Article(id=1276618523740861089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276618341674520821, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.12.021, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750780800000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1756742400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-09-02, onlineDate=1782299174484, onlineDateStr=2026-06-24, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782299174484, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782299174484, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782299174484, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276618341674520821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2025', volume='46', issue='12', pageStart='2817', pageEnd='3084', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766592000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782299131077, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782299208862, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276618668385637092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276618341674520821, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276618668385637093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276618341674520821, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3039, endPage=3052, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276618524038656675, articleId=1276618523740861089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Evaluation of Soil Fertility in Litchi Orchards in Yunnan Province, China, columnId=1237814980427444960, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Post-harvest Treatment & Agricultural Ecology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The study analyzed the soil chemical properties, nutrient contents and distribution characteristics in the litchi gardens from the major growing regions in Yunnan aimed to provide supports for nutrient and fertilization management in litchi gardens. Soil samples were collected from 22 litchi gardens in 6 major production regions. Soil pH, organic matter and multi-elements content were analyzed and used as the indicators to evaluate soil fertility via fuzzy comprehensive analysis. The results showed that soil pH was 5.62, with 22.73% of soil samples were suitable for litchi growth (pH=5.0~5.5). The cation exchange capacity (CEC) of 27.28% of soils was lower than 10.00 cmol/kg, indicating fertilizer retention ability should be improved. Organic matter content was relatively high (14.81-57.06 g/kg). Soil total N content (0.84-2.70 g/kg) was higher than medium level (>1.00 g/kg) excepting for Baoshan region. Soil alkaline hydrolyzed N (78.61-259.19 mg/kg), available P (21.14-92.48 mg/kg) and available K (35.00-642.50 mg/kg) were all higher than medium level excepting one orchard in Yongde, where the available K content (36.67 mg/kg) was at deficiency level (<50.00 mg/kg). Among the trace elements, available Ca (415.63-4900.00 mg/kg) and available S (20.43-127.89 mg/kg) were relatively abundant. Soil available Mg (3.13-512.50 mg/kg) was at moderate level, with 42.43% of samples were below the limit value (<100.00 mg/kg). Available Zn (0.51-9.68 mg/kg) and available Fe (7.18-124.82 mg/kg) were abundant. Available Mn (2.56-104.78 mg/kg) and available Cu (0.76-6.06 mg/kg) were at moderate level, with 8.60% of the samples showing available Mn lowering than 5.00 mg/kg. Available B and Mo were at sufficient level in Yingjiang at 0.88 and 0.43 mg/kg, while those in Pingbian (B: 0.44 mg/kg, Mo: 0.13 mg/kg), Yuanyang (B: 0.31 mg/kg, Mo: 0.15 mg/kg), Baoshan (Mo: 0.10 mg/kg), Yongde (B: 0.42 mg/kg, Mo: 0.10 mg/kg) and Xinping (B: 0.41 mg/kg, Mo: 0.10 mg/kg) were at deficient levels. The integrated fertility index (IFI) was 0.51-0.97, with average value at 0.79. All IFI values were above level II excepting Baoshan region at level III. The principal component analysis showed that total N, alkaline hydrolyzed N, organic matter and pH were the most important factors affecting soil fertility. The data suggested that the overall soil fertility of the studied 22 litchi gardens was above the medium level. Mg and Mo fertilizers can be improved in Baoshan, and B and Mo fertilizers can be improved in Pingbian, Yuanyang, Yongde and Xinping.

, authors=null, authorsList=Jue BI, Huiyun ZHANG, Yunlian SONG, Jian ZHENG, Chaojin DU, Yuequan WANG, Yangwu LIU, Yong ZHANG, Nengcui LIU, Xinping LUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xinping LUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276618526341329597, articleId=1276618523740861089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=云南省荔枝园土壤养分肥力评价, columnId=1237016045714723050, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=采后处理与农业生态, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

通过分析云南省荔枝主产区土壤基本化学性质、养分含量及其分布特征,以期为该区荔枝园土壤养分管理与科学施肥提供基础数据和理论依据。于2023年采集云南省6个主产区的22个荔枝园土壤样品,测定土壤pH、有机质含量、大中微量元素有效态含量,通过模糊综合评判法,分析和评价云南荔枝园土壤肥力水平。结果表明:云南荔枝种植区土壤pH为5.62,22.73%土壤的pH适宜荔枝生长(pH为5.0~5.5),27.28%土壤的阳离子交换量(CEC)低于10.00 cmol/kg,表明保肥能力还需提高;有机质含量整体较高(14.81~57.06 g/kg);除保山外,其他园区的土壤全氮含量(0.84~2.70 g/kg)达中等水平(>1.00 g/kg);除永德县一果园的速效钾含量(36.67 mg/kg)处于缺乏水平(<50.00 mg/kg),其他样点的土壤水解性氮(78.61~259.19 mg/kg)、有效磷(21.14~92.48 mg/kg)及速效钾含量(35.00~642.50 mg/kg)均达到中等水平以上;中微量元素中,有效钙(415.63~4900.00 mg/kg)、有效硫含量(20.43~127.89 mg/kg)较为丰富;有效镁含量(3.13~512.50 mg/kg)为中等水平以上,其中42.43%土壤低于临界值(4级,<100.00 mg/kg);有效锌(0.51~9.68 mg/kg)、有效铁(7.18~124.82 mg/kg)含量丰富;有效锰(2.56~104.78 mg/kg)、有效铜(0.76~6.06 mg/kg)含量为中等水平以上,9.09%土壤有效锰含量低于5.00 mg/kg;盈江产区的硼(B,0.88 mg/kg)和钼(Mo,0.43 mg/kg)均值含量处于丰富水平,屏边的B(0.44 mg/kg)和Mo(0.13 mg/kg)、元阳的B(0.31 mg/kg)和Mo(0.15 mg/kg)、保山的Mo(0.10 mg/kg)、永德的B(0.42 mg/kg)和Mo(0.10 mg/kg)、新平的B(0.41 mg/kg)和Mo(0.10 mg/kg)均处于缺乏水平。综合肥力指数(integrated fertility index,IFI)为0.51~0.97,均值为0.79,表明研究区荔枝园的土壤肥力良好,除保山样点处于Ⅲ级外,其余果园的肥力水平均达Ⅱ级以上。主成分分析结果表明,全氮含量、有机质含量、水解性氮含量和pH是影响土壤肥力的主要因素。本研究中的22个荔枝园土壤养分整体处于中等及以上水平,建议保山种植区需补充镁肥和钼肥,屏边、元阳、永德、新平种植区需补充硼肥和钼肥。

