Article(id=1276616173378732978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276616049617408127, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.08.016, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1740844800000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1744300800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-04-11, onlineDate=1782298614115, onlineDateStr=2026-06-24, pubDate=1756051200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782298614115, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782298614115, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782298614115, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276616049617408127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2025', volume='46', issue='8', pageStart='1785', pageEnd='2029', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1756051200000', pubDateStr='2025-08-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782298584608, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782298660748, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276616369089147039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276616049617408127, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276616369089147040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276616049617408127, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1931, endPage=1942, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276616173856883637, articleId=1276616173378732978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Progress in Hydrotropism of Plant Roots, columnId=1236256434120348225, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Plant Cultivation, Physiology & Biochemistry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The biological property by which plant root tips perceive moisture gradients and bend toward regions of higher water potential is termed hydrotropism. As a critical adaptive strategy for plants to respond to dynamic water environments, hydrotropism drives roots to actively navigate toward water sources, optimizing water acquisition. The regulatory mechanism of hydrotropism involves the coordinated mediation of second messengers (reactive oxygen species and calcium ions), phytohormones (abscisic acid, auxin and cytokinin), and key regulators such as MIZ1. Plants achieve adaptive responses to water stress through integrating processes of moisture gradient perception, signal transduction, and asymmetric hormone distribution. However, significant differences exist in hydrotropic regulatory mechanisms among species, and in the interactions with other tropisms (gravitropism, phototropism, and thigmotropism). Elucidating the core regulatory factors of hydrotropism and the interaction patterns of the signaling networks would provide a theoretical basis for genetic improvement of water-use efficiency in crops and sustainable agricultural development.

, authors=null, authorsList=Yuxiao LIU, Shiwen DAI, Xi WANG, Songyu PEI, Xuexiao ZOU, Fang YUAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xuexiao ZOU, Fang YUAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276616176830645177, articleId=1276616173378732978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=植物根向水性研究进展, columnId=1236256434313286224, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=作物栽培与生理生化, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

植物根尖感知水分梯度并向高水势区域弯曲生长的生物学特性称为向水性。向水性是植物响应动态水分环境的重要适应策略,驱动根系主动趋近水源以优化水分获取。向水性调控机制涉及第二信使(活性氧与钙离子)、植物激素(脱落酸、生长素与细胞分裂素)及MIZ1等关键调节因子协同介导。植物通过整合水分梯度感知、信号传导及激素不对称分布等过程实现对水分胁迫的适应性响应,但不同物种间向水性调控机制及其与向重力性、向光性、向触性等其他向性的互作关系存在显著差异。解析向水性核心调控因子及其信号网络互作模式,可为作物水分高效利用的遗传改良及农业可持续发展提供理论依据。

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* 代世文(1994—),男,博士研究生,研究方向:植物根系抗旱。

刘宇霄(1999—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:植物根系抗旱

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* 邹学校(ZOU Xuexiao),E-mail:
远方(YUAN Fang),E-mail:
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刘宇霄(1999—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:植物根系抗旱

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Genes & Development, 1997, 11(22): 2983-2995., articleTitle=The Arabidopsis HY5 gene encodes a bZIP protein that regulates stimulus-induced development of root and hypocotyl, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276616215586013299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616173378732978, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=29, issue=12, pageStart=984, pageEnd=993, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[97], rfOrder=96, authorNames=CHANG J, LI X, FU W, WANG J, LI J, journalName=Cell Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHANG J, LI X, FU W, WANG J, LI J. Asymmetric distribution of cytokinins determines root hydrotropism in Arabidopsis thaliana[J]. 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Environmental and Experimental Botany, 2012, 75: 167-172., articleTitle=MIZU-KUSSEI1 plays an essential role in the hydrotropism of lateral roots in Arabidopsis thaliana, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276616217309872245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616173378732978, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=172, issue=2, pageStart=358, pageEnd=368, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[99], rfOrder=98, authorNames=COLE E S, MAHALL B E, journalName=New Phytologist, refType=null, unstructuredReference=COLE E S, MAHALL B E. A test for hydrotropic behavior by roots of two coastal dune shrubs[J]. New Phytologist, 2006, 172(2): 358-368., articleTitle=A test for hydrotropic behavior by roots of two coastal dune shrubs, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1276616195239444480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616173378732978, awardId=2023YFF1001200, language=CN, fundingSource=“十四五”国家重点研发计划重点专项(2023YFF1001200), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1276616195306553345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616173378732978, awardId=32494780, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金重大项目(32494780), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1276616177149412283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616173378732978, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276616177161995196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616173378732978, companyId=1276616177149412283, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.College of Horticulture, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276616177170383805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616173378732978, companyId=1276616177149412283, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.湖南农业大学园艺学院,湖南长沙 410125)]), AuthorCompany(id=1276616177237492670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616173378732978, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276616177245881279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616173378732978, companyId=1276616177237492670, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276616177254269888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616173378732978, companyId=1276616177237492670, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.浙江大学生命科学学院,浙江杭州 310058)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1276616191493932023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616173378732978, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Experimental system for inducing hydrotropism in Arabidopsis thaliana, figureFileSmall=5oUu3FxB4idjHLvLN4aA0A==, figureFileBig=vEvUYPIoBPAVD47z3Jk/1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616191875613688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616173378732978, language=CN, label=图1, caption=拟南芥向水性诱导实验系统

