Article(id=1276844610206957831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276844393709568941, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.10.022, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1711468800000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-27, revisedDate=1713110400000, revisedDateStr=2024-04-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782353077698, onlineDateStr=2026-06-25, pubDate=1729785600000, pubDateStr=2024-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782353077698, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782353077698, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782353077698, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276844393709568941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2024', volume='45', issue='10', pageStart='1999', pageEnd='2242', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1729785600000', pubDateStr='2024-10-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782353026082, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782355588483, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276855141311574992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276844393709568941, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276855141311574993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276844393709568941, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2213, endPage=2222, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276844610458616073, articleId=1276844610206957831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Evaluation on the Browning Related Factors in the Pericarp of Guiwei and Yuhebao Litchi During Storage, columnId=1236286112713470633, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Post-harvest Treatment & Quality Safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The pericarp color, browning-related enzyme activity and variations in phenolic compounds during the browning process of litchi pericarp were evaluated to investigate the alterations in ingredients caused by pericarp browning of two litchi varieties (Guiwei and Yuhebao) during storage. The indicators were comprehensively evaluated using correlation analysis and principal component analysis. The results showed that at a storage temperature of 4 ℃, the pericarp of Yuhebao was more likely to brown than that of Guiwei. After being stored for three days, the pericarp of Yuhebao exhibited noticeable browning, but Guiwei only displayed a similar phenomenon after seven days of storage. Over the period of 0-14 days of storage, both Guiwei and Yuhebao showed a decline in the total phenolic, flavonoid and proanthocyanidin levels in the pericarps due to browning. Both Guiwei and Yuhebao pericarps exhibited an increased trend in pH value, with the lower rise rate in pH value of Guiwei pericarp compared with that of Yuhebao. Additionally, the level of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity in the pericarps of both litchis exhibited a declining pattern, with a more pronounced decline observed in Yuhebao compared to Guiwei. The peroxidase (POD) enzyme activity in the two litchi pericarps exhibited a little decline, whereas the POD enzyme activity in the Yuhebao pericarp was approximately 1.33 times higher than that of Guiwei. Correlation analysis and principal component analysis revealed that total phenols, flavonoids, PPO and pH value were found to have a significant correlation with the browning color of the two litchi varieties. There was a noticeable correlation between the selected litchi varieties and the browning process, indicating distinct differences in the browning status of the pericarp. The findings of this study could offer fundamental data support for future research on suppressing the browning phenomena of litchi pericarp, extracting and processing phenolic active compounds from litchi pericarp.

, authors=null, authorsList=Zhihao DUAN, Mianhong CHEN, Ruyi LI, Yaping DAI, Wei ZHOU, Hong LI, Jihua LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ruyi LI, Jihua LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276844615537918233, articleId=1276844610206957831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=荔枝(桂味、玉荷包)果皮褐变相关因素的评价, columnId=1236286112877048492, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=采后处理与质量安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究桂味和玉荷包2个荔枝品种采后储存过程中果皮褐变引起的成分变化,对其储存过程中果皮的色泽、褐变相关酶活力以及褐变过程中酚类物质的变化等进行分析,并采用相关性分析和主成分分析对所测指标进行综合性评价。结果表明:在4 ℃储存条件下,与桂味相比,玉荷包果皮更易褐变,玉荷包储存3 d时果皮局部便出现明显褐变现象,而桂味则在储存7 d时才有类似现象。储存期间(0~14 d),2个荔枝品种果皮褐变均会导致果皮总酚、黄酮和原花青素含量减少,果皮的pH均呈上升趋势,且桂味果皮pH的上升幅度低于玉荷包。此外,2个荔枝品种果皮中的多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)活力均呈下降趋势,其中玉荷包下降幅度大于桂味;果皮中的过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)活力均略有下降,玉荷包果皮的POD活力约为桂味的1.33倍。通过相关性分析和主成分分析得出,总酚、黄酮、PPO和pH 4个指标与荔枝褐变色度呈显著相关,且2个荔枝品种间及褐变过程中均存在较为明显的差异,可有效区分荔枝品种和果皮褐变状态。该研究结果可为后续抑制荔枝果皮褐变现象的研究,以及荔枝果皮酚类活性物质的提取加工提供基础数据支撑。

, authors=

段志豪(1999—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全。

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* 李如一(LI Ruyi),E-mail:
李积华(LI Jihua),E-mail:
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2.中国热带农业科学院农产品加工研究所/农业农村部热带作物产品加工重点实验室,广东湛江 524001, bio={"content":"

段志豪(1999—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全。

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段志豪(1999—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全。

