Article(id=1276844583518601341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276844393709568941, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.10.017, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1704816000000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-10, revisedDate=1711468800000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782353071335, onlineDateStr=2026-06-25, pubDate=1729785600000, pubDateStr=2024-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782353071335, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782353071335, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782353071335, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276844393709568941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2024', volume='45', issue='10', pageStart='1999', pageEnd='2242', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1729785600000', pubDateStr='2024-10-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782353026082, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782355588483, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276855141311574992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276844393709568941, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276855141311574993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276844393709568941, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2162, endPage=2170, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276844583812202623, articleId=1276844583518601341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Identification of the Stem Rot Pathogen of Pitaya in Guangxi and Screening of Its Biocontrol Bacteria, columnId=1236292524264968282, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Plant Protection & Bio-safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The pathogen of pitaya stem rot in Guangxi was isolated by the tissue separation method and the microbial control of the disease was selected. According to Koch’s rule, the pathogenicity was verified by in vitro experiments, and the pathogenic species were identified by the morphological and multi-gene sequence analysis. Then, the biocontrol bacteria were screened by the plate confrontation method. The results showed that two pathogenic fungi, Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae and Neoscytalidium dimidiatum, were isolated from the decayed stems of pitaya, of which L. pseudotheobromae was the first reported to cause pitaya stem rot in China. Taking L. pseudotheobromae PY6 as the target pathogen, Bacillus subtilis L3-4 with the best control effect was obtained from 34 strains of pitaya endophytes screened, which could make the mycelium of PY6 entangled and broken. The sterile fermentation filtrate and the sterile fermentation broth after 100 ℃ treatment had antibacterial effect, and the prevention effect could reach 72.08% and 71.16%, respectively. But it did not produce volatile compounds that inhibited the growth of PY6 strain. In addition, strain L3-4 exhibited inhibition to Botryosphaeria dothidea, Fusarium pseudograminearum, F. oxysporum and N. dimidiatum with inhibition rate 77.65%, 73.13%, 64.07% and 62.01%, respectively. This study clarified the pathogenic pathogen responsible for pitaya stem rot in Guangxi. The screened biocontrol bacteria could be used as candidate strain for controlling pitaya stem rot. The result would provide a theoretical basis for diagnosing and biologically controlling pitaya stem rot.

, authors=null, authorsList=Zheng LI, Linli LI, Shanshan SU, Yue YIN, Naikun SHEN, Hongyan ZHANG, Mingguo JIANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hongyan ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276844587004067985, articleId=1276844583518601341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=广西火龙果茎腐病病原菌的鉴定及生防菌筛选, columnId=1236292524520820846, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=植物保护与生物安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了明确广西火龙果茎腐病的病原菌,并对该病害实施微生物防治,采用组织分离法分离病原菌,依据柯赫氏法则,经离体试验验证其致病性,结合形态学和多基因序列分析鉴定病原物种类,再运用平板对峙法筛选火龙果内生菌中的生防菌。结果表明:在火龙果腐烂茎蔓分离到假可可毛色二孢菌(Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae)和新暗色柱节孢(Neoscytalidium dimidiatum)2种病原菌,其中假可可毛色二孢菌为国内首次报道可引起火龙果茎腐病;以假可可毛色二孢菌PY6为供试靶标菌,从34株火龙果内生菌中筛选到1株防治效果最好的枯草芽胞杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)L3-4,该菌株能使PY6的菌丝缠绕、断裂;L3-4无菌发酵滤液、100 ℃处理后的无菌发酵液均有抑菌效果,防效分别可达到72.08%和71.16%;但不产生抑制PY6菌株生长的挥发性化合物;此外,拮抗菌株L3-4对葡萄座腔菌、假禾谷镰刀菌、尖孢镰刀菌和新暗色柱节孢菌均有抑制效果,抑菌率可分别达77.65%、73.13%、64.07%和62.01%。本研究明确了广西火龙果茎腐病的病原菌,筛选出的生防细菌可作为防治火龙果茎腐病的候选菌株,为火龙果茎腐病的诊断与生物防治提供理论依据。

, authors=

李政(1999—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:植物病害与生物防治。

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* 张红岩(ZHANG Hongyan),E-mail:
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李政(1999—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:植物病害与生物防治。

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李政(1999—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:植物病害与生物防治。

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A: CK; B: Strain PY4; C: Strain PY6.