, authors=

毕珏(1995—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:养分资源利用与养分管理。

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* 罗心平(LUO Xinping),E-mail:
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毕珏(1995—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:养分资源利用与养分管理。

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毕珏(1995—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:养分资源利用与养分管理。

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Effects of reducing chemical fertilizers combined with organic fertilizers on soil microbial community in litchi orchards, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276618555013591926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618523740861089, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=5, pageStart=203, pageEnd=210, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[49], rfOrder=90, authorNames=颜彩缤, 胡福初, 赵亚, 王祥和, 陈哲, 张世青, 吴凤芝, 范鸿雁, journalName=中国土壤与肥料, refType=null, unstructuredReference=颜彩缤, 胡福初, 赵亚, 王祥和, 陈哲, 张世青, 吴凤芝, 范鸿雁. 荔枝园间作平托花生对土壤理化性质、酶活性和细菌群落结构及多样性的影响[J]. 中国土壤与肥料, 2022(5): 203-210., articleTitle=荔枝园间作平托花生对土壤理化性质、酶活性和细菌群落结构及多样性的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276618555076506487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618523740861089, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=5, pageStart=203, pageEnd=210, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[49], rfOrder=91, authorNames=YAN C B, HU F C, ZHAO Y, WANG X H, CHEN Z, ZHANG S Q, WU F Z, FAN H Y, journalName=Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YAN C B, HU F C, ZHAO Y, WANG X H, CHEN Z, ZHANG S Q, WU F Z, FAN H Y. Effects of intercropping Pinto peanut in litchi orchard on soil physicochemical properties, enzyme activities, bacterial community structure and diversity[J]. Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China, 2022(5): 203-210. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Effects of intercropping Pinto peanut in litchi orchard on soil physicochemical properties, enzyme activities, bacterial community structure and diversity, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276618555143615352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618523740861089, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=32, issue=12, pageStart=3706, pageEnd=3714, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[50], rfOrder=92, authorNames=甄云楠, 薛荟, 刘倩, 虞道耿, journalName=草地学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=甄云楠, 薛荟, 刘倩, 虞道耿. 间作崖州硬皮豆对荔枝园土壤及其土壤微生物的影响[J]. 草地学报, 2024, 32(12): 3706-3714., articleTitle=间作崖州硬皮豆对荔枝园土壤及其土壤微生物的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276618555231695737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618523740861089, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=32, issue=12, pageStart=3706, pageEnd=3714, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[50], rfOrder=93, authorNames=ZHEN Y N, XUE H, LIU Q, YU D G, journalName=Acta Agrestia Sinica, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHEN Y N, XUE H, LIU Q, YU D G. Effect of intercropping Macrotyloma Uniflorum ‘Yazhou’ of litchi orchard on the soil microbial community structure and diversity[J]. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2024, 32(12): 3706-3714. 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不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05);箱式图中横线代表均值。

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不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05);箱式图中横线代表均值。

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不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05);箱式图中横线代表均值。

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*表示显著相关(P<0.05);**表示极显著相关(P<0.01)。

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Value of turning point of membership curve

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
转折点Turning pointpH有机质OM/(g·kg–1全氮TN/(g·kg–1水解性氮HN/(mg·kg–1有效磷AP/(mg·kg–1速效钾AK/(mg·kg–1
x14.560.530330
x25.5402.015040200
x36.5
x47.5
), ArticleFig(id=1276618540937507600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618523740861089, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

隶属度曲线转折点取值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
转折点Turning pointpH有机质OM/(g·kg–1全氮TN/(g·kg–1水解性氮HN/(mg·kg–1有效磷AP/(mg·kg–1速效钾AK/(mg·kg–1
x14.560.530330
x25.5402.015040200
x36.5
x47.5
), ArticleFig(id=1276618541004616465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618523740861089, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Status and classification of soil macro-elements and organic matter of litchi orchards in Yunnan

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标Index含量范围Content range均值Mean中值Median变异系数CV/%分布频率Distribution frequency/%
123456
有机质/(g·kg–114.81~57.0629.33±11.1327.1637.9413.6431.8227.2727.2700
全氮/(g·kg–10.71~2.701.58±0.571.6836.3127.2736.364.5527.274.550
水解性氮/(mg·kg–178.61~259.19150.68±47.76135.3931.6943.9433.339.0913.6400
有效磷/(mg·kg–121.14~92.4857.53±21.9561.4038.1672.7327.270000
速效钾/(mg·kg–135.00~642.50279.32±179.08206.2564.1154.5522.717.5810.614.550
), ArticleFig(id=1276618541084308242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618523740861089, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

云南荔枝园土壤大量元素和有机质养分含量状况及分级

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标Index含量范围Content range均值Mean中值Median变异系数CV/%分布频率Distribution frequency/%
123456
有机质/(g·kg–114.81~57.0629.33±11.1327.1637.9413.6431.8227.2727.2700
全氮/(g·kg–10.71~2.701.58±0.571.6836.3127.2736.364.5527.274.550
水解性氮/(mg·kg–178.61~259.19150.68±47.76135.3931.6943.9433.339.0913.6400
有效磷/(mg·kg–121.14~92.4857.53±21.9561.4038.1672.7327.270000
速效钾/(mg·kg–135.00~642.50279.32±179.08206.2564.1154.5522.717.5810.614.550
), ArticleFig(id=1276618541176582931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618523740861089, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Contents and classification of soil medium and trace elements in litchi gardens in Yunnan

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标Index含量范围Content range均值Mean中值Median变异系数CV/%分布频率Distribution frequency/%
123456
有效钙/(mg·kg–1415.63~4900.001519.10±999.501396.8065.8066.6710.6115.157.5700
有效镁/(mg·kg–13.13~512.50165.01±131.35146.8879.6012.1224.2421.2121.2115.156.07
有效硫/(mg·kg–120.43~127.8943.11±21.2837.1849.3619.7063.6316.67000
有效硼/(mg·kg–10.19~1.440.47±0.220.4247.4304.5530.3063.631.520
有效铜/(mg·kg–10.76~6.062.49±1.491.9559.9953.0340.916.06000
有效铁/(mg·kg–17.18~124.8259.38±34.1550.6657.5095.4504.55000
有效锰/(mg·kg–12.56~104.7828.67±28.3816.9598.9622.7331.8236.369.0900
有效锌/(mg·kg–10.51~9.682.66±2.052.0276.8427.2759.0913.64000
有效钼/(mg·kg–10.08~0.720.15±0.130.1285.224.55015.1557.5822.720
), ArticleFig(id=1276618541252080404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618523740861089, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

