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Article(id=1276616349673718538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276616263778562546, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.11.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743436800000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1752076800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-07-10, onlineDate=1782298656147, onlineDateStr=2026-06-24, pubDate=1764000000000, pubDateStr=2025-11-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782298656147, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782298656147, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782298656147, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276616263778562546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2025', volume='46', issue='11', pageStart='2549', pageEnd='2815', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1764000000000', pubDateStr='2025-11-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782298635668, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782299117657, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276618285483426694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276616263778562546, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276618285487620999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276616263778562546, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2633, endPage=2644, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276616350135091980, articleId=1276616349673718538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Analysis and Comprehensive Evaluation of Fruit Quality of 51 Pomelo Germplasms, columnId=1236256430060261740, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Germplasm Resources, Genetics & Breeding, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The study determined quality indexes including single fruit mass, longitudinal and transverse fruit diameter, peel thickness, edible rate, soluble solids and titratable acid of 51 pomelo accessions to analyze the fruit quality characteristics of different pomelo germplasm resources and establish a comprehensive evaluation system. Correlation analysis and principal component analysis were employed to comprehensively evaluate the fruit quality. The fruit longitudinal diameter ranged from 64.00 to 191.00 mm, with transverse diameter measured between 76.00 and 170.90 mm. Fruit shape index values varied from 0.82 to 1.35, while single fruit mass spanned 220.00 to 1750.00 g. Peel mass was recorded between 50.00 and 996.00 g, with edible rates from 19% to 81%. Peel thickness measurements showed variation from 4.00 to 39.67 mm. Segment number per fruit was 10-20, soluble solids content ranged 4.50%-10.90%, and titratable acid level was 0.13%-2.96%. The solid-acid ratio varied between 2.70 and 41.70, with number of seeds ranging from 0 to 224. It indicated that the phenotypic diversity of pomelo germplasm resources in Hekou, Yunnan was rich. Pearson correlation analysis revealed that longitudinal diameter exhibited significant positive correlations with fruit shape index and single fruit mass. Transverse diameter showed extremely significant positive correlations with single fruit mass and peel mass. Significant negative correlations were observed between edible rate and peel thickness, titratable acid and solid acid ratio. Cluster analysis grouped the resources into approximately four categories, with each group displaying substantial difference in both external appearance and internal quality. By principal component analysis (PCA), the 13 traits were integrated into 4 principal components, and the contribution rate of the first principal component was 31.614%. The longitudinal diameter, transverse diameter, single fruit mass and peel mass contributed more. The contribution rate of the second principal component was 16.842%, which was based on edible percentage, number of segments and soluble solid. The contribution rate of the third principal component was 15.397%, and the contribution rate of titratable acid was larger. The contribution rate of the fourth principal component was 14.686%, which was based on the number of seeds. After fruit quality analysis and comprehensive evaluation, Yunqing 1, Green peel and red flesh Pomelo, Huangjin pomelo, Guanxi red flesh pomelo, Dongshizao Pomelo, and Wanbai Pomelo demonstrated superior comprehensive quality and were recommended as candidate materials for main cultivars or breeding parents in Hekou, Yunnan.

, authors=null, authorsList=Guanglin BI, Linyang CHEN, Yongzhi YANG, Chun LI, Guorui FENG, Wanyun LI, Ying SUN, Yonghui LI, Dongxing ZHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Dongxing ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276616352920109843, articleId=1276616349673718538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=51份柚类种质果实品质分析与综合评价, columnId=1236256430219645304, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=种质资源与遗传育种, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了分析不同类型柚类种质资源果实品质特点，建立柚类果实品质的综合评价体系，本研究测定了51份不同类型柚类果实的单果质量、果实纵径、横径、果皮厚度、可食率、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸等品质指标，并利用相关性分析和主成分分析法对果实品质进行综合评价。结果表明：果实纵径为64.00~191.00 mm，横径为76.00~170.90 mm，果形指数为0.82~1.35，单果质量为220.00~1750.00 g，果皮质量为50.00~996.00 g，可食率为19%~81%，果皮厚度为4.00~39.67 mm，嚢瓣数为10~20，可溶性固形物为4.50%~10.90%，可滴定酸为0.13%~2.96%，固酸比为2.70~41.70，种子数为0~224粒，可见，云南省河口柚子种质资源的表型多样性丰富。采用Pearson法对其主要品质特性进行相关性分析发现，纵径与果形指数、单果质量呈显著正相关，横径与单果质量、果皮质量呈极显著正相关，可食率与果皮厚度、可滴定酸与固酸比呈显著负相关；聚类分析得出，这些柚类种质大致分为4类，每个类群在果实外观和内在品质方面均存在较大差异。利用主成分分析法将13个性状分成4个主成分因子：第1主成分贡献率为31.614%，以果实形态为主，纵径、横径、单果质量、果皮质量贡献较大；第2主成分贡献率为16.842%，可食率、可溶性固形物、嚢瓣数贡献较大；第3主成分贡献率为15.397%，可滴定酸贡献较大；第4主成分贡献率为14.686%，种子数量等贡献较大。经过果实品质分析与综合评价，云青1号、青皮红心柚、黄金蜜柚、琯溪红肉蜜柚、东试早柚和晚白柚为综合品质优异的的种质资源，可优选作为云南河口主栽品种或育种亲本材料。

, authors=

* 同等贡献作者

毕光林（1993—），男，硕士，助理研究员，研究方向：柑橘种质资源评价及应用

陈林杨（1984—），男，硕士，助理研究员，研究方向：资源收集评价及应用。

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** 赵东兴（ZHAO Dongxing），E-mail：。
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毕光林（1993—），男，硕士，助理研究员，研究方向：柑橘种质资源评价及应用

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毕光林（1993—），男，硕士，助理研究员，研究方向：柑橘种质资源评价及应用

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陈林杨（1984—），男，硕士，助理研究员，研究方向：资源收集评价及应用。

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陈林杨（1984—），男，硕士，助理研究员，研究方向：资源收集评价及应用。