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Screening of complex preservative and its preservation effect on litchi fruits at room temperature[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2020, 41(1): 175-183. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Screening of complex preservative and its preservation effect on litchi fruits at room temperature, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276844637155361182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844610206957831, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2002, volume=1569, issue=1/3, pageStart=35, pageEnd=44, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=55, authorNames=MOCHIZUKI M, YAMAZAKI S I, KANO K, IKEDA T, journalName=Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-General Subjects, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MOCHIZUKI M, YAMAZAKI S I, KANO K, IKEDA T. Kinetic analysis and mechanistic aspects of autoxidation of catechins[J]. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-General Subjects, 2002, 1569(1/3): 35-44., articleTitle=Kinetic analysis and mechanistic aspects of autoxidation of catechins, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1276844629752414564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844610206957831, awardId=CARS-32-13, language=CN, fundingSource=国家荔枝龙眼产业技术体系项目(CARS-32-13), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1276844629819523429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844610206957831, awardId=1630122022004, language=CN, fundingSource=中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(1630122022004), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1276844631484662118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844610206957831, awardId=211207157080998, language=CN, fundingSource=湛江市创新创业团队引育“领航计划”(211207157080998), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1276844616179646747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844610206957831, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276844616188035356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844610206957831, companyId=1276844616179646747, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276844616200618269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844610206957831, companyId=1276844616179646747, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.云南农业大学食品科学技术学院,云南昆明 650000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1276844616284504350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844610206957831, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276844616292892959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844610206957831, companyId=1276844616284504350, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Agricultural Products Processing Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276844616301281568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844610206957831, companyId=1276844616284504350, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中国热带农业科学院农产品加工研究所/农业农村部热带作物产品加工重点实验室,广东湛江 524001)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1276844628313768274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844610206957831, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Color changes of litchi pericarp during 14 days storage at 4 ℃, figureFileSmall=4GeSjUzCmkRHLQH3Pv66cA==, figureFileBig=pFJYVx96MLmJYKcvkEdotA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276844628376682835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844610206957831, language=CN, label=图1, caption=4 ℃储存14 d荔枝果皮的色泽变化, figureFileSmall=4GeSjUzCmkRHLQH3Pv66cA==, figureFileBig=pFJYVx96MLmJYKcvkEdotA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276844628536066388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844610206957831, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Changes of phenolic content in litchi pericarp during storage

Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference in different storage periods of the same variety (P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=R/g0uv75OeSDd6EzlSwHTw==, figureFileBig=B90Om0Icnyfyt9nZ3qc7xA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276844628619952469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844610206957831, language=CN, label=图2, caption=储存过程中荔枝果皮酚类物质含量的变化

不同小写字母表示同一品种不同贮藏期差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=R/g0uv75OeSDd6EzlSwHTw==, figureFileBig=B90Om0Icnyfyt9nZ3qc7xA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276844628729004374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844610206957831, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Changes of enzyme activity in litchi pericarp during storage

Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference in different storage periods of the same variety (P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=R70Ds2csXqCrkSMuqtsioA==, figureFileBig=JuUVQ7GjYorJbgJl5hZKIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276844628800307543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844610206957831, language=CN, label=图3, caption=储存过程中荔枝果皮酶活力的变化

不同小写字母表示同一品种不同贮藏期差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=R70Ds2csXqCrkSMuqtsioA==, figureFileBig=JuUVQ7GjYorJbgJl5hZKIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276844628871610712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844610206957831, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Changes of pH in litchi pericarp during storage

Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference in different storage periods of the same variety (P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=9zKlVEqUa5dPc1SMGxGXcw==, figureFileBig=0/YzaMMdj8tvEIMGlODuNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276844628930330969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844610206957831, language=CN, label=图4, caption=储存过程中荔枝果皮pH的变化

不同小写字母表示同一品种不同贮藏期差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=9zKlVEqUa5dPc1SMGxGXcw==, figureFileBig=0/YzaMMdj8tvEIMGlODuNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276844629014217050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844610206957831, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Correlation analysis between each evaluation index in browning process of litchi pericarp

A: Guiwei, B: Yuhebao. * indicates significant correlation (P<0.05), **, *** indicates extremely significant correlation (P<0.01, P<0.001).

, figureFileSmall=kYw0PoTtkhul4JcDxqRGIQ==, figureFileBig=5NX7wmIXuNbc583sxuHNwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276844629085520219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844610206957831, language=CN, label=图5, caption=荔枝果皮褐变过程中各评价指标间的相关性分析

A:桂味;B:玉荷包。*表示显著相关(P<0.05),**、***表示极显著相关(P<0.01、P<0.001)。

, figureFileSmall=kYw0PoTtkhul4JcDxqRGIQ==, figureFileBig=5NX7wmIXuNbc583sxuHNwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276844629198766428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844610206957831, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=PCA analysis of each evaluation index in browning process of litchi pericarp, figureFileSmall=fMekecJCng4ZyY3aTuktzA==, figureFileBig=TqtET6utR1l1PwVvJUmzIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276844629261680989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844610206957831, language=CN, label=图6, caption=荔枝褐变过程中各评价指标PCA分析, figureFileSmall=fMekecJCng4ZyY3aTuktzA==, figureFileBig=TqtET6utR1l1PwVvJUmzIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276844629316206942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844610206957831, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Color difference of litchi pericarp during 14 days storage at 4 ℃