云南荔枝园土壤中微量元素养分含量状况及分级占比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标Index含量范围Content range均值Mean中值Median变异系数CV/%分布频率Distribution frequency/%
123456
有效钙/(mg·kg–1415.63~4900.001519.10±999.501396.8065.8066.6710.6115.157.5700
有效镁/(mg·kg–13.13~512.50165.01±131.35146.8879.6012.1224.2421.2121.2115.156.07
有效硫/(mg·kg–120.43~127.8943.11±21.2837.1849.3619.7063.6316.67000
有效硼/(mg·kg–10.19~1.440.47±0.220.4247.4304.5530.3063.631.520
有效铜/(mg·kg–10.76~6.062.49±1.491.9559.9953.0340.916.06000
有效铁/(mg·kg–17.18~124.8259.38±34.1550.6657.5095.4504.55000
有效锰/(mg·kg–12.56~104.7828.67±28.3816.9598.9622.7331.8236.369.0900
有效锌/(mg·kg–10.51~9.682.66±2.052.0276.8427.2759.0913.64000
有效钼/(mg·kg–10.08~0.720.15±0.130.1285.224.55015.1557.5822.720
), ArticleFig(id=1276618541319189269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618523740861089, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Comprehensive index of soil fertility IFI of litchi orchards

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样点Sampling point综合肥力指数IFI土壤肥力水平Soil fertility level采样点Sampling point综合肥力指数IFI土壤肥力水平Soil fertility level
屏边0.94优质(Ⅰ级)元阳0.81良好(Ⅱ级)
保山0.51一般(Ⅲ级)永德0.73良好(Ⅱ级)
新平0.77良好(Ⅱ级)盈江0.97优质(Ⅰ级)
), ArticleFig(id=1276618541390492438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618523740861089, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

荔枝园土壤肥力综合指数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样点Sampling point综合肥力指数IFI土壤肥力水平Soil fertility level采样点Sampling point综合肥力指数IFI土壤肥力水平Soil fertility level
屏边0.94优质(Ⅰ级)元阳0.81良好(Ⅱ级)
保山0.51一般(Ⅲ级)永德0.73良好(Ⅱ级)
新平0.77良好(Ⅱ级)盈江0.97优质(Ⅰ级)
), ArticleFig(id=1276618541445018391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618523740861089, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Explanation of total variance of principal components of each fertility index

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分Component初始特征值Initial eigenvalue提取载荷平方和Extract sum of squares of load
特征值Eigenvalue方差百分比Variance percentage/%累积贡献率Cumulative percentage/%特征值Eigenvalue方差百分比Variance percentage/%累积贡献率Cumulative percentage/%
13.33756.28856.2883.37756.28856.288
21.42023.66679.9541.42023.66679.954
30.5238.72388.677
40.3495.81194.488
50.1943.23997.727
60.1362.273100.00
), ArticleFig(id=1276618541537293080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618523740861089, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

各肥力指标主成分总方差解释度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分Component初始特征值Initial eigenvalue提取载荷平方和Extract sum of squares of load
特征值Eigenvalue方差百分比Variance percentage/%累积贡献率Cumulative percentage/%特征值Eigenvalue方差百分比Variance percentage/%累积贡献率Cumulative percentage/%
13.33756.28856.2883.37756.28856.288
21.42023.66679.9541.42023.66679.954
30.5238.72388.677
40.3495.81194.488
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云南省荔枝园土壤养分肥力评价
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毕珏 1 , 张惠云 1 , 宋云连 1 , 郑健 1 , 杜朝金 1 , 王跃全 1 , 刘杨武 1 , 章勇 1 , 刘能翠 2 , 罗心平 1, *
热带作物学报 | 采后处理与农业生态 2025,46(12): 3039-3052
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热带作物学报 |采后处理与农业生态 2025 , 46 (12) : 3039 -3052
云南省荔枝园土壤养分肥力评价
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毕珏1, 张惠云1, 宋云连1, 郑健1, 杜朝金1, 王跃全1, 刘杨武1, 章勇1, 刘能翠2, 罗心平1, *
作者信息
  • 1.云南省农业科学院热带亚热带经济作物研究所,云南保山 678000
  • 2.屏边县经济作物技术推广站,云南屏边 661200
通讯作者:
* 罗心平(LUO Xinping),E-mail:
Evaluation of Soil Fertility in Litchi Orchards in Yunnan Province, China
Jue BI1, Huiyun ZHANG1, Yunlian SONG1, Jian ZHENG1, Chaojin DU1, Yuequan WANG1, Yangwu LIU1, Yong ZHANG1, Nengcui LIU2, Xinping LUO1, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Baoshan, Yunan 678000, China
  • 2.Pingbian Economic Crop Workstation, Pingbian, Yunnan 661200, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.12.021
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通过分析云南省荔枝主产区土壤基本化学性质、养分含量及其分布特征,以期为该区荔枝园土壤养分管理与科学施肥提供基础数据和理论依据。于2023年采集云南省6个主产区的22个荔枝园土壤样品,测定土壤pH、有机质含量、大中微量元素有效态含量,通过模糊综合评判法,分析和评价云南荔枝园土壤肥力水平。结果表明:云南荔枝种植区土壤pH为5.62,22.73%土壤的pH适宜荔枝生长(pH为5.0~5.5),27.28%土壤的阳离子交换量(CEC)低于10.00 cmol/kg,表明保肥能力还需提高;有机质含量整体较高(14.81~57.06 g/kg);除保山外,其他园区的土壤全氮含量(0.84~2.70 g/kg)达中等水平(>1.00 g/kg);除永德县一果园的速效钾含量(36.67 mg/kg)处于缺乏水平(<50.00 mg/kg),其他样点的土壤水解性氮(78.61~259.19 mg/kg)、有效磷(21.14~92.48 mg/kg)及速效钾含量(35.00~642.50 mg/kg)均达到中等水平以上;中微量元素中,有效钙(415.63~4900.00 mg/kg)、有效硫含量(20.43~127.89 mg/kg)较为丰富;有效镁含量(3.13~512.50 mg/kg)为中等水平以上,其中42.43%土壤低于临界值(4级,<100.00 mg/kg);有效锌(0.51~9.68 mg/kg)、有效铁(7.18~124.82 mg/kg)含量丰富;有效锰(2.56~104.78 mg/kg)、有效铜(0.76~6.06 mg/kg)含量为中等水平以上,9.09%土壤有效锰含量低于5.00 mg/kg;盈江产区的硼(B,0.88 mg/kg)和钼(Mo,0.43 mg/kg)均值含量处于丰富水平,屏边的B(0.44 mg/kg)和Mo(0.13 mg/kg)、元阳的B(0.31 mg/kg)和Mo(0.15 mg/kg)、保山的Mo(0.10 mg/kg)、永德的B(0.42 mg/kg)和Mo(0.10 mg/kg)、新平的B(0.41 mg/kg)和Mo(0.10 mg/kg)均处于缺乏水平。综合肥力指数(integrated fertility index,IFI)为0.51~0.97,均值为0.79,表明研究区荔枝园的土壤肥力良好,除保山样点处于Ⅲ级外,其余果园的肥力水平均达Ⅱ级以上。主成分分析结果表明,全氮含量、有机质含量、水解性氮含量和pH是影响土壤肥力的主要因素。本研究中的22个荔枝园土壤养分整体处于中等及以上水平,建议保山种植区需补充镁肥和钼肥,屏边、元阳、永德、新平种植区需补充硼肥和钼肥。