箭头表示重力(G)方向。

, figureFileSmall=5oUu3FxB4idjHLvLN4aA0A==, figureFileBig=vEvUYPIoBPAVD47z3Jk/1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616192693502969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616173378732978, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Species-specific differences in hydrotropic mechanisms of plant root

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物种(科)Species (family)感知部位Site of perception涉及的主要激素Major hormone involved靶向蛋白/通路Target protein/pathway抑制剂对向水性反应的影响Effects of inhibitors on hydrotropic response
CHPAATIBAPCIBKYNHFCA洛伐他汀Lovastatin参考文献Reference
拟南芥(十字花科)根冠、伸长区脱落酸、细胞分裂素ARR16和ARR17、MIZ1、ECA1、SnRK2.2无变化或促进无变化或促进无变化促进未知未知[5,30-33]
豌豆(豆科)根冠生长素AUX1、PIN转运蛋白,IAA生物合成,生长素信号转导(TIR1/AFBs)抑制抑制抑制抑制抑制未知[19,34]
百脉根(豆科)未知未知生长素生物合成,TIR1/AFBs独立通路无变化或促进无变化或促进无变化或促进抑制未知未知[19]
水稻(禾本科)过渡区或伸长区生长素AUX1、PIN转运蛋白,IAA生物合成,生长素信号转导(TIR1/AFBs)抑制抑制抑制抑制未知未知[19]
玉米(禾本科)根冠、伸长区生长素MIZ1、Aux/IAA转录因子、IAA转运蛋白(PINOID)、生长素转运蛋白(big grain I)、钙泵、细胞分裂素氧化酶未知未知未知未知未知抑制[35]
黄瓜(葫芦科)过渡区或伸长区生长素Aux/IAA(IAA1)转录因子、CsPIN5(AtPIN2)、生长素信号转导(TIR1/AFBs)未知抑制抑制未知抑制未知[18,36]
番茄(茄科)未知脱落酸、乙烯MIZ1、ABA4未知未知未知未知未知未知[37-38]
), ArticleFig(id=1276616192773194746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616173378732978, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

植物根系向水性机制的物种特异性差异

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物种(科)Species (family)感知部位Site of perception涉及的主要激素Major hormone involved靶向蛋白/通路Target protein/pathway抑制剂对向水性反应的影响Effects of inhibitors on hydrotropic response
CHPAATIBAPCIBKYNHFCA洛伐他汀Lovastatin参考文献Reference
拟南芥(十字花科)根冠、伸长区脱落酸、细胞分裂素ARR16和ARR17、MIZ1、ECA1、SnRK2.2无变化或促进无变化或促进无变化促进未知未知[5,30-33]
豌豆(豆科)根冠生长素AUX1、PIN转运蛋白,IAA生物合成,生长素信号转导(TIR1/AFBs)抑制抑制抑制抑制抑制未知[19,34]
百脉根(豆科)未知未知生长素生物合成,TIR1/AFBs独立通路无变化或促进无变化或促进无变化或促进抑制未知未知[19]
水稻(禾本科)过渡区或伸长区生长素AUX1、PIN转运蛋白,IAA生物合成,生长素信号转导(TIR1/AFBs)抑制抑制抑制抑制未知未知[19]
玉米(禾本科)根冠、伸长区生长素MIZ1、Aux/IAA转录因子、IAA转运蛋白(PINOID)、生长素转运蛋白(big grain I)、钙泵、细胞分裂素氧化酶未知未知未知未知未知抑制[35]
黄瓜(葫芦科)过渡区或伸长区生长素Aux/IAA(IAA1)转录因子、CsPIN5(AtPIN2)、生长素信号转导(TIR1/AFBs)未知抑制抑制未知抑制未知[18,36]
番茄(茄科)未知脱落酸、乙烯MIZ1、ABA4未知未知未知未知未知未知[37-38]
), ArticleFig(id=1276616194769683453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616173378732978, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Arabidopsis thaliana mutants with various genetic backgrounds exhibiting abnormal root hydrotropism