, figureFileSmall=dVtvyzLsK2x/hle2EUx+rw==, figureFileBig=nMZZ+tNp7aNplBHBn7vw2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276844601814155466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844583518601341, language=CN, label=图2, caption=火龙果茎腐病病原菌的致病性

A:对照;B:菌株PY4;C:菌株PY6。

, figureFileSmall=dVtvyzLsK2x/hle2EUx+rw==, figureFileBig=nMZZ+tNp7aNplBHBn7vw2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276844601898041547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844583518601341, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Identification of the pathogenic strain PY4 of pitaya stem rot

A: Morphological characteristics of early colonies of strain PY4; B: Morphological characteristics of late colonies of strain PY4; C: Mycelial morphology of strain PY4; D: Chlamydospore of strain PY4; E: Phylogenetic tree of strain PY4 constructed using neighbor-joining method.

, figureFileSmall=TlMFqAUGvh4KJM6MvWFusw==, figureFileBig=4OCMlx/VEFbV/L1+D/vFiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276844601977733324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844583518601341, language=CN, label=图3, caption=火龙果茎腐病病原菌PY4的鉴定

A:PY4菌落初期形态;B:PY4菌落后期形态;C:PY4菌丝形态;D:PY4厚垣孢子;E:采用邻接法构建的菌株PY4系统发育树。

, figureFileSmall=TlMFqAUGvh4KJM6MvWFusw==, figureFileBig=4OCMlx/VEFbV/L1+D/vFiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276844602049036493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844583518601341, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Identification of pathogenic strain PY6 of pitaya stem rot

A: Morphological characteristics of early colonies of strain PY6; B: Morphological characteristics of late colonies of strain PY6; C: Immature hyaline conidia of strain PY6; D: Mature conidium of strain PY6; E: Phylogenetic tree of strain PY6 constructed using neighbor-joining method.

, figureFileSmall=kwwIRgXKNrs41DrXVkyCBQ==, figureFileBig=1jquqPggDuFhapMIQvOZ5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276844602128728270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844583518601341, language=CN, label=图4, caption=火龙果茎腐病病原菌PY6的鉴定

A:PY6菌落初期形态;B:PY6菌落后期形态;C:PY6未成熟的透明分生孢子;D:PY6成熟的分生孢子;E:采用邻接法构建的菌株PY6系统发育树。

, figureFileSmall=kwwIRgXKNrs41DrXVkyCBQ==, figureFileBig=1jquqPggDuFhapMIQvOZ5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276844602195837135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844583518601341, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Screening of antagonistic strains

A: Antagonistic effects of strain L3-4 against strain PY6; B: Normal growth morphology of mycelium of strain PY6; C: Growth morphology of strain PY6 in standoff culture of strains L3-4, The arrow indicates the deformation, zigzagging, and breakage of mycelium of strain PY6; D: Bacteriostatic effect of sterile fermentation filtrates.

, figureFileSmall=XGRb5+yzi3SM98gvkUb5hg==, figureFileBig=eE83i2RUEQamJGRZdFLrfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276844602254557392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844583518601341, language=CN, label=图5, caption=拮抗菌株的筛选

A:菌株L3-4与菌株PY6对峙培养结果;B:菌株PY6菌丝正常生长形态;C:菌株PY6在菌株L3-4对峙培养下生长形态,箭头所示为菌株PY6菌丝变形、曲折、断裂;D:无菌发酵滤液的抑菌效果。

, figureFileSmall=XGRb5+yzi3SM98gvkUb5hg==, figureFileBig=eE83i2RUEQamJGRZdFLrfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276844602325860561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844583518601341, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Bacteriostatic effect of 100 ℃ treatment of aseptic fermentation broths, figureFileSmall=3RM8Pag1fDym335EYREiQg==, figureFileBig=pqK7P44XfpTr+KbcrQZTNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276844602392969426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844583518601341, language=CN, label=图6, caption=100 ℃处理后无菌发酵液的抑菌效果, figureFileSmall=3RM8Pag1fDym335EYREiQg==, figureFileBig=pqK7P44XfpTr+KbcrQZTNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276844602481049811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844583518601341, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Antibacteriostatic activity of volatile organic compounds

A: CK; B: Treatment.