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标Index储存时间Storage time/d桂味Guiwei玉荷包Yuhebao
L*047.07±1.66a42.23±1.97a
143.38±1.90b36.29±2.04b
341.36±1.88b34.43±2.07bc
737.70±2.32c33.30±2.57cd
1035.21±2.44cd31.19±1.46de
1433.99±3.03d29.39±0.98e
a*026.51±1.93ab21.94±2.76ab
129.17±1.94a23.34±2.58a
328.63±2.48a22.18±2.05a
727.18±2.54ab20.77±2.34ab
1024.80±3.38b19.24±2.35bc
1419.59±3.38c16.63±2.52c
b*024.75±1.68ab21.88±2.57ab
126.35±1.20a22.74±3.03a
325.47±1.79a20.96±2.62ab
722.75±2.15bc19.15±2.93bc
1020.55±2.78c16.94±2.38c
1416.69±3.04d13.32±1.81d
ΔE059.46±1.89a52.49±2.22a
158.58±2.11a48.90±2.58b
356.44±2.35a46.10±2.51bc
751.78±3.47b43.74±3.64c
1047.78±4.32b40.43±2.92d
1442.70±4.81c36.38±2.11e
), ArticleFig(id=1276844629387510111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844610206957831, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

4 ℃储存14 d荔枝果皮色差值的变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标Index储存时间Storage time/d桂味Guiwei玉荷包Yuhebao
L*047.07±1.66a42.23±1.97a
143.38±1.90b36.29±2.04b
341.36±1.88b34.43±2.07bc
737.70±2.32c33.30±2.57cd
1035.21±2.44cd31.19±1.46de
1433.99±3.03d29.39±0.98e
a*026.51±1.93ab21.94±2.76ab
129.17±1.94a23.34±2.58a
328.63±2.48a22.18±2.05a
727.18±2.54ab20.77±2.34ab
1024.80±3.38b19.24±2.35bc
1419.59±3.38c16.63±2.52c
b*024.75±1.68ab21.88±2.57ab
126.35±1.20a22.74±3.03a
325.47±1.79a20.96±2.62ab
722.75±2.15bc19.15±2.93bc
1020.55±2.78c16.94±2.38c
1416.69±3.04d13.32±1.81d
ΔE059.46±1.89a52.49±2.22a
158.58±2.11a48.90±2.58b
356.44±2.35a46.10±2.51bc
751.78±3.47b43.74±3.64c
1047.78±4.32b40.43±2.92d
1442.70±4.81c36.38±2.11e
), ArticleFig(id=1276844629458813280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844610206957831, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

95% confidence intervals of evaluation indicators in litchi browning process

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标Index桂味Guiwei玉荷包Yuhebao
均值Average上限Max.下限Min.均值Average上限Max.下限Min.
色度52.790 6849.639 6655.941 6944.671 0341.892 0247.450 04
总酚20.636 5916.862 2424.410 9419.240 1316.882 5721.597 69
黄酮58.734 5253.196 3664.272 6751.978 5045.144 8358.812 17
原花青素78.938 6767.292 3390.585 0098.152 0087.264 99109.039 00
PPO56.733 3346.043 6067.423 0744.966 6734.084 5455.8487 9
POD725.595 20674.398 40776.792 101455.952 001330.479 001581.42 600
pH5.086 115.063 355.108 884.869 444.832 494.906 40
), ArticleFig(id=1276844629525922145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844610206957831, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

荔枝果皮褐变过程中各评价指标的95%置信区间

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标Index桂味Guiwei玉荷包Yuhebao
均值Average上限Max.下限Min.均值Average上限Max.下限Min.
色度52.790 6849.639 6655.941 6944.671 0341.892 0247.450 04
总酚20.636 5916.862 2424.410 9419.240 1316.882 5721.597 69
黄酮58.734 5253.196 3664.272 6751.978 5045.144 8358.812 17
原花青素78.938 6767.292 3390.585 0098.152 0087.264 99109.039 00
PPO56.733 3346.043 6067.423 0744.966 6734.084 5455.8487 9
POD725.595 20674.398 40776.792 101455.952 001330.479 001581.42 600
pH5.086 115.063 355.108 884.869 444.832 494.906 40
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Principal component analysis of evaluation indexes in litchi browning process

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指标Index主成分Principal component
PC1PC2
色度0.465 960.269 04
总酚0.468 55–0.007 90
黄酮0.501 460.080 67
原花青素0.188 15–0.406 99
PPO0.503 330.074 68
POD0.061 78–0.609 85
pH–0.139 000.614 75
特征值3.62602.2829
方差贡献率/%51.79532.612
累计贡献率/%51.79584.406
), ArticleFig(id=1276844629668528483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844610206957831, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