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Fruit quality analysis of different grapefruit varieties in Nankang, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276616388529750932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616349673718538, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1993, volume=22, issue=2, pageStart=3, pageEnd=7, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=46, authorNames=陈竹生, 陈全友, 江才伦, 吴云伦, 郭天池, 聂华堂, 计玉, 甘俊新, journalName=中国柑桔, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈竹生, 陈全友, 江才伦, 吴云伦, 郭天池, 聂华堂, 计玉, 甘俊新. 二十三个柚品种特性评价[J]. 中国柑桔, 1993, 22(2): 3-7., articleTitle=二十三个柚品种特性评价, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276616388601054101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616349673718538, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1993, volume=22, issue=2, pageStart=3, pageEnd=7, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=47, authorNames=CHEN Z S, CHEN Q Y, JIANG C L, WU Y L, GUO T C, NIE H T, JI Y, GAN J X, journalName=China Citrus, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHEN Z S, CHEN Q Y, JIANG C L, WU Y L, GUO T C, NIE H T, JI Y, GAN J X. 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The investigation of pomelo germplasms and the origin analysis of Majiayou in Guangfeng, Jiangxi province[D]. Wuhan: Huazhong Agricultural University, 2012. (in Chinese), articleTitle=The investigation of pomelo germplasms and the origin analysis of Majiayou in Guangfeng, Jiangxi province, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276616389028873114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616349673718538, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=null, issue=1, pageStart=90, pageEnd=95, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=52, authorNames=刘勇, 刘德春, 吴波, 孙中海, journalName=农业生物技术学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘勇, 刘德春, 吴波, 孙中海. 利用SSR标记对中国柚类资源及近缘种遗传多样性研究[J]. 农业生物技术学报, 2006(1): 90-95., articleTitle=利用SSR标记对中国柚类资源及近缘种遗传多样性研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276616389100176283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616349673718538, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=null, issue=1, pageStart=90, pageEnd=95, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=53, authorNames=LIU Y, LIU D C, WU B, SUN Z H, journalName=Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU Y, LIU D C, WU B, SUN Z H. Genetic diversity of pummelo and their relatives based on SSR markers[J]. Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology, 2006(1): 90-95. 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Breeding analysis of pomelo varieties (lines) in China and collection, identification and preliminary evaluation of pomelo germplasm resources of Hainan[D]. Haikou: Hainan University, 2021. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Breeding analysis of pomelo varieties (lines) in China and collection, identification and preliminary evaluation of pomelo germplasm resources of Hainan, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276616389444109214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616349673718538, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=13, issue=4, pageStart=643, pageEnd=646, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=56, authorNames=陈巍, 郭秀珠, 黄品湖, 徐文荣, 林绍生, journalName=植物遗传资源学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈巍, 郭秀珠, 黄品湖, 徐文荣, 林绍生. 浙南柚类地方资源遗传多样性分析和鉴定[J]. 植物遗传资源学报, 2012, 13(4): 643-646., articleTitle=浙南柚类地方资源遗传多样性分析和鉴定, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276616389523800991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616349673718538, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=13, issue=4, pageStart=643, pageEnd=646, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=57, authorNames=CHEN W, GUO X Z, HUANG P H, XU W R, LIN S S, journalName=Journal of Plant Genetic Resources, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHEN W, GUO X Z, HUANG P H, XU W R, LIN S S. Genetic diversity analysis and identification of pummelo germplasms in southern Zhejiang province[J]. Journal of Plant Genetic Resources, 2012, 13(4): 643-646. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Genetic diversity analysis and identification of pummelo germplasms in southern Zhejiang province, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276616389599298464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616349673718538, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2002, volume=126, issue=null, pageStart=169, pageEnd=176, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=58, authorNames=CORAZZA-NUNES M J, MACHADO M A, NUNES W M, CRISTOFANI M, TARGON M L, journalName=Euphytica, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CORAZZA-NUNES M J, MACHADO M A, NUNES W M, CRISTOFANI M, TARGON M L. Assessment of genetic variability in grapefruits (Citrus paradisi Macf.) and pummelos (C. maxima (Burm.) Merr.) using RAPD and SSR markers[J]. Euphytica, 2002, 126: 169-176., articleTitle=Assessment of genetic variability in grapefruits (Citrus paradisi Macf.) and pummelos (C. maxima (Burm.) 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*表示显著相关（P<0.05），**表示极显著相关（P<0.01）。

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Information on 51 tested pomelo germplasm resources

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号No.种质Germplasm来源Origin序号No.种质Germplasm来源Origin
1强德勒柚美国27胡柚中国浙江省常山县青石乡澄潭村
2沙暹柚中国28梁平柚中国重庆市梁平县
3红宝石柚泰国29五步红心柚中国重庆市巴县五步乡
4黄金蜜柚中国福建省30THANHLA越南
5龙安柚中国四川省广安市广安区龙安乡群策村31三红蜜柚中国福建省平和县
6泉州文旦柚中国福建省泉州市32实生青柚中国
7晚白柚中国福建省33越南大果白柚越南
8下河蜜柚中国福建省云霄县下河乡下河村34越南小果白柚越南
9坪山柚中国福建省漳州市华安县新圩镇黄枣村35东风柚中国云南省西双版纳州景洪市
10东试早柚中国云南省西双版纳州景洪市36刘铭顾青柚中国云南省红河州河口县
11龙柚1号中国福建省漳州市芗城区37有核青皮红心柚中国云南省红河州河口县
12福鼎四季柚中国福建省福鼎市38无核青皮红心柚中国云南省红河州河口县
13琯溪红肉蜜柚中国福建省漳州市平和县39云青1号中国云南省红河州河口县
14漳州柚中国福建省漳州市40泽拉青皮红心柚越南
15小甜柚中国41HB柚中国福建省漳州市平和五寨
16琯溪白肉蜜柚中国福建省漳州市平和县42青皮红心柚中国云南河口汇友公司
17四季柚中国浙江省温州市苍南县马站镇43考雅中国云南省西双版纳州景洪市
18沙田柚中国广西壮族自治区玉林市容县沙田村44蜂蜜香中国云南省西双版纳州景洪市
19桔柚中国45早熟沙田柚中国广西壮族自治区玉林市沙田村
20彭州柚中国四川省彭州市46桥头红心柚中国云南省红河州河口县桥头乡
21越南红柚越南47金香柚中国湘西
22本地红柚中国云南省红河州河口县48胶杯厂红心柚中国云南河口胶杯厂地方野生种
23白蜂蜜柚泰国49暹罗红柚泰国
24火焰葡萄柚美国50台湾柚中国
25高浦柚泰国51台湾红肉柚中国
26金堂绿柚中国四川省成都市金堂县
), ArticleFig(id=1276616376047502166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616349673718538, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

