Article(id=1276862239944610218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276862113658303045, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.03.022, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1728576000000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1729612800000, acceptedDateStr=2024-10-23, onlineDate=1782357280956, onlineDateStr=2026-06-25, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782357280956, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782357280956, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782357280956, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276862113658303045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2025', volume='46', issue='3', pageStart='515', pageEnd='775', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1742832000000', pubDateStr='2025-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782357250847, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782357480466, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276863076821496476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276862113658303045, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276863076825690781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276862113658303045, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=743, endPage=753, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276862240229822892, articleId=1276862239944610218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Flower-visiting Behavior and Pollination of Macadamia integrifolia by Honey Bee, columnId=1236292524264968282, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Plant Protection & Bio-safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To scientifically evaluate the pollination performance of Macadamia integrifolia by the dominant bee species in China (Apis cerana cerana), we investigated the flowering biological characteristics of M. integrifolia, the pollination behavior of A. cerana cerana, and the effects on M. integrifolia yield and quality by A. cerana cerana pollination in Ximeng Va Autonomous county of China. The results showed that the number of flowers per raceme in macadamia cultivars A4 was in a normal distribution, ranging from 174 to 532 flowers, with an average of 334.0±48.8. The most frequent number of flowers range was 272-374, accounting for 72.17%. The order of A4 floret opening was from the base of inflorescence axis to the top, accounting for 60.24%, from the middle of inflorescence axis to both ends, accounting for 34.94%, and from the top to the base of inflorescence axis, accounting for 4.82%. In M. integrifolia full-bloom stage, the number of A. cerana cerana left colony, back to colony, and pollen-collecting workers increased at first, and then decreased with the time. The number of A. cerana cerana left colony, back to colony workers were mainly concentrated in 12: 00—15: 00, and with the peak period at 15: 00, then, it decreased sharply after 16: 00. The number of pollen-collecting back to colony workers was mainly concentrated in 12: 00—14: 00, and with the peak at 13: 00. The number of A. cerana cerana visiting flowers was significantly higher than that of Apis dorsata and Apis florea, but A. cerana cerana had a shorter per raceme visiting time. The number of visiting flowers workers of A. cerana cerana increased at first, then decreased with time, and the time of the visiting activity was mainly concentrated in 13: 00—17: 10. The correlation analysis results showed that the daily collection activities of A. cerana cerana were greatly influenced by light intensity, temperature and humidity. The average fruit setting rate of per raceme of M. integrifolia by A. cerana cerana pollination significantly increased by 64.15%, and the proportion of raceme falling reduced by 55.39% compared with the control, respectively. In addition, the weight, transverse and vertical diameter of single fruit, the seed rate, the kernel rate, total nitrogen content, crude protein content, crude fat content and 22 kinds of fatty acids content of fruit kernels pollinated by A. cerana cerana were higher than those of the control. The content of saturated fatty acids such as octanoic acid, capric acid, behenic acid, and unsaturated fatty acids 11,14-eicosadienoic acid were significantly higher than those of the control (P<0.05). In conclusion, A. cerana cerana pollination could reduce the shedding of inflorescences, significantly increase fruit setting rate, and improve the yield and quality to a certain extent at the M. integrifolia flowering stage.

, authors=null, authorsList=Jiamin QIN, Yubo TAO, Tianhao YAN, Li YAN, Fen ZHANG, Shangkao DENG, Jiang ZHAN, Yangyi ZHANG, Bi’an ZHAO, Cheng LIANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Cheng LIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276862241433588150, articleId=1276862239944610218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=蜜蜂采集澳洲坚果的行为及授粉效果研究, columnId=1236292524520820846, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=植物保护与生物安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为科学评价蜜蜂对澳洲坚果(Macadamia integrifolia)的授粉性能,本研究调查了云南省西盟县种植的澳洲坚果的开花生物学特性、蜜蜂的采集行为以及蜜蜂授粉对澳洲坚果产量和品质的影响。结果表明:澳洲坚果A4品种每个花序的单花数量符合正态分布,在174~532朵之间,平均为(334.0±48.8)朵,出现频率最高的是272~374朵,占72.17%,其中60.24%的花序自轴基部向顶端依次开放,自花序轴中部向两端依次开放的占34.94%,自花序轴顶端向基部依次开放的占4.82%。在澳州坚果盛花期,中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana cerana)出巢、归巢及携粉工蜂数量随着时间的推移先增加后减少,出巢和归巢主要集中在12:00—15:00之间,高峰期在15:00,16:00以后活动蜜蜂数量急剧减少;中华蜜蜂携粉归巢主要集中在12:00—14:00之间,并在13:00达到高峰期;访花中华蜜蜂的数量显著高于大蜜蜂(A. dorsata)和小蜜蜂(A. florea),但工蜂单次在花序上停留时间较短,访花工蜂的数量随时间变化先增加后减少,访花活动时间主要集中在13:00—17:10;相关性分析显示,中华蜜蜂的日采集活动受光照强度、温度及湿度的影响较大,访花工蜂数量与引入授粉蜂群出巢、归巢工蜂数量显著相关。经蜜蜂授粉的澳洲坚果单花序平均坐果率较对照组显著提高64.15%,花序脱落比例较对照组降低55.39%。此外,蜜蜂授粉的澳洲坚果单果质量、单果横径和纵径、出种率、出仁率,果仁全氮含量、粗蛋白含量、粗脂肪含量及22种脂肪酸含量均高于对照组,其中饱和脂肪酸辛酸、癸酸和山嵛酸,不饱和脂肪酸11,14-二十碳二烯酸4种脂肪酸的含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。由此可见,引入中华蜜蜂为澳洲坚果授粉可减少果树花序的脱落,增加坐果率,改善果实品质。

, authors=

秦加敏(1989—),男,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:熊蜂生物学及授粉应用。

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* 梁铖(LIANG Cheng),E-mail:
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秦加敏(1989—),男,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:熊蜂生物学及授粉应用。

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秦加敏(1989—),男,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:熊蜂生物学及授粉应用。