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
突变体Mutant基因名Gene name编号Accession功能Function向水性反应Hydrotropic response参考文献Reference
pin2 wav6(双突变体)PIN2AT5G57090生长素流出载体增强[4,64]
aux1-7AUX1AT2G38120生长素流入载体增强[4,65]
aba1-1ABA1AT5G67030脱落酸生物合成减弱[4]
abi2-1ABI2AT4G26080脱落酸信号转导减弱[4]
wav2-1WAV2AT5G20520脱硫酰化减弱[4,66]
wav3-1WAV3AT5G49665E3泛素连接酶减弱[4,67]
axr1-3AXR1AT1G05180生长素响应增强[4]
axr2-1AXR2AT3G23050生长素响应增强[4]
wav6-52未识别未识别生长素运输增强[4]
hab1-1 abi1-1 pp2caHAB1AT1G72770脱落酸信号转导增强[60,68]
1abi2-2(四重突变体)ABI1AT4G26080
PP2CAAT3G11410
ABI2AT5G57050
nhr1未识别未识别未知抑制[69-70]
pgm1PGM1AT5G51820磷酸葡萄糖变位酶异构体增强[71]
miz1MIZ1AT2G41660未知抑制[72]
pldζ2PLDζ2AT3G05630磷脂酶减弱[73-74]
miz2 gnommiz2GNOMAT1G13980GDP/GTP交换因子抑制[75]
(双突变体)
miz2未识别未识别囊泡运输无向水性[75]
ahr1未识别未识别未知抑制[76]
phyA phyBPHYAAT1G09570光感知抑制[6]
(双突变体)PHYBAT2G18790
hy5-1HY5AT5G11260光信号转导抑制[6]
pyr/pylPYR1AT4G17870脱落酸信号转导减弱[68]
(六重突变体)PYL1AT5G46790
PYL2AT2G26040
PYL4AT2G38310
PYL5AT5G05440
PYL8AT5G53160
rbohcRBOH CAT5G51060NADPH氧化酶增强[50]
apx1APX1AT1G07890抗坏血酸过氧化物酶减弱[50]
snrk2.2 snrk2.3SNRK2.2AT3G50500脱落酸信号转导减弱[5]
(双突变体)SNRK2.3AT5G66880
atg2ATG2AT3G19190自噬无向水性[7]
atg8bATG8BAT3G06420自噬无向水性[7]
atg8i未识别未识别自噬无向水性[7]
atg9ATG9AT2G31260自噬无向水性[7]
bril5未识别未识别油菜素类固醇感知减弱[61]
eca1ECA1AT1G07810内质网钙离子泵增强[8]
ahp1 ahp2 ahp3AHP1AT3G21510细胞分裂素信号转导减弱[32]
(三重突变体)AHP2AT3G29350
AHP3AT5G39340
arr16 arr17(双突变体)ARR16AT2G40670细胞分裂素信号转导减弱[32]
ARR17AT3G56380
ahk2-5 cre1-2AHK2AT5G35750细胞分裂素感知减弱[32]
CRE1AT2G01830
ipt1 ipt3 ipt5 ipt7IPT1AT1G68460细胞分裂素合成减弱[32]
(四重突变体)IPT3AT3G63110
IPT5AT5G19040
IPT7AT3G23630
cyp735a1CYP735A1AT5G38450细胞分裂素合成减弱[32]
log2未识别未识别细胞分裂素合成减弱[32]
pcap1PCaP1AT4G20260钙离子信号转导减弱[77]
ktn1KTN1AT1G80350微管剪切减弱[78]
osca1.1OSCA1.1AT4G04340钙离子通道增强[46]
miz1 pgm1MIZ1AT2G41660MIZ1-未知抑制[79]
(双突变体)PGM1AT5G51820PGM1-磷酸葡萄糖变位酶异构体
arh1-2 fei1-C fei2-C未识别未识别细胞壁合成增强[80]
(三重突变体)未识别未识别
未识别未识别
), ArticleFig(id=1276616194861958143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616173378732978, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

