Article(id=1276618556330603386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276618341674520821, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.12.023, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750867200000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1755273600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-08-16, onlineDate=1782299182254, onlineDateStr=2026-06-24, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782299182254, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782299182254, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782299182254, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276618341674520821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2025', volume='46', issue='12', pageStart='2817', pageEnd='3084', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766592000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782299131077, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782299208862, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276618668385637092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276618341674520821, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276618668385637093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276618341674520821, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3059, endPage=3072, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276618557177852796, articleId=1276618556330603386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Composition and Distribution Characteristics of Medicinal Plants under Different Altitude Gradients in Wuzhishan, Hainan, China, columnId=1237814980427444960, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Post-harvest Treatment & Agricultural Ecology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Tropical mountain ecosystems are vital repositories of medicinal plant resources, and understanding the altitudinal distribution patterns is crucial for sustainable resource utilization, biodiversity conservation, and research into environmental drivers of medicinal bioactive compounds. To elucidate the altitudinal distribution patterns of the medicinal plants in Wuzhishan Mountain, Hainan, this study conducted quadrat surveys across different elevation gradients (low: 200–400 m; mid: 400-600 m; mid-high: 600-800 m; high: 800–1100 m), documenting 447 species from 260 genera and 99 families, with angiosperms comprising 93.51% of the total species. Tropical families and genera accounted for 83.35% and 86.55%, respectively (excluding cosmopolitan elements), while temperate components increased significantly with elevation. Angiosperms dominated across all elevations, whereas ferns, initially comprising only 1.80% at low elevations, increased significantly to 4.79% and 6.50% at mid-high and high elevations, emerging as a key group. The comprehensive importance value of the tree layer exhibited a bimodal distribution, with dominant species transitioning from tropical at low elevations to temperate transitional species at high elevations, reflecting a tropical-to-temperate floristic shift. The shrub layer’s importance value fluctuated downward with elevation, indicating a synergistic response to the overlying tree structure, while the herb layer shifted from shade-tolerant herbs to medicinal ferns with increasing elevation. α-diversity analysis revealed that tree layer species richness and Shannon diversity peaked at mid-high elevations, aligning with the “mid-domain effect”, while herb layer diversity peaked at mid-elevations, with Simpson dominance significantly higher than in the tree and shrub layers. β-diversity indicated that tree layer species turnover was driven by hydrothermal gradients, whereas shrub and herb layers were primarily influenced by microhabitat heterogeneity. In summary, this study systematically elucidated the vertical distribution patterns of medicinal plants in Wuzhishan Mountain, providing a theoretical foundation for the conservation and utilization of tropical mountain medicinal plant resources and insights into the environmental drivers of medicinal plant quality. Future research should focus on ecological factor analysis in the mid-high elevation (600–1100 m) fern-rich zones.

, authors=null, authorsList=Jiaxin CHEN, Shangjia DU, Haixia WU, Shengbo FU, Mingzhu FU, Zhihua TU, Xia GUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xia GUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276618563842601874, articleId=1276618556330603386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=海南五指山不同海拔梯度下药用植物组成及分布特征, columnId=1237016045714723050, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=采后处理与农业生态, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

热带山地生态系统是药用植物资源的重要宝库,解析热带山地生态系统中药用植物资源的海拔分布格局对资源可持续利用、生物多样性保护及药用活性成分环境驱动机制研究具有重要价值。为揭示海南五指山药用植物沿海拔梯度的分布规律,本研究基于不同海拔梯度(低海拔200~400 m、中海拔400~600 m、中高海拔600~800 m、高海拔800~1100 m)设置样方调查,共记录药用植物99科260属447种,其中被子植物占总种数的93.51%。结果表明:(1)热带分布科、属分别占83.35%和86.55%(排除世界广布成分),温带成分随海拔升高显著增加;被子植物在各海拔段均占据绝对优势,低海拔蕨类植物仅占1.80%;随海拔升高,蕨类植物比例显著增加,中高海拔和高海拔分别占4.79%和6.50%,成为关键类群;(2)乔木层综合重要值呈双峰分布,优势物种由低海拔热带种向高海拔温带过渡种演替,体现热带向温带区系的过渡特征;灌木层重要值沿海拔升高呈波动下降,反映其对上层乔木结构的协同响应;草本层优势类型沿海拔升高从耐阴草本向药用蕨类显著转变。(3)α多样性分析显示,乔木层物种丰富度、Shannon多样性指数在中高海拔达到峰值,符合“中域效应”;草本层多样性在中海拔形成显著峰值,Simpson优势度指数显著高于乔灌木层。(4)β多样性分析表明,乔木层物种更替受水热梯度驱动,而灌草层主要受微生境异质性调控。本研究系统阐明了五指山药用植物的垂直分布格局,不仅为热带山地药用植物资源保护与利用提供理论依据,同时为探究药用植物品质形成的环境驱动机制奠定基础。后续可重点加强中高海拔(600~1100 m)药用蕨类富集区的生态因子解析。

, authors=

* 同等贡献作者

陈佳欣(2000—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:热带雨林生物多样性保护及恢复

杜尚嘉(1991—),男,学士,林业工程师,研究方向:植物资源保护利用及病虫害监测。

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** 郭霞(GUO Xia),E-mail:
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陈佳欣(2000—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:热带雨林生物多样性保护及恢复

