Article(id=1276616222380790689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276616049617408127, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.08.018, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1740499200000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1745769600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-04-28, onlineDate=1782298625797, onlineDateStr=2026-06-24, pubDate=1756051200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782298625797, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782298625797, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782298625797, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276616049617408127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2025', volume='46', issue='8', pageStart='1785', pageEnd='2029', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1756051200000', pubDateStr='2025-08-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782298584608, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782298660748, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276616369089147039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276616049617408127, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276616369089147040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276616049617408127, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1954, endPage=1966, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276616222691169187, articleId=1276616222380790689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Growth-promoting and Disease-resistant Effects of Biochar-loaded Bacillus velezensis on Camellia oleifera, columnId=1236292524264968282, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Plant Protection & Bio-safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Camellia oleifera, a vital woody oil crop in China, has been increasingly threatened by declining soil fertility and frequent disease outbreaks due to improper cultivation practices. Among these, anthracnose is one of the primary diseases limiting yield. To explore environmentally friendly and sustainable control strategies, this study employed biochar as a carrier to deliver Bacillus velezensis SK1-5-2, aiming to evaluate its plant growth-promoting potential and its efficacy in suppressing anthracnose. Pot experiments demonstrated that biochar-loaded SK1-5-2-GFP significantly enhanced C. oleifera growth, improved soil physicochemical properties, and increased disease resistance, indicating a strong synergistic effect. Compared to CK, the biochar-loaded bacterial treatment (BB) significantly improved plant height, leaf area, basal stem diameter, chlorophyll content, and fresh weight. Notably, stem diameter in the BB group increased more substantially than that in the group treated with bacterial suspension alone (BV). Colonization assays revealed that strain SK1-5-2-GFP stably adhered within the porous structure of biochar and efficiently colonized the intercellular spaces in the rhizosphere of C. oleifera, with its viability and functionality unaffected by GFP labeling. Soil properties, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and organic matter contents in the BB group increased by 55.2%,334.0%, and 181.0%, respectively, compared to CK. Additionally, available potassium in the biochar-only group (BC) increased by 63.1%. Regarding soil enzyme activities, the BB group exhibited significant increases in catalase (28.0%), sucrase (44.4%), urease (57.9%), and acid phosphatase (338.6%) activities compared to CK. Rhizosphere microbial community analysis showed that BB treatment significantly elevated the relative abundance of beneficial microbes, with Bacillus and Priestia emerging as dominant genera. Among fungal communities, the abundance of Talaromyces increased, whereas the pathogenic Fusarium genus obviously declined. The anthracnose incidence in the BB group dropped to 55.6%, markedly lower than that in the BV (60.1%) and BC (77.8%) groups. In conclusion, biochar-loaded B. velezensis enhanced plant growth and disease resistance in C. oleifera by optimizing the rhizosphere microenvironment, modulating microbial community composition, and suppressing phytopathogens. This study would provide a novel microbial regulation strategy for the sustainable cultivation of C. oleifera, offering valuable insights for future applications of agricultural microorganisms and soil improvement technologies.

, authors=null, authorsList=Jiangfan ZHANG, Wenqiang WU, Dongyi HUANG, Hanggui LAI, Haiyan HU, Yuanhao DING, Jinping LIU, Jian WANG, Xiaolong HUANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaolong HUANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276616226809975741, articleId=1276616222380790689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=生物炭负载贝莱斯芽孢杆菌对热带油茶促生及抗病效果研究, columnId=1236292524520820846, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=植物保护与生物安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

油茶(Camellia oleifera)是中国重要的木本油料作物,但由于栽培管理不当,土壤肥力下降,病害频发,其中炭疽病是影响油茶产量的主要病害之一。为探索绿色可持续的防治策略,本研究利用生物炭作为载体,负载贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis SK1-5-2),评估其对油茶生长促进作用及对炭疽病的抑制效果。通过盆栽试验验证,生物炭负载贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(SK1-5-2-GFP)在促进油茶生长、改善土壤理化性质及提高抗病性方面表现出显著协同效应。与对照(CK)相比,生物炭负载SK1-5-2(BB)的植株高度、叶面积、地径、叶绿素含量及鲜质量均显著提高,其中BB的地径增幅明显高于单独接种菌液处理组(BV)。菌株定殖试验结果显示,SK1-5-2-GFP能够在生物炭多孔结构内稳定附着,并在油茶根际细胞间隙实现高效定殖,且其存活率及功能性未受GFP标记影响。在土壤理化性质方面,BB的全氮、速效磷和有机质含量较CK分别提高55.2%、334.0%和181.0%;生物炭单独处理组(BC)速效钾含量较CK增加63.1%。在土壤酶活性方面,BB组的过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶及酸性磷酸酶活性分别较CK增加28.0%、44.4%、57.9%和338.6%,均达到显著水平。根际微生物群落分析表明,BB处理显著提升有益菌的相对丰度,Bacillus属和Priestia属成为优势菌群,同时真菌群落中蓝状菌属(Talaromyces)丰度升高,致病性镰刀菌属(Fusarium)丰度则明显降低。在病害防控方面,BB油茶炭疽病的发病率降至55.6%,显著优于BV(60.1%)和BC(77.8%)。综上所述,生物炭负载贝莱斯芽孢杆菌通过优化根际微环境、调控微生物群落结构及抑制病原菌,实现了促进油茶生长与病害防控的双重效益。本研究为油茶可持续种植提供新的微生物调控策略,也为农业微生物应用与土壤改良技术的发展提供科学依据。

, authors=

张江帆(1999—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:贝莱斯芽孢杆菌促生抗病作用。

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* 黄小龙(HUANG Xiaolong),E-mail:
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张江帆(1999—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:贝莱斯芽孢杆菌促生抗病作用。

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张江帆(1999—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:贝莱斯芽孢杆菌促生抗病作用。