51份供试柚种质资源信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号No.种质Germplasm来源Origin序号No.种质Germplasm来源Origin
1强德勒柚美国27胡柚中国浙江省常山县青石乡澄潭村
2沙暹柚中国28梁平柚中国重庆市梁平县
3红宝石柚泰国29五步红心柚中国重庆市巴县五步乡
4黄金蜜柚中国福建省30THANHLA越南
5龙安柚中国四川省广安市广安区龙安乡群策村31三红蜜柚中国福建省平和县
6泉州文旦柚中国福建省泉州市32实生青柚中国
7晚白柚中国福建省33越南大果白柚越南
8下河蜜柚中国福建省云霄县下河乡下河村34越南小果白柚越南
9坪山柚中国福建省漳州市华安县新圩镇黄枣村35东风柚中国云南省西双版纳州景洪市
10东试早柚中国云南省西双版纳州景洪市36刘铭顾青柚中国云南省红河州河口县
11龙柚1号中国福建省漳州市芗城区37有核青皮红心柚中国云南省红河州河口县
12福鼎四季柚中国福建省福鼎市38无核青皮红心柚中国云南省红河州河口县
13琯溪红肉蜜柚中国福建省漳州市平和县39云青1号中国云南省红河州河口县
14漳州柚中国福建省漳州市40泽拉青皮红心柚越南
15小甜柚中国41HB柚中国福建省漳州市平和五寨
16琯溪白肉蜜柚中国福建省漳州市平和县42青皮红心柚中国云南河口汇友公司
17四季柚中国浙江省温州市苍南县马站镇43考雅中国云南省西双版纳州景洪市
18沙田柚中国广西壮族自治区玉林市容县沙田村44蜂蜜香中国云南省西双版纳州景洪市
19桔柚中国45早熟沙田柚中国广西壮族自治区玉林市沙田村
20彭州柚中国四川省彭州市46桥头红心柚中国云南省红河州河口县桥头乡
21越南红柚越南47金香柚中国湘西
22本地红柚中国云南省红河州河口县48胶杯厂红心柚中国云南河口胶杯厂地方野生种
23白蜂蜜柚泰国49暹罗红柚泰国
24火焰葡萄柚美国50台湾柚中国
25高浦柚泰国51台湾红肉柚中国
26金堂绿柚中国四川省成都市金堂县
), ArticleFig(id=1276616376139776855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616349673718538, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Diversity analysis of 51 pomelo germplasm resources for fruit extrinsic quality

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性状Parameter最小值Minimum value最大值Maximum value平均值Average value标准差Standard deviation变异系数Variable coefficient/%
纵径/mm64.00191.00143.4021.7715
横径/mm76.00170.90142.5817.1612
果形指数0.821.351.010.1111
单果质量/g220.001750.001133.82300.6827
果皮质量/g50.00996.00431.44155.3336
果皮厚度/mm4.0039.6716.335.5034
囊瓣数102014.652.1915
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51份柚种质资源果实外观品质多样性分析

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性状Parameter最小值Minimum value最大值Maximum value平均值Average value标准差Standard deviation变异系数Variable coefficient/%
纵径/mm64.00191.00143.4021.7715
横径/mm76.00170.90142.5817.1612
果形指数0.821.351.010.1111
单果质量/g220.001750.001133.82300.6827
果皮质量/g50.00996.00431.44155.3336
果皮厚度/mm4.0039.6716.335.5034
囊瓣数102014.652.1915
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Diversity analysis of fruit intrinsic quality of 51 pomelo germplasm resources

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性状Trait最小值Minimum value最大值Maximum value平均值Average value标准差Standard deviation变异系数Variable coefficient/%
可食率/%1981621017
种子数0224107.4846.5443
可溶性固形物/%4.5010.908.711.4216
可滴定酸/%0.132.960.830.5060
固酸比2.7041.7013.537.8958
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51份柚种质资源果实内在品质的多样性分析

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性状Trait最小值Minimum value最大值Maximum value平均值Average value标准差Standard deviation变异系数Variable coefficient/%
可食率/%1981621017
种子数0224107.4846.5443
可溶性固形物/%4.5010.908.711.4216
可滴定酸/%0.132.960.830.5060
固酸比2.7041.7013.537.8958
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Principal component analysis of fruit quality of 51 pomelo germplasm samples in Hekou, Yunnan

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项目Item主成分1PCA1主成分2PCA2主成分3PCA3主成分4PCA4
纵径0.8150.0920.363-0.353
横径0.860-0.0030.0490.372
果形指数0.2480.1440.434-0.791
单果质量0.8890.2510.0420.077
果皮质量0.822-0.491-0.030-0.015
可食率-0.1990.8460.1180.071
果皮厚度0.638-0.6450.1460.092
中心柱0.0590.1130.2350.522
嚢瓣数0.4980.459-0.0090.167
可溶性固形物0.3260.437-0.180-0.340
可滴定酸-0.341-0.1320.8130.034
固酸比0.4300.230-0.752-0.065
种子数0.2500.4730.3880.221
特征值4.1102.1891.8721.519
贡献率/%31.61416.84215.39714.686
累计贡献率/%31.61448.45663.85378.539
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云南河口51份柚种质果实品质主成分分析

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项目Item主成分1PCA1主成分2PCA2主成分3PCA3主成分4PCA4
纵径0.8150.0920.363-0.353
横径0.860-0.0030.0490.372
果形指数0.2480.1440.434-0.791
单果质量0.8890.2510.0420.077
果皮质量0.822-0.491-0.030-0.015
可食率-0.1990.8460.1180.071
果皮厚度0.638-0.6450.1460.092
中心柱0.0590.1130.2350.522
嚢瓣数0.4980.459-0.0090.167
可溶性固形物0.3260.437-0.180-0.340
可滴定酸-0.341-0.1320.8130.034
固酸比0.4300.230-0.752-0.065
种子数0.2500.4730.3880.221
特征值4.1102.1891.8721.519
贡献率/%31.61416.84215.39714.686
累计贡献率/%31.61448.45663.85378.539
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Principal component scores and comprehensive evaluation scores of quality traits of 51 pomelo germplasms in Hekou, Yunnan