荔枝褐变过程中各评价指标的主成分分析

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指标Index主成分Principal component
PC1PC2
色度0.465 960.269 04
总酚0.468 55–0.007 90
黄酮0.501 460.080 67
原花青素0.188 15–0.406 99
PPO0.503 330.074 68
POD0.061 78–0.609 85
pH–0.139 000.614 75
特征值3.62602.2829
方差贡献率/%51.79532.612
累计贡献率/%51.79584.406
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荔枝(桂味、玉荷包)果皮褐变相关因素的评价
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段志豪 1, 2 , 陈绵鸿 2 , 李如一 2, * , 代亚萍 2 , 周伟 2 , 李宏 1 , 李积华 1, 2, *
热带作物学报 | 采后处理与质量安全 2024,45(10): 2213-2222
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热带作物学报 |采后处理与质量安全 2024 , 45 (10) : 2213 -2222
荔枝(桂味、玉荷包)果皮褐变相关因素的评价
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段志豪1, 2, 陈绵鸿2, 李如一2, * , 代亚萍2, 周伟2, 李宏1, 李积华1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.云南农业大学食品科学技术学院,云南昆明 650000
  • 2.中国热带农业科学院农产品加工研究所/农业农村部热带作物产品加工重点实验室,广东湛江 524001
通讯作者:
* 李如一(LI Ruyi),E-mail:
李积华(LI Jihua),E-mail:
Evaluation on the Browning Related Factors in the Pericarp of Guiwei and Yuhebao Litchi During Storage
Zhihao DUAN1, 2, Mianhong CHEN2, Ruyi LI2, * , Yaping DAI2, Wei ZHOU2, Hong LI1, Jihua LI1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650000, China
  • 2.Agricultural Products Processing Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, China
出版时间: 2024-10-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.10.022
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为探究桂味和玉荷包2个荔枝品种采后储存过程中果皮褐变引起的成分变化,对其储存过程中果皮的色泽、褐变相关酶活力以及褐变过程中酚类物质的变化等进行分析,并采用相关性分析和主成分分析对所测指标进行综合性评价。结果表明:在4 ℃储存条件下,与桂味相比,玉荷包果皮更易褐变,玉荷包储存3 d时果皮局部便出现明显褐变现象,而桂味则在储存7 d时才有类似现象。储存期间(0~14 d),2个荔枝品种果皮褐变均会导致果皮总酚、黄酮和原花青素含量减少,果皮的pH均呈上升趋势,且桂味果皮pH的上升幅度低于玉荷包。此外,2个荔枝品种果皮中的多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)活力均呈下降趋势,其中玉荷包下降幅度大于桂味;果皮中的过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)活力均略有下降,玉荷包果皮的POD活力约为桂味的1.33倍。通过相关性分析和主成分分析得出,总酚、黄酮、PPO和pH 4个指标与荔枝褐变色度呈显著相关,且2个荔枝品种间及褐变过程中均存在较为明显的差异,可有效区分荔枝品种和果皮褐变状态。该研究结果可为后续抑制荔枝果皮褐变现象的研究,以及荔枝果皮酚类活性物质的提取加工提供基础数据支撑。

荔枝  /  褐变  /  酚类物质  /  酶活力

The pericarp color, browning-related enzyme activity and variations in phenolic compounds during the browning process of litchi pericarp were evaluated to investigate the alterations in ingredients caused by pericarp browning of two litchi varieties (Guiwei and Yuhebao) during storage. The indicators were comprehensively evaluated using correlation analysis and principal component analysis. The results showed that at a storage temperature of 4 ℃, the pericarp of Yuhebao was more likely to brown than that of Guiwei. After being stored for three days, the pericarp of Yuhebao exhibited noticeable browning, but Guiwei only displayed a similar phenomenon after seven days of storage. Over the period of 0-14 days of storage, both Guiwei and Yuhebao showed a decline in the total phenolic, flavonoid and proanthocyanidin levels in the pericarps due to browning. Both Guiwei and Yuhebao pericarps exhibited an increased trend in pH value, with the lower rise rate in pH value of Guiwei pericarp compared with that of Yuhebao. Additionally, the level of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity in the pericarps of both litchis exhibited a declining pattern, with a more pronounced decline observed in Yuhebao compared to Guiwei. The peroxidase (POD) enzyme activity in the two litchi pericarps exhibited a little decline, whereas the POD enzyme activity in the Yuhebao pericarp was approximately 1.33 times higher than that of Guiwei. Correlation analysis and principal component analysis revealed that total phenols, flavonoids, PPO and pH value were found to have a significant correlation with the browning color of the two litchi varieties. There was a noticeable correlation between the selected litchi varieties and the browning process, indicating distinct differences in the browning status of the pericarp. The findings of this study could offer fundamental data support for future research on suppressing the browning phenomena of litchi pericarp, extracting and processing phenolic active compounds from litchi pericarp.