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Investigation on pollinators and flower-visiting behavior of dominant pollinators of pear trees in different eco-regions[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2020, 36(6): 127-131. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Investigation on pollinators and flower-visiting behavior of dominant pollinators of pear trees in different eco-regions, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276862266075124309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862239944610218, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1986, volume=30, issue=3, pageStart=227, pageEnd=235, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[51], rfOrder=68, authorNames=STEPHENSON R A, CULL B W, MAYER D G, journalName=Scientia Horticulturae, refType=null, unstructuredReference=STEPHENSON R A, CULL B W, MAYER D G. Effects of site, climate, cultivar, flushing, and soil and leaf nutrient status on yields of macadamia in south east Queensland[J]. Scientia Horticulturae, 1986, 30(3): 227-235., articleTitle=Effects of site, climate, cultivar, flushing, and soil and leaf nutrient status on yields of macadamia in south east Queensland, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276862266150621782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862239944610218, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2002, volume=null, issue=53, pageStart=1165, pageEnd=1172, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[52], rfOrder=69, authorNames=STEPHENSON R A, GALLAGHER E C, PEPPER P M, journalName=Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=STEPHENSON R A, GALLAGHER E C, PEPPER P M. Macadamia yield and quality responses to phosphorus[J]. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 2002(53): 1165-1172., articleTitle=Macadamia yield and quality responses to phosphorus, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276862266234507863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862239944610218, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=36, issue=2, pageStart=150, pageEnd=154, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[53], rfOrder=70, authorNames=谭秋锦, 陈海生, 韦媛荣, 许鹏, 郑树芳, 黄锡云, 何铣扬, 覃振师, 王文林, journalName=中国粮油学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=谭秋锦, 陈海生, 韦媛荣, 许鹏, 郑树芳, 黄锡云, 何铣扬, 覃振师, 王文林. 澳洲坚果种质果仁主要营养成分分析与评价[J]. 中国粮油学报, 2021, 36(2): 150-154., articleTitle=澳洲坚果种质果仁主要营养成分分析与评价, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276862266339365464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862239944610218, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=36, issue=2, pageStart=150, pageEnd=154, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[53], rfOrder=71, authorNames=TAN Q J, CHEN H S, WEI Y R, XU P, ZHENG S F, HUANG X Y, HE X Y, QIN Z S, WANG W L, journalName=Journal of the Chinese Cereals and Oils Association, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TAN Q J, CHEN H S, WEI Y R, XU P, ZHENG S F, HUANG X Y, HE X Y, QIN Z S, WANG W L. Nutritional analysis and evaluation of kernel of Macadamia integrifolia[J]. Journal of the Chinese Cereals and Oils Association, 2021, 36(2): 150-154. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Nutritional analysis and evaluation of kernel of Macadamia integrifolia, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276862266410668633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862239944610218, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=27, issue=5, pageStart=33, pageEnd=36, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[54], rfOrder=72, authorNames=梁燕理, 杨湘良, 韦素梅, 李炜, 黄文, journalName=粮油食品科技, refType=null, unstructuredReference=梁燕理, 杨湘良, 韦素梅, 李炜, 黄文. 澳洲坚果油脂肪酸组成及氧化稳定性分析[J]. 粮油食品科技, 2019, 27(5): 33-36., articleTitle=澳洲坚果油脂肪酸组成及氧化稳定性分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276862266477777498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862239944610218, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=27, issue=5, pageStart=33, pageEnd=36, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[54], rfOrder=73, authorNames=LIANG Y L, YANG X L, WEI S M, LI W, HUANG W, journalName=Science and Technology of Cereals, Oils and Foods, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIANG Y L, YANG X L, WEI S M, LI W, HUANG W. Fatty acid composition and oxidative stability of macadamia oil[J]. Science and Technology of Cereals, Oils and Foods, 2019, 27(5): 33-36. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Fatty acid composition and oxidative stability of macadamia oil, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276862266544886363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862239944610218, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=19, issue=2, pageStart=643, pageEnd=652, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[55], rfOrder=74, authorNames=VINOD M, NAIK A K, BIRADAR R, NATIKAR P K, BALIKAI R A, journalName=Journal of Experimental Zoology India, refType=null, unstructuredReference=VINOD M, NAIK A K, BIRADAR R, NATIKAR P K, BALIKAI R A. Bee pollination under organic and conventional farming systems: a review[J]. Journal of Experimental Zoology India, 2016, 19(2): 643-652., articleTitle=Bee pollination under organic and conventional farming systems: a review, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1276862257493578254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862239944610218, awardId=CARS-44-SYZ14, language=CN, fundingSource=国家现代农业蜂产业技术体系项目(CARS-44-SYZ14), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1276862257560687119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862239944610218, awardId=QC2022006, language=CN, fundingSource=云南省农业科学院蚕桑蜜蜂研究所2022年度青年创新基金项目(QC2022006), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1276862257623601680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862239944610218, awardId=202405AD350070, language=CN, fundingSource=云南省科技人才与平台计划项目(202405AD350070), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1276862241706217912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862239944610218, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276862241714606521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862239944610218, companyId=1276862241706217912, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Sericulture and Apiculture Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Mengzi, Yunnan 661101, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276862241727189434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862239944610218, companyId=1276862241706217912, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.云南省农业科学院蚕桑蜜蜂研究所,云南蒙自 661101)]), AuthorCompany(id=1276862243333607867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862239944610218, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276862243341996476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862239944610218, companyId=1276862243333607867, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Animal Husbandry Workstation, Bureau of Agriculture, Rural Areas, Science and Technology of Ximeng Va Autonomous County, Ximeng, Yunnan 665700, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276862243354579389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862239944610218, companyId=1276862243333607867, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.西盟佤族自治县农业农村和科学技术局畜牧工作站,云南西盟 665700)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1276862253798396412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862239944610218, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Frequency distribution of number of flowers on the M. integrifolia per raceme, figureFileSmall=fef6uVtrX2tkhqCudVtuCQ==, figureFileBig=2VA0kMoiiIYYhKKDWU5K0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276862253911642621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862239944610218, language=CN, label=图1, caption=澳洲坚果每个花序单花数量频率分布, figureFileSmall=fef6uVtrX2tkhqCudVtuCQ==, figureFileBig=2VA0kMoiiIYYhKKDWU5K0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276862254196855294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862239944610218, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Single raceme visit time of different bee species in M. integrifolia full-bloom stage, figureFileSmall=hz777CRV/D1ihuB8I/oiXA==, figureFileBig=n/mMhKV8Y/4G9QoEnLpnNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276862254289129983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862239944610218, language=CN, label=图2, caption=澳洲坚果盛花期不同蜂种单花序访问时间

不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=hz777CRV/D1ihuB8I/oiXA==, figureFileBig=n/mMhKV8Y/4G9QoEnLpnNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276862254414959104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862239944610218, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Time distribution of A. cemna cemna visit M. integrifolia flowers, figureFileSmall=n6YFsDNye/7Cx4pq9U3E9g==, figureFileBig=ghazwXqmZq0yGkTPgAXVvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276862254544982529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862239944610218, language=CN, label=图3, caption=中华蜜蜂访问澳洲坚果花的时间分布, figureFileSmall=n6YFsDNye/7Cx4pq9U3E9g==, figureFileBig=ghazwXqmZq0yGkTPgAXVvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276862254700171778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862239944610218, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Number of A. cemna cemna visiting M. integrifolia flowers per time period, figureFileSmall=Auqx21efTHdDBqwoBNfVFg==, figureFileBig=T+gaHn0zKztlYuB6Zt07fA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276862254788252163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862239944610218, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同时间段访问澳洲坚果花的中华蜜蜂数量

不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=Auqx21efTHdDBqwoBNfVFg==, figureFileBig=T+gaHn0zKztlYuB6Zt07fA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276862254901498372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862239944610218, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Diurnal variation of A. cemna cemna foraging activity in M. integrifolia full-bloom stage