荔枝园  /  土壤  /  养分含量  /  综合肥力  /  影响因素

The study analyzed the soil chemical properties, nutrient contents and distribution characteristics in the litchi gardens from the major growing regions in Yunnan aimed to provide supports for nutrient and fertilization management in litchi gardens. Soil samples were collected from 22 litchi gardens in 6 major production regions. Soil pH, organic matter and multi-elements content were analyzed and used as the indicators to evaluate soil fertility via fuzzy comprehensive analysis. The results showed that soil pH was 5.62, with 22.73% of soil samples were suitable for litchi growth (pH=5.0~5.5). The cation exchange capacity (CEC) of 27.28% of soils was lower than 10.00 cmol/kg, indicating fertilizer retention ability should be improved. Organic matter content was relatively high (14.81-57.06 g/kg). Soil total N content (0.84-2.70 g/kg) was higher than medium level (>1.00 g/kg) excepting for Baoshan region. Soil alkaline hydrolyzed N (78.61-259.19 mg/kg), available P (21.14-92.48 mg/kg) and available K (35.00-642.50 mg/kg) were all higher than medium level excepting one orchard in Yongde, where the available K content (36.67 mg/kg) was at deficiency level (<50.00 mg/kg). Among the trace elements, available Ca (415.63-4900.00 mg/kg) and available S (20.43-127.89 mg/kg) were relatively abundant. Soil available Mg (3.13-512.50 mg/kg) was at moderate level, with 42.43% of samples were below the limit value (<100.00 mg/kg). Available Zn (0.51-9.68 mg/kg) and available Fe (7.18-124.82 mg/kg) were abundant. Available Mn (2.56-104.78 mg/kg) and available Cu (0.76-6.06 mg/kg) were at moderate level, with 8.60% of the samples showing available Mn lowering than 5.00 mg/kg. Available B and Mo were at sufficient level in Yingjiang at 0.88 and 0.43 mg/kg, while those in Pingbian (B: 0.44 mg/kg, Mo: 0.13 mg/kg), Yuanyang (B: 0.31 mg/kg, Mo: 0.15 mg/kg), Baoshan (Mo: 0.10 mg/kg), Yongde (B: 0.42 mg/kg, Mo: 0.10 mg/kg) and Xinping (B: 0.41 mg/kg, Mo: 0.10 mg/kg) were at deficient levels. The integrated fertility index (IFI) was 0.51-0.97, with average value at 0.79. All IFI values were above level II excepting Baoshan region at level III. The principal component analysis showed that total N, alkaline hydrolyzed N, organic matter and pH were the most important factors affecting soil fertility. The data suggested that the overall soil fertility of the studied 22 litchi gardens was above the medium level. Mg and Mo fertilizers can be improved in Baoshan, and B and Mo fertilizers can be improved in Pingbian, Yuanyang, Yongde and Xinping.