, figureFileSmall=/Z8fA9OaPnrip+Obe2ZtOw==, figureFileBig=gkVDjoPQtcznNkIlCpn9Kg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276844602539770068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844583518601341, language=CN, label=图7, caption=挥发性化合物的抑菌活性

A:CK;B:处理。

, figureFileSmall=/Z8fA9OaPnrip+Obe2ZtOw==, figureFileBig=gkVDjoPQtcznNkIlCpn9Kg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276844602598490325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844583518601341, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Inhibitory effect of antagonist bacterium L3-4 on four plant pathogens

A: F. oxysporum; B: F. pseudograminearum; C: B. dothidea; D: N. dimidiatum. The left is the CK and the right is the treatment.

, figureFileSmall=R6Sz0f688wE/JY4C1UdgEQ==, figureFileBig=ry2Ozx4sWto2HRDCg5g5qQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276844602673987798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844583518601341, language=CN, label=图8, caption=拮抗菌L3-4对4种植物病原菌的抑制效果

A:尖孢镰刀菌;B:假禾谷镰刀菌;C:葡萄座腔菌;D:新暗色柱节孢菌。左侧为对照,右侧为处理。

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广西火龙果茎腐病病原菌的鉴定及生防菌筛选
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李政 , 李林利 , 苏姗珊 , 尹月 , 申乃坤 , 张红岩 * , 姜明国
热带作物学报 | 植物保护与生物安全 2024,45(10): 2162-2170
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热带作物学报 |植物保护与生物安全 2024 , 45 (10) : 2162 -2170
广西火龙果茎腐病病原菌的鉴定及生防菌筛选
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李政, 李林利, 苏姗珊, 尹月, 申乃坤, 张红岩* , 姜明国
作者信息
  • 广西民族大学海洋与生物技术学院/广西多糖材料与改性重点实验室,广西南宁 530008
通讯作者:
* 张红岩(ZHANG Hongyan),E-mail:
Identification of the Stem Rot Pathogen of Pitaya in Guangxi and Screening of Its Biocontrol Bacteria
Zheng LI, Linli LI, Shanshan SU, Yue YIN, Naikun SHEN, Hongyan ZHANG* , Mingguo JIANG
Affiliations
  • School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University / Guangxi Key Laboratory of Polysaccharide Materials and Modification, Nanning, Guangxi 530008, China
出版时间: 2024-10-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.10.017
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为了明确广西火龙果茎腐病的病原菌,并对该病害实施微生物防治,采用组织分离法分离病原菌,依据柯赫氏法则,经离体试验验证其致病性,结合形态学和多基因序列分析鉴定病原物种类,再运用平板对峙法筛选火龙果内生菌中的生防菌。结果表明:在火龙果腐烂茎蔓分离到假可可毛色二孢菌(Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae)和新暗色柱节孢(Neoscytalidium dimidiatum)2种病原菌,其中假可可毛色二孢菌为国内首次报道可引起火龙果茎腐病;以假可可毛色二孢菌PY6为供试靶标菌,从34株火龙果内生菌中筛选到1株防治效果最好的枯草芽胞杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)L3-4,该菌株能使PY6的菌丝缠绕、断裂;L3-4无菌发酵滤液、100 ℃处理后的无菌发酵液均有抑菌效果,防效分别可达到72.08%和71.16%;但不产生抑制PY6菌株生长的挥发性化合物;此外,拮抗菌株L3-4对葡萄座腔菌、假禾谷镰刀菌、尖孢镰刀菌和新暗色柱节孢菌均有抑制效果,抑菌率可分别达77.65%、73.13%、64.07%和62.01%。本研究明确了广西火龙果茎腐病的病原菌,筛选出的生防细菌可作为防治火龙果茎腐病的候选菌株,为火龙果茎腐病的诊断与生物防治提供理论依据。