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Effects of altitude gradient on understory herbdiversity of Picea purpurea forest in the Taohe National Nature Reserve, Gansu province[J]. Journal of Northwest Forestry University, 2022, 37(2): 43-50. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Effects of altitude gradient on understory herbdiversity of Picea purpurea forest in the Taohe National Nature Reserve, Gansu province, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276618590463848499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618556330603386, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=11, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[45], rfOrder=80, authorNames=ZHANG W X, HUANG D Z, WANG R Q, LIU J, DU N, journalName=PLoS One, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG W X, HUANG D Z, WANG R Q, LIU J, DU N. Altitudinal patterns of species diversity and phylogenetic diversity across temperate mountain forests of northern China[J]. PLoS One, 2016, 11: e0159995., articleTitle=Altitudinal patterns of species diversity and phylogenetic diversity across temperate mountain forests of northern China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276618590539345972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618556330603386, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=15, issue=2, pageStart=280, pageEnd=295, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[46], rfOrder=81, authorNames=CHUN J K, LEE C B, journalName=Journal of Mountain Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHUN J K, LEE C B. Diversity patterns and phylogenetic structure of vascular plants along elevational gradients in a mountain ecosystem, South Korea[J]. Journal of Mountain Science, 2018, 15(2): 280-295., articleTitle=Diversity patterns and phylogenetic structure of vascular plants along elevational gradients in a mountain ecosystem, South Korea, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276618590619037749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618556330603386, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=109, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[47], rfOrder=82, authorNames=YAKIMOV B N, GERASIMOVA A S, ZHANG S, MA K, ZHANG Y, journalName=Acta Oecologica, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YAKIMOV B N, GERASIMOVA A S, ZHANG S, MA K, ZHANG Y. Phylogenetic α- and β-diversity elevational gradients reveal consistent patterns of temperate forest community structure[J]. Acta Oecologica, 2020, 109: 103657., articleTitle=Phylogenetic α- and β-diversity elevational gradients reveal consistent patterns of temperate forest community structure, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276618590681952310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618556330603386, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=30, issue=6, pageStart=1111, pageEnd=1120, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[48], rfOrder=83, authorNames=何斌, 李青, 陈群利, 李望军, 游萍, journalName=生态环境学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=何斌, 李青, 陈群利, 李望军, 游萍. 黔西北黄杉群落物种多样性的海拔梯度格局[J]. 生态环境学报, 2021, 30(6): 1111-1120., articleTitle=黔西北黄杉群落物种多样性的海拔梯度格局, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276618590744866871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618556330603386, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=30, issue=6, pageStart=1111, pageEnd=1120, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[48], rfOrder=84, authorNames=HE B, LI Q, CHEN Q L, LI W J, YOU P, journalName=Ecology and Environmental Sciences, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HE B, LI Q, CHEN Q L, LI W J, YOU P. Altitudinal pattern of species diversity of Pseudotsuga sinensis communty in northwestern Guizhou, China[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2021, 30(6): 1111-1120. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Altitudinal pattern of species diversity of Pseudotsuga sinensis communty in northwestern Guizhou, China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276618590832947256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618556330603386, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=9, issue=2, pageStart=233, pageEnd=239, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[49], rfOrder=85, authorNames=QIAN H, JIN Y, journalName=Journal of Plant Ecology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=QIAN H, JIN Y. An updated megaphylogeny of plants, a tool for generating plant phylogeny and an analysis of phylogeny community structure[J]. Journal of Plant Ecology, 2016, 9(2): 233-239., articleTitle=An updated megaphylogeny of plants, a tool for generating plant phylogeny and an analysis of phylogeny community structure, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1276618581014082531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618556330603386, awardId=KYYSLK2023-022, language=CN, fundingSource=海南省省属科研院所技术创新项目(KYYSLK2023-022), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1276618564303975316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618556330603386, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276618564316558229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618556330603386, companyId=1276618564303975316, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276618564362695574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618556330603386, companyId=1276618564303975316, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.海南大学热带农林学院,海南海口 570228)]), AuthorCompany(id=1276618564438193047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618556330603386, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276618564656296856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618556330603386, companyId=1276618564438193047, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Hainan Academy of Forestry (Hainan Academy of Mangorve), Haikou, Hainan 571100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276618564664685465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618556330603386, companyId=1276618564438193047, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.海南省林业科学研究院(海南省红树林研究院),海南海口 571100)]), AuthorCompany(id=1276618564740182939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618556330603386, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276618564761154460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618556330603386, companyId=1276618564740182939, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.Key Laboratory of Tropical Forestry Resources Monitoring and Application of Hainan, Haikou, Hainan 571100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276618564769543069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618556330603386, companyId=1276618564740182939, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.海南省热带林业资源监测与应用重点实验室,海南海口 571100)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1276618577725748179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618556330603386, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Important values of top five medicinal plant species in tree/shrub/herb layer at different elevations, figureFileSmall=njVEk9a6L+NOsD8EIdzCAw==, figureFileBig=a8uwmyc/dFT/zsreyI1wPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276618578136789972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618556330603386, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同海拔乔灌草层药用植物前5物种重要值, figureFileSmall=njVEk9a6L+NOsD8EIdzCAw==, figureFileBig=a8uwmyc/dFT/zsreyI1wPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276618578329727957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618556330603386, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Variation in comprehensive importance values of plant communities at different elevations, figureFileSmall=uwtnduOA65CUCG+hqMDFTA==, figureFileBig=VitVtphjSDCzXYVOEMVDnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276618578413614038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618556330603386, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同海拔植物群落综合重要值变化, figureFileSmall=uwtnduOA65CUCG+hqMDFTA==, figureFileBig=VitVtphjSDCzXYVOEMVDnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276618578556220375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618556330603386, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=α-diversity indices across tree/shrub/herb layers at different altitudes, figureFileSmall=i6g7L2/rn8pWuVJ5Bd/YNA==, figureFileBig=Mm/LMS7CmQRpIxEIEFw7VA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276618578627523544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618556330603386, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同海拔乔灌草层α多样性指数

不同小写字母表示不同海拔同一空间层次差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=i6g7L2/rn8pWuVJ5Bd/YNA==, figureFileBig=Mm/LMS7CmQRpIxEIEFw7VA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276618578682049497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618556330603386, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=PCoA ordination of β-diversity across tree/shrub/herb layers at different altitudes, figureFileSmall=Wzsa0tvQQZQPoYMIU08GYA==, figureFileBig=b4Hbkv55j67F04HZ79ffiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276618578761741274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618556330603386, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同海拔乔灌草层β多样性的PCoA排序

椭圆表示95%置信区间。

, figureFileSmall=Wzsa0tvQQZQPoYMIU08GYA==, figureFileBig=b4Hbkv55j67F04HZ79ffiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276618578824655835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618556330603386, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Basic information of plot types

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样地类型Plot type海拔Elevation/m样方数量Number of quadrats经度Longitude纬度Latitude坡向Aspect坡度Slope/(°)坡位Slope position
低海拔200~40015109°25′1″~109°46′16″E18°49′58″~18°56′44″N东坡25~35
中海拔400~60022109°25′28″~109°46′00″E18°56′42″~18°46′20″N东坡15~25
中高海拔600~80024109°27′36″~109°45′48″E18°56′70″~18°46′20″N东坡5~15
高海拔800~110019109°29′30″~109°41′50″E18°50′24″~18°54′26″N西南坡25~35
), ArticleFig(id=1276618578891764700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618556330603386, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

样地类型基本信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样地类型Plot type海拔Elevation/m样方数量Number of quadrats经度Longitude纬度Latitude坡向Aspect坡度Slope/(°)坡位Slope position
低海拔200~40015109°25′1″~109°46′16″E18°49′58″~18°56′44″N东坡25~35
中海拔400~60022109°25′28″~109°46′00″E18°56′42″~18°46′20″N东坡15~25
中高海拔600~80024109°27′36″~109°45′48″E18°56′70″~18°46′20″N东坡5~15
高海拔800~110019109°29′30″~109°41′50″E18°50′24″~18°54′26″N西南坡25~35
), ArticleFig(id=1276618578963067869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618556330603386, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Species composition of medicinal plants within sample plot