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Nature, 2009, 459(7244): 193-199., articleTitle=Microbial community structure and its functional implications, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276616253997453415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616222380790689, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=65, issue=2, pageStart=745, pageEnd=757, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[42], rfOrder=49, authorNames=王春玲, 黄钰婷, 刘星, 徐良雄, 王艳君, 肖海霞, 毛露甜, journalName=微生物学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王春玲, 黄钰婷, 刘星, 徐良雄, 王艳君, 肖海霞, 毛露甜. 一株贝莱斯芽孢杆菌鉴定、全基因组学分析及其抗病促生特性[J]. 微生物学报, 2025, 65(2): 745-757., articleTitle=一株贝莱斯芽孢杆菌鉴定、全基因组学分析及其抗病促生特性, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276616254068756584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616222380790689, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=65, issue=2, pageStart=745, pageEnd=757, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[42], rfOrder=50, authorNames=WANG C L, HUANG Y T, LIU X, XU L X, WANG Y J, XIAO H X, MAO L T, journalName=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG C L, HUANG Y T, LIU X, XU L X, WANG Y J, XIAO H X, MAO L T. Identification, whole-genome analysis, and disease resistance and growth-promoting characteristics of a Bacillus cereus strain[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025, 65(2): 745-757. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Identification, whole-genome analysis, and disease resistance and growth-promoting characteristics of a Bacillus cereus strain, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276616254140059753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616222380790689, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1998, volume=1, issue=null, pageStart=57, pageEnd=74, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[43], rfOrder=51, authorNames=KLEIN D, EVELEIGH D E, journalName=Trichoderma and Gliocladium, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KLEIN D, EVELEIGH D E. Ecology of Trichoderma[J]. Trichoderma and Gliocladium, 1998, 1: 57-74., articleTitle=Ecology of Trichoderma, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276616254223945834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616222380790689, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=18, issue=5, pageStart=5891, pageEnd=5935, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[44], rfOrder=52, authorNames=LOU J, FU L, PENG Y, ZHOU L, journalName=Molecules, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LOU J, FU L, PENG Y, ZHOU L. Metabolites from Alternaria fungi and their bioactivities[J]. Molecules, 2013, 18(5): 5891-5935., articleTitle=Metabolites from Alternaria fungi and their bioactivities, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276616254295249003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616222380790689, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=886, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[45], rfOrder=53, authorNames=BOLAN S, HOU D, WANG L, HALE L, EGAMBERDIEVA D, TAMMEORG P, BOLAN N, journalName=Science of the Total Environment, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BOLAN S, HOU D, WANG L, HALE L, EGAMBERDIEVA D, TAMMEORG P, BOLAN N. The potential of biochar as a microbial carrier for agricultural and environmental applications[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2023, 886: 163968., articleTitle=The potential of biochar as a microbial carrier for agricultural and environmental applications, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276616254358163564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616222380790689, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=183, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[46], rfOrder=54, authorNames=JIN L, FENG S, TANG S, DONG P, LI Z, journalName=Biological Control, refType=null, unstructuredReference=JIN L, FENG S, TANG S, DONG P, LI Z. Biological control of potato late blight with a combination of Streptomyces strains and biochar[J]. Biological Control, 2023, 183: 105248., articleTitle=Biological control of potato late blight with a combination of Streptomyces strains and biochar, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1276616246951022645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616222380790689, awardId=2023YFD2200704, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFD2200704), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1276616227040662463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616222380790689, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276616227049051072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616222380790689, companyId=1276616227040662463, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Life and Health Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276616227057439681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616222380790689, companyId=1276616227040662463, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.海南大学生命健康学院,海南海口 570228)]), AuthorCompany(id=1276616227116159938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616222380790689, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276616227124548547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616222380790689, companyId=1276616227116159938, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.School of Southern Tropical Agriculture, Hainan University, Sanya, Hainan 572025, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276616227132937156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616222380790689, companyId=1276616227116159938, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.海南大学南繁学院,海南三亚 572025)]), AuthorCompany(id=1276616227204240326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616222380790689, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276616227208434631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616222380790689, companyId=1276616227204240326, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.Tropical Oil-tea Engineering Research Center of Hainan Province, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276616227216823240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616222380790689, companyId=1276616227204240326, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.热带油茶海南省工程研究中心,海南海口 570228)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1276616241053831185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616222380790689, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Bacillus velezensis green fluorescent labeling, figureFileSmall=7e6b8bEDVD9MRh6uYXrQxg==, figureFileBig=0l63arLwFsZXDa62IpPUtg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616241469067282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616222380790689, language=CN, label=图1, caption=贝莱斯芽孢杆菌绿色荧光标记

A:标记菌株PCR鉴定,M:DL2000 DNA marker,1:PCR产物;B:绿色荧光检测;C:标记菌株10代;D:标记菌株20代。

, figureFileSmall=7e6b8bEDVD9MRh6uYXrQxg==, figureFileBig=0l63arLwFsZXDa62IpPUtg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616242001743891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616222380790689, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=B. velezensis confronted with C. oleifera anthracnose pathogen plate, figureFileSmall=ZzNV5Cj68taTX873lWUJTA==, figureFileBig=XRtNbIWn/heq6loPalT1Tw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616242400202772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616222380790689, language=CN, label=图2, caption=贝莱斯芽孢杆菌与油茶炭疽病原菌平板对峙

A:原始菌株,B:标记菌株,C:对照。

, figureFileSmall=ZzNV5Cj68taTX873lWUJTA==, figureFileBig=XRtNbIWn/heq6loPalT1Tw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616242723164181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616222380790689, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Environmental scanning with fluorescence confocal microscopy to observe colonization of labeled strain SK1-5-2 on carbon production, figureFileSmall=/CfCOFOJgwXh4yybbSLOvQ==, figureFileBig=WKWz9ekxvQtGbdLyjx18Xw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616244296028184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616222380790689, language=CN, label=图3, caption=环境扫描与荧光共聚焦微镜观察标记菌株SK1-5-2-GFP在生物碳上定殖

A:200 µm ESEM图像;B:5.00 µm ESEM图像;C:荧光显微镜图像;D:亮场;E:亮场和GFP复合。

, figureFileSmall=/CfCOFOJgwXh4yybbSLOvQ==, figureFileBig=WKWz9ekxvQtGbdLyjx18Xw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616244392497177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616222380790689, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Colonization of marker strain SK1-5-2 in the roots of C. oleifera under CLSM, figureFileSmall=zAj0MQ41O+tcUln1bxWBhw==, figureFileBig=+JbmThvMaaMtidJJMG317g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616244463800346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616222380790689, language=CN, label=图4, caption=共聚焦激光扫描显微镜观察菌株SK1-5-2-GFP在油茶侧根部的定殖, figureFileSmall=zAj0MQ41O+tcUln1bxWBhw==, figureFileBig=+JbmThvMaaMtidJJMG317g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616244526714907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616222380790689, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Effects of different treatments on growth of C. oleifera, figureFileSmall=snvV5H8SGv8JMPO/oGew3A==, figureFileBig=BLlaVk98ZBqInAIq2Dp/9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616244623183900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616222380790689, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同处理对油茶生长的影响

不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=snvV5H8SGv8JMPO/oGew3A==, figureFileBig=BLlaVk98ZBqInAIq2Dp/9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616244694487069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616222380790689, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Effects of different treatment groups on soil enzyme activity, figureFileSmall=OMprTFrXpXVEBUp8usffrA==, figureFileBig=kLFbgbHbuaKPOsw1DZpmFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616244761595934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616222380790689, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同处理组对土壤酶活力的影响

不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=OMprTFrXpXVEBUp8usffrA==, figureFileBig=kLFbgbHbuaKPOsw1DZpmFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616244828704799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616222380790689, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Effects of different treatment groups on incidence of C. oleifera anthracnose, figureFileSmall=wWwMmj1bfYHq/Vc78VtfnQ==, figureFileBig=T38dzQLV2J5eV86DUrW4pw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616244900007968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616222380790689, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同处理组对油茶抗病性的影响