litchi  /  browning  /  polyphenols  /  enzyme activity
段志豪, 陈绵鸿, 李如一, 代亚萍, 周伟, 李宏, 李积华. 荔枝(桂味、玉荷包)果皮褐变相关因素的评价. 热带作物学报, 2024 , 45 (10) : 2213 -2222 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.10.022
Zhihao DUAN, Mianhong CHEN, Ruyi LI, Yaping DAI, Wei ZHOU, Hong LI, Jihua LI. Evaluation on the Browning Related Factors in the Pericarp of Guiwei and Yuhebao Litchi During Storage[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2024 , 45 (10) : 2213 -2222 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.10.022
荔枝(Litchi chinensis Sonn.)是无患子科(Sapindaceae Juss.)荔枝属(Litchi Sonn.)果树,主要分布在我国的南部、东南部和西南部,其中以广东、广西、福建为主要种植区。荔枝是我国主要的热带及亚热带水果之一,品种丰富,果实晶莹剔透,营养价值极高,素有“果中珍品”的美称,深受国内外消费者的喜爱[1]。荔枝果可鲜食、晒干、榨汁、酿酒及制成罐头等,荔枝果肉中富含矿物质、膳食纤维,其加工副产物荔枝果皮、果核则含有丰富的多酚、黄酮类物质,具有理气、养心安神、抗氧化、抗癌等功效,广泛应用于食品、药品、营养保健等众多领域[2-3]
我国是荔枝种植大国,其产量逐步增长,而对于荔枝的销售及出口创汇,则需要阻止其变质以延长保质期。白居易在《荔枝图序》中指出,荔枝摘下后“一日而色变,二日而香变,三日而味变,四五日外,色香味尽去矣”。果皮颜色是判断荔枝成熟度的一个重要指标,同时也是激起消费者购买欲的关键因素。荔枝果皮鲜艳的红色是由于成熟过程中果皮花青素积累及叶绿素降解所致[4]。但荔枝成熟时期集中于盛夏季节,高温高湿的气候极易导致褐变和微生物侵染,极大影响荔枝销售,从而降低荔枝的商品价值[5-6]。荔枝除采收后鲜食外还可以加工成荔枝罐头、果汁、冻干果块等产品[7]。荔枝果皮作为荔枝加工副产物之一,其褐变与荔枝果皮中多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶等酶类氧化降解酚类物质密切相关[8-9],褐变速度快则将导致荔枝果皮中的酚类活性物质被快速氧化降解,不利于荔枝果皮酚类活性物质的提取及加工[10]。尽管国内外已有很多关于抑制荔枝果皮褐变方法和果皮多酚分离纯化的研究[2,11-12],但鲜有关注不同品种荔枝褐变差异及成分变化。
因此,本研究选择相同上市时间的2个荔枝品种桂味和玉荷包为研究对象,对桂味和玉荷包采后低温储存过程中果皮颜色、多酚、黄酮、原花青素及褐变相关酶等指标变化进行系统研究,并对采后储存过程中果皮颜色及测定指标进行相关性分析,以明确桂味和玉荷包荔枝果皮的褐变速度及各成分变化的相关性,为后续抑制荔枝果皮褐变现象的研究及荔枝果皮酚类活性物质的提取加工提供基础数据支撑。
桂味、玉荷包2个品种荔枝果实(大小均一,果实新鲜且无机械损伤),于2023年7月购自湛江市江南水果批发市场,重量各为25 kg,1 h内运送至实验室进行处理。
福林酚试剂购自北京索莱宝科技有限公司;多酚氧化酶酶活力测定试剂盒、过氧化物酶酶活力测定试剂盒购自北京盒子生工科技有限公司;碳酸钠、氢氧化钠、无水乙醇等试剂购自上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司。
M8型双束光紫外可见分光光度计,上海美谱达仪器有限公司;JXFSTPRP-Ⅱ-01液氮碾磨仪,上海净信实业发展有限公司;ELX800全自动酶标仪,美国BIO-TEX公司;3-30K低温高速离心机,德国Sigma公司;CPA225D精密分析电子天平,赛多利斯科学仪器(北京)有限公司;手持色差仪,广州三恩时(3nh)集团。
挑出品质优良的荔枝果实20 kg,去除枝叶,用2.5%双氧水浸泡5 min,自然风干后装于塑料泡沫箱中密封,然后置于(4±1)℃条件下储存14 d。分别在0、1、3、7、10、14 d取样2 kg检测相关指标。
参照陈晨等[13]的方法测定果皮色差值。采用手持色差仪测定果皮颜色,每个品种选取9颗荔枝,测定其头部、中部(赤道部)、尾部颜色,不同部位测量5次,输出L*a*b*值3组数据表示果实颜色,ΔE为总色差。
式中,ΔE表示样品与新鲜样品之间的总色差;L*L0*分别表示样品和新鲜样品的亮度;a*a0*分别表示样品和新鲜样品的红度;b*b0*分别表示样品和新鲜样品的黄度。