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
植物类群Plant group科Family属Genus种Species
数量Number占比Percentage/%数量Number占比Percentage/%数量Number占比Percentage/%
蕨类植物1212.12155.77245.37
种子植物裸子植物55.0551.9251.12
被子植物双子叶植物7373.7421281.5438185.23
单子叶植物99.092810.77378.28
总计99100260100447100
), ArticleFig(id=1276618579038565342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618556330603386, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

样地内药用植物物种组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
植物类群Plant group科Family属Genus种Species
数量Number占比Percentage/%数量Number占比Percentage/%数量Number占比Percentage/%
蕨类植物1212.12155.77245.37
种子植物裸子植物55.0551.9251.12
被子植物双子叶植物7373.7421281.5438185.23
单子叶植物99.092810.77378.28
总计99100260100447100
), ArticleFig(id=1276618579101479903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618556330603386, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Floristic composition of medicinal spermatophyte families and genera in Wuzhishan Mountain

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分布区类型Distribution type科Family属Genus
数量Number占比Percentage/%数量Number占比Percentage/%
1 世界分布157
2 泛热带3447.226226.05
2-1 热带亚洲、大洋洲和热带美洲22.7810.42
2-2 热带亚洲、非洲和南美洲间断22.7810.42
2s 泛热带分布,主产南半球45.560.00
3 热带亚洲和热带美洲间断分布79.7252.10
4 旧世界热带34.172811.76
4-1 热带亚洲、非洲和大洋洲间断0.000.00
5 热带亚洲至热带大洋洲45.563213.45
6 热带亚洲至热带非洲22.78177.14
6-2 热带亚洲和东非间断0.000.00
7 热带亚洲(印度-马来西亚)0.006025.21
7-1 爪哇、喜马拉雅和星散分布于华南、西南0.000.00
7-4 越南至华南0.000.00
7d 全分布区东达新几内亚22.780.00
8 北温带22.7883.36
8-4 北温带和南温带(全温带)间断68.330.00
9 东亚和北美洲间断11.3931.26
10 旧世界温带0.000.00
11 温带亚洲分布0.0010.42
12 地中海区、西亚至中亚0.000.00
12-3 地中海区至温带、热带亚洲、大洋洲和南美洲间断0.000.00
(12)s.s 地中海区或环地中海0.000.00
14 东亚(东喜马拉雅-日本)34.17125.04
14-1 中国-喜马拉雅(SH)0.00
14-2 中国-日本(SJ)0.00
15 中国特有83.36
合计87100245100
), ArticleFig(id=1276618579181171680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618556330603386, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

五指山药用种子植物科、属的区系成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分布区类型Distribution type科Family属Genus
数量Number占比Percentage/%数量Number占比Percentage/%
1 世界分布157
2 泛热带3447.226226.05
2-1 热带亚洲、大洋洲和热带美洲22.7810.42
2-2 热带亚洲、非洲和南美洲间断22.7810.42
2s 泛热带分布,主产南半球45.560.00
3 热带亚洲和热带美洲间断分布79.7252.10
4 旧世界热带34.172811.76
4-1 热带亚洲、非洲和大洋洲间断0.000.00
5 热带亚洲至热带大洋洲45.563213.45
6 热带亚洲至热带非洲22.78177.14
6-2 热带亚洲和东非间断0.000.00
7 热带亚洲(印度-马来西亚)0.006025.21
7-1 爪哇、喜马拉雅和星散分布于华南、西南0.000.00
7-4 越南至华南0.000.00
7d 全分布区东达新几内亚22.780.00
8 北温带22.7883.36
8-4 北温带和南温带(全温带)间断68.330.00
9 东亚和北美洲间断11.3931.26
10 旧世界温带0.000.00
11 温带亚洲分布0.0010.42
12 地中海区、西亚至中亚0.000.00
12-3 地中海区至温带、热带亚洲、大洋洲和南美洲间断0.000.00
(12)s.s 地中海区或环地中海0.000.00
14 东亚(东喜马拉雅-日本)34.17125.04
14-1 中国-喜马拉雅(SH)0.00
14-2 中国-日本(SJ)0.00
15 中国特有83.36
合计87100245100
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Species composition of medicinal plants across different altitudinal gradients

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海拔梯度Altitude gradient总种数Total species被子植物Angiosperms裸子植物Gymnosperms蕨类植物Pteridophytes
科数Number of families属数Number of genera种数Number of species占比Percentage/%科数Number of families属数Number of genera种数Number of species占比Percentage/%科数Number of families属数Number of genera种数Number of species占比Percentage/%
低海拔1675712816498.200000.002231.80
中海拔2456615723395.101110.4188114.49
中高海拔2927117527694.522220.6889144.79
高海拔2466614622691.874441.63811166.50
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不同海拔梯度药用植物物种组成

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海拔梯度Altitude gradient总种数Total species被子植物Angiosperms裸子植物Gymnosperms蕨类植物Pteridophytes
科数Number of families属数Number of genera种数Number of species占比Percentage/%科数Number of families属数Number of genera种数Number of species占比Percentage/%科数Number of families属数Number of genera种数Number of species占比Percentage/%
低海拔1675712816498.200000.002231.80
中海拔2456615723395.101110.4188114.49
中高海拔2927117527694.522220.6889144.79
高海拔2466614622691.874441.63811166.50
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海南五指山不同海拔梯度下药用植物组成及分布特征
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陈佳欣 1 , 杜尚嘉 2, 3 , 吴海霞 2, 3 , 符生波 2, 3 , 符明珠 2, 3 , 涂志华 1 , 郭霞 2, 3, **
热带作物学报 | 采后处理与农业生态 2025,46(12): 3059-3072
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热带作物学报 |采后处理与农业生态 2025 , 46 (12) : 3059 -3072
海南五指山不同海拔梯度下药用植物组成及分布特征
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杜尚嘉(1991—),男,学士,林业工程师,研究方向:植物资源保护利用及病虫害监测。