不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=wWwMmj1bfYHq/Vc78VtfnQ==, figureFileBig=T38dzQLV2J5eV86DUrW4pw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616244971311137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616222380790689, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Multidimensional grouping principal component analysis based on OTU, figureFileSmall=lR0G4SfKAZlMwgpwpYYBPw==, figureFileBig=+9t1NUINKJgihUM4joaQPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616245034225698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616222380790689, language=CN, label=图8, caption=基于OTU细菌(A)和真菌(B)多维分组主成分分析, figureFileSmall=lR0G4SfKAZlMwgpwpYYBPw==, figureFileBig=+9t1NUINKJgihUM4joaQPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616245113917475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616222380790689, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Phylum-level abundance plot of bacteria, figureFileSmall=hDSsS5djeonxGVCxNq75QA==, figureFileBig=cSfBjYwB9Cj3VH7TZcmpSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616245243940900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616222380790689, language=CN, label=图9, caption=细菌门水平丰度, figureFileSmall=hDSsS5djeonxGVCxNq75QA==, figureFileBig=cSfBjYwB9Cj3VH7TZcmpSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616245323632678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616222380790689, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Genus-level abundance map of bacteria, figureFileSmall=ZQFKLfuwCKy6gOdbRNAReQ==, figureFileBig=DrB3TwYLGJb8UlusRwm9dQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616245394935847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616222380790689, language=CN, label=图10, caption=细菌属水平丰度, figureFileSmall=ZQFKLfuwCKy6gOdbRNAReQ==, figureFileBig=DrB3TwYLGJb8UlusRwm9dQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616245659177000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616222380790689, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Phylum-level abundance plot of fungi, figureFileSmall=9yyZNxNScBDehzG6W3A4hw==, figureFileBig=mApF+zWT6NUpKR8+N+sILQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616245730480169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616222380790689, language=CN, label=图11, caption=真菌门水平丰度, figureFileSmall=9yyZNxNScBDehzG6W3A4hw==, figureFileBig=mApF+zWT6NUpKR8+N+sILQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616245810171948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616222380790689, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Genus-level abundance map of fungi, figureFileSmall=W+S2pUxHQ6YULVndEj1HdQ==, figureFileBig=rNrUYdphsRbrOEquNdfQOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616246091190318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616222380790689, language=CN, label=图12, caption=真菌属水平丰度, figureFileSmall=W+S2pUxHQ6YULVndEj1HdQ==, figureFileBig=rNrUYdphsRbrOEquNdfQOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616246158299183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616222380790689, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Physicochemical properties of soils under different treatments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别Group全氮Total nitrogen/(g·kg–1)速效磷Available phosphorus/(mg·kg–1)速效钾Fast-acting potassium/(mg·kg–1)有机质Organic matter/(g·kg–1)pH
CK0.29±0.017b4.61±0.034b37.97±0.368b5.41±0.107b5.25a
BV0.27±0.083b1.47±0.247b23.80±0.170d4.62±0.108b5.35a
BC0.43±0.016a17.88±0.554a61.92±0.074a15.52±0.388a5.39a
BB0.45±0.020a20.00±0.495a27.22±0.180c15.22±0.172a5.39a
), ArticleFig(id=1276616246221213744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616222380790689, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同处理土壤理化性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别Group全氮Total nitrogen/(g·kg–1)速效磷Available phosphorus/(mg·kg–1)速效钾Fast-acting potassium/(mg·kg–1)有机质Organic matter/(g·kg–1)pH
CK0.29±0.017b4.61±0.034b37.97±0.368b5.41±0.107b5.25a
BV0.27±0.083b1.47±0.247b23.80±0.170d4.62±0.108b5.35a
BC0.43±0.016a17.88±0.554a61.92±0.074a15.52±0.388a5.39a
BB0.45±0.020a20.00±0.495a27.22±0.180c15.22±0.172a5.39a
), ArticleFig(id=1276616246493843505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616222380790689, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

α diversity index of bacteria

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别GroupACEChao1ShannonSimpson
CK341.24±23.27a263.95±28.32a3.69±0.50a0.107±0.050a
BV378.01±135.86a265.63±30.04a4.21±0.40a0.045±0.031b
BC461.63±181.76a287.69±66.97a4.29±0.19a0.032±0.009b
BB399.30±46.33a271.83±14.78a4.22±0.01a0.027±0.002b
), ArticleFig(id=1276616246573535282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616222380790689, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

细菌的α多样性指数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别GroupACEChao1ShannonSimpson
CK341.24±23.27a263.95±28.32a3.69±0.50a0.107±0.050a
BV378.01±135.86a265.63±30.04a4.21±0.40a0.045±0.031b
BC461.63±181.76a287.69±66.97a4.29±0.19a0.032±0.009b
BB399.30±46.33a271.83±14.78a4.22±0.01a0.027±0.002b
), ArticleFig(id=1276616246653227059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616222380790689, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

α diversity index of fungi

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别GroupACEChao1ShannonSimpson
CK355.09±24.04a354.87±18.97a3.38±0.11a0.107±0.034a
BV203.39±44.68b218.46±51.70b3.79±0.23a0.061±0.017a
BC245.14±43.46b225.83±82.22ab3.67±0.10a0.062±0.007a
BB263.17±14.71b270.08±21.20a2.81±0.91a0.248±0.205a
), ArticleFig(id=1276616246720335924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616222380790689, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