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间Time工蜂数Number of worker bees
出巢Left colony归巢Homing携粉Pollen-carrying
7:0031.4±3.3cde43.4±3.5cde2.6±0.4c
8:0021.9±1.9de20.7±1.5ef1.0±0.2c
9:0041.9±2.9bc37.3±1.9def1.4±0.3c
10:0020.9±1.8de19.0±1.9f1.5±0.3c
11:0019.3±2.6e15.1±2.1f1.4±0.2c
12:0058.1±7.6ab51.4±7.5bcd14.7±2.9b
13:0057.5±8.0ab61.3±7.9bc19.9±3.4a
14:0051.3±10.2ab73.0±15.1ab16.5±3.4ab
15:0070.5±20.6a86.3±22.9a1.9±0.5c
16:0018.6±1.8e18.3±1.0f0.4±0.0c
17:0020.7±1.9de18.5±1.1f0.2±0.1c
18:0018.2±2.3e16.0±1.3f0.2±0.1c
19:0012.5±1.5e14.8±1.7f2.3±0.6c
), ArticleFig(id=1276862255010550277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862239944610218, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

澳洲坚果盛花期中华蜜蜂的日活动规律

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间Time工蜂数Number of worker bees
出巢Left colony归巢Homing携粉Pollen-carrying
7:0031.4±3.3cde43.4±3.5cde2.6±0.4c
8:0021.9±1.9de20.7±1.5ef1.0±0.2c
9:0041.9±2.9bc37.3±1.9def1.4±0.3c
10:0020.9±1.8de19.0±1.9f1.5±0.3c
11:0019.3±2.6e15.1±2.1f1.4±0.2c
12:0058.1±7.6ab51.4±7.5bcd14.7±2.9b
13:0057.5±8.0ab61.3±7.9bc19.9±3.4a
14:0051.3±10.2ab73.0±15.1ab16.5±3.4ab
15:0070.5±20.6a86.3±22.9a1.9±0.5c
16:0018.6±1.8e18.3±1.0f0.4±0.0c
17:0020.7±1.9de18.5±1.1f0.2±0.1c
18:0018.2±2.3e16.0±1.3f0.2±0.1c
19:0012.5±1.5e14.8±1.7f2.3±0.6c
), ArticleFig(id=1276862255119602182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862239944610218, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Correlation of diurnal foraging activity of A. cemna cemna and environmental factors in M. integrifolia full-bloom stage

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标Index光照强度Light intensity温度Temperature相对湿度Relative humidity出巢工蜂数Number of leaving hives workers归巢工蜂数Number of back to hives workers携粉工蜂数Number of pollen-collecting workers
光照强度10.749**-0.730**0.209**0.218**0.217**
温度1-0.992**0.164*0.158*0.271**
相对湿度1-0.146*-0.135*-0.260**
出巢工蜂数10.920**0.528**
归巢工蜂数10.552**
携粉工蜂数1
), ArticleFig(id=1276862256826683911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862239944610218, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

澳洲坚果盛花期中华蜜蜂日活动规律与环境因子的相关性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标Index光照强度Light intensity温度Temperature相对湿度Relative humidity出巢工蜂数Number of leaving hives workers归巢工蜂数Number of back to hives workers携粉工蜂数Number of pollen-collecting workers
光照强度10.749**-0.730**0.209**0.218**0.217**
温度1-0.992**0.164*0.158*0.271**
相对湿度1-0.146*-0.135*-0.260**
出巢工蜂数10.920**0.528**
归巢工蜂数10.552**
携粉工蜂数1
), ArticleFig(id=1276862256969290248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862239944610218, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Effect of bee pollination on M. integrifolia setting rate and yield

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标Index蜜蜂授粉Bee pollinationCK
花序脱落比例/%20.6746.33
坐果率/%0.87±1.21a0.53±0.69b
带皮鲜果单果质量/g18.63±2.95a17.06±2.42a
带壳鲜果单果质量/g8.43±1.62a7.99±1.48a
干壳果单果质量/g6.91±1.27a6.58±1.19a
干果单果果仁质量/g2.29±0.56a2.17±0.62a
出种率/%46.60±3.70a45.30±3.50a
出仁率/%34.10±10.0a32.40±6.60a
), ArticleFig(id=1276862257082536457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862239944610218, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

蜜蜂授粉对澳洲坚果坐果率及产量的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标Index蜜蜂授粉Bee pollinationCK
花序脱落比例/%20.6746.33
坐果率/%0.87±1.21a0.53±0.69b
带皮鲜果单果质量/g18.63±2.95a17.06±2.42a
带壳鲜果单果质量/g8.43±1.62a7.99±1.48a
干壳果单果质量/g6.91±1.27a6.58±1.19a
干果单果果仁质量/g2.29±0.56a2.17±0.62a
出种率/%46.60±3.70a45.30±3.50a
出仁率/%34.10±10.0a32.40±6.60a
), ArticleFig(id=1276862257187394058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862239944610218, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Effect of bee pollination on M. integrifolia appearance

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标Index蜜蜂授粉Bee pollinationCK
带皮鲜果横径/mm30.99±1.47a29.52±1.53b
带皮鲜果纵径/mm40.51±2.26a37.93±2.11b
鲜果皮厚度/mm3.43±0.43b3.67±0.47a
鲜壳果横径/mm24.24±1.89a23.88±1.95a
鲜壳果纵径/mm26.57±1.67a25.72±1.34a
干壳果横径/mm23.72±1.79a23.43±1.96a
干壳果纵径/mm25.89±1.69a25.33±1.36a
干果仁横径/mm18.98±1.77a18.46±2.17a
干果仁纵径/mm15.22±1.58a14.53±1.85a
干果壳厚度/mm2.17±0.29b2.76±0.38a
), ArticleFig(id=1276862257267085835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862239944610218, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

蜜蜂授粉对澳洲坚果外观性状的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标Index蜜蜂授粉Bee pollinationCK
带皮鲜果横径/mm30.99±1.47a29.52±1.53b
带皮鲜果纵径/mm40.51±2.26a37.93±2.11b
鲜果皮厚度/mm3.43±0.43b3.67±0.47a
鲜壳果横径/mm24.24±1.89a23.88±1.95a
鲜壳果纵径/mm26.57±1.67a25.72±1.34a
干壳果横径/mm23.72±1.79a23.43±1.96a
干壳果纵径/mm25.89±1.69a25.33±1.36a
干果仁横径/mm18.98±1.77a18.46±2.17a
干果仁纵径/mm15.22±1.58a14.53±1.85a
干果壳厚度/mm2.17±0.29b2.76±0.38a
), ArticleFig(id=1276862257330000396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862239944610218, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Effect of bee pollination on M. integrifolia nutrient quality