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陈佳欣1, 杜尚嘉2, 3, 吴海霞2, 3, 符生波2, 3, 符明珠2, 3, 涂志华1, 郭霞2, 3, **
作者信息
  • 1.海南大学热带农林学院,海南海口 570228
  • 2.海南省林业科学研究院(海南省红树林研究院),海南海口 571100
  • 3.海南省热带林业资源监测与应用重点实验室,海南海口 571100
通讯作者:
** 郭霞(GUO Xia),E-mail:
Composition and Distribution Characteristics of Medicinal Plants under Different Altitude Gradients in Wuzhishan, Hainan, China
Jiaxin CHEN1, Shangjia DU2, 3, Haixia WU2, 3, Shengbo FU2, 3, Mingzhu FU2, 3, Zhihua TU1, Xia GUO2, 3, **
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
  • 2.Hainan Academy of Forestry (Hainan Academy of Mangorve), Haikou, Hainan 571100, China
  • 3.Key Laboratory of Tropical Forestry Resources Monitoring and Application of Hainan, Haikou, Hainan 571100, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.12.023
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热带山地生态系统是药用植物资源的重要宝库,解析热带山地生态系统中药用植物资源的海拔分布格局对资源可持续利用、生物多样性保护及药用活性成分环境驱动机制研究具有重要价值。为揭示海南五指山药用植物沿海拔梯度的分布规律,本研究基于不同海拔梯度(低海拔200~400 m、中海拔400~600 m、中高海拔600~800 m、高海拔800~1100 m)设置样方调查,共记录药用植物99科260属447种,其中被子植物占总种数的93.51%。结果表明:(1)热带分布科、属分别占83.35%和86.55%(排除世界广布成分),温带成分随海拔升高显著增加;被子植物在各海拔段均占据绝对优势,低海拔蕨类植物仅占1.80%;随海拔升高,蕨类植物比例显著增加,中高海拔和高海拔分别占4.79%和6.50%,成为关键类群;(2)乔木层综合重要值呈双峰分布,优势物种由低海拔热带种向高海拔温带过渡种演替,体现热带向温带区系的过渡特征;灌木层重要值沿海拔升高呈波动下降,反映其对上层乔木结构的协同响应;草本层优势类型沿海拔升高从耐阴草本向药用蕨类显著转变。(3)α多样性分析显示,乔木层物种丰富度、Shannon多样性指数在中高海拔达到峰值,符合“中域效应”;草本层多样性在中海拔形成显著峰值,Simpson优势度指数显著高于乔灌木层。(4)β多样性分析表明,乔木层物种更替受水热梯度驱动,而灌草层主要受微生境异质性调控。本研究系统阐明了五指山药用植物的垂直分布格局,不仅为热带山地药用植物资源保护与利用提供理论依据,同时为探究药用植物品质形成的环境驱动机制奠定基础。后续可重点加强中高海拔(600~1100 m)药用蕨类富集区的生态因子解析。

药用植物  /  区系成分  /  多样性指数  /  五指山  /  热带山地  /  分布特征

Tropical mountain ecosystems are vital repositories of medicinal plant resources, and understanding the altitudinal distribution patterns is crucial for sustainable resource utilization, biodiversity conservation, and research into environmental drivers of medicinal bioactive compounds. To elucidate the altitudinal distribution patterns of the medicinal plants in Wuzhishan Mountain, Hainan, this study conducted quadrat surveys across different elevation gradients (low: 200–400 m; mid: 400-600 m; mid-high: 600-800 m; high: 800–1100 m), documenting 447 species from 260 genera and 99 families, with angiosperms comprising 93.51% of the total species. Tropical families and genera accounted for 83.35% and 86.55%, respectively (excluding cosmopolitan elements), while temperate components increased significantly with elevation. Angiosperms dominated across all elevations, whereas ferns, initially comprising only 1.80% at low elevations, increased significantly to 4.79% and 6.50% at mid-high and high elevations, emerging as a key group. The comprehensive importance value of the tree layer exhibited a bimodal distribution, with dominant species transitioning from tropical at low elevations to temperate transitional species at high elevations, reflecting a tropical-to-temperate floristic shift. The shrub layer’s importance value fluctuated downward with elevation, indicating a synergistic response to the overlying tree structure, while the herb layer shifted from shade-tolerant herbs to medicinal ferns with increasing elevation. α-diversity analysis revealed that tree layer species richness and Shannon diversity peaked at mid-high elevations, aligning with the “mid-domain effect”, while herb layer diversity peaked at mid-elevations, with Simpson dominance significantly higher than in the tree and shrub layers. β-diversity indicated that tree layer species turnover was driven by hydrothermal gradients, whereas shrub and herb layers were primarily influenced by microhabitat heterogeneity. In summary, this study systematically elucidated the vertical distribution patterns of medicinal plants in Wuzhishan Mountain, providing a theoretical foundation for the conservation and utilization of tropical mountain medicinal plant resources and insights into the environmental drivers of medicinal plant quality. Future research should focus on ecological factor analysis in the mid-high elevation (600–1100 m) fern-rich zones.