火龙果  /  茎腐病  /  病原菌  /  假可可毛色二孢菌  /  拮抗细菌

The pathogen of pitaya stem rot in Guangxi was isolated by the tissue separation method and the microbial control of the disease was selected. According to Koch’s rule, the pathogenicity was verified by in vitro experiments, and the pathogenic species were identified by the morphological and multi-gene sequence analysis. Then, the biocontrol bacteria were screened by the plate confrontation method. The results showed that two pathogenic fungi, Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae and Neoscytalidium dimidiatum, were isolated from the decayed stems of pitaya, of which L. pseudotheobromae was the first reported to cause pitaya stem rot in China. Taking L. pseudotheobromae PY6 as the target pathogen, Bacillus subtilis L3-4 with the best control effect was obtained from 34 strains of pitaya endophytes screened, which could make the mycelium of PY6 entangled and broken. The sterile fermentation filtrate and the sterile fermentation broth after 100 ℃ treatment had antibacterial effect, and the prevention effect could reach 72.08% and 71.16%, respectively. But it did not produce volatile compounds that inhibited the growth of PY6 strain. In addition, strain L3-4 exhibited inhibition to Botryosphaeria dothidea, Fusarium pseudograminearum, F. oxysporum and N. dimidiatum with inhibition rate 77.65%, 73.13%, 64.07% and 62.01%, respectively. This study clarified the pathogenic pathogen responsible for pitaya stem rot in Guangxi. The screened biocontrol bacteria could be used as candidate strain for controlling pitaya stem rot. The result would provide a theoretical basis for diagnosing and biologically controlling pitaya stem rot.