根向水性表现异常的不同遗传背景的拟南芥突变体

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
突变体Mutant基因名Gene name编号Accession功能Function向水性反应Hydrotropic response参考文献Reference
pin2 wav6(双突变体)PIN2AT5G57090生长素流出载体增强[4,64]
aux1-7AUX1AT2G38120生长素流入载体增强[4,65]
aba1-1ABA1AT5G67030脱落酸生物合成减弱[4]
abi2-1ABI2AT4G26080脱落酸信号转导减弱[4]
wav2-1WAV2AT5G20520脱硫酰化减弱[4,66]
wav3-1WAV3AT5G49665E3泛素连接酶减弱[4,67]
axr1-3AXR1AT1G05180生长素响应增强[4]
axr2-1AXR2AT3G23050生长素响应增强[4]
wav6-52未识别未识别生长素运输增强[4]
hab1-1 abi1-1 pp2caHAB1AT1G72770脱落酸信号转导增强[60,68]
1abi2-2(四重突变体)ABI1AT4G26080
PP2CAAT3G11410
ABI2AT5G57050
nhr1未识别未识别未知抑制[69-70]
pgm1PGM1AT5G51820磷酸葡萄糖变位酶异构体增强[71]
miz1MIZ1AT2G41660未知抑制[72]
pldζ2PLDζ2AT3G05630磷脂酶减弱[73-74]
miz2 gnommiz2GNOMAT1G13980GDP/GTP交换因子抑制[75]
(双突变体)
miz2未识别未识别囊泡运输无向水性[75]
ahr1未识别未识别未知抑制[76]
phyA phyBPHYAAT1G09570光感知抑制[6]
(双突变体)PHYBAT2G18790
hy5-1HY5AT5G11260光信号转导抑制[6]
pyr/pylPYR1AT4G17870脱落酸信号转导减弱[68]
(六重突变体)PYL1AT5G46790
PYL2AT2G26040
PYL4AT2G38310
PYL5AT5G05440
PYL8AT5G53160
rbohcRBOH CAT5G51060NADPH氧化酶增强[50]
apx1APX1AT1G07890抗坏血酸过氧化物酶减弱[50]
snrk2.2 snrk2.3SNRK2.2AT3G50500脱落酸信号转导减弱[5]
(双突变体)SNRK2.3AT5G66880
atg2ATG2AT3G19190自噬无向水性[7]
atg8bATG8BAT3G06420自噬无向水性[7]
atg8i未识别未识别自噬无向水性[7]
atg9ATG9AT2G31260自噬无向水性[7]
bril5未识别未识别油菜素类固醇感知减弱[61]
eca1ECA1AT1G07810内质网钙离子泵增强[8]
ahp1 ahp2 ahp3AHP1AT3G21510细胞分裂素信号转导减弱[32]
(三重突变体)AHP2AT3G29350
AHP3AT5G39340
arr16 arr17(双突变体)ARR16AT2G40670细胞分裂素信号转导减弱[32]
ARR17AT3G56380
ahk2-5 cre1-2AHK2AT5G35750细胞分裂素感知减弱[32]
CRE1AT2G01830
ipt1 ipt3 ipt5 ipt7IPT1AT1G68460细胞分裂素合成减弱[32]
(四重突变体)IPT3AT3G63110
IPT5AT5G19040
IPT7AT3G23630
cyp735a1CYP735A1AT5G38450细胞分裂素合成减弱[32]
log2未识别未识别细胞分裂素合成减弱[32]
pcap1PCaP1AT4G20260钙离子信号转导减弱[77]
ktn1KTN1AT1G80350微管剪切减弱[78]
osca1.1OSCA1.1AT4G04340钙离子通道增强[46]
miz1 pgm1MIZ1AT2G41660MIZ1-未知抑制[79]
(双突变体)PGM1AT5G51820PGM1-磷酸葡萄糖变位酶异构体
arh1-2 fei1-C fei2-C未识别未识别细胞壁合成增强[80]
(三重突变体)未识别未识别
未识别未识别
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植物根向水性研究进展
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刘宇霄 1 , 代世文 1 , 王茜 2 , 裴宋雨 1 , 邹学校 1, ** , 远方 1, **
热带作物学报 | 作物栽培与生理生化 2025,46(8): 1931-1942
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热带作物学报 |作物栽培与生理生化 2025 , 46 (8) : 1931 -1942
植物根向水性研究进展
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刘宇霄1, 代世文1, 王茜2, 裴宋雨1, 邹学校1, ** , 远方1, **
作者信息
  • 1.湖南农业大学园艺学院,湖南长沙 410125
  • 2.浙江大学生命科学学院,浙江杭州 310058
通讯作者:
* 邹学校(ZOU Xuexiao),E-mail:
远方(YUAN Fang),E-mail:
Progress in Hydrotropism of Plant Roots
Yuxiao LIU1, Shiwen DAI1, Xi WANG2, Songyu PEI1, Xuexiao ZOU1, ** , Fang YUAN1, **
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Horticulture, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
  • 2.College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
出版时间: 2025-08-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.08.016
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植物根尖感知水分梯度并向高水势区域弯曲生长的生物学特性称为向水性。向水性是植物响应动态水分环境的重要适应策略,驱动根系主动趋近水源以优化水分获取。向水性调控机制涉及第二信使(活性氧与钙离子)、植物激素(脱落酸、生长素与细胞分裂素)及MIZ1等关键调节因子协同介导。植物通过整合水分梯度感知、信号传导及激素不对称分布等过程实现对水分胁迫的适应性响应,但不同物种间向水性调控机制及其与向重力性、向光性、向触性等其他向性的互作关系存在显著差异。解析向水性核心调控因子及其信号网络互作模式,可为作物水分高效利用的遗传改良及农业可持续发展提供理论依据。