medicinal plants  /  floristic components  /  diversity index  /  Wuzhishan Mountain  /  tropical mountain  /  distribution characteristics
陈佳欣, 杜尚嘉, 吴海霞, 符生波, 符明珠, 涂志华, 郭霞. 海南五指山不同海拔梯度下药用植物组成及分布特征. 热带作物学报, 2025 , 46 (12) : 3059 -3072 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.12.023
Jiaxin CHEN, Shangjia DU, Haixia WU, Shengbo FU, Mingzhu FU, Zhihua TU, Xia GUO. Composition and Distribution Characteristics of Medicinal Plants under Different Altitude Gradients in Wuzhishan, Hainan, China[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2025 , 46 (12) : 3059 -3072 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.12.023
药用植物是生物多样性的重要组成部分,也是我国传统中药资源的核心要素,对人类健康、传统医药传承以及新药研发具有不可替代的价值。据统计,我国具有药用价值的植物约占中药资源总量的87%[1],是全球药用植物资源最丰富的国家之一。海南岛作为我国重要的热带生物多样性热点区域,其药用植物资源尤为丰富。目前记录显示,海南岛植物种类达6036种(含栽培种),隶属243科1895属,其中本地野生植物4579种(含211变种,26亚种),隶属于225科1429属;已整理记录的药用植物共2954种[2],包含483种海南特有植物[3],开发潜力巨大。如此丰富的植物多样性,其分布格局可能随海拔梯度呈现独特模式。海拔梯度显著改变温度、降水、光照强度、紫外线辐射、湿度以及土壤理化性质等关键环境因子,形成复杂的生境异质性[4-7],成为驱动山地生态系统物种组成、群落结构和多样性空间分异的核心机制。环境因子不仅影响药用植物的分布与多度,还可能通过调控次生代谢过程,显著影响其药用活性成分的含量与组成(如特定药味、药性与海拔的相关性)[8]。在陕南秦巴山区[9]和湘西地区[10]的研究均表明,药用植物物种丰富度常随海拔升高呈单峰格局(先增后减)。然而,关于海南岛植物群落,尤其是药用植物的海拔分布规律,目前学界仍存在明显分歧,并且缺乏针对五指山等核心山地的系统性研究。现有研究对物种多样性垂直分异模式存在不同观点,部分学者支持“中域效应”假说,证实中等海拔存在多样性峰值[11-13],而另一些学者则认为多样性随海拔升高呈线性下降或无显著梯度规律[14-15]。这种空间异质性可能与研究区域的水热阈值及采样尺度的差异密切相关。这些差异表明,不同山地生态系统中,物种多样性的海拔梯度分布格局存在显著特异性。
五指山地处海南岛地理中心,作为岛屿生态系统的核心枢纽,其复杂的地形与垂直气候分异形成了独特的生境梯度。这种垂直异质性不仅孕育了丰富的生物多样性,也蕴藏着特殊的药用植物类群。具体而言,相较于同纬度低海拔区域,高海拔地区年均温显著降低(海拔每升高100 m,气温下降0.5~0.6 ℃),并伴随降水格局、空气湿度、云雾频率、光照条件和风力等因子的系统性变化[16]。前期研究主要集中于五指山地区濒危稀有药用植物组成评价,以及黎族传统药用植物资源的整理与保护研究,尚未系统开展五指山不同海拔梯度下药用植物群落组成、分布格局及其与环境梯度关系的综合研究。这一领域的欠缺,限制了对药用植物空间分布特征及其可持续利用潜力的有效评估,此外,关于环境因子(尤其是海拔相关因子)如何影响药用植物资源量及品质形成的基础数据仍较为缺乏。因此,本研究在五指山沿海拔梯度(200~1100 m)布设系统调查样地,整合植物区系分析、群落生态学及多样性测度方法,旨在解析五指山不同海拔梯度下药用植物的种类组成与区系特征,揭示优势物种的分化规律及群落结构的海拔响应模式,阐明物种多样性(αβ多样性)沿海拔梯度的分布格局及其驱动机制。研究结果将为科学认知五指山药用植物资源分布规律、制定针对性保护策略及实现热带山地药用植物资源可持续利用提供关键理论支撑,并为深入探究药用植物资源量与品质形成的环境驱动机制奠定重要的生态学基础。
五指山位于海南岛中南腹地,其气候受热带季风与地形抬升协同作用,形成明显的垂直分异。海拔800 m以下属热带季风气候,旱雨季明显;海拔800~1200 m过渡为热带山地气候;海拔1200 m以上(尤其山顶)属亚热带湿润山地气候,区域多年平均径流深1000 mm,但降雨年内分配不均匀,集中分布于5—10月[17]。五指山主峰海拔1867 m,是海南岛地形隆升与水文循环的关键枢纽,年均温为22.4 ℃,极端低温为10 ℃,极端高温为35.9 ℃,年降水量为1860 mm,相对湿度为84%,年日照时数为2000 h[18-19]。土壤以山地黄壤和山地赤红壤为主,局部分布山地灌丛草甸土。植被垂直带谱完整,从低海拔枫香次生林依次演替为低地雨林、山地雨林、热带亚高山矮林和山顶灌丛。复杂的地形和保存完好的原生植被共同形成了多样化的微生境,为药用植物提供了理想的生长条件。
基于前期踏查和历史样地数据整合,采用系统性网格抽样法,以1 km×1 km网格为基本单元,通过机械抽样在五指山地区布设样地。于2023年8月至2024年1月(覆盖夏、秋、冬三季)共设置80个20 m×20 m的永久样方(总面积3.2 hm2),确保样方空间分布涵盖不同海拔梯度与植被类型,且无重复调查干扰。每个样方均记录环境参数,地理信息包含经纬度、海拔、坡位、坡向、坡度;植被类型参照《中国植被分类系统》[20]划分热带雨林、山地常绿阔叶林等类型。乔木层中,采用每木检尺法,记录所有胸径≥1 cm个体的种名、胸径、树高及冠幅;灌草层中,在每个样方四角设置嵌套样方,灌木层:5 m×5 m,草本层:1 m×1 m,记录物种组成、高度及盖度。样方按海拔梯度归类(表1),并依据《全国中药资源普查技术规范》[21]进行数据校验,确保物种鉴定和指标测量的标准化。
相对多度(RA)表示目标物种个体数量在群落总个体数中的占比,计算公式为:
式中,Ni为第i物种的个体数,N为所有物种个体总数。
相对频度(RF)表征物种在空间上的分布广度,定义为该物种出现的样方数占样方总数的比例:
式中,Fi为第i物种的样方数,F为总样方数。
相对显著度(RD)基于群落结构权重,反映物种在资源竞争中的优势地位,通过胸高断面积(BA)占比计算:
式中,BAi为第i物种的胸高断面积总和,BA为所有物种胸高断面积合计。
相对盖度(RC)描述物种对地表空间的占据能力,
式中,Ci为第i物种的垂直投影覆盖面积,C为所有物种盖度总和。