pitaya  /  stem rot  /  pathogenic fungi  /  Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae  /  antagonistic bacteria
李政, 李林利, 苏姗珊, 尹月, 申乃坤, 张红岩, 姜明国. 广西火龙果茎腐病病原菌的鉴定及生防菌筛选. 热带作物学报, 2024 , 45 (10) : 2162 -2170 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.10.017
Zheng LI, Linli LI, Shanshan SU, Yue YIN, Naikun SHEN, Hongyan ZHANG, Mingguo JIANG. Identification of the Stem Rot Pathogen of Pitaya in Guangxi and Screening of Its Biocontrol Bacteria[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2024 , 45 (10) : 2162 -2170 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.10.017
火龙果属仙人掌科(Cactaceae)量天尺属(Hylocereus)植物,是热带、亚热带水果,原产于危地马拉、古巴等国。我国台湾最先引进栽培火龙果,大陆约于1999年从台湾引进栽培[1]。火龙果热量低、口感好,深受人们的喜爱,果实中含有钾、镁、钙、磷、铁和锌等多种矿物质,维生素丰富,维生素C含量最高,其次是维生素E、泛酸和维生素K1[2]。近年来,我国火龙果产业飞速发展,于2021年成为全球火龙果生产第一大国,广西是全国最大的火龙果种植区,南宁市火龙果种植面积近1.26万hm2,年产量43万t[3-4]。但是随着种植面积的增加,其病害问题也暴露出来,火龙果病害严重影响产量和果农经济。植物病害是造成农业作物损失的主要因素之一,真菌是植物的主要病原体[5]。国内外已报道过多种真菌可引起火龙果病害,包括由新暗色柱节孢菌(Neoscytalidium dimidiatum)引起的火龙果溃疡病,其症状表现为茎蔓出现橙色和不规则的红色斑点,中心隆起灰褐色病变,红色斑点逐渐变成灰色,病斑不断扩大,最终导致茎蔓腐烂[6];由尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)引起的枯萎病,其田间症状表现为茎蔓组织变褐色、软化,严重时崩解溃烂,仅剩主要维管束组织[7];仙人掌平脐蠕孢(Bipolaris cactivora)引起的黑斑病,该病原菌可为害火龙果茎蔓及果实,其症状表现为果皮表面出现褪色斑点,病斑扩大后长出霉状物[8]。炭疽菌(Colletotrichum sp.)可引起火龙果炭疽病,感染炭疽病的火龙果茎蔓初期出现红褐色不规则病斑,中期病斑不断变大,并且相连变成黄褐色,后期病斑部位产生黑点[9]
在农业生态系统中对抗病害的传统方法有农业防治和化学防治,农业防治包括培育作物抗病品种,开展卫生防疫防止土壤或种子受污染[10]。目前对于火龙果病害的防治手段主要为化学农药防治,如使用吡唑醚菌酯、戊唑醇、苯醚甲环唑、咪鲜胺、丙环唑等化学农药[11]。化学农药的使用常常面临药物耐受性和环境污染的挑战。近年来,基于环境友好性和高效性,生物防治越来越受到大家的关注。生物防治与化学农药相比,对环境的影响较小,有助于保护生态平衡,且可以减少农产品的化学残留,提高食品安全性[12]。因此,生物防治火龙果茎腐病是最理想的防治方法。
本研究以广西火龙果种植基地采集患茎腐病的火龙果茎蔓及从健康火龙果根、茎分离出的内生细菌为材料,采用组织分离法、致病性测定、形态学和分子生物学方法鉴定主要病原菌,采用平板对峙法筛选出抑菌效果良好的拮抗菌株,为火龙果病害的诊断和防治提供参考依据。
于2021年9月在广西南宁市隆安县金穗火龙果基地随机采集多份病害样本。
拮抗菌株为本实验前期从健康火龙果根、茎分离的内生细菌。其他植物病害菌株:葡萄座腔菌(Botryosphaeria dothidea)、假禾谷镰刀菌(F. pseudograminearum)、尖孢镰刀菌(F. oxysporum)来自广西民族大学菌种库。
2×Bes Taq MasterMix(With Dyel)购自北京百奥莱博科技有限公司;引物购自生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司;LB培养基、PDA培养基均按照常规配方配制。