真菌的α多样性指数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别GroupACEChao1ShannonSimpson
CK355.09±24.04a354.87±18.97a3.38±0.11a0.107±0.034a
BV203.39±44.68b218.46±51.70b3.79±0.23a0.061±0.017a
BC245.14±43.46b225.83±82.22ab3.67±0.10a0.062±0.007a
BB263.17±14.71b270.08±21.20a2.81±0.91a0.248±0.205a
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生物炭负载贝莱斯芽孢杆菌对热带油茶促生及抗病效果研究
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张江帆 1, 3 , 吴文嫱 1, 3 , 黄东益 2, 3 , 赖杭桂 2, 3 , 胡海燕 2, 3 , 丁元昊 2, 3 , 刘进平 2, 3 , 王健 2, 3 , 黄小龙 1, 3, *
热带作物学报 | 植物保护与生物安全 2025,46(8): 1954-1966
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热带作物学报 |植物保护与生物安全 2025 , 46 (8) : 1954 -1966
生物炭负载贝莱斯芽孢杆菌对热带油茶促生及抗病效果研究
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张江帆1, 3, 吴文嫱1, 3, 黄东益2, 3, 赖杭桂2, 3, 胡海燕2, 3, 丁元昊2, 3, 刘进平2, 3, 王健2, 3, 黄小龙1, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1.海南大学生命健康学院,海南海口 570228
  • 2.海南大学南繁学院,海南三亚 572025
  • 3.热带油茶海南省工程研究中心,海南海口 570228
通讯作者:
* 黄小龙(HUANG Xiaolong),E-mail:
Growth-promoting and Disease-resistant Effects of Biochar-loaded Bacillus velezensis on Camellia oleifera
Jiangfan ZHANG1, 3, Wenqiang WU1, 3, Dongyi HUANG2, 3, Hanggui LAI2, 3, Haiyan HU2, 3, Yuanhao DING2, 3, Jinping LIU2, 3, Jian WANG2, 3, Xiaolong HUANG1, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Life and Health Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
  • 2.School of Southern Tropical Agriculture, Hainan University, Sanya, Hainan 572025, China
  • 3.Tropical Oil-tea Engineering Research Center of Hainan Province, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
出版时间: 2025-08-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.08.018
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油茶(Camellia oleifera)是中国重要的木本油料作物,但由于栽培管理不当,土壤肥力下降,病害频发,其中炭疽病是影响油茶产量的主要病害之一。为探索绿色可持续的防治策略,本研究利用生物炭作为载体,负载贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis SK1-5-2),评估其对油茶生长促进作用及对炭疽病的抑制效果。通过盆栽试验验证,生物炭负载贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(SK1-5-2-GFP)在促进油茶生长、改善土壤理化性质及提高抗病性方面表现出显著协同效应。与对照(CK)相比,生物炭负载SK1-5-2(BB)的植株高度、叶面积、地径、叶绿素含量及鲜质量均显著提高,其中BB的地径增幅明显高于单独接种菌液处理组(BV)。菌株定殖试验结果显示,SK1-5-2-GFP能够在生物炭多孔结构内稳定附着,并在油茶根际细胞间隙实现高效定殖,且其存活率及功能性未受GFP标记影响。在土壤理化性质方面,BB的全氮、速效磷和有机质含量较CK分别提高55.2%、334.0%和181.0%;生物炭单独处理组(BC)速效钾含量较CK增加63.1%。在土壤酶活性方面,BB组的过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶及酸性磷酸酶活性分别较CK增加28.0%、44.4%、57.9%和338.6%,均达到显著水平。根际微生物群落分析表明,BB处理显著提升有益菌的相对丰度,Bacillus属和Priestia属成为优势菌群,同时真菌群落中蓝状菌属(Talaromyces)丰度升高,致病性镰刀菌属(Fusarium)丰度则明显降低。在病害防控方面,BB油茶炭疽病的发病率降至55.6%,显著优于BV(60.1%)和BC(77.8%)。综上所述,生物炭负载贝莱斯芽孢杆菌通过优化根际微环境、调控微生物群落结构及抑制病原菌,实现了促进油茶生长与病害防控的双重效益。本研究为油茶可持续种植提供新的微生物调控策略,也为农业微生物应用与土壤改良技术的发展提供科学依据。

生物炭  /  贝莱斯芽孢杆菌  /  油茶  /  生长促进  /  炭疽病  /  生物防控

Camellia oleifera, a vital woody oil crop in China, has been increasingly threatened by declining soil fertility and frequent disease outbreaks due to improper cultivation practices. Among these, anthracnose is one of the primary diseases limiting yield. To explore environmentally friendly and sustainable control strategies, this study employed biochar as a carrier to deliver Bacillus velezensis SK1-5-2, aiming to evaluate its plant growth-promoting potential and its efficacy in suppressing anthracnose. Pot experiments demonstrated that biochar-loaded SK1-5-2-GFP significantly enhanced C. oleifera growth, improved soil physicochemical properties, and increased disease resistance, indicating a strong synergistic effect. Compared to CK, the biochar-loaded bacterial treatment (BB) significantly improved plant height, leaf area, basal stem diameter, chlorophyll content, and fresh weight. Notably, stem diameter in the BB group increased more substantially than that in the group treated with bacterial suspension alone (BV). Colonization assays revealed that strain SK1-5-2-GFP stably adhered within the porous structure of biochar and efficiently colonized the intercellular spaces in the rhizosphere of C. oleifera, with its viability and functionality unaffected by GFP labeling. Soil properties, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and organic matter contents in the BB group increased by 55.2%,334.0%, and 181.0%, respectively, compared to CK. Additionally, available potassium in the biochar-only group (BC) increased by 63.1%. Regarding soil enzyme activities, the BB group exhibited significant increases in catalase (28.0%), sucrase (44.4%), urease (57.9%), and acid phosphatase (338.6%) activities compared to CK. Rhizosphere microbial community analysis showed that BB treatment significantly elevated the relative abundance of beneficial microbes, with Bacillus and Priestia emerging as dominant genera. Among fungal communities, the abundance of Talaromyces increased, whereas the pathogenic Fusarium genus obviously declined. The anthracnose incidence in the BB group dropped to 55.6%, markedly lower than that in the BV (60.1%) and BC (77.8%) groups. In conclusion, biochar-loaded B. velezensis enhanced plant growth and disease resistance in C. oleifera by optimizing the rhizosphere microenvironment, modulating microbial community composition, and suppressing phytopathogens. This study would provide a novel microbial regulation strategy for the sustainable cultivation of C. oleifera, offering valuable insights for future applications of agricultural microorganisms and soil improvement technologies.