物种重要值(IV)计算公式如下[22]:IV乔木层=(RA+RF+RD)/3;IV灌木层=(RA+RF)/2;IV草本层=(RF+RC)/2。
采用α多样性测度指标,使用R 4.5.0软件计算Margalef物种丰富度指数(R)、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H)、Shimpson优势度指数(D)、Pielou均匀度指数(E)和Simpson diversity多样性指数。使用SPSS 27.0软件进行单因素方差分析(ANOVA)和最小显著差异(LSD)法多重比较,检验不同海拔梯度下的差异显著性,使用Origin 2024软件作图,计算公式为[23]
式中,S为样地内物种总数;N为所有物种的总个体数;Pi=Ni/NNi为物种i的个体数。
采用β多样性反映群落间的物种组成差异,使用R 4.5.0软件计算Bray-Curtis距离,量化2个样方间物种组成相似性,同时考虑物种有无和丰度差异,计算公式为[24]
式中,XiXj为样方ij中所有物种的丰度向量。使用R 4.5.0软件的“vegan”[25]程序包进行主坐标分析(PCoA)作图,以揭示不同海拔梯度下药用植物物种群落组成的相似性或相异性的可视化坐标,该方法是一种非约束性的数据降维分析方法。
根据五指山固定样地实地调查的结果,依据《Flora of China》[26]、《中国植物志》[27]、《海南植物图志》[3]和《中国高等植物图鉴》[28]等资料,进一步确定其科、属、种,整理出五指山植物调查名录,以《中国药典》[29]为主,《中华本草》[30]和《中药鉴定学》[31]为辅,确定药用植物名录。结果显示,调查样方内共有99科260属447种维管药用植物,包括被子植物82科240属418种,裸子植物5科5属5种,蕨类植物12科15属24种(表2)。可见,被子植物是当前调查维管药用植物中物种组成的主要部分,而且其科数占总科数的82.83%,其属数占总属数的92.31%,其种数占总种数的93.51%。
根据植物区系的科、属分布型,参考文献[32-36]分布区类型可大致划分为世界分布型、热带分布型、温带分布型、东亚和中国特有4类,五指山所调查样地群落内的种子植物科可划分为10个分布区类型和4个亚型(表3)。世界广布的科有蔷薇科(Rosaceae)、桑科(Moraceae)和菊科(Compositae)等15科;热带分布的科占比最大,有葡萄科(Vitaceae)、天南星科(Araceae)和防己科(Menispermaceae)等60科,占总科数的83.35%(占比不含世界分布的科,下同);其次是温带分布的科共9个,占12.50%,如胡桃科(Juglandaceae)、猕猴桃科(Actinidiaceae)和金缕梅科(Hamamelidaceae)等。
样地群落内的种子植物属划分为12个分布区类型2个亚型(表3),世界分布的有菝葜属(Smilax)、悬钩子属(Rubus)和虎皮楠属(Daphniphyllum)等7属,热带分布的属占较大比例,占总属数的86.55%,其中热带分布中以泛热带分布的属最多,有62属,如草珊瑚属(Lysimachia)、刺篱木属(Berchemia)和谷木属(Memecylon)等;温带分布的属占总属数的5.04%,如梣属(Fraxinus)、鹅耳枥属(Carpinus)和卫矛属(Euonymus)等12属。
根据五指山设置的80个固定样方群落的科、属分布可知,科、属分布主要以热带分布为主,且以泛热带分布为主,温带地理成分在该群落内数量占比较少,表明五指山药用植物区系具典型热带性,温带成分随海拔梯度递增而增加,反映了气候垂直分异对物种组成的塑造作用。
基于80个样方的调查数据,对不同海拔梯度药用植物的物种组成进行统计分析。结果显示,五指山药用植物物种总数随海拔升高呈先增后减的趋势。其中,被子植物在各海拔段均占据绝对优势,其物种数占比均在90.00%以上;裸子植物种类稀少且分布零散,在各海拔段占比均低于2.00%;低海拔蕨类物种数占比仅为1.80%,而随着海拔升高,蕨类植物的比例持续增加,在中高海拔达到4.79%,并在高海拔达到峰值6.50%(表4)。总体而言,不同海拔梯度下药用植物的物种组成存在明显差异,特别是蕨类植物比例随海拔升高呈明显增加的特征,是五指山药用植物垂直分布格局的重要组成部分。
利用重要值(IV)作为物种生态优势度的综合量化指标,系统解释了五指山药用植物群落的不同海拔梯度物种分异规律。群落为典型的热带次生林类型,群落空间层次可分为乔木层、灌木层和草本层。不同海拔梯度乔灌草层药用植物排名前5的物种重要值如图1,结果表明,在乔木层中,低海拔的滨木患(Arytera littoralis)重要值最大,为0.348,其次是窄叶半枫荷(Pterospermum lanceifolium)重要值为0.295,说明滨木患和窄叶半枫荷为低海拔乔木层优势种。中海拔的黄牛木(Cratoxylum cochinchinense)重要值最大,为0.289,其次是岭南山竹子(Garcinia oblongifolia),重要值为0.283,说明黄牛木和岭南山竹子为中海拔乔木层优势种。中高海拔的橄榄(Canarium album)重要值最大,为0.212,其次是黄杞(Engelhardia roxburghiana),重要值为0.181,说明橄榄和黄杞为中高海拔乔木层优势种。高海拔的狭叶泡花树(Meliosma angustifolia)重要值最大,为0.224,其次是海南鹅掌柴(Heptapleurum hainanense),重要值为0.211,说明狭叶泡花树和海南鹅掌柴为高海拔乔木层优势种。综上所述,乔木层药用植物分布特征为在低海拔以喜热广布种为主,随着海拔的升高表现出过渡带物种更替,乔木层物种更替集中于中海拔过渡带,指示温度阈值效应。
在灌木层中,低海拔的滨木患重要值最大,为0.293,其次是窄叶半枫荷,重要值为0.291,说明滨木患和窄叶半枫荷为低海拔灌木层优势种。中海拔的九节(Psychotria asiatica)重要值最大,为0.317,其次是海南鹅掌柴,重要值为0.258,说明九节和海南鹅掌柴为中海拔灌木层优势种。中高海拔的肉实树(Sarcosperma laurinum)重要值最大,为0.243,其次是橄榄,重要值为0.221,说明灌木层中肉实树和橄榄为中高海拔灌木层优势种。高海拔的鹅掌柴(Heptapleurum heptaphyllum)重要值最大,为0.264,其次是海南鹅掌柴,重要值为0.258,说明鹅掌柴和海南鹅掌柴为高海拔灌木层优势种。综上所述,灌木层药用植物分布特征为在低海拔以阳性耐旱灌木为主,中海拔以耐阴湿灌木为主,随海拔升高以矮生抗风灌木为主,灌木层体现海拔生态位泛化特性,重要值排名变化随海拔升高更平缓。