采用组织分离法分离病原菌[13]。用灭菌刀片切取病健交界处4 mm×4 mm组织块,用75%乙醇浸泡30 s,无菌水漂洗,再用0.1%氯化汞消毒2 min,无菌水漂洗3次,将组织块置于无菌吸水纸吸去多余水分,移放至PDA培养基中,置于28 ℃培养箱中倒置培养2~3 d,待菌丝生长后挑取菌群边缘菌丝接种至新的PDA培养基上进行纯化,经过3次纯化培养后,采用斜面低温保藏法保存,备用。
采用柯赫氏法则对病原菌进行致病性测定。将纯化保存的菌株在PDA培养基上于28 ℃活化3 d。取健康的火龙果茎蔓,用75%乙醇将火龙果茎蔓表面消毒,再用无菌水冲洗3次,用无菌脱脂棉球吸去多余水分。用无菌针刺伤火龙果茎蔓表皮,共刺伤3处,每处间隔2~3 cm,用无菌打孔器取下活化后的菌饼(d=5 mm),将菌饼置于被刺伤的表皮,用无菌脱脂棉球加无菌水覆盖刺伤部位保湿,套上保鲜袋,于27 ℃室温培养。以无菌PDA琼脂块为对照组,其他处理方法相同,重复3次。记录发病情况,再次挑取茎蔓发病处病原菌进行纯化培养,与原接种菌株进行形态比较。
对分离的病原菌进行形态学鉴定[14]。纯化后的病原菌转接至PDA培养基,于28 ℃恒温箱暗培养,记录菌落形态及颜色变化。用光学显微镜观察病原菌的菌丝、孢子形态,对病原菌进行初步鉴定。
采用CTAB法提取病原菌DNA,分别扩增ITSEF-1αβ-tubulin基因序列,PCR反应体系总体积为50 µL,包括ddH2O 20 µL,模板DNA 6 µL,上、下游引物各2 µL,2×Bes Taq MasterMix(With Dyel)20 µL。ITS基因引物为ITS1和ITS4,EF-1α基因引物为EF-668F、EF-278F和EF-986R,β-tubulin基因引物为Bt2a和Bt2b,扩增程序参考LIANG等[15]的方法。将PCR产物经1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测出明显条带后,送生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司测序。所得到的基因序列分别在NCBI的GenBank中与已知序列BLAST进行比对和同源性分析,下载相似性高的基因序列及其模式菌株。使用PhyloSuite软件MAFFT功能分别将ITS、EF-1α、β-tubulin序列对齐,将对齐序列进行串联(concatenate sequence),采用最大似然法(maximum likelihood)运算,20 000 ultrafast bootstrap来检验系统发育树的可靠性,构建多基因联合系统发育树,确定病原菌的分类地位[16]
以茎腐病病原菌为靶标,采用平板对峙法对本实验室前期分离的34株火龙果内生细菌进行筛选[17]。先将内生细菌转接至LB培养基中,200 r/min、30 ℃培养2 d,离心,取上清液备用;将病原菌菌饼(d=5 mm)接种于PDA培养基的中间,分别取5 µL发酵上清液以十字交叉法接种在距培养基中心2.5 cm处,置于28 ℃恒温培养箱培养5 d,不接种发酵液为对照组,重复3次,进行初步筛选。然后将具有抑菌效果的内生细菌进行复筛,测量菌落直径,计算抑菌率。抑菌率=(对照菌落直径-处理菌落直径)/对照菌落直径×100%。
将茎腐病拮抗菌株在LB培养基中200 r/min,30 ℃培养2 d,取发酵液12 000 r/min离心10 min,上清液用细菌过滤器(0.22 µm)过滤,得到无菌发酵液。用打孔器在PDA培养基(90 mm)距中心2.5 cm处均匀打4个孔,每孔注入100 µL的无菌发酵液,在培养基中心接种病原菌菌饼(d=5 mm)。以无菌LB液体培养基为对照组,于28 ℃培养,待对照组即将长满培养基时,测量菌落直径,计算抑菌率,公式同1.2.4。
将茎腐病拮抗菌株的无菌发酵液置于100 ℃条件下水浴30 min,冷却至室温,测量菌落直径,计算抑菌率,方法同1.2.5。
取5 µL拮抗菌株发酵液接种于二分隔板一侧的PDA培养基中央,病原菌菌饼(d=5 mm)接种于二分隔板另一侧的PDA培养基中央,以不接种拮抗菌发酵液为对照组,28 ℃培养3 d,查看抑菌效果。
运用平板对峙法,验证拮抗菌株L3-4对新暗色柱节孢菌、葡萄座腔菌、假禾谷镰刀菌、尖孢镰刀菌的抑菌效果,具体操作步骤同1.2.4。
通过田间调查发现,火龙果茎蔓变黄伴有不规则褐色斑点,发病严重部位呈深褐色,并且表皮和肉质枯萎、腐烂(图1),最终导致火龙果产量下降。
从感染火龙果茎腐病的茎蔓中分离出5株具有代表性的分离株,分别进行致病性评价和鉴定。结果显示,对照组生长状态良好(图2A),菌株PY4(图2B)和PY6(图2C)在火龙果茎上产生病斑,其中PY4导致火龙果茎产生红色病斑并产生溃疡,PY6导致火龙果茎软化、腐烂。其他3个分离株未表现出任何症状。利用组织分离法对发病部位再次进行病原菌的分离和纯化,获得菌株与原始菌株一致,符合柯赫氏法则,证明PY4和PY6为引起火龙果茎腐病的病原菌。