采用Folin-Ciocalteu法[14]测定多酚含量。没食子酸标准曲线为y=0.002x+0.1175(R2=0.998),以没食子酸当量(GAE)表示多酚含量(mg/g),并依据标准曲线计算得出样品中的总酚含量。
采用AlCl3-NaOHNaNO3[14]测定总黄酮含量。芦丁标准曲线为y=0.0007x+0.046(R2=0.999),以芦丁当量(RTE)表示黄酮含量(mg/g),并依据标准曲线计算得出样品中的总黄酮含量。
参照DB12/T 885—2019测定荔枝果皮中的原花青素含量。原花青素标准曲线为y=0.0012x+0.0087(R2=0.998),并依据标准曲线计算得出样品中的原花青素含量。
参考王家保[15]的方法并加以修改。采用液氮研磨仪研磨荔枝皮粉,加入10 mL蒸馏水转入15 mL离心管中,涡旋振荡15 min,静置30 min后在5000 r/min条件下离心10 min,利用pH计测定上清液。
采用多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)检测试剂盒测定PPO活力;采用过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)检测试剂盒测定POD活力。
每组数据以平均值±标准差表示,采用Excel软件进行数据统计与绘图,利用SPSS 17.0软件进行显著性分析。
荔枝果皮的色泽可以直观反映荔枝的品质及商品价值。如图1所示,桂味和玉荷包在低温(4 ℃)下储存14 d时果皮颜色明显褐变。0 d时荔枝颜色鲜艳饱满,无褐变现象。在储存至第3天时,少量玉荷包果皮出现明显褐变现象,果皮局部颜色明显加深或变黑,而桂味果皮颜色无明显变化;在储存7 d时,桂味和玉荷包2种荔枝果皮均出现明显的颜色加深,其中玉荷包已出现整粒果皮大面积褐变现象,而桂味果皮仍保持红润色泽仅局部少量位置呈现颜色加深;储存14 d时,桂味与玉荷包果皮均出现严重褐变。
不同储存时间下荔枝果皮色差值如表1所示,L*a*b*和ΔE分别代表果皮的明亮度、红绿度、黄蓝度和总色差值[16]。结果表明,随着储存时间的延长,桂味和玉荷包果皮的L*均呈逐渐降低的趋势,在储存3 d后,桂味果皮明亮度下降12.13%,玉荷包下降18.47%,这与图1中2个品种第3天的颜色变化相符;特别是在储存14 d后,桂味果皮整体明亮度下降27.79%,玉荷包整体下降30.40%,表明玉荷包的果皮色泽较快变暗淡,更易褐变。储存时间从0 d增加到1 d时,桂味与玉荷包的a*值分别从26.51±1.93和21.94±2.76升至29.17±1.94和23.34±2.58,2个品种均有轻微的转红现象;随后随着储存时间的延长,2个荔枝品种果皮的a*值均逐渐下降,储存14 d时桂味和玉荷包的果皮a*值比储存1 d时分别降低32.84%和28.75%,果皮鲜艳的红色逐渐失去。在b*值方面,在储存0~1 d期间,桂味与玉荷包果皮的b*值均略有上升,表明荔枝果皮有轻微转黄的现象;在储存1~14 d期间,桂味和玉荷包果皮b*值均呈下降趋势,与储存1 d时相比,储存14 d时分别下降36.66%和41.42%。就总色差值(ΔE)而言,在储存0~14 d期间,桂味与玉荷包果皮的ΔE均明显降低,与储存0 d时相比,储存14 d时下降幅度分别为28.19%和30.69%。由此可以看出,桂味与玉荷包在14 d的储存期内均发生了不同程度的褐变,且玉荷包的果皮褐变程度大于桂味。因此,以新鲜荔枝(0 d)为参照的情况下,2个荔枝品种在储存相同时间内,桂味果皮的颜色变化较小,初步说明桂味果皮储存品相优于玉荷包。
荔枝果皮中的酚类物质是果皮中重要的生物活性物质,同时也是果皮发生酶促褐变的关键底物,其含量和组成可直接影响荔枝果皮的褐变进程[17]。在不同储存时间下,2个荔枝品种果皮中的总酚、黄酮和原花青素含量表现出明显的差异性(图2)。2个荔枝品种果皮中的总酚含量均随储存时间的延长急剧减少,其中桂味果皮中的总酚从0 d的36.02 mg/g降至14 d的12.27 mg/g,流失率为64.46%,而玉荷包果皮中的总酚含量则从初始的25.04 mg/g降至11.36 mg/g,流失率为54.53%(图2A)。荔枝果皮中的黄酮类物质含量的变化趋势与总酚含量的变化趋势相同,也呈现逐渐下降的趋势(图2B),桂味的黄酮含量从70.21 mg/g降至39.98 mg/g,流失率为43.06%,玉荷包的黄酮含量从75.12 mg/g降至30.98 mg/g,流失率为58.76%,这一变化趋势与邓梅[18]的研究结果一致。在储存过程中荔枝果皮细胞膜结构可能遭到破坏,导致其流动性下降,通透性增强,因此果皮中的酚类和黄酮类物质能够从细胞中释放出来与多酚氧化酶等酶类接触发生酶促褐变,最终导致荔枝果皮中酚类物质大幅度减少[19]。