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种质GermplasmF1F2F3F4F排名Ranking
云青1号3.3511.972-0.9273.0702.1691
青皮红心柚2.1421.3920.988-0.5881.3212
黄金蜜柚1.2531.2783.783-1.9251.2493
三红蜜柚0.1183.6001.1340.9221.2274
琯溪红肉蜜柚2.1120.1720.257-0.1540.9605
晚白柚4.823-2.556-2.9180.0830.9176
东试早柚2.003-0.100-0.1980.5880.8817
蜂蜜香0.802-0.0461.6421.2640.8458
台湾红肉柚1.2331.446-0.6330.2860.7729
刘铭顾青柚1.379-0.0621.369-0.5410.75010
下河蜜柚1.0751.1800.303-0.4030.71811
暹罗红柚0.359-1.4542.0222.4980.60612
彭州柚1.1502.222-2.0920.0950.60113
有核青皮红心柚1.1360.347-0.2830.4920.58314
泽拉青皮红心柚1.029-0.5951.0940.4380.58215
红宝石柚1.4730.2500.044-0.8020.56416
高浦柚-0.0251.6340.3020.2410.45517
越南小果白柚0.4190.4710.0620.7340.41118
实生青柚0.0500.1351.1090.9220.41019
无核青皮红心柚0.253-0.5902.655-0.7540.36920
台湾柚1.474-0.2530.007-2.0200.25221
沙田柚1.1921.774-1.802-2.1460.22222
越南红柚0.474-0.247-0.4510.6500.16023
早熟沙田柚0.8281.016-1.519-1.1450.10824
泉州文旦柚0.921-1.428-0.5590.7580.07925
本地红柚0.1340.1960.311-1.054-0.00426
坪山柚1.498-2.351-0.047-0.649-0.00727
THANHLA-0.2100.379-0.2250.245-0.00828
四季柚3.427-5.9930.118-0.968-0.03029
龙安柚-0.2791.019-0.529-0.338-0.04330
HB柚-0.1571.440-2.5240.744-0.11231
福鼎四季柚0.245-1.0320.492-0.608-0.13032
越南大果白柚-0.6130.757-0.9200.813-0.13933
小甜柚0.289-1.386-0.7271.080-0.16234
白蜂蜜柚-1.166-0.461-0.0552.474-0.22135
强德勒柚-1.536-1.1431.2872.498-0.26936
沙暹柚-1.1800.3280.7280.0350-0.28037
梁平柚-1.1320.810-0.3180.439-0.28938
五步红心柚-2.2710.3633.749-0.845-0.29039
东风柚-0.280-0.4630.221-2.333-0.54640
胡柚-0.7770.059-1.6900.612-0.54741
火焰葡萄柚-0.8690.346-0.068-1.731-0.57542
桔柚-1.1450.094-0.533-0.183-0.59643
琯溪白肉蜜柚-1.0090.367-0.296-1.414-0.62444
考雅-0.202-0.344-0.779-2.125-0.64745
彰州柚-1.606-0.820-0.4641.587-0.70746
桥头红心柚-3.153-1.2181.7201.113-1.10647
胶杯厂红心柚-2.8640.587-1.217-0.557-1.40448
金香柚-4.338-0.554-0.985-0.618-2.25249
金堂绿柚-6.0270.225-0.790-0.525-2.74050
龙柚1号-5.805-2.760-1.846-0.258-3.48351
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51份柚种质在云南河口品质性状主成分得分和综合评价得分

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种质GermplasmF1F2F3F4F排名Ranking
云青1号3.3511.972-0.9273.0702.1691
青皮红心柚2.1421.3920.988-0.5881.3212
黄金蜜柚1.2531.2783.783-1.9251.2493
三红蜜柚0.1183.6001.1340.9221.2274
琯溪红肉蜜柚2.1120.1720.257-0.1540.9605
晚白柚4.823-2.556-2.9180.0830.9176
东试早柚2.003-0.100-0.1980.5880.8817
蜂蜜香0.802-0.0461.6421.2640.8458
台湾红肉柚1.2331.446-0.6330.2860.7729
刘铭顾青柚1.379-0.0621.369-0.5410.75010
下河蜜柚1.0751.1800.303-0.4030.71811
暹罗红柚0.359-1.4542.0222.4980.60612
彭州柚1.1502.222-2.0920.0950.60113
有核青皮红心柚1.1360.347-0.2830.4920.58314
泽拉青皮红心柚1.029-0.5951.0940.4380.58215
红宝石柚1.4730.2500.044-0.8020.56416
高浦柚-0.0251.6340.3020.2410.45517
越南小果白柚0.4190.4710.0620.7340.41118
实生青柚0.0500.1351.1090.9220.41019
无核青皮红心柚0.253-0.5902.655-0.7540.36920
台湾柚1.474-0.2530.007-2.0200.25221
沙田柚1.1921.774-1.802-2.1460.22222
越南红柚0.474-0.247-0.4510.6500.16023
早熟沙田柚0.8281.016-1.519-1.1450.10824
泉州文旦柚0.921-1.428-0.5590.7580.07925
本地红柚0.1340.1960.311-1.054-0.00426
坪山柚1.498-2.351-0.047-0.649-0.00727
THANHLA-0.2100.379-0.2250.245-0.00828
四季柚3.427-5.9930.118-0.968-0.03029
龙安柚-0.2791.019-0.529-0.338-0.04330
HB柚-0.1571.440-2.5240.744-0.11231
福鼎四季柚0.245-1.0320.492-0.608-0.13032
越南大果白柚-0.6130.757-0.9200.813-0.13933
小甜柚0.289-1.386-0.7271.080-0.16234
白蜂蜜柚-1.166-0.461-0.0552.474-0.22135
强德勒柚-1.536-1.1431.2872.498-0.26936
沙暹柚-1.1800.3280.7280.0350-0.28037
梁平柚-1.1320.810-0.3180.439-0.28938
五步红心柚-2.2710.3633.749-0.845-0.29039
东风柚-0.280-0.4630.221-2.333-0.54640
胡柚-0.7770.059-1.6900.612-0.54741
火焰葡萄柚-0.8690.346-0.068-1.731-0.57542
桔柚-1.1450.094-0.533-0.183-0.59643
琯溪白肉蜜柚-1.0090.367-0.296-1.414-0.62444
考雅-0.202-0.344-0.779-2.125-0.64745
彰州柚-1.606-0.820-0.4641.587-0.70746
桥头红心柚-3.153-1.2181.7201.113-1.10647
胶杯厂红心柚-2.8640.587-1.217-0.557-1.40448
金香柚-4.338-0.554-0.985-0.618-2.25249
金堂绿柚-6.0270.225-0.790-0.525-2.74050
龙柚1号-5.805-2.760-1.846-0.258-3.48351
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51份柚类种质果实品质分析与综合评价
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毕光林 , 陈林杨 , 杨永智 , 李春 , 丰国蕊 , 李万云 , 孙英 , 李永慧 , 赵东兴 **
热带作物学报 | 种质资源与遗传育种 2025,46(11): 2633-2644
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热带作物学报 |种质资源与遗传育种 2025 , 46 (11) : 2633 -2644
51份柚类种质果实品质分析与综合评价
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毕光林, 陈林杨, 杨永智, 李春, 丰国蕊, 李万云, 孙英, 李永慧, 赵东兴**
作者信息
  • 云南省红河热带农业科学研究所，云南河口　661300
通讯作者:
** 赵东兴（ZHAO Dongxing），E-mail：。
Analysis and Comprehensive Evaluation of Fruit Quality of 51 Pomelo Germplasms
Guanglin BI, Linyang CHEN, Yongzhi YANG, Chun LI, Guorui FENG, Wanyun LI, Ying SUN, Yonghui LI, Dongxing ZHAO**
Affiliations
  • Honghe Tropical Agricultural Sciences Institute, Hekou, Yunnan 661300, China
出版时间: 2025-11-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.11.009
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摘要
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为了分析不同类型柚类种质资源果实品质特点，建立柚类果实品质的综合评价体系，本研究测定了51份不同类型柚类果实的单果质量、果实纵径、横径、果皮厚度、可食率、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸等品质指标，并利用相关性分析和主成分分析法对果实品质进行综合评价。结果表明：果实纵径为64.00~191.00 mm，横径为76.00~170.90 mm，果形指数为0.82~1.35，单果质量为220.00~1750.00 g，果皮质量为50.00~996.00 g，可食率为19%~81%，果皮厚度为4.00~39.67 mm，嚢瓣数为10~20，可溶性固形物为4.50%~10.90%，可滴定酸为0.13%~2.96%，固酸比为2.70~41.70，种子数为0~224粒，可见，云南省河口柚子种质资源的表型多样性丰富。采用Pearson法对其主要品质特性进行相关性分析发现，纵径与果形指数、单果质量呈显著正相关，横径与单果质量、果皮质量呈极显著正相关，可食率与果皮厚度、可滴定酸与固酸比呈显著负相关；聚类分析得出，这些柚类种质大致分为4类，每个类群在果实外观和内在品质方面均存在较大差异。利用主成分分析法将13个性状分成4个主成分因子：第1主成分贡献率为31.614%，以果实形态为主，纵径、横径、单果质量、果皮质量贡献较大；第2主成分贡献率为16.842%，可食率、可溶性固形物、嚢瓣数贡献较大；第3主成分贡献率为15.397%，可滴定酸贡献较大；第4主成分贡献率为14.686%，种子数量等贡献较大。经过果实品质分析与综合评价，云青1号、青皮红心柚、黄金蜜柚、琯溪红肉蜜柚、东试早柚和晚白柚为综合品质优异的的种质资源，可优选作为云南河口主栽品种或育种亲本材料。