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指标Index蜜蜂授粉Bee pollinationCK
全氮/(g·kg-1)12.1249±0.1457a11.9889±0.1096a
粗蛋白/(g·kg-1)75.7808±0.9108a74.9310±0.6847a
粗脂肪/%80.4433±1.1454a78.2100±0.4036a
辛酸/(μg·mL-1)0.0051±0.0023a0.0037±0.0040b
癸酸/(μg·mL-1)0.0337±0.0009a0.0278±0.0036b
十一酸/(μg·mL-1)0.0056±0.0025a0.0040±0.0009a
月桂酸/(μg·mL-1)0.2773±0.0290a0.1725±0.0254a
十三酸/(μg·mL-1)0.0024±0.0002a0.0020±0.0003a
肉豆蔻酸/(μg·mL-1)3.3009±0.5149a2.0469±0.2330a
肉豆蔻脑酸/(μg·mL-1)0.0212±0.0027a0.0141±0.0008a
十五烷酸/(μg·mL-1)0.0730±0.0073a0.0611±0.0087a
棕榈酸/(μg·mL-1)77.0213±5.6085a65.6749±1.1043a
棕榈油酸/(μg·mL-1)177.3704±11.9826a123.2595±4.9675a
硬酯酸/(μg·mL-1)35.5316±6.5068a24.8067±0.9783a
油酸/(μg·mL-1)582.1409±51.2225a518.2847±23.6791a
亚油酸/(μg·mL-1)14.0581±1.4976a14.1394±0.6011a
花生酸/(μg·mL-1)26.0476±4.6778a20.8247±0.8178a
11-二十烯酸/(μg·mL-1)20.5903±2.6606a15.5664±0.6401a
亚麻酸/(μg·mL-1)1.1107±0.1410a0.6804±0.0136a
11,14-二十碳二烯酸/(μg·mL-1)0.2399±0.0357a0.1517±0.0041b
山嵛酸/(μg·mL-1)6.5462±1.3948a5.2110±0.1285b
芥酸/(μg·mL-1)1.7110±0.3143a1.5819±0.0417a
二十三酸/(μg·mL-1)0.0680±0.0075a0.0542±0.0009a
木蜡酸/(μg·mL-1)2.8596±0.6178a2.0355±0.0578a
二十四碳烯酸/(μg·mL-1)0.0499±0.0150a0.0382±0.0016a
), ArticleFig(id=1276862257401303565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862239944610218, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

蜜蜂授粉对澳洲坚果品质的影响

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指标Index蜜蜂授粉Bee pollinationCK
全氮/(g·kg-1)12.1249±0.1457a11.9889±0.1096a
粗蛋白/(g·kg-1)75.7808±0.9108a74.9310±0.6847a
粗脂肪/%80.4433±1.1454a78.2100±0.4036a
辛酸/(μg·mL-1)0.0051±0.0023a0.0037±0.0040b
癸酸/(μg·mL-1)0.0337±0.0009a0.0278±0.0036b
十一酸/(μg·mL-1)0.0056±0.0025a0.0040±0.0009a
月桂酸/(μg·mL-1)0.2773±0.0290a0.1725±0.0254a
十三酸/(μg·mL-1)0.0024±0.0002a0.0020±0.0003a
肉豆蔻酸/(μg·mL-1)3.3009±0.5149a2.0469±0.2330a
肉豆蔻脑酸/(μg·mL-1)0.0212±0.0027a0.0141±0.0008a
十五烷酸/(μg·mL-1)0.0730±0.0073a0.0611±0.0087a
棕榈酸/(μg·mL-1)77.0213±5.6085a65.6749±1.1043a
棕榈油酸/(μg·mL-1)177.3704±11.9826a123.2595±4.9675a
硬酯酸/(μg·mL-1)35.5316±6.5068a24.8067±0.9783a
油酸/(μg·mL-1)582.1409±51.2225a518.2847±23.6791a
亚油酸/(μg·mL-1)14.0581±1.4976a14.1394±0.6011a
花生酸/(μg·mL-1)26.0476±4.6778a20.8247±0.8178a
11-二十烯酸/(μg·mL-1)20.5903±2.6606a15.5664±0.6401a
亚麻酸/(μg·mL-1)1.1107±0.1410a0.6804±0.0136a
11,14-二十碳二烯酸/(μg·mL-1)0.2399±0.0357a0.1517±0.0041b
山嵛酸/(μg·mL-1)6.5462±1.3948a5.2110±0.1285b
芥酸/(μg·mL-1)1.7110±0.3143a1.5819±0.0417a
二十三酸/(μg·mL-1)0.0680±0.0075a0.0542±0.0009a
木蜡酸/(μg·mL-1)2.8596±0.6178a2.0355±0.0578a
二十四碳烯酸/(μg·mL-1)0.0499±0.0150a0.0382±0.0016a
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蜜蜂采集澳洲坚果的行为及授粉效果研究
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秦加敏 1 , 陶玉波 2 , 晏天皓 2 , 岩理 2 , 张芬 2 , 邓尚靠 1 , 展江 1 , 张洋逸 1 , 赵必安 1 , 梁铖 1, *
热带作物学报 | 植物保护与生物安全 2025,46(3): 743-753
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热带作物学报 |植物保护与生物安全 2025 , 46 (3) : 743 -753
蜜蜂采集澳洲坚果的行为及授粉效果研究
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秦加敏1, 陶玉波2, 晏天皓2, 岩理2, 张芬2, 邓尚靠1, 展江1, 张洋逸1, 赵必安1, 梁铖1, *
作者信息
  • 1.云南省农业科学院蚕桑蜜蜂研究所,云南蒙自 661101
  • 2.西盟佤族自治县农业农村和科学技术局畜牧工作站,云南西盟 665700
通讯作者:
* 梁铖(LIANG Cheng),E-mail:
Flower-visiting Behavior and Pollination of Macadamia integrifolia by Honey Bee
Jiamin QIN1, Yubo TAO2, Tianhao YAN2, Li YAN2, Fen ZHANG2, Shangkao DENG1, Jiang ZHAN1, Yangyi ZHANG1, Bi’an ZHAO1, Cheng LIANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Sericulture and Apiculture Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Mengzi, Yunnan 661101, China
  • 2.Animal Husbandry Workstation, Bureau of Agriculture, Rural Areas, Science and Technology of Ximeng Va Autonomous County, Ximeng, Yunnan 665700, China
出版时间: 2025-03-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.03.022
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为科学评价蜜蜂对澳洲坚果(Macadamia integrifolia)的授粉性能,本研究调查了云南省西盟县种植的澳洲坚果的开花生物学特性、蜜蜂的采集行为以及蜜蜂授粉对澳洲坚果产量和品质的影响。结果表明:澳洲坚果A4品种每个花序的单花数量符合正态分布,在174~532朵之间,平均为(334.0±48.8)朵,出现频率最高的是272~374朵,占72.17%,其中60.24%的花序自轴基部向顶端依次开放,自花序轴中部向两端依次开放的占34.94%,自花序轴顶端向基部依次开放的占4.82%。在澳州坚果盛花期,中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana cerana)出巢、归巢及携粉工蜂数量随着时间的推移先增加后减少,出巢和归巢主要集中在12:00—15:00之间,高峰期在15:00,16:00以后活动蜜蜂数量急剧减少;中华蜜蜂携粉归巢主要集中在12:00—14:00之间,并在13:00达到高峰期;访花中华蜜蜂的数量显著高于大蜜蜂(A. dorsata)和小蜜蜂(A. florea),但工蜂单次在花序上停留时间较短,访花工蜂的数量随时间变化先增加后减少,访花活动时间主要集中在13:00—17:10;相关性分析显示,中华蜜蜂的日采集活动受光照强度、温度及湿度的影响较大,访花工蜂数量与引入授粉蜂群出巢、归巢工蜂数量显著相关。经蜜蜂授粉的澳洲坚果单花序平均坐果率较对照组显著提高64.15%,花序脱落比例较对照组降低55.39%。此外,蜜蜂授粉的澳洲坚果单果质量、单果横径和纵径、出种率、出仁率,果仁全氮含量、粗蛋白含量、粗脂肪含量及22种脂肪酸含量均高于对照组,其中饱和脂肪酸辛酸、癸酸和山嵛酸,不饱和脂肪酸11,14-二十碳二烯酸4种脂肪酸的含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。由此可见,引入中华蜜蜂为澳洲坚果授粉可减少果树花序的脱落,增加坐果率,改善果实品质。