litchi garden  /  soil  /  nutrients content  /  integrate fertility  /  influencing factor
毕珏, 张惠云, 宋云连, 郑健, 杜朝金, 王跃全, 刘杨武, 章勇, 刘能翠, 罗心平. 云南省荔枝园土壤养分肥力评价. 热带作物学报, 2025 , 46 (12) : 3039 -3052 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.12.021
Jue BI, Huiyun ZHANG, Yunlian SONG, Jian ZHENG, Chaojin DU, Yuequan WANG, Yangwu LIU, Yong ZHANG, Nengcui LIU, Xinping LUO. Evaluation of Soil Fertility in Litchi Orchards in Yunnan Province, China[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2025 , 46 (12) : 3039 -3052 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.12.021
1990年至今,在市场经济和西部大开发推动下,云南省荔枝引种栽培取得一定发展[1]。相较于广东、广西、海南等荔枝产区,云南传统产区因高原立体气候优势,涵盖早熟、中晚熟、晚熟等荔枝品种,产期跨度大,为4月至9月上旬。目前,荔枝产业已成为支撑云南热区乡村振兴的特色产业,荔枝种植面积由2011年的0.37万hm2增长至2025年的0.95万hm2,产量由1.80万t提高至7.73万t[2-3]。云南属低纬度高原,山地垂直分布特征明显,土壤成土母质以基岩风化残积物(红壤、紫色土、石灰土等)和沉积物(冲积、湖积水稻土)为主,其中红壤、赤红壤、砖红壤、黄壤和黄棕壤约占土壤总面积的2/3[4]。作为野生荔枝起源中心[5],云南荔枝产区主要集中于滇中西、滇西南部海拔200~1200 m的热区,主要种植区包括屏边(4913.33 hm2)、元阳(600.00 hm2)、新平(466.67 hm2)、盈江(73.33 hm2)、保山(200.00 hm2)、永德(433.33 hm2[6]。近年来,因追求荔枝高产、早熟,通常施用过量化学肥料,导致果园出现土壤酸化板结、肥料利用率低、树体营养失衡等诸多障碍。
土壤养分的丰缺程度直接影响荔枝品质和产量[7]。目前研究主要关注荔枝主产区(广东、广西、海南等地)土壤有效养分丰缺状况、减施化肥对果品的影响以及适宜土壤pH等[7-10],而关于云南荔枝园土壤养分情况的研究则较少报道[11-12]。目前,已有研究仅针对云南某个区域的荔枝园,并且根据人为划分土壤肥力等级,不能真实全面反映土壤肥力水平,缺乏对云南省荔枝果园土壤养分分析及肥力的综合评价。为了全面掌握云南省荔枝园的土壤养分状况,于2023年在云南主要荔枝种植区[屏边、元阳、新平、永德、保山和盈江6个市(县)]进行土壤调查采样,通过综合肥力指数(IFI)分析荔枝园土壤肥力水平,为云南省荔枝园土壤养分管理与科学施肥提供基础数据和科学支撑。
于2023年对云南滇中西、滇西南部22个规模化荔枝示范园进行调查取样,其中屏边县选取8个代表性果园,共101.67 hm2;元阳县选取2个果园,共26.67 hm2;新平县选取3个果园,共31.73 hm2;永德县选取5个果园,共56.67 hm2;保山市选取2个果园,共20.67 hm2;盈江县选取2个果园,共29.33 hm2。采样区土壤类型和成土母质情况:屏边主要为黄壤,以石灰岩、白云岩等母质为主,pH呈酸性至强酸性;元阳以红壤为主,成土母质为石灰岩;‌新平以红壤、燥红土为主,沉积岩占主导,包含碳酸盐岩、红色砂页岩和酸性岩等;永德以赤红壤、花岗岩和片麻岩等酸性结晶岩为主;保山市具有红壤、赤红壤、水稻土等多种土壤类型,成土母质由花岗岩、砂页岩和河流冲积物等组成;盈江以砖红壤为主,成土母质以酸性结晶岩类风化物组成[4]
当年荔枝采果结束后或即将施用基肥前完成取样。根据果园面积大小及地形采用“X”形布点法进行样点布设,每个果园根据实际面积大小布置8~15个采样点,采用四分法取样后进行土样混合。土样自然风干研磨后,根据不同指标分析要求采用尼龙筛过滤(0.149、0.250、2.000 mm),每个指标重复测定3次。
分析各土壤样品的基本化学性质和养分含量[13]。采用水浸电位法(2.5∶1,V/m)测定pH;采用重铬酸钾法测定有机质(OM)含量;采用凯氏定氮法测定全氮(TN)含量;采用0.5 mol/L NaHCO3浸提-钼锑抗比色法测定有效磷(AP)含量;采用乙酸铵浸提-火焰分光光度法(上海精科仪器FP6410)测定速效钾(AK)含量;采用碱解扩散法测定水解性氮(HN)含量;土壤有效态铁(Fe)、锰(Mn)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)含量均采用DTPA浸提(固液比1∶2)-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-OES; PerkinElmer Avio 550 MAX)测定;采用甲亚胺比色法(上海菁华754)测定有效硼(B)含量;采用乙酸浸提-分光光度法(上海菁华754)测定有效硫(S)含量;采用草酸/草酸铵浸提-电感耦合等离子体质谱联用仪(ICP-MS,PerkinElmer NEXION 1000G)测定有效钼(Mo)含量;采用1 mol/L乙酸铵浸提-原子吸收分光光度法(INEL PE-900H)测定有效态钙(Ca)、镁(Mg)含量;采用1 mol/L乙酸铵交换-凯氏定氮法(上海沛欧SKD-200)测定阳离子交换量(CEC)。
基于全国第二次土壤普查养分分级标准[14]对云南省荔枝主产区土壤养分进行分级评价。
选取土壤pH、有机质、全氮、水解性氮、有效磷及速效钾6项土壤常规养分指标作为土壤肥力评价指标[15]。采用模糊综合评判法确定各指标的隶属度函数[16],并根据隶属度函数公式,计算各指标隶属度值(A)。pH属于梯形函数,其余5项指标采用戒上型函数计算。梯形函数:
戒上形函数:
式中,Ai为评价因子i的隶属值,x为实测值,隶属度范围为0.10~1.00。6项指标隶属度函数曲线中转折点取值如表1所示[15, 17-18]
确定单项肥力评价指标权重系数:基于前期研究[15, 17-18],建立评价体系,采用主成分分析法,选择累计百分率>80%的主成分确定土壤肥力因子权重值(B[19],公式如下:
式中,为评价指标i与其他各指标间相关系数的均值,表示所有指标相关系数平均值之和。
综合肥力指数(IFI)计算公式:
式中,n为评价指标数量,BiAi分别为第i个指标的权重和隶属度值。综合肥力指数(IFI)取值为0~1,数值越大表示肥力越高。根据IFI数值范围,肥力等级包括[18]:Ⅰ级,IFI>0.90,肥力高,优质水平;Ⅱ级,0.65≤IFI≤0.90,肥力中等,良好水平;Ⅲ级,0.4≤IFI<0.65,肥力中下,一般水平;Ⅳ级,IFI<0.4,肥力低,质量很差。
试验数据以平均值±标准差(mean±SD)表示,采用Excel软件进行Pearson相关性分析(P<0.05,P<0.01),采用GraphPad Prism 8软件制图。
果园土壤pH在3.95~7.74之间,均值为5.62,强酸性(pH<4.5)和酸性(pH为4.5~5.5)土壤分别占18.18%和31.81%,弱酸性(pH为5.5~6.5)土壤占36.36%,中性(pH为6.5~7.5)土壤占13.65%(图1A)。适宜pH(5.0~5.5)的土壤样品占22.73%。CEC可衡量土壤保肥供肥及缓冲能力[20]。本研究的土壤CEC在4.01~22.45 cmol/kg之间,均值为11.81 cmol/kg。保肥能力较强(CEC>20 cmol/kg)、中等(CEC为10~20 cmol/kg)、较弱(CEC<10 cmol/kg)的土壤样品占比分别为4.54%、68.18%和27.28%(图1B)。整体上,研究区荔枝园土壤缓冲能力达中等水平,适宜荔枝树生长。
土壤有机质和全氮含量是判断土壤肥力的关键指标,其中全氮含量是衡量土壤供氮能力的重要指标[21]。结果显示,调查区果园有机质含量为14.81~57.06 g/kg,均值为29.33 g/kg,变异系数为37.94%;土壤全氮含量为0.71~2.70 g/kg,均值为1.58 g/kg。速效钾、水解性氮和有效磷含量的均值分别为279.32、150.68、57.53 mg/kg,变异系数分别为64.11%、31.69%和38.16%,表明不同果园速效钾和有效磷的含量存在差异(表2)。
根据全国第二次土壤普查分级标准,研究区中有27.27%土壤的有机质含量为中下水平(10.00~20.00 g/kg),72.73%土壤为中等及以上水平(20~30 g/kg);除保山外,68.18%土壤的全氮含量为中等水平(>1.00 g/kg)。86.36%土壤水解性氮达中等水平以上(>90 mg/kg);有效磷则主要集中于极丰富水平(>40 mg/kg),占72.73%;84.84%土壤速效钾超过中等水平,中下(50~100 mg/kg)、缺乏水平(30~50 mg/kg)占比分别为10.61%和4.55%。总体来看,除保山外,研究区其余荔枝园有效磷处于丰富水平,有机质、全氮、水解性氮和速效钾为中等水平(表2)。
表3可知,土壤有效镁、有效钙含量的均值分别为165.01、1519.10 mg/kg,变异系数分别为79.60%和65.80%;有效硫均值为43.11 mg/kg,变异系数为49.36%,表明不同果园间土壤有效Mg、Ca、S含量存在一定差异。有效钼、有效铜、有效铁、有效锰、有效锌和有效硼含量的均值分别为0.15、2.49、59.38、28.67、2.66、0.47 mg/kg,变异系数分别为85.22%、59.99%、57.50%、98.96%、76.84%和47.43%,表明不同果园间土壤有效钼、铜、铁、锰、锌和有效硼含量差异较大。
基于全国第二次土壤普查分级标准,研究区中有77.28%土壤的有效钙达到丰富(700~1000 mg/kg)及以上水平,15.15%土壤为中等水平(500~700 mg/kg),7.57%土壤为缺乏水平(300~500 mg/kg)。42.43%土壤有效镁含量为缺乏水平(<100 mg/kg),57.57%为中等(100~200 mg/kg)及以上水平。83.33%土壤有效硫达丰富水平(>30 mg/kg),16.67%为中等水平(16~30 mg/kg)。综上,有效钙、有效硫含量整体评价为丰富水平,而有效镁含量为中等水平(表3)。
微量元素中,27.27%土壤有效锌达极丰富水平(>3 mg/kg),59.09%达丰富水平(1.00~3.00 mg/kg),13.64%为中等水平(0.50~1.00 mg/kg),整体评价为丰富水平。57.58%土壤有效钼缺乏(0.10~0.15 mg/kg),极缺乏和中等水平分别占22.72%、15.15%,4.55%达极丰富水平(>0.30 mg/kg),整体评价为缺乏水平。65.15%土壤有效硼处于缺乏(0.20~0.50 mg/kg)和极缺乏(<0.20 mg/kg)水平,30.30%为中等水平(0.50~1.00 mg/kg),仅4.55%达丰富水平(1.00~2.00 mg/kg),整体评价为缺乏水平。93.94%有效铜含量达丰富(1.00~1.80 mg/kg)及以上水平,6.06%为中等水平(0.20~1.00 mg/kg),整体评价为丰富水平。95.45%有效铁含量达极丰富水平(>20.00 mg/kg)。22.73%有效锰达极丰富水平(>30.00 mg/kg),31.82%为丰富水平(15.00~30.00 mg/kg),36.36%为中等水平(5.00~15.0 mg/kg),9.09%为缺乏水平(1.00~5.00 mg/kg),整体评价为中等水平(表3)。
结果表明,元阳荔枝园土壤pH最高(6.84~7.74),均值为7.29;保山次之,均值为6.05;新平、盈江和永德pH均值分别为5.81、5.58和5.36。其中,屏边荔枝园50.00%土壤呈酸性(pH<5.0)(图2A)。土壤CEC整体为中等水平,盈江土壤CEC最高,均值达18.80 cmol/kg,其次为元阳(16.75 cmol/kg),而永德最低(8.53 cmol/kg)(图2B)。
有机质含量表现为盈江>屏边>元阳>永德>新平>保山。其中,保山荔枝园土壤有机质含量最低(均值为17.03 g/kg),而盈江土壤有机质含量最高,达52.60 g/kg。永德、元阳和屏边土壤有机质含量较为接近,为25.09、26.96、33.65 g/kg(图2C)。
研究区荔枝园土壤大量元素含量如图3所示。屏边土壤全氮(2.11 g/kg)、有效磷(72.25 mg/kg)、水解性氮(195.81 mg/kg)含量均显著高于其他地区,均达到极丰富水平。有效磷含量表现为屏边>永德>盈江>新平>元阳>保山。其中,保山荔枝园土壤全氮(0.75 g/kg)、有效磷(24.96 mg/kg)、水解性氮(91.95 mg/kg)、有效钾(94.58 mg/kg)含量最低,为中下水平。
研究区荔枝园土壤中、微量元素含量如图4所示,研究区有效钙含量均超过1000 mg/kg,最高为元阳县(3951.56 mg/kg),超过一级标准3.95倍。有效镁含量最高为元阳(477.08 mg/kg),达极丰富水平。有效硫含量最高为盈江县(87.59 mg/kg),最低为永德县(33.69 mg/kg)。