柚  /  果实品质  /  主成分分析  /  聚类分析  /  综合评价

The study determined quality indexes including single fruit mass, longitudinal and transverse fruit diameter, peel thickness, edible rate, soluble solids and titratable acid of 51 pomelo accessions to analyze the fruit quality characteristics of different pomelo germplasm resources and establish a comprehensive evaluation system. Correlation analysis and principal component analysis were employed to comprehensively evaluate the fruit quality. The fruit longitudinal diameter ranged from 64.00 to 191.00 mm, with transverse diameter measured between 76.00 and 170.90 mm. Fruit shape index values varied from 0.82 to 1.35, while single fruit mass spanned 220.00 to 1750.00 g. Peel mass was recorded between 50.00 and 996.00 g, with edible rates from 19% to 81%. Peel thickness measurements showed variation from 4.00 to 39.67 mm. Segment number per fruit was 10-20, soluble solids content ranged 4.50%-10.90%, and titratable acid level was 0.13%-2.96%. The solid-acid ratio varied between 2.70 and 41.70, with number of seeds ranging from 0 to 224. It indicated that the phenotypic diversity of pomelo germplasm resources in Hekou, Yunnan was rich. Pearson correlation analysis revealed that longitudinal diameter exhibited significant positive correlations with fruit shape index and single fruit mass. Transverse diameter showed extremely significant positive correlations with single fruit mass and peel mass. Significant negative correlations were observed between edible rate and peel thickness, titratable acid and solid acid ratio. Cluster analysis grouped the resources into approximately four categories, with each group displaying substantial difference in both external appearance and internal quality. By principal component analysis (PCA), the 13 traits were integrated into 4 principal components, and the contribution rate of the first principal component was 31.614%. The longitudinal diameter, transverse diameter, single fruit mass and peel mass contributed more. The contribution rate of the second principal component was 16.842%, which was based on edible percentage, number of segments and soluble solid. The contribution rate of the third principal component was 15.397%, and the contribution rate of titratable acid was larger. The contribution rate of the fourth principal component was 14.686%, which was based on the number of seeds. After fruit quality analysis and comprehensive evaluation, Yunqing 1, Green peel and red flesh Pomelo, Huangjin pomelo, Guanxi red flesh pomelo, Dongshizao Pomelo, and Wanbai Pomelo demonstrated superior comprehensive quality and were recommended as candidate materials for main cultivars or breeding parents in Hekou, Yunnan.