中华蜜蜂  /  澳洲坚果  /  授粉  /  访花行为  /  营养成分

To scientifically evaluate the pollination performance of Macadamia integrifolia by the dominant bee species in China (Apis cerana cerana), we investigated the flowering biological characteristics of M. integrifolia, the pollination behavior of A. cerana cerana, and the effects on M. integrifolia yield and quality by A. cerana cerana pollination in Ximeng Va Autonomous county of China. The results showed that the number of flowers per raceme in macadamia cultivars A4 was in a normal distribution, ranging from 174 to 532 flowers, with an average of 334.0±48.8. The most frequent number of flowers range was 272-374, accounting for 72.17%. The order of A4 floret opening was from the base of inflorescence axis to the top, accounting for 60.24%, from the middle of inflorescence axis to both ends, accounting for 34.94%, and from the top to the base of inflorescence axis, accounting for 4.82%. In M. integrifolia full-bloom stage, the number of A. cerana cerana left colony, back to colony, and pollen-collecting workers increased at first, and then decreased with the time. The number of A. cerana cerana left colony, back to colony workers were mainly concentrated in 12: 00—15: 00, and with the peak period at 15: 00, then, it decreased sharply after 16: 00. The number of pollen-collecting back to colony workers was mainly concentrated in 12: 00—14: 00, and with the peak at 13: 00. The number of A. cerana cerana visiting flowers was significantly higher than that of Apis dorsata and Apis florea, but A. cerana cerana had a shorter per raceme visiting time. The number of visiting flowers workers of A. cerana cerana increased at first, then decreased with time, and the time of the visiting activity was mainly concentrated in 13: 00—17: 10. The correlation analysis results showed that the daily collection activities of A. cerana cerana were greatly influenced by light intensity, temperature and humidity. The average fruit setting rate of per raceme of M. integrifolia by A. cerana cerana pollination significantly increased by 64.15%, and the proportion of raceme falling reduced by 55.39% compared with the control, respectively. In addition, the weight, transverse and vertical diameter of single fruit, the seed rate, the kernel rate, total nitrogen content, crude protein content, crude fat content and 22 kinds of fatty acids content of fruit kernels pollinated by A. cerana cerana were higher than those of the control. The content of saturated fatty acids such as octanoic acid, capric acid, behenic acid, and unsaturated fatty acids 11,14-eicosadienoic acid were significantly higher than those of the control (P<0.05). In conclusion, A. cerana cerana pollination could reduce the shedding of inflorescences, significantly increase fruit setting rate, and improve the yield and quality to a certain extent at the M. integrifolia flowering stage.