由图2C可知,在储存0~3 d期间,桂味和玉荷包果皮中的原花青素含量分别从75.12 g/100 g和69.11 g/100 g增加到112.15 g/100 g和126.23 g/100 g,但在第3天之后2个荔枝品种果皮中的原花青素含量逐渐下降,储存14 d时桂味和玉荷包果皮中的原花青素含量分别下降到40.31 g/100 g和74.47 g/100 g,原花青素流失率分别为64.06%和41.00%。张印[20]研究认为柑橘果实刚置于低温环境时,果实中的酶能正常将苯丙氨酸合成原花青素,此时原花青素合成速率大于降解速率并促进原花青素的积累,但随着储存时间的延长,酶活性逐渐受到抑制导致苯丙氨酸转化为原花青素的速率减缓,原花青素合成速率小于降解速率使原花青素含量逐渐减少。结果表明,桂味和玉荷包在储存过程中果皮褐变均会导致其总酚、黄酮和原花青素含量的减少,其中桂味的总酚和原花青素流失速率快于玉荷包,而黄酮则相反。
PPO是导致荔枝果皮褐变的关键因素之一,它以酚类物质为底物在有氧条件下将其氧化成醌导致果皮褐变,直接影响荔枝品质及酚类物质的含量[21]。如图3A所示,在储存过程中桂味与玉荷包的PPO活力均呈下降趋势,分别从75.80、82.20 U/g降至18.60、15.00 U/g,其中玉荷包的下降幅度明显大于桂味。郭靖等[22]的研究表明,PPO能催化酚类化合物形成醌及其相关聚合物,并进一步生成褐色物质,从而导致果实组织发生褐变。由2.2可知,随着储存时间的延长,2个荔枝品种果皮中的多酚含量逐步降低,PPO所需的酚类底物逐渐被氧化而减少,继而产生的醌类物质增多,从而导致酶活性下降[23]。此外,通过测定与植物组织褐变相关的另一种关键酶POD活力可知,桂味和玉荷包果皮中的POD活力在储存14 d的过程中略有下降。但值得注意的是,玉荷包果皮中的POD活力明显高于桂味,约为桂味的1.33倍(图3B)。表明玉荷包在储存过程中果皮的POD活力更高,相较于桂味更易褐变。在荔枝果皮中,PPO能催化多酚类物质形成H2O2,而POD作为酶促褐变的重要酶之一,能催化H2O2还原为H2O,并以酚类物质作为催化反应的间接底物,催化其氧化聚合,导致果皮褐变加剧,造成果实衰老[24]。因此,玉荷包相较于桂味更易褐变。
在荔枝采后储存过程中,有机酸作为一种生理反应的底物被大量消耗,从而导致果皮pH发生改变,而pH的改变则会影响一些酶的活性以及细胞代谢、物质运输和能量转化,从而使果皮颜色发生改变,褐变加重[25]。如图4所示,随着储存时间的延长以及果皮褐变程度的加深,桂味和玉荷包果皮的pH均呈逐渐上升趋势,果皮pH分别由5.03、4.80上升至5.15、4.98,且桂味果皮pH的上升幅度小于玉荷包,这一现象与胡新宇等[26]的研究结果一致。
果实采后其组织处于逐渐损坏和衰老的过程,细胞中膜系统间隔区分功能遭到破坏,使果皮中的酚类物质可与PPO、POD等酶类直接接触而引发酶促褐变[27],因此荔枝果皮的褐变与酚类物质含量及PPO、POD活力存在一定的相关性。为了分析2个荔枝品种果皮中酚类物质与其色泽(褐变)间的关系,对所测指标进行相关性分析。如图5A所示,桂味果皮的色度值与总酚、黄酮、原花青素、PPO和POD各指标间均呈正相关,而与pH呈负相关,其中,色度值与黄酮、PPO呈极显著正相关(P<0.001),与总酚、原花青素和POD呈显著正相关(P<0.05);此外,桂味果皮中的PPO、POD与总酚间无显著相关性,但PPO与黄酮呈极显著正相关(P<0.001),而PPO与原花青素以及POD与黄酮、原花青素间均呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。玉荷包果皮色度值及其他指标间的相关性如图5B所示,玉荷包果皮色度值与总酚呈极显著正相关(P<0.001),与黄酮和PPO呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与pH呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与原花青素和POD间无显著相关性;玉荷包果皮中PPO与总酚(P<0.01)、黄酮(P<0.001)呈极显著正相关,而玉荷包果皮中POD与总酚、黄酮和原花青素均无显著相关性。综上所述,可初步得出总酚、黄酮、PPO和pH 4个指标与荔枝褐变的相关性较大[28]
荔枝果皮褐变过程中各评价指标95%置信区间如表2所示,桂味与玉荷包的95%置信区间存在明显差异。主成分分析结果表明,主成分1和主成分2的特征值均大于1,其中主成分1的方差贡献率为51.795%,且2个主成分的累计贡献率达84.406%(表3),表明这2个主成分能较好地解释和说明所测7个指标的大部分信息[29]。此外,图6中可以更加直观地观察到各指标的贡献率,第1主成分的方差贡献率为51.8%,所测指标除pH外,其余均呈正相关,且所测得的色度、总酚、黄酮和PPO呈现较大载荷;第2主成分的方差贡献率为32.6%,其中,原花青素、POD和pH在第2主成分上呈现较大载荷,原花青素与POD呈负相关,而与pH呈正相关。从图6中还可以看出供试的2个荔枝品种间相差较远,玉荷包主要分布于象限的下部,而桂味均分布于象限的上部;2个荔枝品种在不同储存时间上也分布相差较远,储存0~3 d的样品主要分布于象限的右侧,而储存7~14 d的样品均分布于象限的左侧。结果表明,供试2个荔枝品种间及其褐变过程均存在较为明显的差异[14]