pomelo  /  fruit quality  /  principal component analysis  /  cluster analysis  /  comprehensive evaluation
毕光林, 陈林杨, 杨永智, 李春, 丰国蕊, 李万云, 孙英, 李永慧, 赵东兴. 51份柚类种质果实品质分析与综合评价. 热带作物学报, 2025 , 46 (11) : 2633 -2644 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.11.009
Guanglin BI, Linyang CHEN, Yongzhi YANG, Chun LI, Guorui FENG, Wanyun LI, Ying SUN, Yonghui LI, Dongxing ZHAO. Analysis and Comprehensive Evaluation of Fruit Quality of 51 Pomelo Germplasms[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2025 , 46 (11) : 2633 -2644 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.11.009
正文
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柑橘属包括香橼（枸橼）、橘（宽皮橘）和柚3大基本物种。柚[Citrus maxima（Burm.）Merr.]作为其中之一，是甜橙、柠檬等栽培品种的主要来源[1]。中国云南是柚的起源地与遗传多样性分布中心，栽培历史逾4000 a，现存种质资源丰富多样。研究表明，柚的遗传多样性源于长期自然选择，其从起源中心向次生多样性中心（如日本、印度、东南亚等地区）扩散分布，在此过程中，柚不断发生遗传分化，形成陆地性系统与海洋性系统[2]。张太平等[3]推测柚的起源原始祖先很可能是大翼橙。HUANG等[2]通过对中国和东南亚的290个柚种质全基因组测序，进一步揭示柚的起源与进化历程，支持云南起源假说，并发现红河大翼橙和柚的亲缘关系，证实了其扩散形成多个次级多样化中心的过程。当前国内市场柚主要品种包括沙田柚、东试早柚（水晶蜜柚）、琯溪蜜柚（三红蜜柚）、文旦柚和玉环柚等[4]。我国柚品种结构不断变化，地方优良品种不断被发掘，红心柚在市场上异军突起，红肉琯溪蜜柚是白肉的芽变品种，在此基础上选育出的三红柚也得到迅速推广[5]。云南地区凭借其独特的地理位置和气候条件，拥有丰富多样的种质资源，随着柚类资源在云南不断被发掘，如东试早柚是云南本土选育品种，已逐渐形成了一个特殊的柚资源区域[5-6]。目前，研究人员已对在滇南收集到的野生、半野生及农家品种等云南地方特色柚类资源开展了遗传多样性研究[6]，并从国内外引进了大量种质资源，为柚类资源的科学保护和创新利用奠定了基础。陈璞等[7]初步建立了柚类25个数量性状的分级指标，对品种评价、利用及良种选育具有指导意义。唐帅等[8]建立了一种冰糖橙果实品质综合评价量化模型。王贵元等[9]筛选出适合荆州栽培的柚品种为玉环柚和琯溪蜜柚。鉴于柚生长具有地域性，地理气候条件差异常导致同一品种在不同地区（或不同品种在同一地区）出现显著表型差异。目前，针对收集到的柚种质资源在云南河口县独特热带湿热季风气候的品质表现，尚缺乏系统比较研究，因此，在该地区对不同柚类种资资源的果实品质进行评价具有重要意义。
本研究以栽培于云南河口的51份柚类种质资源为材料，测定其果实外观品质指标（单果质量、纵经、横径、果形指数等）和内在品质（可食率、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、固酸比、种子数等），分析各供试柚种质资源的果实品质特征，此外，通过相关性分析、主成分分析等多种分析方法，明确指标间的相互关系，并对供试种质资源进行果实品质综合评价，旨在筛选优异种质，为后期云南河口柚类适栽品种选择及种质创新提供相关依据。
1　材料与方法
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1.1　材料
在云南省红河热带农业科学研究所特色热带果树柚河口种质资源圃（103°52′E，22°34′N；海拔75 m）选取51份长势良好的7~8 a生的柚种质资源为试验材料，供试柚种质资源具体信息见表1。试验地属热带雨林季风气候，全年气温为7.9~40.9 ℃（平均温度22 ℃），年平均降雨量为1780 mm，有效积温为6300 ℃，年日照时数为1605 h，年均相对湿度为85%。试验地为砂壤土，土壤全氮平均含量约为1.1 g/kg，水解氮为81.4 mg/kg，有效磷平均含量约为54.77 mg/kg，速效钾平均含量约为191.3 mg/kg。
1.2　方法
2022—2024年，连续3 a对供试柚单果质量、果实横径、纵径、果形指数、果皮厚度、囊瓣数、种子数进行测定，方法依据《柑桔鲜果检验方法》《植物新品种特异性、一致性和稳定性测试指南柑橘》《柑橘种质资源描述规范》[10-12]，用电子分析天平（梅特勒ML6002T/02，精度0.01 g）测定单果质量，用数显游标卡尺（苏测0.01 mm）测定果实横纵径和果皮厚度，计算果形指数。用日本爱拓糖酸度计（型号为PAL-BX|ACID）测定可溶性固形物、可滴定酸含量。取样方法：每个种质选择3株生长状况一致的植株作为生物学重复，每株于树冠外围中部随机选取向阳面健康果实3个，每个种质共9个重复果实样本。
1.3　数据处理
计算每个种质各指标的3 a平均值作为分析数据，并使用Excel软件对数据进行整理，并计算平均值、标准差、变异系数。利用SPSS 27软件进行显著性分析、主成分分析，采用Origin软件进行相关性分析和聚类分析。
2　结果与分析
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2.1　果实外观品质指标
云南河口柚类种质资源果实外观品质特征呈现显著多样性。具体表现：果皮颜色包含绿色（青皮红心柚、红宝石柚、越南白柚）、绿黄色（福鼎四季柚、桔柚、小甜柚、晚白柚、白峰蜜柚）、淡黄色（龙柚1号、沙田柚、三红蜜柚、考雅、蜂蜜香）、黄色（坪山柚、强德勒柚、本地红柚、福建漳州柚、台湾红肉蜜柚、胡柚、金堂绿柚、五步红心柚）、橙色（琯溪蜜柚、东试早柚、金香柚、黄金柚、东风柚、沙田柚、台湾柚）和红色（暹罗红、越南红柚）等多样化特征；果肉颜色涵盖白色（晚白柚、THANHLA、梁平柚、越南白柚、琯溪白肉蜜柚、东试早柚）、淡绿（金堂绿柚）、黄白（龙柚1号、考雅、金香柚）、橙黄色（黄金柚、台湾柚）、粉红色（云青1号、青皮红心柚、强德勒柚、福鼎四季柚）、浅红（本地红柚、下河蜜柚、四季柚）、红色（暹罗红、琯溪红肉蜜柚、越南红柚、台湾红肉蜜柚、泉州文旦柚、福建漳州柚、胶杯厂红心柚、红宝石柚）、玫瑰红色（三红蜜柚）、紫红色（火焰葡萄柚）等多样化类型；果实形状包含倒卵形（东试早柚、琯溪蜜柚、晚白柚等）、梨形（红宝石柚、沙田柚等）、高扁圆形（梁平柚、坪山柚、金堂绿柚等）、扁圆形（火焰葡萄柚）、球形/近球形（青柚、强德勒柚等）、卵圆形（福建漳州柚、考雅、蜂蜜香）、扁圆锥形（金堂绿柚、龙柚1号）、椭圆形（金香柚），其中，青皮红心柚具典型绿皮粉红肉特征，红宝石柚绿皮密被白色茸毛，成熟后果肉呈现深红色泽。红宝石柚具明显矮颈特征，早熟沙田柚果蒂长颈分化明显。