在草本层中,低海拔的九节重要值最大,为0.222,其次是银柴(Aporosa dioica)重要值为0.212,说明九节和银柴为低海拔草本层优势种。中海拔的海南草珊瑚(Sarcandra glabra brachystachys)重要值最大,为0.166,其次是菝葜(Smilax china)重要值为0.144,说明海南草珊瑚和菝葜为中海拔草本层优势种。中高海拔的黑顶卷柏(Selaginella picta)重要值最大,为0.245,其次是单叶新月蕨(Pronephrium simplex),重要值为0.189,说明黑顶卷柏和单叶新月蕨为中高海拔草本层优势种。高海拔的深绿卷柏(Selaginella doederleinii)重要值最大,为0.290,其次是海南草珊瑚,重要值为0.199,说明草本层中深绿卷柏和海南草珊瑚为高海拔草本层优势种。综上所述,草本层药用植物分布特征为在低海拔以大型喜湿草本为主,中海拔是多样性峰值区,随海拔升高以卷柏属为主,草本层重要值峰值出现在高湿度中海拔带,分布主要受地表温湿度梯度控制,反映林下微生境过滤。
五指山药用植物群落组成沿海拔梯度呈显著的层级分异特征可从空间层次说明。乔木层低海拔以热带性物种为主导,如滨木患和窄叶半枫荷,而中海拔优势种更替为过渡性类群,如狭叶泡花树和海南鹅掌柴,高海拔温带成分显著增加,印证科、属区系分析中温带成分随海拔提升的增量趋势。灌木层优势种沿海拔升高呈协同变化,低海拔以滨木患和窄叶半枫荷为主,中海拔转为九节和海南鹅掌柴,中高海拔和高海拔则以肉实树和橄榄为优势类群,反映物种更替对海拔的响应。草本层低海拔以九节和银柴为主,随着海拔的升高蕨类优势凸显,中海拔以海南草珊瑚和菝葜为主,中高海拔和高海拔则以卷柏属为主导,如深绿卷柏和黑顶卷柏。不同海拔群落综合重要值见图2,优势种更替揭示环境梯度对群落的筛选作用,乔木层综合重要值呈双峰分布,峰值分踞低海拔和高海拔处,指示热带向温带区系的过渡;灌木层重要值沿海拔升高先大幅度下降后缓慢升高,反映其对乔木冠层结构的协同响应;草本层随海拔升高呈波动式先降后升的趋势,向耐湿蕨类转变凸显林下微生境调控。
不同海拔乔灌草层α多样性指数如图3,无论海拔高低,乔木层和灌木层的物种丰富度均明显高于草本层,其中低海拔和中高海拔乔木层的Margalef物种丰富度指数(R)具有显著差异,中海拔与低海拔、中高海拔草本层的R指数具有显著差异(图3A)。乔木层的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H)在中高海拔处达到峰值,随海拔梯度增加呈先升后降的单峰格局,灌木层在中海拔处出现最大值的,而后趋于稳定,草本层随海拔梯度增加呈波动变化,H指数出现2个峰值,中海拔与低海拔、中高海拔的草本层H指数具有显著差异(图3B)。不同海拔梯度中,草本层的Shimpson优势度指数(D)均显著大于乔木层和灌木层,说明随着海拔梯度增加,更有利于草本层药用植物的天然更新和生长发育;中高海拔和高海拔的乔木层D指数具有显著差异,其余层次D指数随海拔升高相差不明显(图3C)。草本层的Pielou均匀度指数(E)显著大于乔木层和灌木层,并且乔木层和草本层的E指数随海拔升高相差不明显,低海拔与中高海拔、高海拔的灌木层E指数具有显著差异(图3D)。Simpson diversity多样性指数在同一海拔下,乔木层最大,灌木层次之,草本层最小,且只有中高海拔和高海拔的乔木层Simpson diversity多样性指数具有显著差异(图3E)。综上所述,中高海拔是乔木多样性的热点区,Margalef物种丰富度指数(R)、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H)和Simpson diversity指数在中高海拔处均达峰值,表明中高海拔最利于乔木层物种共存,灌木层在中海拔的丰富度略优,但整体无显著变化,适应力强,草本多样性指数峰值则依赖中层林窗资源。
五指山药用植物群落结构随海拔梯度升高呈显著的层级分异,不同海拔乔灌草层β多样性的PCoA排序如图4。乔木层中,低海拔与其他海拔样地类型群落在PCoA1上完全分离(解释率9.66%),具有很强的异质性,反映了泛亚热带向温带区系的明显生态过渡;除低海拔外,其他海拔样地类型群落间均有部分重叠,群落之间具有相似性,说明相邻海拔梯度的乔木群落存在一定相似性,但低海拔与高海拔间差异显著,可能因乔木物种的海拔生态幅较窄,表明乔木群落结构随海拔升高呈梯度变化,中海拔生境过滤作用较弱,与温度递减、风力增强等环境筛选有关,生态系统的驱动机制表现为水热条件沿海拔梯度变化,即低海拔高温高湿,高海拔低温低湿,建群种由滨木患到狭叶泡花树更替。灌木层所有样地类型在排序空间内广泛重叠,可能因灌木对光照和水分的适应性较强,受乔木层遮阴影响显著,导致海拔直接效应被削弱,其中中高海拔和高海拔尤其显著,证实高海拔灌木层群落结构稳定性高于低海拔群落。中高海拔和高海拔样本点向PCoA负轴集中,可能与乔木层郁闭度降低、灌木获得更多光照有关。高海拔灌木可能通过矮化、丛生等形态适应抵御寒风,而低海拔灌木更多受乔木竞争排斥,物种组成差异体现“环境筛选+层间竞争”的复合作用。草本层所有样地类型在排序空间呈分散分布,且高海拔点集范围显著大于低海拔,说明高海拔草本群落异质性更高,可能因微地形,如石缝、土坡和土壤养分斑块化导致物种分布随机性强。草本层作为群落底层,受乔木层与灌木层的遮阴、凋落物覆盖影响更大,海拔气候的直接作用被植被层过滤,如,低海拔草本可能因乔木郁闭度高而以耐阴物种为主,高海拔则因乔木稀疏而出现喜光草本。组内高变异,如高海拔点分散反映此处草本对极端气候的多种适应策略,如多年生草本与一年生草本混生,导致群落结构更复杂。综上所述,β多样性响应强度为乔木层>灌木层>草本层,体现“自上而下”的级联调控机制。
海南五指山山地群落物种组成丰富,维管束植物多样性高,共记录药用植物447种。被子植物在各海拔段均占据绝对优势。蕨类植物比例随海拔升高显著增加,成为高海拔关键类群,这与其对高湿、弱光林下环境的适应性密切相关,如卷柏属等通过C3光合途径和耐阴形态结构提升资源利用。该结果印证五指山作为热带生物多样性热点和传统药用植物资源宝库的重要地位。地理区系呈现显著的热带属性:热带科属占比均大于83.00%,远超温带成分。其中,泛热带分布型(34科)是最主要的科级分布类型;热带分布属占总属数的86.55%(排除世界分布属),主导性更为突出。丰富的热带亚洲分布属表明该地区与东南亚在药用植物资源上存在广泛的共有种或近缘种。此结论与黄世能等[37]、邢福武等[38]和张荣京等[39]对海南植物区系的研究一致。值得注意的是,温带成分比例随海拔升高显著增加,其原因可能是高海拔低温环境筛选出具有耐寒机制(如叶片角质层增厚、次生代谢物积累)的温带物种,而低海拔热带物种依赖高温高湿,导致物种垂直更替,呈现“热带向温带区系过渡”模式[40]。第四纪冰期-间冰期旋回中,低海拔区域可能成为热带物种避难所,而高海拔则容纳了来自东亚大陆的温带成分[39]。本研究发现高海拔温带属多属于东亚-北美间断分布型,暗示其可能是古北区系南迁的孑遗成分[36]。海南岛山地加剧了生境片段化。高海拔温带成分因地理隔离难以基因交流,可能加速局部适应进化;低海拔广布热带成分则扩散能力较强[39]。综上所述,五指山药用植物区系鲜明的热带属性(以被子植物为主体)反映了其热带北缘地理位置及复杂地形的综合影响。这一认识对于科学评估该地区药用植物资源禀赋、指导可持续开发利用、制定针对性保护策略及开展区域性比较研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。研究结果揭示了垂直梯度通过驱动生态位分化与地质历史进程的协同作用,塑造生物多样性格局。