biochar  /  Bacillus velezensis  /  Camellia oleifera  /  growth promotion  /  anthracnose  /  biological control
张江帆, 吴文嫱, 黄东益, 赖杭桂, 胡海燕, 丁元昊, 刘进平, 王健, 黄小龙. 生物炭负载贝莱斯芽孢杆菌对热带油茶促生及抗病效果研究. 热带作物学报, 2025 , 46 (8) : 1954 -1966 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.08.018
Jiangfan ZHANG, Wenqiang WU, Dongyi HUANG, Hanggui LAI, Haiyan HU, Yuanhao DING, Jinping LIU, Jian WANG, Xiaolong HUANG. Growth-promoting and Disease-resistant Effects of Biochar-loaded Bacillus velezensis on Camellia oleifera[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2025 , 46 (8) : 1954 -1966 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.08.018
油茶(Camellia oleifera)原产于中国,属于山茶科(Theaceae)山茶属(Camellia)的常绿小乔木,是世界四大木本油料树种之一[1]。目前广泛栽培于我国湖南、江西、广西、湖北、重庆、福建、贵州、海南等15个南方省(区、市)[2]。油茶籽榨取的茶油富含大量不饱和脂肪酸,同时含有丰富的生育酚、角鲨烯、植物甾醇、黄酮、多酚等生物活性物质,是一种多功能的优质食用油[3]
油茶多在土壤贫瘠的丘陵山区造林,抚育过程中常因缺乏科学管理而大量施用化肥和农药,导致土壤肥力下降,病虫害频发。其中,油茶炭疽病是当前影响油茶生长的最严重病害之一[4],在油茶主产区普遍发生,可引起果实大量脱落、花芽枯萎、枝梢干枯,甚至整株衰败死亡,严重影响油茶产量[5]。尽管化学防治在一定程度上可遏制病害发生,但长期滥用化学农药不仅促使病原菌抗药性增强,对植物产生毒害[6],还带来显著的环境污染和生态风险[7-9]。因此,开发兼具促生与抗病功能的绿色生物技术手段,对于实现油茶产业的可持续发展具有重要的现实意义。
贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis)属于芽孢杆菌属,是一种能够产生多种生物酶和次级代谢产物的有益菌,具有良好的促生与广谱抗菌能力,在农业病害生物防控中应用广泛[10]。作为外源有益微生物菌剂,芽孢杆菌能够在作物根际定殖,提升土壤养分利用率,改善作物根际微生态环境,并增强作物抗病性[11]。然而,在新环境中,外源微生物需同时应对微型动物的捕食和土著微生物的资源竞争,常面临定殖率低、功能不稳定等问题[12]。为提高其定殖效率和功能稳定性,常需借助载体材料共同引入,如泥炭苔、玉米芯粉、膨润土、珍珠岩、蛭石、聚丙烯酰胺、生物炭及藻酸盐微球等[13-14]。这些载体不仅能保护微生物活性,还有助于提升其在土壤中的定殖能力与功能表达。然而,当前有关载体与微生物之间相容性及其在载体中生存规律的研究仍较匮乏,制约了微生物功能的进一步发挥。
生物炭是由生物质在缺氧条件下经热解生成的一种富碳固态物质,具有独特的物理和化学性质,在可持续农业中展现出广泛的应用潜力[15-16]。其可改善土壤结构,增强土壤稳定性和保水能力,降低土壤容重,为植物根系提供更适宜的生长环境[17]。此外,生物炭富含多种养分,具有良好的保肥能力,能够提升土壤肥力,促进植物对养分的吸收[18-22]生物炭还可为土壤微生物提供理想的栖息环境与营养来源,有助于提高微生物多样性与群落丰度,增强土壤生态系统稳定性[23]。其丰富的孔隙结构与优良的吸附性能,使其成为理想的微生物载体材料[24]。已有研究表明,生物炭与木霉菌联合使用,可有效抑制病原菌生长,并增强其定殖能力与功能发挥。DE MEDEIROS等[25]研究表明,生物炭与木霉菌的协同策略在防控土传病原菌方面展现出巨大潜力。
综上,生物炭作为一种功能性载体,能在提升外源有益微生物定殖效率、增强植物抗病性和促生作用等方面提供重要支持。已有研究表明,B. velezensis对油茶具有显著的促生作用,并能增强其对炭疽病的抗性,在油茶产业中具有良好的应用前景[26]。然而,关于该菌在热带地区油茶中的应用研究尚属空白。
本研究前期从海南火龙果根际分离获得一株具广谱抗菌活性与促生能力的贝莱斯芽孢杆菌SK1-5-2。以该菌株为基础,采用椰壳生物炭作为载体,构建适用于热带地区的“生物炭–贝莱斯芽孢杆菌”复合体系,系统评估其在提升微生物定殖效率、促进油茶生长与抗病性以及改善土壤理化性质方面的效果。研究旨在突破热带地区微生物定殖的技术瓶颈,为海南地区油茶产业提供兼具抗病、增产和土壤修复功能的一体化绿色解决方案。
供试菌株贝莱斯芽孢杆菌SK1-5-2由本实验室前期从火龙果根际土壤中分离获得。供试油茶炭疽病病原菌TJ1-6(Colletotrichum siamense)则从患病油茶叶片中分离纯化获得。油茶种子来源于海南省儋州市海南大学儋州基地,品种为海大2号。绿色荧光蛋白标记质粒pGFP-4412购自上海钦诚生物科技有限公司。生物炭购自郑州昊森环保科技有限公司,以椰壳为原料制备而成,主要理化性质如下:有机质含量为79.1%,灰分为3.4%,总氮为0.5%,水分为2.9%,NPK总养分为7.2%,重金属含量为0.0%,比表面积为417.1 m2/g,制备温度为580 ℃,粒径范围为18~30 mm,pH 6.8。
参考IDRIS等[27]的方法,接种菌株SK1-5-2于液体LB培养基中,33 ℃、170 r/min下振荡过夜培养。取适量培养液于GCHE培养基中,调整OD600值至约0.3;在33 ℃、200 r/min下振荡培养,直至OD600值达到约1.4。随后加入等体积的GC培养基,继续培养约1.5 h。将培养液等分为2份,5000 r/min离心5 min(室温)。取200 μL上清液重悬沉淀,加入2 mL转化缓冲液和1 μg pGFP-4412质粒,轻轻混匀后置于33 ℃培养箱中孵育1 h,期间每10~15 min轻轻颠倒混匀1次。加入含亚致死浓度的卡那霉素的LB培养液,33 ℃、170 r/min培养2~3 h,8000 r/min离心5 min,取400 μL上清液重悬沉淀后均匀涂布于含卡那霉素的LB平板上,次日观察有无抗性菌落出现,并进行PCR扩增,引物为F:5ʹ-TCGTT AGAACGCGGCTACAATTAAT-3ʹ;R:5ʹ-ATAA AGTAAGAAAAAATGAGTCCGT-3)。扩增体系总体积为50 μL,其中模板DNA 1 μL,引物各2 μL,PCR Mix 25 μL,ddH2O 20 μL;扩增程序为94 ℃预变性5 min,94 ℃变性30 s,55 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸1 min,30个循环,72 ℃最后延伸10 min。将PCR扩增阳性的菌液制片,采用共聚焦荧光显微镜观察菌体是否有绿色荧光信号。