51份柚类种质资源的果实纵径范围为64.00~191.00 mm，横径为76.00~170.90 mm，单果质量为220.00~1750.00 g，果皮质量为50.00~996.00 g，嚢瓣数为10~20。供试柚种质资源果实的果形指数在0.82~1.35之间，果形以球形和倒卵形居多。果形指数小于0.9时果形通常为扁圆形，果形指数为1时果形近球形，果形指数大于1时为高扁圆形、倒卵形或梨形，果形大多呈卵圆形。果皮厚度为4.00~39.67 mm。一些桔柚或葡萄柚品种果皮较薄，易于剥离，方便食用，较厚的果皮有助于保护果实免受病虫害和机械损伤，但在一定程度上会影响果实的可食率（表2）。
2.2　果实内在品质指标
由表3可知，不同柚类种质资源果实可食率为0.19%~0.81%，可溶性固形物位于4.50%~10.90%之间，变异系数为16%；可滴定酸为0.13%~2.96%，变异系数达60%；固酸比在2.70~41.7之间，变异系数为58%；种子数为0~224粒。云南河口供试柚果肉质地有脆嫩、柔软之分，东试早柚果肉脆嫩多汁，口感爽脆；青皮红心柚脆嫩化渣，口感脆甜；三红蜜柚汁胞柔软多汁，清甜微酸；红宝石柚果肉相对柔软，化渣性较好，水分充足。琯溪蜜柚、黄金柚酸甜可口，果肉质地与细胞结构、细胞壁成分以及果胶含量等因素有关。果肉风味以小甜柚为纯甜品种，沙田柚较甜，柚（实生）口感酸，其余多数品种口感酸甜。大多柚种质表现为多籽（100粒以上）。
2.3　相关性分析
采用Pearson法对河口资源圃柚种质资源的主要植物学特征及品质特性进行相关性分析（图1），结果表明，纵径与果形指数呈极显著正相关，与单果质量呈显著正相关；横径与单果质量、果皮质量呈极显著正相关；果形指数与中心柱呈显著负相关；单果质量与果皮质量、种子数呈显著正相关；果皮质量与可食率呈极显著负相关；可食率与果皮厚度呈显著负相关；嚢瓣数与种子数呈显著正相关；可滴定酸与固酸比呈极显著负相关。
2.4　不同品种柚果实主成分分析及综合评价
对不同品种柚果实品质的13个指标进行主成分分析，结果如表4所示。将不同种质柚果实品质指标划分为若干主成分，以特征值>1为标准提取到4个主成分，累计方差贡献率达78.539%，第1主成分特征值为4.110，方差贡献率为31.614%，以果实形态指标为主，主要是纵径、横径、单果质量、果皮质量；第2主成分特征值为2.189，方差贡献率为16.842%，主要是可食率、可溶性固形物为主；第3主成分特征值为1.872，方差贡献率为15.397%，主要是可滴定酸；第4主成分特征值为1.519，方差贡献率为14.686%，主要是种子数。
2.5　果实品质综合评价
将柚类13个内在品质指标，即X1、X2、X3、X4、X5、X6、X7、X8、X9、X10、X11、X12、X13分别为纵经、横径、果形指数、单果质量、果皮质量、可食率、果皮厚度、中心柱直径、囊瓣数、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、固酸比、种子数，以特征向量为权重，得到4个主成分的函数表达式：
F1=0.402X1+0.424X2+0.122X3+0.439X4+0.405X5-0.098X6+0.315X7+0.059X8+0.246X9+0.161X10-0.168X11+0.212X12+0.123X13；
F2=0.062X1-0.002X2+0.097X3+0.170X4-0.332X5+0.572X6-0.436X7+0.113X8+0.310X9+0.295X10-0.089X11+0.155X12+0.320X13；
F3=0.265X1+0.036X2+0.317X3+0.031X4-0.022 X5+0.086X6+0.107X7+0.235X8-0.007X9-0.132X10+0.594X11-0.550X12+0.284X13；
F4=-0.286X1+0.302X2-0.642X3+0.062X4-0.012X5+0.058X6+0.075X7+0.522X8+0.135X9-0.276X10+ 0.028X11-0.053X12+0.179X13。
由4个主成分的因子得分，各项指标数据进行标准化处理，代入4个主成分得分函数（F1~F4），可计算得出各主成分得分（表5）。根据各主成分方差贡献率的权重，以此构建柚果实内在品质综合评价模型，则综合得分公式为：F=（0.316F1+0.168F2+0.144F3+0.117F4）/0.745。
主成分分析可以将多个品质指标简化为几个主要的综合指标，从而直观地比较不同品种间的品质差异。以上模型可计算出各品种主成分的综合得分，结果表明，综合得分较高的是云青1号、青皮红心柚、黄金蜜柚、三红蜜柚、琯溪红肉蜜柚、晚白柚、东试早柚，品质分析排名结果与实际感官分析情况基本一致。该品质分析结果可在实际生产中结合树势、产量等指导当地适栽柚类品种的选择、引种与品种选育和改良。
聚类分析则根据品质特征的相似性将品种进行分类，有助于筛选出具有相似优良品质特征的品种群，为种质资源的分类管理、品种选育和开发利用提供参考。本研究将51份柚种质资源在云南河口的内在品质指标和外在品质指标进行标准化处理，使用组间联接的树状图进行聚类分析，将其划分为4个特征类群（图2）。各类群在果实大小、形状、品质等方面差异显著。
第1类近球形，中等果形，呈圆形或扁圆形，具有高酸度、部分高可溶性固形物含量及可食率，风味浓郁酸甜适口。包含金香柚、东风柚、五步红心柚、梁平柚、越南红柚、沙田柚、桔柚、考雅、火焰葡萄柚、胡柚、下河蜜柚。
第2类果实纵径较长呈高圆形，果形指数较高，中大果形，肉质脆嫩多汁，包含四季柚、汇友青柚、漳州柚、青皮红心柚、金堂绿柚、暹罗红、云青1号、琯溪红肉蜜柚、琯溪白肉蜜柚。
第3类为果实梨形或倒卵形，果形适中，风味酸甜适中平衡，包含较多种类，有龙柚1号、越南大果白柚、坪山柚、泉州文旦柚、白蜂蜜柚、泽拉青皮红心柚、黄金蜜柚、蜂蜜香、有核青皮红心柚、越南小果白柚、刘铭顾青柚、三红蜜柚、晚白柚、HB柚、实生青柚、红宝石柚、沙暹柚。
第4类为果皮厚、质地较粗糙等特征，包含胶杯厂红心柚、桥头红心柚、高浦柚、小甜柚、无核青皮红心柚、福鼎四季柚、台湾柚、THANHLA、东试早柚、本地红柚、强德勒柚。
3　讨论
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云南作为全国柑橘特色产区[13]，柚产业发展前景广阔、市场潜力巨大。柚类种质资源有着丰富的表型多样性[14]，其果实品质的形成，除受生态条件、土壤养分、管理水平等因素影响外，品种自身的遗传特性起着决定性作用[15]。品种是影响果实品质的关键因素，而果实品质的优劣又直接影响品种的筛选和推广[16]。作为环境与基因共同作用的结果，果实品质是决定市场竞争力的关键，也是良种选育和果品评价的重要依据。本研究着眼于探讨不同柚类种质自身遗传特性对其果实品质的影响，研究收集的51份柚种质资源均集中保存于云南省红河热带农业科学研究所资源圃。得益于统一的管理条件（如气候、栽培管理条件等），样本间的环境差异得以控制。为最大限度减少单一年份环境波动（如极端气候）的偶然性影响，本研究采用3 a平均值作为各项品质指标进行分析。这一方法较稳定地反映了种质本身的固有特性，使得所观测到的果实品质差异主要归因于种质遗传特性的差异。因此，本研究结果能较好地反映云南河口地区栽培柚类种质的品质状况，对云南地区柚类品种的适地适栽筛选及育种材料的选择具有实际指导意义。