根  /  向水性  /  非生物胁迫  /  钙信号  /  活性氧  /  脱落酸  /  生长素  /  细胞分裂素

The biological property by which plant root tips perceive moisture gradients and bend toward regions of higher water potential is termed hydrotropism. As a critical adaptive strategy for plants to respond to dynamic water environments, hydrotropism drives roots to actively navigate toward water sources, optimizing water acquisition. The regulatory mechanism of hydrotropism involves the coordinated mediation of second messengers (reactive oxygen species and calcium ions), phytohormones (abscisic acid, auxin and cytokinin), and key regulators such as MIZ1. Plants achieve adaptive responses to water stress through integrating processes of moisture gradient perception, signal transduction, and asymmetric hormone distribution. However, significant differences exist in hydrotropic regulatory mechanisms among species, and in the interactions with other tropisms (gravitropism, phototropism, and thigmotropism). Elucidating the core regulatory factors of hydrotropism and the interaction patterns of the signaling networks would provide a theoretical basis for genetic improvement of water-use efficiency in crops and sustainable agricultural development.

roots  /  hydrotropism  /  abiotic stress  /  calcium signal  /  reactive oxygen species  /  abscisic acid  /  auxin  /  cytokinin
刘宇霄, 代世文, 王茜, 裴宋雨, 邹学校, 远方. 植物根向水性研究进展. 热带作物学报, 2025 , 46 (8) : 1931 -1942 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.08.016
Yuxiao LIU, Shiwen DAI, Xi WANG, Songyu PEI, Xuexiao ZOU, Fang YUAN. Progress in Hydrotropism of Plant Roots[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2025 , 46 (8) : 1931 -1942 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.08.016
作为固着生物,植物在生长发育中必须持续应对复杂多变的生物与非生物胁迫环境。其中,干旱胁迫作为限制作物生产力的关键环境因子,严重威胁全球粮食安全;而气候变化引发的干旱频发与持续时间延长,将进一步加剧其对农业生态系统的负面影响。控制水分的吸收与利用是植物应对干旱胁迫的重要措施。在此背景下,阐明植物根系通过水分吸收与利用以应对干旱胁迫的分子基础,尤其是根向水性的调控网络,对于提升作物抗旱能力、实现农业可持续发展具有重要意义[1]