参考JIA等[28]的方法,将GFP标记的贝莱斯芽孢杆菌SK1-5-2接种于液体LB培养基中,于30 ℃、180 r/min条件下振荡培养12 h,获得菌种预培养液。按1%(V/V)接种量再次接入新鲜LB培养基中,在相同条件下继续培养48 h,培养结束后将菌液浓度调节至1×108 CFU/mL。随后,按生物炭与菌悬液质量∶体积比为1∶5进行混合,于30 ℃、170 r/min下培养24 h。培养完成后,过滤除去游离菌体,并用去离子水冲洗3次,以去除残余浮游细胞。所得样品置于20 ℃烘箱中低温风干,获得负载菌株SK1-5-2的生物炭复合体,并于4 ℃下保存备用。为观察菌株在生物炭表面的附着状态,取少量复合样品在经液氮预冷的异戊烷中进行快速冷冻处理,随后采用环境扫描电子显微镜(ESEM)进行微观结构成像。此外,利用共聚焦激光扫描显微镜(CLSM)检测SK1-5-2-GFP在生物炭表面的绿色荧光表达,以评价其附着与分布情况。
油茶盆栽试验于2024年5月在海南大学海甸校区进行。试验设4个处理组:对照(CK)、贝莱斯芽孢杆菌SK1-5-2-GFP处理(BV)、生物炭处理(BC)以及生物炭负载贝莱斯芽孢杆菌处理(BB),每个处理设40盆,采用随机排列设计。试验用土壤经自然风干后过2 mm筛。根据试验设置,分别将BC和BB按照土壤质量的2%(m/m)比例充分混匀后装入营养钵(110 mm×170 mm),每盆添加1.50 kg土壤。CK和BV则直接装入相同质量的未经处理的土壤。油茶种子事先在沙床中催芽,待长出2片真叶后,选取生长一致的幼苗移栽至各处理组的营养钵中,每盆定植1株。BV处理组在移栽后7 d内进行根际灌菌处理,使用1×106 CFU/mL的SK1-5-2-GFP菌液进行灌根,共灌根5次,每次间隔3 d。
在油茶种植15 d后,采集油茶的侧根放入清水中,轻轻摇动,去除表面泥土和其他杂质。使用无菌吸水纸轻轻按压样品,吸干表面的水分,确保侧根干净无水迹。采用解剖刀片小心地将油茶的侧根切成厚度均匀的薄片。将处理好的切片样品置于载玻片上,滴加适量的封片剂,盖好盖玻片,置于共聚焦荧光显微镜上进行显微观察和成像。
盆栽种植30 d后对油茶生长指标进行测定。叶绿素含量测定:分别取4个处理组油茶各40株长势一致的植株,在植株中上部健康向阳叶片,利用便携式叶绿素含量测量仪CCM-300(Opti-Sciences,USA)在同一位置测量每株植物叶片叶绿素3次,取其平均值;用自来水将地上部和根系冲洗干净,用吸水纸将根系和地上部所有水分擦干。鲜质量:分别取4个处理组油茶各20株油茶根部清洗干净后,称取鲜质量取平均值;株高:分别取4个处理组油茶使用软尺测量20株油茶株高,取平均值;叶面积:4个处理组油茶,各组随机挑选20株,选取真叶用游标卡尺测量叶片最长处和最宽处,计算叶面积。
参照常规测定方法[29-30]测定5个土壤理化性质:有效磷、有效钾、全氮、土壤pH、土壤有机质。采用土壤蔗糖酶(SC)检测试剂盒、土壤脲酶(UE)活性检测试剂盒、土壤酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性检测试剂盒和土壤过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性检测试剂盒测定不同处理油茶根际土壤4种酶活(蔗糖酶、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶),具体方法参照试剂盒说明书。各理化性质与酶活值均设置3个重复。
病原菌在PDA培养基上培养复苏,然后挑取少量菌丝放入SNA液体培养基[31]于28 ℃恒温震荡培养7 d后,无菌水稀释至1.5×107 CFU/mL孢子悬浮液,上述经处理的油茶,每个处理组随机取20株。采用刺伤法进行接种,用无菌注射器针头刺穿叶片2处,滴加油茶炭疽病孢子悬浮液,只接无菌水为对照,每个处理20株,15 d后观察并记录植株生长和发病情况。病情指数=∑(各级病株数×相应病级)/(调查总株数×最高病级)×100;病害防效=(病菌对照病情指数-处理病情指数)/对照病情指数×100%。病情分级为0级:无病斑;1级:病斑面积占整个叶面积的1%以下;3级:病斑面积占整个叶面积的2%~5%;5级:病斑面积占整个叶面积的6%~20%;7级:病斑面积占整个叶面积的21%~35%;9级:病斑面积占整个叶面积的36%以上。
采用E.Z.N.A.® Soil DNA Kit(Omega Bio-tek)DNA抽提试剂盒,抽提根际土壤样本DNA。采用NEXTflexTM Rapid DNA Seq Kit(Bioo Scientific)构建DNA测序库。细菌16S rRNA V1~V9区全长引物序列为27F(5ʹ-AGRGTTTGATYNT GGCTCAG-3ʹ);1492R(5ʹ-TASGGHTACCTTG TTASGACTT-3ʹ)。真菌ITS rRNA全长引物序列为ITS1(5ʹ-CTTGGTCATTTAGAGGAAGTAA-3ʹ);ITS4(5ʹ-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3ʹ)。采用上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司的MiSeq PE300测序平台获得原始数据。
采用Excel 2019软件整理统计数据;采用Graphpad Pism 9.5软件进行单因素方差分析和邓肯多重比较,以P<0.05为差异显著水平,并绘图。采用Chao1指数评估菌群丰富度,采用Shannon指数、Simpson指数评估菌群多样性,利用R语言绘制物种群落组成Bar图并进行主成分分析。
将pGFP-4412质粒成功导入贝莱斯芽孢杆菌SK1-5-2后,获得了能够在抗性平板上生长的标记菌株SK1-5-2-GFP。以SK1-5-2-GFP的基因组DNA为模板,使用GFP基因特异性引物进行PCR扩增,扩增产物大小约为1000 bp,与设计片段长度一致(图1A)。此外,在共聚焦激光扫描显微镜下观察到SK1-5-2-GFP能够激发出明显的绿色荧光(图1B),表明pGFP-4412质粒已成功转入菌株体内并能正常表达。进一步对标记菌株进行遗传稳定性检测,将SK1-5-2-GFP传代至第10代(图1C)和第20代(图1D)后,依然可在抗性平板上正常生长,单菌落在共聚焦显微镜下仍能激发绿色荧光。结果表明,pGFP-4412质粒在SK1-5-2菌株中具有良好的遗传稳定性。
在平板对峙试验中比较了原始菌株(图2A)与标记菌株(图2B)对油茶炭疽病病原菌的抑制能力。结果表明,GFP标记菌株抑菌率为87%,原始型菌株抑菌率为84%,二者在抑制病原菌生长的能力上无显著差异。表明GFP标记对贝莱斯芽孢杆菌的拮抗功能未造成明显影响。
通过环境扫描电子显微镜(ESEM)和共聚焦激光扫描显微镜(CLSM)成像,证实了贝莱斯芽孢杆菌SK1-5-2-GFP在生物炭表面的成功附着与定殖。ESEM图像显示,SK1-5-2-GFP菌株主要分布于生物炭的管状结构和侧向褶皱内部(图3A图3B),表明这些微结构为菌体提供了良好的附着位点与保护环境。进一步,CLSM图像清晰观察到表达绿色荧光蛋白的活菌在生物炭表面的分布(图3C图3D图3E),验证了SK1-5-2-GFP细胞的活性及稳定定殖效果。
荧光共聚焦显微镜(CLSM)图像显示,标记菌株SK1-5-2-GFP能够在油茶侧根部成功定殖(图4)。菌株主要分布于侧根细胞壁及细胞间隙区域(图4A)。明场图像展示了油茶侧根的细胞结构,为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌的定殖定位提供结构参考(图4B)。荧光图与明场图叠加后显示,菌株主要分布在根表面及部分细胞间隙区域(图4C)。综合观察结果推测,贝莱斯芽孢杆菌可能通过细胞间隙扩散的方式在根际形成菌群聚集,实现有效定殖。