Apis cerana cerana  /  Macadamia integrifolia  /  pollination  /  flower visiting behavior  /  nutritive ingredient
秦加敏, 陶玉波, 晏天皓, 岩理, 张芬, 邓尚靠, 展江, 张洋逸, 赵必安, 梁铖. 蜜蜂采集澳洲坚果的行为及授粉效果研究. 热带作物学报, 2025 , 46 (3) : 743 -753 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.03.022
Jiamin QIN, Yubo TAO, Tianhao YAN, Li YAN, Fen ZHANG, Shangkao DENG, Jiang ZHAN, Yangyi ZHANG, Bi’an ZHAO, Cheng LIANG. Flower-visiting Behavior and Pollination of Macadamia integrifolia by Honey Bee[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2025 , 46 (3) : 743 -753 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.03.022
澳洲坚果(Macadamia integrifolia)属山龙眼科澳洲坚果属(Macadamia)常绿乔木果树,原产于澳大利亚的亚热带雨林地区[1]。其果仁含丰富的脂肪酸、蛋白质、矿质元素、维生素等,营养价值非常高,深受消费者的青睐[2-3]。目前澳洲坚果主要种植在中国、澳大利亚、泰国、美国、巴西等20多个国家和地区[4]。中国云南、广西、广东、贵州等地南亚热带地区已广泛种植,据农业农村部统计,2020年末全国推广种植面积为26.61万hm2,其中云南省澳洲坚果种植面积达23.53万hm2,主要分布在临沧、普洱、德宏、西双版纳、保山5个州(市),全省有41个县(区、市),占全国种植面积的88.43%,占全球种植面积的53.87%,成为世界种植澳洲坚果最多的地区[5-6]。澳洲坚果为总状花序,花量多,花期较长,流蜜量大,但落花落果严重,在果实发育期间,果实大量脱落,导致产量低是各国澳洲坚果种植面临的重要问题[7-8]。研究表明,大多数澳洲坚果品种是自交不亲和的,自花授粉的花序坐果率极低,且大多数果会过早从树上脱落[7,9]。与自花授粉相比,异花授粉后花粉管生长和初始结实更大,此外,不同品种间的杂交授粉也能提高澳洲坚果的初始坐果率[9-12]。早期的调查研究发现,在澳大利亚,西方蜜蜂(Apis mellifera L.)和无刺蜂(Trigona carbonaria)是澳洲坚果最主要的访花者,这些蜜蜂在采集花蜜和花粉获得营养报酬的同时起到了授粉作用[13]。随着澳洲坚果的市场需求逐年增加,种植面积不断扩大,面对规模化的种植,国内外大多租用家养蜜蜂为其授粉,提高产量,同时可生产坚果蜂蜜[14]。然而,澳洲坚果被引种到全国各地,其生产性能表现不一,国外多使用西方蜜蜂为澳洲坚果授粉,而在中国大面积种植后发现其单产较低,可能与传粉有关系,但这方面的调查研究较少,特别是更少对本土的中华蜜蜂的采集行为及授粉性能的研究[13-14]
中国澳洲坚果种植区域也是中华蜜蜂(A. cerena cerana)主要养殖地区。中华蜜蜂属膜翅目(Hymenoptera)蜜蜂科(Apidae)蜜蜂属(Apis)东方蜜蜂(A. cerena)的指名亚种,是我国的本土蜂种,具有采集力强、嗅觉灵敏、抗逆性强和抗寄生虫等优点。此外,中华蜜蜂善于应用零星蜜源,能较好地适应山区环境,是许多野生植物和农作物重要的传粉昆虫[15]。在现代农业生产中,中华蜜蜂授粉不仅可以生产蜂蜜、蜂蜡、虫体饲料等高附加值产品,而且对农作物授粉产生的经济价值更大。已有研究表明,中华蜜蜂被广泛应用于梨[16]、草莓[17]、猕猴桃[18-19]、蓝莓[20]、豆类[21]、樱桃[22]等多种作物授粉,在提高作物产量、改善果实品质的同时产生了重要的生态效益和经济价值。因此,本研究通过调查云南西盟县澳洲坚果的开花特性和中华蜜蜂采集澳洲坚果的行为,测定蜜蜂授粉后澳洲坚果的产量和品质,旨在初步解析本土蜜蜂与引种澳洲坚果的传粉生态关系,评价澳洲坚果中华蜜蜂授粉效果,以期为澳洲坚果蜂授粉技术的集成提供基础数据参考,促进澳洲坚果种植及养蜂产业提质增效。
试验于2023年2—10月在云南省普洱市西盟县中课镇班箐村澳洲坚果种植园进行,中课镇境内中山、低山、河谷纵横交错,地势东北高、西南低,区域内最高海拔2458.9 m,最低海拔700 m,年平均降雨量2235 mm,年平均气温16~25 ℃,属亚热带南亚热带湿润季风气候,年日照量达1693.6 h,干湿气候分明,常年无霜。
供试材料为正常生长的5年生澳洲坚果品种A4,选择管理水平一致的健康、冠幅、树高、花量相似的植株为供试样本。该种植园中还有少量的澳洲坚果品种344、OC和294。引入当地饲养的中华蜜蜂为授粉蜂群,共200群,每群至少含有3足脾蜂量。
(1)澳洲坚果开花物候期观察。在澳洲坚果园东、南、西、北4个方向及中间,每个位置随机选取2株,共10株果树,分别进行挂牌标记,从花芽萌发开始,每天定时观察生长情况,并统计每株的花序总数。参照罗立娜等[23]的方法,5%~25%花朵开放时评定为初花期,25%~75%花朵开放时评定为盛花期,75%以上花朵开放时评定为末花期。
(2)澳洲坚果花形态观测。在盛花期随机选取6株果树作为观测对象,每株按东、南、西、北4个不同方位在树冠外围的中上部随机标记15个已正常发育成熟花序,目测花序单花开放顺序,利用直尺测量花序长度,同时利用游标卡尺对小花花柄长、花口直径、花柱长、花宽进行测量;采用计数器统计每个花序上着生小花的数量。
澳洲坚果初花期,引入200群中华蜜蜂作为果园授粉蜂群。在盛花期,离授粉蜂群50 m处,选择3株澳洲坚果树作为观测样本,于每天7:00、9:00、11:00、13:00、15:00、17:00、19:00统计每株果树上的访花蜜蜂的种类及数量,每个时间点观察10 min,随后用秒表记录访花蜜蜂在单花序上的停留时间,连续观察3 d。此外,挑选3群群势相当的蜂群,在蜂箱巢门口放置360智能摄像机记录中华蜜蜂的日活动情况,连续拍摄3 d,通过视频回放统计每天7:00—19:00每个时间点1 min内中华蜜蜂出巢、归巢及携粉工蜂的数量。同时,每箱蜂配备温湿度计和光度计各1个,分别监测外界环境的温湿度和光照度。
在澳洲坚果园分别设置蜜蜂授粉组和无蜜蜂授粉试验组(CK),每个试验组选择6株澳洲坚果树,共12株,每株果树长势、冠幅相似、花量相当。蜜蜂授粉组和CK组每株分别挂牌标记50个即将开放的花序,共600个,统计每个花序的小花数量,其中CK组的300个花序用40目透明尼龙网袋罩住,以阻止访花者。花期结束后30 d,分别记录2个试验组澳洲坚果花序的脱落数量和坐果数量,以计算花序脱落的比例及坐果率。花序脱落比例为脱落的花序数量占标记花序数量的比例;坐果率=坐果数/标记花朵总数×100%。果实成熟后,分别称量鲜果单果质量、果实横径和纵径、果皮厚度等指标。参照康专苗等[24]的方法,将脱去青皮后的鲜核果分别在38、48、60 ℃的温度条件下干燥48 h后,将干燥的壳果冷却至室温条件下称重,破壳后再称其单果果仁质量。出种率=带壳鲜果单果质量/带皮鲜果单果质量×100%;出仁率=干果单果果仁质量/干壳果单果质量×100%。果仁全氮含量、粗蛋白、粗脂肪及脂肪酸含量委托云南维康科技有限公司进行检测。