当土壤水分呈现空间异质性分布时,植物根系通过动态调整生长方向与速率响应局部水分梯度变化[2],优先向高水势区域定向延伸,这一适应性策略被称为向水性反应[3]。TAKAHASHI等[4]建立了根向水性研究模型(图1),如图1所示,拟南芥幼苗垂直放置在固定于密闭丙烯酸室内侧壁1%(w/V)的琼脂平板上,使每个根尖从琼脂边缘自由悬浮在周围空气中。琼脂平板与密闭丙烯酸室内放置的饱和盐溶液之间建立稳定的水分梯度。拟南芥在该系统中对水分梯度表现出明显的弯曲反应。近年研究表明,拟南芥根的向水性反应由多重因子协同调控,包括根伸长区皮层细胞中MIZ1(MIZU-KUSSEI 1)[5]蛋白的功能、脱落酸(ABA)[6]信号通路、根弯曲部位活性氧(ROS)的时空积累[7],以及包括根冠与伸长区中柱在内的整个根尖细胞质Ca2+浓度的动态变化[8]。然而,不同植物物种间向水性的调控机制存在显著差异,且其与向重力性的互作模式亦呈现物种特异性[9]表1)。目前,根系水势梯度感知的分子机制、向水性信号传导路径及其与向重力性等其他向性的交互作用仍亟待解析[10-11]。此外,由于向重力性、向光性与向触性等多元向性的信号干扰,实验室条件下根系向水性的独立观测仍面临技术挑战[12]。无向性或向性表型改变突变体的筛选与功能解析,不仅推动了向水性核心调控元件的鉴定,更揭示了该机制在物种间的演化多样性(表1)。
本文综述了植物根感知水势梯度的关键部位,并重点讨论参与向水性调控的次级信使系统(钙离子与活性氧)、激素信号网络(脱落酸、生长素与细胞分裂素)及向水性与其他向性信号通路的交互作用。
早期研究表明,根冠在植物向水性感知中发挥核心作用。例如,玉米根冠的移除可显著抑制其向水性反应,提示根冠是水分梯度感知的关键部位[13]。后续研究通过激光消融等现代技术进一步证实,根冠在拟南芥、玉米和豌豆等物种的水势梯度感知中具有保守功能[14-17]。然而,物种间存在显著差异:玉米根尖虽对水势梯度最敏感,但其伸长区皮层细胞亦可独立感知水分信号[17];而黄瓜和水稻根冠则对向水性具有抑制作用,去除根冠后其向水反应得以恢复[18-19]。值得注意的是,拟南芥分生组织与根冠的激光消融试验研究表明,即使缺乏根冠,其伸长区皮层细胞仍能驱动向水弯曲[5]。由于传统根冠去除方法常伴随根系生长损伤,向水性减弱可能源于生长受限而非感知机制缺失[20]。植物水分感知部位具有物种特异性,可能涉及根冠柱细胞、伸长区皮层细胞或二者的协同作用(表1)。然而,不同植物感知水势梯度的差异程度及其具体的分子机制仍需深入解析。
根系构型特征是决定向水性效率的关键因素。研究表明,大豆根系在局部供水条件下通过调整根系发育方向优先向土壤湿润区域延伸,凸显向水性对根系形态可塑性的主导作用[21]。EAPEN等[22]通过田间试验发现,强向水性玉米杂交种在3种处理(正常灌溉、局部侧位灌溉、干旱胁迫)下表现出显著优势:其根系投影面积、中位宽度与根深骨架化程度等形态参数均优于弱响应品种,且茎粗与产量显著提升。此类构型特征通过增强深层土壤水分获取能力,赋予植物干旱适应性[23-25]。例如,水稻深层根系通过提取深层水分缓解干旱胁迫,其根系构型改良已被证实可增强抗旱性[26]DEEPER ROOTING 1DRO1)基因通过调控根生长角度与深根性显著提升干旱条件下的水稻产量[27-29]。因此,解析根系构型对水分梯度的响应规律,可为抗旱品种选育提供理论依据。
Ca2+是植物生长发育和逆境响应的核心调控因子,也是真核生物中普遍的第二信使[39-40]。膜渗透性Ca2+螯合剂BAPTA-AM能够减轻拟南芥根的向水性[8],钙螯合剂乙二醇-双-(β-氨基乙基醚)-N,N,N′,N′-四乙酸(EGTA)对豌豆根的向水性也存在抑制作用[34]。同样,钙通道阻滞剂镧(LaCl3)抑制了无向重力性豌豆突变体ageotropum的向水性反应,而钙离子载体A23187的应用显著增强了豌豆根的向水弯曲[41],表明质外体钙及其通过质膜的流入参与了向水性的诱导。SHKOLNIK等[8]发现施加在拟南芥根尖上的水势梯度会在韧皮部产生缓慢、长距离及不对称的细胞质Ca2+信号并在伸长区达到峰值,Ca2+信号通过伸长区的微管细胞逐渐传递到外围细胞,进而导致细胞差异生长并向更高水势弯曲。MIZU-KUSSEI 1MIZ1)编码一个功能未知的内质网(ER)膜定位蛋白[42],MIZ1蛋白是拟南芥根向水弯曲时产生缓慢、长距离Ca2+信号所必需的[8]miz1突变体对向水刺激不敏感,表明MIZ1蛋白在根向水性中具有重要作用。ECA1是一种将胞内Ca2+导入ER腔的泵[43],通过生化和遗传手段提高细胞质Ca2+水平,包括内质网Ca2+-ATP酶亚型ECA1突变体eca1,能够增强根的向水性反应[8]。最近研究表明,水分胁迫下MIZ1通过直接与ECA1结合抑制其转运活性,为向水性产生必要的钙信号,进而导致根向高水势弯曲生长[44]。水分胁迫后期,由渗透胁迫感受器OSCA1.1[45]介导的胞质Ca2+增加[46]被钙依赖性蛋白激酶(CPK4/5/6/11)感知并对MIZ1进行磷酸化修饰,从而减轻MIZ1对ECA1的抑制作用[44]。这种负反馈调节导致细胞质Ca2+流入内质网,细胞质Ca2+的浓度降低减弱了根的向水性[44]。当细胞质Ca2+的积累超过生理耐受阈值时,细胞质Ca2+的增加会产生促进或抑制向水反应的双重作用,以维持营养吸收与生长平衡[44]。目前,尚不清楚Ca2+信号如何从根尖传递到伸长区以促进跨根的细胞差异生长和随后的向水弯曲,以及Ca2+信号传导是否与激素信号通路相互作用。