不同处理对油茶生长的影响如图5所示。与CK相比,BV、BC和BB处理均显著促进油茶的生长发育,在株高、叶面积、茎基直径、叶绿素含量及鲜质量等指标上均明显高于CK。此外,这3组处理的油茶根系发达,根毛数量明显增多,尤其是BV和BB,根毛分布更为丰富。在BV与BB处理间,株高、叶面积、叶绿素含量及鲜质量差异不显著,但BB的地径显著高于BV。与BC相比,BV和BB在所有生长指标上均表现出显著优势。综上,BB在促进油茶生长方面的效果最为显著,优于BV或BC,显示出良好的协同增效作用。
研究表明,生物炭处理显著改善了土壤的理化性质(表1)。在全氮含量方面,BB和BC均显著高于CK,提升幅度为48.3%~55.2%。速效磷含量在BB和BC中也显著提高,分别较CK提升334.0%和288.0%;相反,BV的速效磷含量较CK下降68.1%。速效钾含量呈现出BC>CK>BB>BV的变化趋势,其中BC较CK提高63.1%。在有机质含量方面,BC和BB均为CK的2.8倍,而BV与CK之间无显著差异。土壤pH在各处理间无显著差异。综合分析结果显示,BC在提升速效钾、有机质和全氮含量方面表现最佳,而BB在速效磷和全氮含量的提升上具有更明显优势。相比之下,BV对大多数土壤养分指标产生了抑制效应,进一步凸显生物炭基质在土壤改良中的显著作用,优于菌剂单独施用。
研究显示,相较于CK,BB、BV、BC对土壤酶活性具有显著调控作用(图6)。其中,BB和BV表现尤为突出:过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性分别提升28.0%和24.4%,蔗糖酶(SC)活性分别提高44.4%和65.4%,脲酶(UE)活性增幅分别达57.9%和68.6%,且酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性在BB中激增338.6%,显著优于CK。BC虽使脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性分别提升21.7%和11.4%,但其蔗糖酶和酸性磷酸酶活性与CK无显著差异。所有处理组中,CK的酶活性均处于最低水平,表明处理组BB和BV能系统性优化土壤酶活性,强化土壤生化功能。
不同处理对油茶抗病性的影响如图7所示。CK与BC的病情指数均为77.8%,表明单独施用生物炭对油茶炭疽病的抑制效果有限。BV的病情指数为60.1%,而BB显著下降至55.6%(图7A)。结果显示,含有贝莱斯芽孢杆菌的BV和BB均能显著降低病情指数,其中BB的抗病效果优于BV(图7B)。贝莱斯芽孢杆菌在提高油茶抗病性方面具有显著作用,且与生物炭联用可进一步增强其防控效果。
选取ACE、Chao1、Shannon和Simpson 4个α多样性指数,在97% OTU相似度水平下对细菌和真菌群落进行分析,相关结果见表2表3。根际细菌群落的ACE指数、Chao1指数、Shannon指数及Simpson指数显示,与CK相比,BV、BC和BB的物种丰富度和多样性均有所提高,但差异均未达到显著水平(表2)。
在真菌群落方面,ACE指数分析结果表明,CK显著高于其他3个处理组;Chao1指数中,CK显著高于BV,但与BC和BB差异不显著。Shannon指数与Simpson指数分析显示,各处理组间无显著性差异(表3)。总体来看,与CK相比,各处理在提高根际细菌物种丰富度和多样性方面具有一定优势,而真菌物种丰富度则呈下降趋势,真菌多样性略有提高,但差异均不显著。
细菌主成分分析(PCA)结果见图8A,BC样本明显与其他处理组分离,表明生物炭的施用显著改变了根际细菌群落结构。BV与CK未表现出明显分离,说明单独施用贝莱斯芽孢杆菌对细菌群落结构影响有限。BB则与其他各组分离明显,显示生物炭负载贝莱斯芽孢杆菌的处理对根际细菌群落结构的影响既区别于单独的生物炭处理,也不同于单独施用菌剂,具有一定的独特性。
真菌主成分分析结果如图8B所示,各处理组间差异明显,表明各处理方式对根际真菌群落结构均产生了显著影响。
不同处理组油茶根际的细菌门水平和属水平的优势微生物丰度百分比堆叠柱状图(相对丰度>1%)如图9图10所示。基于相对丰度>1%定义优势细菌门和优势细菌属,各处理组的优势细菌门为12个。分别为假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)、芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota)、酸杆细菌门(Acidobacteriota)、疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobiota)、放线菌门(Actinomycetota)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)、热硫还原菌门(Thermomicrobiota)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetota)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexota)、芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadota)、硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospirota)、热脱硫杆菌门(Thermodesulfobacteriota)。CK中假单胞菌门与芽孢杆菌门占主导地位,酸杆菌门次之。BV酸杆菌门和放线菌门比例有所增加。BC假单胞菌门和放线菌门比例增加,芽孢杆菌门比例降低。BB芽孢杆菌门比例明显增加,但假单胞菌门和酸杆菌门比例降低。
各处理组细菌群落均以芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)为主,其在土壤中占优势地位,其他属的变化差异明显。与CK相比,BV中的芽孢杆菌属的丰度下降明显,而博尔克氏菌属(Burkholderia)和暂定酸杆菌属(Candidatus Koribacter)的丰度均明显上升;在BC中,硫细菌属(Thiobacter)增长1100.0%,鞘氨醇单胞菌(Sphingomonas)增加了400%;BB中芽孢杆菌属和斯特氏菌属(Priestia)明显高于BC和BV,斯特氏菌属相较于CK增加400%,并且相较于其他处理组各菌属比例较为均匀。这种微生物群落的变化可能反映了生物炭负载贝莱斯芽孢杆菌在微生态系统中的独特作用,增加了土壤微生物群落稳定性,进而影响土壤健康和作物生长。
不同处理组油茶根际的真菌门水平和属水平的优势微生物丰度百分比堆叠柱状图(相对丰度>1%)如图11图12所示。基于相对丰度>1%定义优势真菌门和优势真菌属,在门水平上,各处理组的优势真菌门均为7个。分别为子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)、未定分类真菌(unclassified_k__Fungi)、壶菌门(Chytridiomycota)、罗泽尔菌门(Rozellomycota)、球囊菌门(Glomeromycota)、未定分类真菌门(Fungi_phy_Incertae_sedis),其中子囊菌门和担子菌门丰度占比最大。与CK相比,BV中子囊菌门比例上升;BC中担子菌门比例下降明显,但罗泽尔菌门和壶菌门真菌比例增加;BB中未定分类真菌和和罗泽尔菌门比例上升而担子菌门略有下降。
