接收时间:2024-12-16
  • 首发时间:2026-06-26
  • 出版时间:2025-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-16
  • 录用日期:2025-01-21
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFD1400100)
三亚中国农业科学院国家南繁研究院“南繁专项”(YDLH2402)
农业农村部自有履职类项目(豇豆专项-2024)
作者信息
    1.三亚中国农业科学院国家南繁研究院,海南三亚 572024
    2.中国农业科学院植物保护研究所/植物病虫害综合治理全国重点实验室,北京 100193
    3.中国热带农业科学院环境与植物保护研究所/农业农村部热带作物有害生物综合治理重点实验室,海南海口 571101
    4.中国热带农业科学院三亚研究院/海南省南繁生物安全与分子育种重点实验室,海南三亚 572025
    5.中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所,北京 100081

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** 吴圣勇(WU Shengyong),E-mail:;
吕宝乾(LYU Baoqian),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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