菌株PY4在PDA培养基上培养2 d可布满平板,气生菌丝发达,菌丝初期呈灰白色(图3A),4~5 d后开始产生黑色素,7 d后菌丝平板完全变黑(图3B)。菌丝黑褐色、有分枝、有隔膜(图3C),厚垣孢子呈链状排列,单孢,无色透明,圆形或卵圆形(图3D),大小为4.56~13.18 μm×3.99~8.60 μm(平均7.30 μm×5.42 μm)。该菌丝形态和培养形态与已报道的新暗色柱节孢菌(N. dimidiatum)一致,初步将菌株PY4鉴定为新暗色柱节孢菌(N. dimidiatum)。
利用引物ITS1和ITS4进行rDNA-ITS基因片段扩增,得到550 bp片段;利用引物EF-278F和EF-986R进行EF-1α基因片段扩增,得到303 bp片段;分别将2个基因片段的测序结果在NCBI中进行BLAST比对,结果发现ITS序列与新暗色柱节孢菌(N. dimidiatum)相关序列的相似度达99.82%;EF-1α序列与新暗色柱节孢菌(N. dimidiatum)相关序列的相似度达100%。在GenBank中下载相似及同属菌株序列,构建多基因联合系统发育树,结果表明菌株PY4与新暗色柱节孢菌(N. dimidiatum)聚在同一分枝上(图3E)。经形态学与分子生物学鉴定,确定病原菌PY4为新暗色柱节孢菌(N. dimidiatum),该菌是引起火龙果茎腐病的病原菌,国内相关报道较多。
菌株PY6在PDA培养基上生长3 d后菌丝布满平板,菌丝放射状生长,气生菌丝发达,初期呈白色(图4A),9 d后菌丝开始产生黑色素,随培养时间增加,菌落颜色不断变黑,21 d后,菌丝全部变黑,且产生垫状子座(图4B)。分生孢子呈椭圆形或卵圆形,未成熟时呈无色透明单孢(图4C),成熟后呈褐色或黑褐色,具有纵纹(图4D),大小为20.65~28.06 μm×10.06~12.75 μm(平均23.47 μm×11.43 μm)。该形态特征符合毛色二孢属(Lasiodiplodia)的形态特征。
利用引物ITS1、ITS4进行rDNA-ITS基因片段扩增,得到548 bp片段;利用引物EF-668F和EF-986R进行EF-1α基因片段扩增,得到514 bp片段;利用引物Bt2a和Bt2b进行β-tubulin基因片段扩增,得到442 bp片段。将ITS序列、EF-1α和β-tubulin序列上传至GenBank,登陆号分别为OP984838、OQ680029和OQ579035。分别将3个基因片段的测序结果在NCBI中进行BLAST比对,结果发现ITS序列与假可可毛色二孢菌(Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae)相关序列的相似度达99.82%;EF-1α序列与假可可毛色二孢菌(L. pseudotheobromae)相关序列的相似度达100%;β-tubulin序列与假可可毛色二孢菌(L. pseudotheobromae)相关序列的相似度达99.75%。在GenBank中下载相似及同属菌株序列,构建多基因联合系统发育树。结果表明,PY6菌株与假可可毛色二孢菌(L. pseudotheobromae)聚在同一分枝上(图4),因此将该菌株鉴定为假可可毛色二孢菌(L. pseudotheobromae)。
以PY6菌株为供试靶标菌,基于平板对峙法,从34株内生细菌经过初步筛选和复筛后发现,枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)L3-4菌株对假可可毛色二孢的拮抗效果最强(图5A),抑菌率为73.88%,故该菌株为后续研究目标。分别挑取对照组和发酵液处理组的边缘菌丝在显微镜下观察,发现对照组菌丝正常生长(图5B);处理组菌丝变形、曲折、断裂(图5C)。进一步试验显示菌株L3-4无菌发酵滤液的抑菌率为72.08%(图5D),说明该拮抗菌的抑菌物质主要存在于上清发酵液中。
菌株L3-4的无菌滤液热稳定测定结果显示,100 ℃处理后拮抗菌株L3-4的无菌发酵液可抑制火龙果茎腐病病原菌菌丝的生长,抑菌率为71.16%(图6),这说明100 ℃处理未对抑菌活性物质产生明显影响,菌株L3-4所分泌的活性物质可能为脂肽抗生素,具体结构有待进一步研究。
用二分隔板将菌株L3-4与菌株PY6进行挥发性化合物的抑菌活性测定(图7),结果显示,与对照组相比,处理组菌丝的生长状况无明显差异,菌丝正常生长,未受影响。菌株L3-4不产生对菌株PY6明显抑制效果的挥发性化合物。
拮抗菌株L3-4对4株不同病原菌均有拮抗效果,具有广谱抑菌效果(图8)。其中对葡萄座腔菌的抑制效果最好,抑菌率可达77.65%;对假禾谷镰刀菌的抑菌率为73.13%;对尖孢镰刀菌的抑菌率为64.07%;对新暗色柱节孢菌的抑菌率为62.01%,抑菌率均呈显著差异(P<0.05)。