本研究发现各层优势种均具有药用价值,印证热带次生林生态系统与药用植物存在显著的协同进化关系,滨木患在低海拔乔木层、灌木层及草本层均占显著地位,揭示其强生态幅与跨层次适应能力,可能为区域关键药用植物。低海拔乔木层以泛热带种主导,随着海拔升高逐渐过渡至热带-亚热带成分,印证科属区系中温带成分随海拔的增量趋势,乔木层重要值呈双峰分布,进一步指示热带向温带区系的过渡特征,这与海南霸王岭[41]等热带山地的研究一致,表明海拔梯度驱动的温度阈值是热带树种向温带成分更替的关键因子。灌木层优势种从低海拔的滨木患和窄叶半枫荷,到中海拔的黄牛木,最后到中高海拔和高海拔的肉实树,体现其对乔木层冠层结构及温度梯度的协同响应,重要值随海拔升高呈波动下降反映灌木层对上层乔木遮蔽的敏感性。低海拔草本层以耐阴草本为主,随着海拔升高蕨类优势度显著提升,符合药用蕨类植物对高湿、弱光生境的生理需求。这些结果表明低海拔需优先保护热带性优势种,中高海拔应关注温带过渡成分及药用蕨类植物,其分布狭窄且对湿度敏感。
群落特征可通过物种丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数等指标进行量化表征,这些参数能够有效反映植被群落的生境异质性、结构特征、演替进程及稳定状态[42]。通常而言,具有较高多样性指数的群落往往表现出更强的生态稳定性[43]。本研究揭示的不同海拔梯度药用植物的α多样性垂直分异印证“海拔梯度范围决定格局类型”的经典假说,乔木层在中高海拔的多样性峰值与“中域效应”预测一致,暗示地形复杂性驱动的物种重叠最适区,这与李波等[44]的研究结论一致。乔木层的Shannon-Wiener指数在中高海拔的单峰分布与热带山地多样性随海拔升高逐渐递减的预期相悖,其成因可能是中高海拔水热条件处于热带向温带物种生态幅重叠区,促进物种共存。灌木层多样性沿海拔升高无显著变化,体现灌木对光资源竞争的灵活性,乔木冠层遮蔽抑制灌木层微气候变异,削弱海拔梯度的影响。草本层的α多样性沿海拔梯度升高呈波动式变化,该结果与ZHANG等[45]、CHUN等[46]和YAKINMOV等[47]的研究结果相似,该现象与东亚热带地区植被垂直分布规律一致——低海拔草本群落随海拔升高逐渐被蕨类群落替代,符合典型的海拔梯度更替模式,但草本层在中海拔的显著峰值与乔木层错位,其依赖林窗尺度资源,凸显层间资源分配异质性,草本层Simpson优势度指数显著高于乔灌木层,反映其强优势种主导的群落构建模式;Pielou均匀度指数较高,且随Simpson优势度指数上升,揭示微生境筛选作用促使少数药用蕨类植物填补生态位空缺,形成布局优势分布。
尽管已有研究对β多样性沿海拔梯度的变化模式尚未达成一致结论,但部分证据表明,β多样性可能随海拔升高而逐渐降低[48],这可能与高海拔地区环境过滤作用增强及物种库收缩有关。本研究发现,乔木层PCoA1轴上低海拔与高海拔的完全分离,体现热带-温带区系过渡的环境筛选机制,建群种从滨木患到狭叶泡花树的更替,反映乔木物种对水热梯度的敏感性,中海拔与中高海拔群落重叠可能源于地形复杂性缓冲了气候压力,支持生境异质性促进物种共存,灌木层样方广泛重叠,尤其中高海拔和高海拔向PCoA负轴集中,说明乔木冠层遮阴抑制海拔的直接作用,导致灌木响应弱于乔木层。草本层β多样性微生境随机性主导,高海拔草本层点集分散,表明异质性高,其原因可能是石缝、凋落物斑块驱动物种随机组装,导致草本β多样性与海拔弱相关,高海拔草本的高变异可能反映历史干扰的遗留效应。乔木层与草本层β多样性的海拔分异可能源于其对环境因子的选择性响应,木本物种的分布边界主要受温度限制[40],而草本层β多样性变化更依赖于局域尺度的水分有效性、光照条件及土壤养分异质性[49]。乔灌草层β多样性对海拔的响应强度顺序为乔木层>灌木层>草本层,乔木层作为生态系统骨架,通过冠层结构调控驱动下层群落构建,从热带转向温带物种组成,灌木层兼具过渡与缓冲作用,由微生境主导局部适应,草本层则受微环境调控更强,体现药用蕨类植物逐渐占主导地位,该结果为山地生态系统的垂直带谱构建、物种分布模型优化提供了分层依据。
通过研究海南五指山不同海拔梯度药用植物组成及分布特征,得出以下结论:
(1)样地调查共记录药用植物99科260属447种,被子植物在各海拔段均占据绝对优势,低海拔蕨类植物仅占1.80%;随海拔升高,蕨类植物比例显著增加,高海拔达到峰值(6.50%),成为关键类群;地理区系分析表明,该区域呈现显著的热带属性,热带科属占比均大于83.00%,但温带成分随海拔升高显著增加,印证不同海拔梯度气候对植物区系的塑造作用。
(2)乔木层优势种从热带种向温带过渡种更替,重要值呈双峰分布,体现热带向温带区系的过渡特征;灌木层与草本层分别通过形态适应和功能群转变,如由以耐阴草本转向药用蕨类为主,响应环境梯度。
(3)α多样性在中海拔达峰值,符合“中域效应”;β多样性揭示乔木层受水热梯度主控,灌草层则依赖微生境异质性,体现“自上而下”的级联调控。本研究为热带山地药用植物资源的保护与可持续利用提供理论依据,并阐明垂直气候梯度驱动生物多样性形成的生态机制,未来需重点解析中高海拔药用蕨类富集区的环境驱动因子。
  • 海南省省属科研院所技术创新项目(KYYSLK2023-022)
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2025年第46卷第12期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.12.023
  • 接收时间:2025-06-26
  • 首发时间:2026-06-24
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-26
  • 录用日期:2025-08-16
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海南省省属科研院所技术创新项目(KYYSLK2023-022)
作者信息
    1.海南大学热带农林学院,海南海口 570228
    2.海南省林业科学研究院(海南省红树林研究院),海南海口 571100
    3.海南省热带林业资源监测与应用重点实验室,海南海口 571100

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** 郭霞(GUO Xia),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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