荔枝果皮褐变是制约荔枝贮藏、运输、保质期和果实品质的重要因素[30]。本研究在对桂味、玉荷包2个荔枝品种采后储存的研究中发现,随着储存时间的延长,其果皮的酚类物质均呈逐渐下降趋势,酚类物质的含量和组成直接影响荔枝果皮的褐变进程[16]。在荔枝果实中,果皮只是一个保护性结构,缺乏功能性气孔,一旦荔枝果实与果树分离后,果皮组织会迅速失水,水分流失会引发果皮内部酚类物质的降解[31]。除此之外,储存以及样品处理过程中,膜的亚细胞区隔受到损害,导致PPO、POD与酚类物质直接接触,酚类物质作为酶促褐变的底物被大量消耗[32]。一般情况下,随着组织自然衰老,其体内的生物活性化合物会在采后储存过程中逐渐下降[33]。因此,最大限度地减少采后生物活性化合物的降解至关重要[34]
由于褐变程度加剧会导致果皮内部酚类物质减少,严重影响后期多酚物质的提取[33]。因此,储存过程中的防褐变尤为关键。储存环境中的气体组成是影响褐变的重要因素,O2减少和CO2水平升高均影响初级(糖酵解、发酵和有氧呼吸)和次级(如涉及乙烯产生以及色素、酚类物质和挥发性物质降解等过程)代谢[34]。NAVARRORICO等[33]的研究表明,高浓度CO2和低浓度O2是低温储存过程中较优的辅助剂,可有效减缓果蔬的褐变,延长保质期。除气体组成外,储存过程中荔枝水分流失也是导致褐变加剧的重要原因[35]。因此,在荔枝采后储存过程中,配以低温的同时可以使用可控包装膜来抑制褐变进程,延长储存期[36]。同时,储存过程中多酚提取应选择在PPO、POD活力最低时,此时作为底物的酚类物质消耗最少[32]。此外,也需选择合适的样品处理方式,以保持果皮细胞完整性[32]
pH也是影响果皮褐变的重要原因,GUYOT等[37]研究表明,pH对多酚有很大影响,可通过褐变程度来证明。在本研究中,随着褐变程度加剧,果皮pH呈逐渐上升,同时果皮中的酚类物质逐渐减少,与刘佩等[38]的研究结果一致。相关性分析表明,总酚、黄酮与pH呈极显著负相关。储存过程中随着pH升高,酚类化合中的超氧阴离子自由基和半醌类中间体的积累越多,更多的半醌类被氧化为邻醌类,形成棕色聚合物,从而导致褐变[39]。本研究通过对桂味和玉荷包2个荔枝品种采后果皮褐变相关因素间的联系进行分析,为后续抑制荔枝果皮褐变现象的研究及荔枝果皮酚类活性物质的提取加工提供基础数据支撑。
本研究主要探讨了桂味和玉荷包2个荔枝品种采后果皮褐变相关因素间的联系。结果表明:2个荔枝品种的色度、总酚、总黄酮、原花青素、PPO活力、POD活力、pH均存在不同程度的差异。在储存过程中,总酚、黄酮、原花青素含量呈降低趋势;桂味和玉荷包果皮pH均呈上升趋势,且桂味果皮pH上升幅度小于玉荷包;PPO和POD活力均呈降低趋势,其中玉荷包的PPO活力下降幅度大于桂味,POD活力约为桂味的1.33倍。
  • 国家荔枝龙眼产业技术体系项目(CARS-32-13)
  • 中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(1630122022004)
  • 湛江市创新创业团队引育“领航计划”(211207157080998)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.10.022
  • 接收时间:2024-03-27
  • 首发时间:2026-06-25
  • 出版时间:2024-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-27
  • 修回日期:2024-04-15
基金
国家荔枝龙眼产业技术体系项目(CARS-32-13)
中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(1630122022004)
湛江市创新创业团队引育“领航计划”(211207157080998)
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    1.云南农业大学食品科学技术学院,云南昆明 650000
    2.中国热带农业科学院农产品加工研究所/农业农村部热带作物产品加工重点实验室,广东湛江 524001

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* 李如一(LI Ruyi),E-mail:
李积华(LI Jihua),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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