综上,研究区荔枝园土壤大、中量元素均达到中等及以上水平。有效铜、有效铁、有效锰、有效锌、有效钼含量差异较大,变异系数均超过50%。盈江有效锰(51.56 mg/kg)、有效硼(0.88 mg/kg)含量高于其余地区,而屏边、元阳、永德、新平的有效硼养分含量均处于缺乏水平。有效铁含量最高为永德县(74.00 mg/kg),有效铜最高为元阳县(4.20 mg/kg)。保山荔枝园土壤有效锌含量最低(1.11 mg/kg),为中下水平。除保山、盈江地区外普遍缺硼,钼则是云南荔枝园土壤最普遍缺乏的微量元素。
不同地区肥力评价指标隶属度如图5所示,隶属度值为0~1,数值越大,表明肥力越高。整体来看,研究区荔枝园土壤的有效磷、速效钾和水解性氮平均隶属度值较高,分别为0.94、0.86、0.85,表明云南区域荔枝园内土壤养分中有效磷、速效钾和水解性氮含量较为丰富,其中有效磷含量最高。此外,元阳县pH(0.29)、保山有机质(0.39)和全氮(0.25)的隶属度值与其余肥力指标相比相对较低。
土壤肥力指标相关性分析表明,土壤pH与有效镁(r=0.87**)、有效钙(r=0.82**)、速效钾(r=0.49**)呈极显著正相关(P<0.01);有机质与CEC(r=0.77**)、全氮(r=0.70**)、水解性氮(r=0.61**)、有效磷(r=0.50**)、速效钾(r=0.56**)、有效硼(r=0.50**)、硫(r=0.52**)和钼(r=0.56**)呈极显著正相关(P<0.01);有效锰与有效硼(r=0.45**)和钼(r=0.56**)呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。此外,有效铁与pH(r=–0.75**)、速效钾(r=–0.39**)、有效钙(r=–0.56**)和镁(r=–0.58**)呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)(图6)。
各养分权重系数中,速效钾的权重值最大(0.23),其次为全氮(0.19)和有机质(0.17),pH权重最低(0.12)。权重系数结果表明,土壤肥力的主要影响因子为速效钾、全氮和有机质。
研究区荔枝园土壤综合肥力指数(IFI)为0.51~0.97(表4),均值为0.79,综合肥力处于中上良好水平(Ⅱ级)。IFI值表现为盈江>屏边>元阳>新平>永德>保山,除保山土壤属于Ⅲ级水平,其余地区均达Ⅱ级及以上水平。
通过主成分分析探讨研究区荔枝园土壤肥力差异的指标,共提取出2个有效主成分(特征值>1),累积贡献率达79.954%(表5)。第1主成分中全氮、水解性氮和有机质的载荷值高,分别为0.93、0.84和0.82,表明氮和有机质是云南荔枝产区主要的限制因子;第2主成分中pH的载荷值为0.97,表明土壤肥力受酸碱度的影响。综上,研究区荔枝园土壤综合肥力达中等偏上水平,土壤质量中等,全氮、水解性氮、有机质和pH对土壤肥力影响较大。
结果表明,本研究调查区荔枝园土壤pH为3.95~7.74,与前期报道较为一致[11]。土壤N、P、K含量丰富,屏边、新平、元阳、永德荔枝园土壤中全氮、水解性氮、有效磷和速效钾养分含量达Ⅱ级丰富水平,保山土壤全氮含量处于缺乏水平。有机质是土壤肥力的物质基础,与地球碳循环密切相关[22]。研究区45.46%土壤有机质含量达到Ⅱ级丰富水平以上(>30 g/kg),土壤阳离子交换量达中等水平(>10 cmol/kg)占72.72%,适宜荔枝树生长。中量元素有效钙、有效硫含量达丰富水平,其中元阳、保山、新平荔枝园土壤有效镁为中等以上水平,屏边、盈江、永德地区则处于缺乏水平的临界值范围(100 mg/kg)。除保山、盈江地区外,其余产区存在缺硼问题,钼则是云南荔枝园土壤最普遍缺乏的养分元素。在供试荔枝园中,土壤综合肥力指数范围为0.51~0.97,均值为0.79,变异系数为0.17%,云南产区荔枝园平均土壤肥力整体达到2级良好水平。
6个产区中,盈江产区土壤养分含量最高,保山产区养分含量最低。盈江县地处亚热带河谷地带,年均气温19.3 ℃,10 ℃以上积温达6500 ℃[23],土壤有机质平均含量为52.60 g/kg,光、热、水资源能为荔枝提供极佳的生长环境,管理者重视增施有机肥以及定期深耕土壤,以上气候、管理等因素可能是盈江产区养分高于其他区域的原因之一。屏边县荔枝园土壤约50.00%呈酸性(pH<5.0),可能与该区成土母质的影响有关。元阳县荔枝园多由山地开垦而来,土壤中掺杂大量细碎的石灰岩,部分荔枝园附近有石膏矿厂,因此其土壤pH(7.29±0.47)偏中性至弱碱性,可能与其母质岩及矿石的影响有关。相较于其他区域,保山荔枝园土壤以燥红土为主,该地区呈现典型干热河谷土壤特征,高温少雨条件下,有机质分解快,且疏松多砂,保水保肥能力弱[24],导致天然肥力较低。
主成分分析中,全氮、水解性氮、有机质为PC1贡献度较高的因子,载荷值分别为0.93、0.84和0.82,表明氮和有机质的缺乏是云南荔枝产区土壤肥力的主要限制因子。在各养分权重系数中,速效钾权重值最大(0.23),其次为全氮(0.19)和有机质(0.17),表明速效钾与全氮、有机质含量对肥力贡献大;pH权重最低(0.12),表明其对最终肥力贡献最低。相关研究发现,荔枝土壤pH<4.64或pH>6.46时,植株生长受到显著抑制,pH中性时植株矮小且叶片黄化,铁、锰、锌等元素出现缺乏,而pH为5.5~6.0时植株生长较好[12]。果园土壤过酸或过碱均对植物产生不良影响,土壤过酸时,易引起果树铜、锰中毒[25],荔枝锰过量易引起黑皮病的发生[26]。土壤碱化易引起土壤质地黏重和低孔隙度问题的出现,盐分易在土壤中大量累积,加剧土壤质量恶化[27]。本研究结果显示,仅22.73%土壤样品pH在适宜荔枝生长的酸碱度范围(pH 5.0~5.5)内,其中屏边和永德50.00%和40.00%土壤呈酸性。反之,元阳荔枝园土壤pH达到7.29,且植株生长相对缓慢,表明该区域pH可能不利于荔枝生长,其影响机制需进一步研究。
相较于华南荔枝主产区,云南荔枝园土壤pH(5.62)高于广东(4.70)、广西(4.50)、福建(4.80)、海南(4.90)荔枝主产区,土壤有机质(云南29.33 g/kg,华南12.90 g/kg)、阳离子交换量(云南11.81 cmol/kg,华南6.80 cmol/kg)、全氮(云南1.58 g/kg,华南1.35 g/kg)、水解性氮(云南151.68 mg/kg,华南64.10 mg/kg)、有效磷(云南57.53 mg/kg,华南22.10 mg/kg)、速效钾(云南279.32 mg/kg,华南65.40 mg/kg)含量均高于华南荔枝主产区[11]。云南荔枝栽培区多处于山坡地,普遍存在养分贫瘠、水土易流失、保肥差,取水灌溉难等问题[6]。值得注意的是,研究区均存在栽种过密的情况,密植会加速土壤养分消耗,易引起病虫害频发导致管理成本增加[28]。长期土壤干旱,增加土壤容重,土壤通气性和持水能力下降,加剧土壤板结,甚至可能进一步加剧土壤酸化[29-30]