茎腐病是广西火龙果的主要病害之一,严重危害火龙果产业的发展,通过分离鉴定发现,广西火龙果培育基地的火龙果茎腐病病原菌有:假可可毛色二孢菌(L. pseudotheobromae)、新暗色柱节孢菌(N. dimidiatum)。其中L. pseudotheobromae是从L. theobromae分出来的隐含种,形态学观察难以区分二者的差别,过去由于分子鉴定不可用,病原体可能被识别为L. theobromae[18]。杨德洁等[19]的研究中发现L. theobromae对槟榔有致病性,而L. pseudotheobromae未引起槟榔发病,因此二者之间对宿主的致病性存在差异。本研究通过致病性测定和形态学鉴定,结合对ITSEF-1αβ-tubulin基因序列的分析,明确病原菌的分类地位,确定引起广西火龙果茎腐病的病原菌为假可可毛色二孢菌(L. pseudotheobromae)。该病原体的宿主范围非常广泛,可引起多种植物的病害,如肉桂枝枯病[20]、泡核桃树干溃疡病[21]、柑橘果实腐烂[22]等。SANGEETHA等[23]报道了L. iraniensisL. theobromae能够侵染火龙果,L. iraniensis对火龙果造成的病害比L. theobromae更严重,表明毛色二孢属的多种菌株可导致火龙果发生病害。本研究为国内首次报道假可可毛色二孢菌引起的火龙果茎腐病。
利用微生物防治病害已经成为一种可持续、环保和无毒的方法,作为拮抗菌株即使在低浓度下也能对多种植物病原体有效。拮抗细菌可通过多种机制参与生物防治,包括产生脂肽、产生水解酶(如几丁质酶、纤维素酶、葡聚糖酶)、产生微生物挥发性有机化合物(mVOCs)和诱导系统抗性(ISR)[24]。本研究中,枯草芽孢杆菌L3-4菌株对PY6能够产生良好的拮抗效果,显微镜下观察发现病原菌的菌丝有变形、曲折、断裂现象;拮抗菌发酵液经过无菌处理后,仍有抑菌活性,表明该拮抗菌株可产生抑菌活性物质;100 ℃处理后的无菌滤液对病原菌有抑菌活性,表明拮抗菌产生的抑菌活性物质非蛋白质、酶类;挥发性化合物抑菌试验结果表明,该拮抗菌不产生明显抑制病原菌的挥发性化合物。根据本研究结果,推测L3-4拮抗菌能产生脂肽类化合物对火龙果茎腐病病原菌产生抑制效果。李浩然等[25]研究发现,枯草芽孢杆菌的次级代谢产物(SMs)引起酿酒酵母细胞核膜裂解、DNA弥散,诱导细胞坏死,并通过转录组学发现SMs处理后的酿酒酵母差异表达基因涉及细胞自噬、糖类、脂类和氨基酸代谢等多条通路,细胞壁合成过程和细胞周期等途径也受到影响。多数芽孢杆菌可产生低分子量、两亲性的脂肽,脂肽类化合物的结构和功能多样,性能稳定,表面活性优异,脂肽具有广谱抑菌活性,在抑制真菌生长方面表现优异[26]。GOND等[27]研究发现枯草芽孢杆菌能够分泌具有广谱抗真菌活性的脂肽,主要包括iturin和fengycin家族,在玉米植株根部有病理相关基因的表达,从而增强了植株的抗病能力。ALINE等[28]研究探讨了由枯草芽孢杆菌产生的脂肽类化合物作为替代生物防治方法,其研究结果表明surfactin和fengycin 2种混合物使苹果黑星病发病率减少70%。内生菌是植物组织内共生的微生物,有更好的定殖和适应潜力,是最合适的生物防治剂之一,具有植物促生活性和抑制病原菌的内生细菌受到广泛的关注[29]。杨兴有等[30]研究发现枯草芽孢杆菌能显著促进烟草生长势,对烟草株高、茎围、叶长等地上部分和根系等地下部分生长均具有显著的促进作用。本研究中,拮抗菌株L3-4对火龙果茎腐病病原菌有良好的拮抗效果,具有较大的开发潜能,而对植物是否有促生效果有待进一步研究。
  • 广西科技重点研发计划项目(AB21196019; AB21220020)
  • 大学生创新创业计划项目(S202210608164)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.10.017
  • 接收时间:2024-01-10
  • 首发时间:2026-06-25
  • 出版时间:2024-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-10
  • 修回日期:2024-03-27
基金
广西科技重点研发计划项目(AB21196019; AB21220020)
大学生创新创业计划项目(S202210608164)
作者信息
    广西民族大学海洋与生物技术学院/广西多糖材料与改性重点实验室,广西南宁 530008

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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