ROS在植物生物学中具有双重作用。ROS不仅介导生长发育所需的信号反应,也会触发生理或程序性细胞死亡[47]。植物在应对不同生物和非生物胁迫时会促使ROS的产生,ROS是各种复杂信号通路的枢纽[48]。植物NADPH氧化酶被称为Rboh(respiratory burst oxidase homologue),是动物巨噬细胞NADPH氧化酶主要功能亚基gp91phox的同源物,负责催化质外体超氧化物的产生,超氧化物自发或通过超氧化物歧化酶转化为过氧化氢(H2O2),进一步介导ROS的信号传导[49]。拟南芥根的向重力反应过程中,ROS在根伸长区呈现短暂的不对称分布,而在向水性中未观察到ROS的瞬时不对称分布,且用氧化胁迫诱导剂甲基紫精处理拟南芥幼苗不会影响根的向水性[50-51],ROS(推测是H2O2)可能通过促进向重力性和负向调节向水性来调节根的向性反应[50]。使用抗氧化剂抗坏血酸或ROS产生抑制剂二苯基氯化碘盐(DPI)会降低ROS水平,进而减轻根的向重力性、增强向水性,缺乏抗坏血酸过氧化物酶1的拟南芥突变体apx1表现出减弱的向水弯曲[50]。同样,研究表明RBOH C的活性是负向调控向水性所必需的,因为rbohC突变体表现出增强的向水弯曲及根尖较低水平的H2O2[50]。此外,NADPH氧化酶激活产生的质外体ROS可以触发允许Ca2+流入质膜的通道,由此导致的细胞质Ca2+增加可能通过RBOH激活的前馈调节被放大,进一步触发Ca2+内流循环并传播到相邻细胞[52]。ROS诱导的Ca2+波和Ca2+诱导的ROS波可能参与向性弯曲的长距离信号转导。这种信号转导机制是否涉及基于膜电位的电信号传导仍待进一步研究[53]
ABA信号转导途径是植物渗透胁迫的核心[54]。植物根中ABA的生物合成是对环境缺水的早期反应[55]。与野生型相比,ABA缺陷突变体aba1-1abi2-1的向水性显著减弱(表2),外源添加ABA完全恢复了aba1-1对水势梯度的响应,表明ABA参与了向水性反应[4]。已鉴定的ABA信号通路的核心成分包括STARTT蛋白结构域的PYR/PYL/RCAR(Pyrabactin Resistance/Pyrabactin Resistance-Like/Regulatory Component of ABA Receptor,PYR/PYL/RCAR)、蛋白磷酸酶2C(Type 2C protein phosphatases,PP2Cs)和亚类ⅢSNF1相关激酶(SNF1-related kinase 2,SnRK2)[56]。ABA通过与PYR/PYL/RCAR蛋白相互作用,阻止PP2C介导的SnRK2s去磷酸化,导致SnRK2激酶的激活、ABA反应启动子元件的磷酸化及ABA相关基因的表达[57-58]。拟南芥中,ABA超敏pp2c四重突变体和ABA不敏感六重pyr/pyl突变体分别表现出增强和减弱的向水性,表明PYR/PYL对PP2Cs的ABA依赖性抑制在根响应向水刺激中具有重要作用[59]。拟南芥snrk2.2 snrk2.3双突变体的向水性反应明显降低(表2),但在SnRK2.2自身启动子或皮层特异性启动子下表达SnRK2.2基因的snrk2.2 snrk2.3双突变体中恢复,根皮层特异性表达ABA关键信号转导成分SnRK2.2似乎是根产生向水性反应所必需的[5]。ABA-INSENSITIVE1(ABI1)是ABA信号转导中的关键PP2C,其直接与拟南芥质膜H+依赖性腺苷三磷酸酶2(AHA2)的C末端相互作用并对其倒数第二个苏氨酸残基(Thr947)去磷酸化而负向调节AHA2,破坏根伸长区H+的不对称外流,从而抑制根的生长和向水弯曲。研究表明,低浓度ABA通过缓解ABI1介导的质膜H+-ATPase 2抑制作用来促进根的生长和向水性[60]。此外,油菜素内酯(BRs)受体油菜素内酯不敏感1(BRI1)与AHA2对H+外流的高度协同在拟南芥根的向水性中具有重要作用,水势梯度下BR不敏感突变体bri1-5根的生长和向水弯曲受到明显抑制[61]。最近报道,向水刺激下水势较低侧番茄根中ABA相关基因表达量增加,ABA调节的根尖不对称H+外排促进细胞伸长生长,进而导致向水弯曲[37]
拟南芥PYR/PYL家族成员在调节ABA敏感性方面存在部分功能冗余,尽管每个PYL可能拥有独特的生化性质和表达模式[59]。拟南芥三重突变系(pyr1 pyl1 pyl4)与四重突变系(pyr1 pyl1 pyl2 pyl4)才表现出明显的ABA不敏感性[62]pyr1 pyl1 pyl2 pyl4 pyl5 pyl8六重突变体(112458)对ABA不敏感性至少比pyr1 pyl1 pyl2 pyl4四重突变体(1124)高1个数量级[63]。有趣的是,PYL8在调节根对ABA的敏感性方面表现非冗余性,9个pyr/pyl突变体(pyr1pyl1pyl2pyl4pyl5pyl6pyl7pyl8pyl9)中只有pyl8单敲突变体对ABA介导的根的生长抑制敏感性降低,推测PYL8的表达模式相对于其他PYR/PYL受体具有特异性[59]