采用Excel 2010软件整理数据和绘制图表;使用SPSS 26.0软件进行数据分析。对澳洲坚果盛花期中华蜜蜂的日活动规律、不同蜂种单花序访问时间、不同时间段访问花的中华蜜蜂数量采用单因素方差分析以及显著性检验;蜜蜂授粉对澳洲坚果外观性状和品质的影响采用独立样本t检验法进行差异显著性检验;对澳洲坚果盛花期中华蜜蜂日活动规律与环境因子进行相关性分析及双尾显著性t检验,数据以平均值±标准差表示。
调查发现,西盟县中课镇班箐村种植的A4澳洲坚果品种2023年初花期为2月25日至3月14日,盛花期为3月15日至4月8日,末花期为4月8日至4月16日,花期50 d。平均每株有(2544.30±566.55)个花序。该品种的小花自花序轴基部向顶端依次开放的占60.24%;自花序轴中部向两端依次开放的占34.94%;自花序轴顶端向基部依次开放的占4.82%。整个花序轴直径从基部到顶端依次减小,花序平均长度为(220.56±40.09)mm,单花花柄长为(4.47±0.07)mm,花口直径为(6.12±0.10)mm,花柱长为(12.9±0.11)mm。澳洲坚果花序轴轮生单花数量符合正态分布,向右偏斜(Skewness=0.169),平均为(334.0±48.8)朵(n=600),最少为174朵,最多为532朵。出现频率最高的是272~374朵,占72.17%,最少为476~532朵,占0.50%(图1)。
澳洲坚果盛花期,在蜂箱巢门口放置360智能摄像机记录中华蜜蜂的日活动规律,结果显示,7:00—19:00每个时间点1 min内中华蜜蜂的出巢、归巢及携粉工蜂数量有差异(表1)。12:00—15:00中华蜜蜂的出巢数量显著高于其他时间段(P<0.05),其中15:00的出巢数量最多,为(70.5±20.6)头,但与12:00、13:00和14:00三个时间段相比无显著性差异;7:00—11:00的出巢数量较少,但9:00的出巢蜜蜂数量显著高于8:00、10:00和11:00三个时间点(P<0.05),而这3个时间段间的出巢数量差异不显著;16:00以后的出巢数量显著减少,但各时间段之间无显著性差异。就中华蜜蜂归巢而言,15:00的归巢数量最高,达(86.3±22.9)头,与14:00的归巢数量差异不显著,但显著高于7:00—13:00和16:00—19:00各时间段(P<0.05),而8:00—11:00和16:00—19:00各时间段之间差异不显著。携粉归巢蜜蜂主要集中在12:00—14:00,13:00的携粉归巢数量最多,为(19.9±3.4)头,显著高于7:00—12:00和15:00—19:00各时间段(P<0.05),而与14:00差异不显著。总体而言,澳洲坚果花期中华蜜蜂的活动呈现一定的规律,表现为随着时间的推移,出巢、归巢及携粉工蜂数量呈先增后降的趋势。出巢和归巢蜜蜂主要集中在12:00—15:00之间,高峰期出现在15:00,16:00以后活动蜜蜂数量急剧减少;携粉归巢工蜂主要集中在12:00—14:00之间,并且在13:00达到高峰。
澳洲坚果盛花期中华蜜蜂的日活动(出巢、归巢和携粉)与园区环境因子(温度、相对湿度和光照强度)之间的相关性见表2。中华蜜蜂出巢、归巢和携粉工蜂数量与光照强度呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。出巢和归巢工蜂数量与温度呈显著正相关(P<0.05),携粉工蜂数量与温度呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。相反,出巢和归巢工蜂数量与相对湿度呈显著负相关(P<0.05),携粉工蜂数量与相对湿度呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。表明中华蜜蜂的日活动受外界光照强度、温度及湿度的影响较大。
观察7个时段中华蜜蜂的访花行为时发现也有大蜜蜂(A. dorsata)和小蜜蜂(A. florea)访问澳洲坚果花,通过比较每株澳洲坚果访花蜜蜂数量显示,中华蜜蜂数量[(547.00±64.17)头/株]显著高于大蜜蜂[(18.57±15.31)头/株]和小蜜蜂[(3.00±2.52)头/株](P<0.05)。对单次蜜蜂在花序上的停留时间进行比较分析,结果显示,中华蜜蜂的停留时间[(33.61±6.45)s]显著低于大蜜蜂[(75.74±11.00)s]和小蜜蜂[(57.15±25.56)s](P<0.05),而大蜜蜂和小蜜蜂的单花序停留时间差异不显著(图2)。综上,澳洲坚果的主要传粉者是蜜蜂,其中,中华蜜蜂最多,效率较高。
每头中华蜜蜂的单花序停留时间不一,且波动较大,停留时间范围为2.01~226.27 s,主要分布在10~20 s,占26.65%;其次是0~10 s,占24.64%;20~30 s的占16.62%,80~90 s的占比最低,仅1.43%(图3)。此外,每头中华蜜蜂在7:00—7:10、9:00—9:10、11:00—11:10、13:00—13:10、15:00—15:10、17:00—17:10和19:00—19:10不同时段的单花序停留时间分别为(26.17±3.56)、(27.36±4.41)、(36.53±4.20)、(34.20±5.82)、(34.30±4.10)、(28.81±3.66)、(28.19±4.32)s,不同时段间差异不显著。
澳洲坚果盛花期不同时段访花中华蜜蜂数量有一定差异(图4)。自7:00开始,中华蜜蜂访花数量逐渐上升,至13:00—13:10达到最高峰,为(130.7±13.5)头/株,之后逐渐下降,19:00—19:10访花蜜蜂数量最小,为(11.4±2.4)头/株。13:00—13:10、15:00—15:10和17:00—17:10三个时段的访花蜜蜂数量差异不显著,但显著高于其他时段(P<0.05);9:00—9:10和11:00—11:10两个时间段的访花蜜蜂数量分别为(60.0±26.4)、(84.1±18.0)头/株,显著高于7:00—7:10[(15.9±3.5)头/株]和19:00—19:10[(11.4±2.4)头/株](P<0.05)。此外,相关性分析结果表明,访花中华蜜蜂的数量与出巢(r=0.567, P=0.000)和归巢(r=0.451, P=0.001)数量呈极显著正相关,表明访花中华蜜蜂主要来自引进的授粉蜂群。整体而言,在整个盛花期,访花中华蜜蜂数量随时间变化呈先增加后减少的趋势,访花活动主要集中在13:00—17:10之间。
通过分析表明,蜜蜂授粉组的澳洲坚果单花序平均坐果率显著高于CK(P<0.05),且坐果率提高64.15%,蜜蜂授粉后有20.67%的花序从树干脱落,而CK有46.33%的花序从树干脱落。此外,蜜蜂授粉组的澳洲坚果带皮鲜果单果质量、带壳鲜果单果质量、干壳果单果质量、干果单果果仁质量、出种率及出仁率均高于CK,但差异不显著(表3)。表明在澳洲坚果花期利用蜜蜂授粉可减少花序的脱落,显著提高坐果率,对产量有一定提升作用。
通过分析表明,蜜蜂授粉组的澳洲坚果带皮鲜果横径和纵径均显著大于CK(P<0.05),鲜壳果、干壳果及干果仁的横径和纵径均大于CK,但差异不显著,而蜜蜂授粉的鲜果皮厚度和干果壳厚度均显著低于CK(表4)。表明蜜蜂授粉可改善澳洲坚果的外观性状,尤其是蜜蜂授粉后鲜果皮和果壳较薄。
蜜蜂授粉组的澳洲坚果果仁全氮含量、粗蛋白含量、粗脂肪含量均高于CK,但差异不显著(表5)。在蜜蜂授粉组和CK坚果仁中均检测出22个脂肪酸成分,其中饱和脂肪酸14个(辛酸、癸酸、十一酸、月桂酸、十三酸、肉豆蔻酸、肉豆蔻脑酸、十五烷酸、棕榈酸、硬酯酸、花生酸、山嵛酸、二十三酸和木蜡酸),不饱和脂肪酸8个(油酸、亚油酸、棕榈油酸、11-二十烯酸、亚麻酸、11,14-二十碳二烯酸、芥酸、二十四碳烯酸)。饱和脂肪酸中,棕榈酸含量在蜜蜂授粉组和CK中均最高,其次是硬酯酸,而十三酸的含量最低;不饱和脂肪酸中,油酸含量均最高,其次为棕榈油酸,二十四碳烯酸的含量最低。蜜蜂授粉组的22个脂肪酸含量均高于CK,其中,饱和脂肪酸辛酸、癸酸和山嵛酸,不饱和脂肪酸11,14-二十碳二烯酸4种脂肪酸含量显著高于CK(P<0.05),其他18种脂肪酸含量差异不显著。