果实外观品质一般包括果实大小、果实形状，果皮颜色及光泽度、果皮厚度、剥皮难易程度及果实整齐度等[1]。本研究选用的51份国内外柚种质资源在果实外观品质上表现出丰富的多样性，果皮颜色涵盖绿色、绿黄、淡黄、橙黄至红色等。果肉颜色则包括浅橙、黄色、白色、粉红或红色等。其中红色果肉因富含番茄红素而备受青睐[2,4]。果形指数范围在0.82~1.35之间，果实形态多样，包括高扁圆形、球形、倒卵形或梨形等。果形指数<0.9时通常为扁圆形（如葡萄柚）等；果形指数为1时果形近球形（如青柚）等，果形较端正；果形指数>1为高扁圆形，如琯溪蜜柚、沙田柚，倒卵形（如东试早柚）或梨形（如红宝石柚）。此外，金香柚为椭圆柱形，红宝石柚具明显矮颈特征，早熟沙田柚果蒂长颈分化明显。果实内在品质则包括甜酸风味、质地、香气、色泽及囊瓣化渣性、可食率和维生素C等，这些指标是衡量其营养价值和食用品质的关键依据[1]。可溶性固形物含量作为评价柑橘内部品质的重要指标之一，对口感的影响显著，它与可滴定酸含量的比值（固酸比）可以用来评价果实的甜酸风味，本研究中可溶性固形物大于10%的有云青1号、三红蜜柚、早熟沙田柚、下河蜜柚。固酸黄金比例为18~25，固酸比较高的柚种质有云青1号，青皮红心柚、三红蜜柚、黄金柚、琯溪红肉蜜柚。本研究51份柚类种质品质与其他地区的报道存在差异，可能与云南河口独特的湿热热带季风气候（高温高湿、昼夜温差较小）显著影响柚类果实品质如糖酸等有关。在云南河口地区，云青1号等青柚表现为脆嫩化渣，东试早柚纯正清甜细腻，三红蜜柚汁胞柔软多汁，清甜微酸，而红宝石柚果肉相对柔软，化渣性较好，水分充足。琯溪蜜柚、黄金蜜柚等呈现酸甜可口的风味。
变异系数是衡量数据离散程度的重要指标，能够评估单一数据集内的变异性及跨数据集的变异程度。本研究51份柚种质在云南河口单果质量变异系数达27%，果皮厚度差异达34%，显著高于邓素枫等[17]报道的湖南柚类资源变异水平（单果质量的变异系数为18.4%），充分表明了这些柚种质资源果实具有较高的表型多样性。云南柚种质呈现更高水平的表型多样性及更显著的生态适应性差异，可能与其所处的独特湿热热带气候环境有关，高温高湿环境可能加速了柚类的表型分化，也可能源于其作为起源中心的遗传分化背景[6]。不同地理来源和类型的柑橘性状存在差异，宽皮柑橘种质资源[18]及印度柚子品种[19]均表现出较高的表型多样性。云南柚种质资源可能主要源自本土演化，具有较高的遗传多样性与遗传分化程度。这与云南作为柚类起源中心特殊遗传背景密切相关。HUANG等[2]基于基因组研究表明，云南柚种质在向东南亚扩散过程中产生了丰富的遗传分化，本研究通过表型数据进一步支持了这一结论。
主成分分析（PCA）结合聚类分析能有效区分不同柚种质果实品质特性，为主栽品种或育种亲本选择提供依据。李先信等[20]对47个湖南柚类品种资源的37个花器官和果实形态学性状进行了主成分分析，为湖南柚类种质的合理开发利用和柚类种质多指标数量分类提供科学依据。张慧艺等[21]利用层次分析法对18份胡柚种质果实品质进行综合评价，筛选出5份综合品质优异的种质。赵东兴等[22]通过对47份青皮红心柚果实农艺性状进行综合分析，明确了种质间差异并筛选出优良种质用于选育和生产。邓素枫等[17]评价了湖南30个柚品种（资源）果实品质，基于主成分综合得分筛选出慈利金香柚、早熟高糖香柚3号等综合品质较优的品种。在孟加拉国，Bog-6、Din-29和Pab-42等柚品种因兼顾高可溶性固形物与适中果形而表现突出[23]。陶星星等[16]以10份柚种质为材料，测定单果质量、可滴定酸等9项指标并结合相关性与主成分（PCA）综合评价，认为桂柚1号和沙田柚可作为梅州市柚的优良育种亲本。本研究通过主成分（PCA）将13项品质指标降维为4个主成分，构建了基于纵径、横径、单果质量等外观指标和可溶性固形物、可滴定酸等内在指标的综合评价模型。与传统单一指标评价相比，该方法更综合系统地反映了柚果实品质的多维特征。本研究的相关性分析发现，柚类品种主要果实性状间存在显著关联，如可食率与果皮厚度呈显著负相关、可滴定酸与固酸比呈显著负相关等，这与卢华琼等[24]的研究结果较为一致。可滴定酸越高则固酸比越低，也与李俭等[25]关于8个柚品种的研究结果，单果质量与果形指数呈极显著正相关，皮厚与可食率、可滴定酸与固酸比呈极显著负相关相符。聚类分析则根据品质特征的相似性对品种进行分类，有助于筛选具有相似优良品质特征的品种群，为种质资源的分类管理、品种选育和开发利用提供参考。陈竹生等[26]根据单果质量将23个品种划分为大、中、小果型；张太平等[27]按成熟期分为特早熟至晚熟4类，按风味分为甜、甜酸、酸3类；曹立新[28]利用43个形态学性状对18个柚资源聚类分为6组；刘勇等[29]建立的评价体系主要由沙田柚、文旦柚及杂种柚品种群组成。本研究采用聚类分析将51份云南河口柚种质资源分为5个类群，各类群在果实形状大小、单果质量、内在品质等方面均表现出显著差异特征。后续研究可进一步利用SSR[30-31]、SRAP[32]等分子标记对这些资源进行遗传多样性分析和鉴定。
本研究收集的51份柚类种质在云南河口表现出的丰富表型多样性，为种质创新与品种改良提供宝贵的遗传基础。种质资源是植物改良的基础，通过对广泛的材料进行性状表现观察分析，了解性状的多样性、相关性及其遗传规律，进而指导新品种培育。本研究首次系统评价收集的柚类种质资源在云南河口的表现，结合主成分分析与综合得分，成功筛选出云青1号等青柚优良种质，该种质在云南河口表现出显著优势，具有相对高可溶性固形物（>10%）与低酸特性，高固酸比和适中的可食率；其果肉清甜细嫩、脆嫩化渣的特征与感官评价较一致。同时，其绿皮红肉的外观新颖独特，深受消费者青睐，符合市场需求，具有作为主栽品种推广的潜力。综上所述，本研究不仅明确了不同柚类种质在云南河口地区果实品质上的差异，更筛选出一批具有实际应用前景的优良种质，这些种质为适应云南河口当地湿热气候提供材料基础，有望实现一定的产业应用规模，同时也为中国柚类育种及产业的发展提供宝贵的资源，为打造云南高原柑橘特色产区、促进云南柚产业的可持续发展奠定基础。
基金
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  • 云南省院士（专家）工作站项目(202305AF150145)
  • 云南省高层次科技人才及创新团队选拔专项(202405AD350031)
  • 云南省红河热带农业科学研究所青年人才成长基金项目(HHS2024003)
文献
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2025年第46卷第11期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.11.009
  • 接收时间：2025-04-01
  • 首发时间：2026-06-24
  • 出版时间：2025-11-25
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  • 收稿日期：2025-04-01
  • 录用日期：2025-07-10
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云南省院士（专家）工作站项目(202305AF150145)
云南省高层次科技人才及创新团队选拔专项(202405AD350031)
云南省红河热带农业科学研究所青年人才成长基金项目(HHS2024003)
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    云南省红河热带农业科学研究所，云南河口　661300

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** 赵东兴（ZHAO Dongxing），E-mail：。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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