云南荔枝主产区整体肥力处于良好水平,但各区土壤性质和土壤肥力存在差别。云南屏边县荔枝果园偏酸性,元阳县偏碱性。因此,针对荔枝园酸化的问题,种植时间较长、土壤pH<5.0的果园需进行土壤酸度的合理调控。酸化严重的果园可用钙镁磷肥、碳酸镁代替过磷酸钙或使用性质温和的白云石粉,以及增施石灰、碱性肥料等方式来改良土壤[11]。偏碱性的土壤可施100~150 g/m2硫磺或配合腐殖酸肥料逐步恢复土壤活性[31]
整体上,云南荔枝产区土壤N、P、K含量均达到中等及以上水平。田间试验发现,生产上钾氮肥比(K2O∶N)保持在1.00~1.20,荔枝的品质和产量均得到提升[32-33]。有效磷在整个研究区均处于丰富水平(>35 mg/kg)以上。磷对促进果树花芽分化具有重要作用[34]。但施加磷肥后,磷肥极易被土壤吸附或形成难溶性物质,导致磷的可利用性降低。为保障植株生长和果实生产,通常施用过量磷肥。然而,长期撒施平衡型复合肥或单质磷肥,易导致土壤表层积累大量固定性磷,而根际土壤有效磷含量却较低[35-36]。因此,农业生产过程中可通过提高土壤内源磷的可利用性和利用率,为荔枝植株提供磷素营养,从而降低外源磷肥过量施用引起的环境污染问题。
中微量元素是荔枝树生长发育的重要营养元素,可直接影响其产量和品质[37]。本研究结果显示,研究区荔枝园土壤有效钙、镁、硫、锰、铁、锌和铜均能满足荔枝生长的营养需求,其中屏边和永德部分果园出现有效镁缺乏的现象。此外,云南产区普遍存在缺硼和钼的问题。镁元素对植物叶绿体结构维持起到关键的作用[38]。硼和钼能够促进果树成花、坐果。云南山地丘陵区(尤其是屏边、永德、盈江等地),以砖红壤、赤红壤和黄壤为主,土壤基础酸性强[11]。酸性条件下,铝、铁等阳离子会与镁竞争吸附位点,进一步降低镁的有效性。其次,云南省土壤中有效镁背景值为155 mg/kg[39],处于中等水平,地质背景导致原生镁储量不足。因此,为同时满足荔枝果树生长所需的磷、钙、镁,可使用钙镁磷肥取代过磷酸钙,同时适当补充硫酸钾镁或硫酸镁[8]。土壤中硼含量较低,生产中硼肥用量较少、喷施浓度较低,可能是导致荔枝园土壤缺硼的原因之一[40]。在荔枝开花前、谢花后和果实膨大期,可采用叶面喷施硼砂或硼酸的方式为植株补充硼[41],叶面喷施钼酸钠或钼酸铵补充钼[42]
云南荔枝种植区宜选择年均温18 ℃以上,无霜冻且极端最低温高于–2.5 ℃,12月至1月气温为0~10 ℃,年积温>10 ℃需达到5500 ℃以上的环境[1]。热区海拔低于500 m可发展特早熟品种(如三月红),海拔在500~900 m之间发展中晚熟品种(如桂味、妃子笑、无核荔),在盈江或其他地区海拔在900~1200 m之间发展特晚熟品种(如马贵荔)[6]。云南荔枝可根据地形气候进行科学化管理。首先,建立蓄水池和水土保持措施保证水分供应。特别是保山潞江镇、盈江县和元阳县等热区荔枝园,避免缺水引起植株出现干旱胁迫,影响荔枝成花和根系对养分的吸收[43]。其次,增施有机肥来提高荔枝园土壤肥力。生产上配施有机肥(如猪粪)可使荔枝产量提高13.80%[44-45],改善荔枝果色、减少病虫害发生[46-47],形成有益微生态环境,提高植株对养分的吸收[48]。此外,减少清园频率,有效利用荔枝园行间空地,间作平托花生、崖州硬皮豆等作物,也可进一步改善土壤理化性质和微生物菌群丰度[49-50]。同时,每隔5 a应深耕土壤,减缓土壤的压实,增强植株对土壤微量元素的吸收[10],增加荔枝园地表蓄水保肥能力,亦可有效提高土壤氮、磷、钾及有机质含量。
综上,云南荔枝园应根据不同地区土壤类型、果园地势地形等具体情况,选用经济实惠且有效的土壤改良措施,联合施用化肥和生物菌肥、有机肥,适度清园、深翻土壤和扩穴压青是减少病虫害和提高土壤肥力的有效方式。
云南荔枝园27.27%的土壤呈酸性(pH<5.0),22.73%土壤的pH适宜荔枝生长(pH为5.0~5.5),27.27%的土壤的pH在5.5~6.5弱酸环境中,而22.73%土壤呈中性偏碱(pH>6.5)。土壤有效磷、有效硫、有效锌、有效铁和有效钙达到较丰富水平,全氮、有机质、阳离子交换量、水解性氮、速效钾、有效锰、有效铜及有效镁含量达到中等水平。保山、屏边和永德生产区部分果园存在肥力失衡问题,全氮、有效镁养分稀缺,整个云南产区有效钼和有效硼元素最为缺乏。总体而言,云南产区荔枝园土壤肥力达到Ⅱ级良好水平,但保山土壤肥力为Ⅲ级一般水平,屏边、元阳、新平、永德和盈江县荔枝果园均达到良好(Ⅱ级)及以上水平。第1主成分中,全氮、水解性氮、有机质载荷值分别为0.93、0.84和0.82,表明氮和有机质是该区土壤肥力的主要限制因子。因此,行间可种植伴生植物和增加生物有机肥的施用量来减少化学肥料用量,定期进行土壤深耕,减缓土壤压实,增强植株对土壤微量元素的吸收。此外,可使用石灰、碱性肥料等进行土壤pH改良。适时增施镁、硼和钼肥,适量补充土壤有机质、有效磷和碱解氮共同提升荔枝园土壤综合肥力水平。
  • 云南省科技厅科技计划项目(202304BP090009)
  • 国家现代农业产业技术体系资助项目“国家荔枝龙眼产业技术体系”(CARS-32)
  • 海南省重点研发项目(ZDYF2023XDNY052)
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2025年第46卷第12期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.12.021
  • 接收时间:2025-06-25
  • 首发时间:2026-06-24
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-25
  • 录用日期:2025-09-02
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云南省科技厅科技计划项目(202304BP090009)
国家现代农业产业技术体系资助项目“国家荔枝龙眼产业技术体系”(CARS-32)
海南省重点研发项目(ZDYF2023XDNY052)
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    1.云南省农业科学院热带亚热带经济作物研究所,云南保山 678000
    2.屏边县经济作物技术推广站,云南屏边 661200

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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