澳洲坚果是一种亚热带经济作物,由于全球市场对澳洲坚果仁需求的不断增长,现已在20多个国家广泛种植,但其产量较低。目前普遍认为初始坐果率低、果实保持能力差以及果仁大小的变化是造成澳洲坚果产量低的主要原因[7,12,25-28]。研究表明,根据品种和植株大小,每株的总状花序数量为2500~15 000个花序[29-31],每个花序有轮生100~300个长6~12 mm的管状小花[7,32-33]。曾黎明等[8]对我国广西地区32个澳洲坚果品种的生物学特性进行了比较分析,其中A4品种的单花序花朵数量为215.33朵,花序长度为16.87 cm;而本研究中,每个花序的花朵数量为(334.0±48.8)朵,花序长度为(22.56±4.09)cm,均高于广西地区的A4品种。此外,本研究中澳洲坚果A4品种每株有(2544.30±566.55)个花序,这可能与不同品种或同一品种在不同地理环境中的生长有关,花序越长,花朵数量越多,树龄较大的植株花序数量更多[34],但澳洲坚果的产量不受不同树龄花朵数量的影响,表明花朵数量不是限制其产量的因素[35]。罗立娜等[23]研究表明,我国贵州省种植的788、344和热桂1号品种的开花顺序均为自花序轴基部向顶端依次开放,H2品种均为自花序轴中部向两端依次开放。而本研究中,A4品种的开花顺序有3种,主要为自花序轴基部向顶端依次开放,占60.24%;其次是自花序轴中部向两端依次开放,占34.94%;自花序轴顶端向基部依次开放的比例最少,为4.82%,这可能与同一品种在不同地理环境中的生长有关。
大多数澳洲坚果品种是部分自交不亲和的,需高度依赖蜜蜂等传粉昆虫进行异花授粉产生果实[32,36-37]。中华蜜蜂是我国主要传粉蜜蜂之一,是农业生产中重要的授粉昆虫。研究表明,蜜蜂的日活动规律直接或间接与多种环境因素(如光照强度、温度、湿度及蜜粉源)相关[19,38],蜜蜂能够根据环境变化和蜜粉源植物的开花时间采取相应的采集策略,只有在适宜的温度和湿度条件下,蜜蜂才会表现出高效的采集行为,顺利为农作物授粉[39-40]。温湿度很大程度上影响植物的花药开裂、花粉释放和蜜蜂采食行为,随着温度的升高和相对湿度的下降,花药开裂增多,花粉大量释放,同时达到蜜蜂采集活动的高峰,作物授粉效果才会更好[41-43]。赵恬等[19]研究发现,当温度较高时,环境湿度过低,会导致中华蜜蜂采粉积极性降低。除了温湿度外,光照也是影响蜜蜂出巢行为的重要因素,光照能刺激蜜蜂出勤。黄训兵等[22]研究表明,早春15:00后中华蜜蜂在北方露天樱桃园的出巢蜂数迅速下降,而归巢蜂数、携粉蜂数却达到最高值,蜜蜂的这种快速回巢行为可能与15:00后光照逐渐减弱有关。本研究中澳洲坚果盛花期试验期间天气晴朗或多云,7:00开始,外界温度逐渐升高,湿度下降。12:00—15:00气温较高,此时出巢和归巢的中华蜜蜂数量较多,并在15:00达到高峰,16:00气温达到最高值,湿度最低,此时出巢和归巢蜜蜂数量明显减少;携粉归巢蜜蜂数量主要集中在12:00—14:00之间,且13:00的携粉归巢蜜蜂数量最多,15:00以后携粉归巢蜜蜂迅速减少,表明该时间段外出采粉的效率较低。在澳洲坚果整个盛花期,访花中华蜜蜂数量主要集中在13:00—17:00,而蜜蜂出巢和归巢主要集中在12:00—15:00,可能是由于12:00—15:00蜂群内新蜂认巢试飞行为导致。有研究表明,澳洲坚果开花量大,因此不同的访花昆虫有效地为花朵授粉是优质坚果高产的先决条件[44-45],例如无刺蜂、小蜜蜂、大蜜蜂、蝴蝶、苍蝇、飞蛾和胡蜂等昆虫对澳洲坚果花朵的访问,可以增强坚果的结实和成熟坚果的发育[28,46-49],本研究也发现澳洲坚果盛花期有大蜜蜂和小蜜蜂访问澳洲坚果花。据报道,单花停留时间直接影响传粉昆虫的传粉效率,滞留时间越短,单位时间内昆虫采访的花朵越多,植物收益越大[50],但大蜜蜂和小蜜蜂对澳洲坚果的坐果率和产量产生的积极作用不可否认,影响程度有待进一步研究,作为具有迁飞习性的野生蜜蜂对大田作物授粉也存在数量的不稳定性和不可控因素。
虽然澳洲坚果的植物营养也可能在澳洲坚果的结实和保留中发挥关键作用[51-52],但也有学者将澳洲坚果产量和质量的下降归因于传粉昆虫活动不足和交叉花粉供应不足,从而引起种子发育不良[7,12,28,33]。本研究发现中华蜜蜂授粉的澳洲坚果单花序平均坐果率比CK提高了64.15%,且蜜蜂授粉后仅有20.67%的花序从树干脱落,而CK的花序有46.33%从树干脱落。谭秋锦等[53]研究表明,单果质量、坚果横径和干壳果质量主要反映澳洲坚果种子的质量,本研究中蜜蜂授粉组的澳洲坚果单果质量、出种率及出仁率均高于CK,表明蜜蜂授粉可提高澳洲坚果的坐果率,在一定程度上减少花序的脱落,提高产量,改善澳洲坚果的外观性状,尤其是蜜蜂授粉后鲜果皮和果壳较薄,这与HOWLETT等[28]的研究结果一致。在果仁营养成分方面,蜜蜂授粉组的果仁全氮含量、粗蛋白含量、粗脂肪含量3项指标均高于CK,授粉组和CK均检测出22个脂肪酸成分(饱和脂肪酸14个,不饱和脂肪酸8个),这与康专苗等[24]、梁燕理等[54]的研究结果一致。22个脂肪酸中的饱和脂肪酸辛酸、癸酸和山嵛酸,及不饱和脂肪酸11,14-二十碳二烯酸4种脂肪酸的含量显著高于CK。综上表明,蜜蜂授粉在一定程度上能够提升澳洲坚果的产量,改善果实品质。蜜蜂与植物经过长期的协同进化,能够选择采集活性较强、质量较好的花粉,以高效、优质地协助被子植物完成受精过程[55],这可能与澳洲坚果的产量提升和品质改善有关,还需进一步研究。
蜜蜂授粉是农业绿色、优质、高效生产的重要配套技术之一,中华蜜蜂授粉技术的应用不仅有助于农作物增产提质,获得较好的经济效益,以满足农业绿色、生态发展的需求。中华蜜蜂是我国当家蜂种,其管理技术已经较成熟,利用中华蜜蜂为澳洲坚果授粉,能减少澳洲坚果花序脱落,增加坐果率,有效改善果实产量和品质,表明利用中华蜜蜂授粉对澳洲坚果规模化生产是一种行之有效的授粉方式,值得大力推广应用。
  • 国家现代农业蜂产业技术体系项目(CARS-44-SYZ14)
  • 云南省农业科学院蚕桑蜜蜂研究所2022年度青年创新基金项目(QC2022006)
  • 云南省科技人才与平台计划项目(202405AD350070)
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2025年第46卷第3期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.03.022
  • 接收时间:2024-10-11
  • 首发时间:2026-06-25
  • 出版时间:2025-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-11
  • 录用日期:2024-10-23
基金
国家现代农业蜂产业技术体系项目(CARS-44-SYZ14)
云南省农业科学院蚕桑蜜蜂研究所2022年度青年创新基金项目(QC2022006)
云南省科技人才与平台计划项目(202405AD350070)
作者信息
    1.云南省农业科学院蚕桑蜜蜂研究所,云南蒙自 661101
    2.西盟佤族自治县农业农村和科学技术局畜牧工作站,云南西盟 665700

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* 梁铖(LIANG Cheng),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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