真菌属水平上,各处理组的优势真菌属为蓝状菌属(Talaromyces),属的变化差异明显。研究发现:相比于CK,BV土壤中木霉属(Trichoderma)相对丰度升高,腐质霉属(Humicola)上升;BC中木霉相对丰度上升,未明确归类壶菌(unclassified-p-Chytridiomycota)和黑盘孢属(Melanconiella)相对丰度也上升明显;BB中蓝状菌属比例上升,未知真菌(Unclassified_k_Fungi)相对丰度上升显著,而镰刀菌属丰度明显下降。
本研究结果表明,生物炭负载贝莱斯芽孢杆菌SK1-5-2能够显著促进油茶的生长,改善土壤养分状况,并优化根际土壤微生物群落结构。具体而言,生物炭作为载体,提高了SK1-5-2在土壤中的存活率和定殖能力,增强了其促生与生防功能,使其能够在土壤中长期发挥作用。此外,该处理显著提高了土壤酶活性,增强了土壤微生物多样性,并有效降低了油茶炭疽病的病情指数。进一步分析发现,SK1-5-2在生物炭的支持下,不仅自身存活能力增强,还通过分泌吲哚乙酸、细胞分裂素等植物生长促进物质,促进植物根系发育,并招募多种有益微生物菌群,如斯特氏菌属、博尔克氏菌属、蓝状菌属、木霉属等,从而间接改善了土壤生态系统的稳定性和健康状况。
与现有研究相比,本研究进一步证实了生物炭作为微生物载体在农业和土壤生态修复中的潜在价值。已有研究表明,生物炭由于富含有机碳、孔隙率高、持水能力强等特性,为土壤微生物提供了理想的栖息环境,增强了有益微生物的存活能力和功能发挥[12,32]。例如,枯草芽孢杆菌负载于生物炭后,其在土壤中的存活期显著延长,并对病原菌产生更强的拮抗作用[33]。此外,JIANG等[34]的研究发现,载有N33菌株的生物炭能够富集芽孢杆菌门、绿弯菌门及芽孢杆菌科等功能微生物,提高土壤酶活性,并改善土壤氮磷钾等养分,最终促进山核桃生长。本研究结果与这些研究一致,进一步验证了生物炭负载B. velezensis在提高土壤养分、优化微生物群落结构及增强植物抗病性方面的协同作用。值得注意的是,本研究不仅证实了生物炭负载B. velezensis促进植物生长的直接效应,还揭示了其在提升土壤微生态稳定性和病害防控能力方面的积极作用。
生物炭-微生物复合体系的作用机制可能涉及多个方面。首先,生物炭的孔隙结构为B. velezensis提供了物理保护,使其免受土壤中捕食者的威胁,同时缓解了养分匮乏对微生物存活的不利影响。这种结构性支持增强了B. velezensis在土壤中的定殖能力,从而延长其促生和拮抗作用的持续时间。其次,B. velezensis通过分泌吲哚乙酸、细胞分裂素等植物生长调节物质,促进植物根系发育,提高植物对土壤养分的吸收能力,并通过固氮、溶磷、解钾等功能提高土壤养分的有效性[35-37]。此外,B. velezensis还能够分泌铁载体等次级代谢产物,进一步增强土壤微生态的活力,并促进有益微生物的富集。例如,本研究发现,B. velezensis的引入使根际土壤中慢生根瘤菌属、博尔克氏菌属、蓝状菌属、木霉属等微生物的丰度显著增加。这些微生物能够通过多种机制促进植物健康,如固氮、分解有机质释放养分、改善土壤结构及通过产生植物激素直接影响植物生长等[38]。土壤微生物群落的多样性在提高土壤生态稳定性和增强植物抗病能力方面具有重要作用[39-40]。研究表明,微生物多样性越高,土壤对外界干扰的抵抗力越强,从而降低植物病害的发生率[41]。在本研究中,生物炭负载B. velezensis处理组中的芽孢杆菌属、蓝状菌属的相对丰度均明显提高,这些菌群在土壤病原菌的生物防治方面具有重要作用。例如,芽孢杆菌能够分泌多种抗生素,如枯草芽孢菌素和抗真菌物质,能够有效抑制炭疽病病原菌的生长[42]。此外,木霉菌在共生微生物群落中能够通过竞争作用抑制病原微生物,限制病害的传播[43-44]。已有研究表明,生物炭作为根际有益微生物的载体,可以显著提高其在土壤和植物根系中的持久性、存活率和定殖效果,从而提高植物的抗病能力[45]。例如,生物炭与链霉菌联合使用,能够显著提升对马铃薯晚疫霉的抑制效果,并显著降低晚疫病的病情指数[46]。同样,本研究结果也表明,将B. velezensis负载于生物炭上,不仅增强了其生物防治能力,还显著降低了油茶炭疽病的病情指数,其效果优于单独施用生物炭或单独施用B. velezensis的处理组。
综合来看,本研究结果不仅深化了对生物炭负载有益微生物的作用机制的理解,也为农业可持续发展提供新的思路。生物炭最初被用于土壤改良,以增强碳封存能力,但近年来的研究表明,其功能远不止于此[19]。本研究进一步验证了生物炭作为生物载体的应用价值,表明其在促进植物健康、提高土壤养分供应能力、优化土壤微生物群落、增强植物抗病性等方面具有显著的生态效益。未来的研究可进一步探讨不同类型的生物炭对B. velezensis及其他生防菌的载体效果,并评估其在不同土壤环境和作物系统中的适用性。此外,可利用宏基因组学、代谢组学等多组学技术解析生物炭-微生物复合体系在根际环境中的作用机制,以更精准地调控根际微生物群落,提升农业生态系统的可持续性。综上,生物炭负载B. velezensis作为一种绿色、可持续的生物防治策略,不仅显著提升油茶的生长表现和抗病能力,也为生态农业的发展提供重要的理论依据和实践指导。
本研究通过系统分析生物炭负载贝莱斯芽孢杆菌SK1-5-2对油茶生长抗病及根际微生态的影响,揭示了该复合体系在农业应用中的多重增效机制。结果表明,生物炭作为功能性载体显著提升了B. velezensis的定殖能力,通过物理保护效应和微环境调控延长了其促生与生防功能的持续时间。该体系通过分泌植物激素促进油茶根系发育,并激活土壤酶活性,提高氮磷钾等养分有效性,同时通过定向富集篮状菌属、木霉属等有益微生物,构建了抗病性更强的根际微生物网络,使油茶炭疽病病情指数显著降低。与单一施用生物炭或菌剂相比,生物炭-微生物复合体系展现出显著的协同效应,证实其作为绿色生防策略在提升土壤生态功能、增强植物抗逆性方面的独特优势。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFD2200704)
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2025年第46卷第8期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.08.018
  • 接收时间:2025-02-26
  • 首发时间:2026-06-24
  • 出版时间:2025-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-26
  • 录用日期:2025-04-28
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国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFD2200704)
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    1.海南大学生命健康学院,海南海口 570228
    2.海南大学南繁学院,海南三亚 572025
    3.热带油茶海南省工程研究中心,海南海口 570228

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* 黄小龙(HUANG Xiaolong),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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