许多研究表明,生长素再分配参与植物根的向重力性[81-83]。然而,向水性中根的生长素再分配一直存在争议[84]。拟南芥中,无论是否存在生长素极性运输抑制剂,均未观察到根向水性反应中生长素的再分布,但非特异性生长素拮抗剂氯苯氧异丁酸(PCIB)可显著抑制向水性,而特异性拮抗剂反而增强该反应[30,33]。同样,对重力和生长素反应降低的突变体axr1-3axr2-1表现出比野生型更强的向水性[4]表2),通过阻断生长素受体TIR依赖的生长素信号传导可加速根的向水弯曲[33]。另一方面,向水刺激前2 h内未检测到拟南芥根中生长素的差异分布,但6 h以后发现根尖凸侧生长素水平较高,这种晚期生长素再分布可能是根向水弯曲后受到重力刺激的结果[33]。这些结果表明,拟南芥根的向水性可能是由不同于重力依赖性生长素再分配机制介导的,或者生长素不参与拟南芥根的向水性[33]。微重力条件下黄瓜根对向水刺激更敏感,而生长素转运抑制剂显著降低了向水性反应,黄瓜根向水性和向重力性间的干扰或相互作用可能是由于响应湿度梯度和重力而建立的竞争性生长素动力学差异造成的[36,85]。此外,生长素合成、转运或反应抑制剂的施用降低了水稻、豌豆[19]与黄瓜根[18]的向水性,而光叶百脉根的向水性只受到生长素合成的影响,不需要生长素的运输与反应[19]表1)。因此,生长素在根向水性中的调节机制可能不同于向重力性[30],其参与向水性的方式因植物物种而异[88]
细胞分裂素是在水分胁迫条件下影响根系生长方向的关键信号分子[32]。向水性改变突变体1(ahr1)在细胞分裂素存在的条件下,表现出与野生型相似的向水性反应[76]。外源激动素的应用恢复了无向水性突变体1(nhr1)的向水性[76]。相对于高水势侧,拟南芥根尖低水势侧表现出更多的细胞分裂素反应;2种细胞分裂素下游A型反应调节因子ARR16和ARR17在较低水势侧上调,导致该侧分生组织区细胞分裂增加,根向较高水势侧弯曲;各种细胞分裂素生物合成和信号转导突变体,包括arr16 arr17双突变体,向水反应明显降低,表明分生组织区细胞分裂素不对称分布是细胞分裂不均和随后根向水弯曲的重要因素[32]。细胞分裂素的不对称分布依赖于功能性MIZ1,因为向水刺激下miz1-2突变体中ARR16和ARR17的表达仍然很低,而ARR16或ARR17的单侧表达均可有效诱导miz1-2根的向水弯曲[32]。此外,MIZ1的表达模式不受向水刺激或外源细胞分裂素应用的调节[32]。但MIZ1调控细胞分裂素的具体分子机制仍尚不清楚。MIZ1蛋白含有一个功能未知的结构域(DUF617,即MIZ结构域)。该结构域在陆生植物(如苔藓、拟南芥)中高度保守,但在藻类或动物中未发现,暗示其可能通过特定分子界面参与细胞分裂素信号通路的调控[72,86]。例如,MIZ结构域的缺失可能影响MIZ1与细胞分裂素响应因子(如ARR16/ARR17)的相互作用,进而破坏根尖细胞分裂素的不对称分布[32]
除了向水性调控机制外,植物根的向水性也会受到其他环境信号的影响。地球正常重力下,向重力性会干扰各种植物根系对水势梯度的响应[87]。向水性与向重力性相互影响的程度取决于刺激阈值与物种敏感性差异,根对水势梯度的反应根据重力刺激角度而变化[88]。豌豆失重力突变体ageotropum因向重力性缺陷,其根系向水性反应显著强于野生型[34],通过回转器消除重力向量后,可恢复根的向水弯曲能力[89]。类似现象在黄瓜、小麦和玉米中均被证实:重力信号的减弱(如双轴旋转或倾斜生长)可显著增强根系向水性[90];小麦和玉米的根中也存在向水性和向重力性的相互作用[91-92]。倾斜方向上,拟南芥向重力性缺陷突变体aux1的向水性增强,而向水性缺陷突变体miz1的向水性反应则被抑制,双突变体miz1 aux1的表型恢复表明重力阻碍了根在倾斜方向的向水响应[93]
光环境通过光敏色素(phyA/phyB)及下游转录因子HY5精细调节根系向水性。蓝光诱导的MIZ1表达是拟南芥向水性与向光性共享的关键节点:HY5缺失突变体hy5的向水性减弱可通过外源ABA处理恢复,但ABA合成抑制剂abamine SG则加剧其表型,表明光信号与ABA通路独立调控MIZ1的表达,或者MIZ1通过整合ABA与光等环境信号调节根的向水性[6,9]。值得注意的是,MIZ1的表达不完全依赖光或ABA信号,表明光或ABA信号传导之外可能还存在其他影响MIZ1表达与向水性的途径[6]
根波浪形生长(向触性)与向水性可能也存在部分共享的调控网络[4]。拟南芥向触性缺陷突变体wav2-1wav3-1对向水刺激的敏感性增强,而向水性突变体nhr1则表现出超敏的向触反应[4,94]。由于wav2-1wav3-1的向水响应增强,向水性关键基因MIZ1可能参与根波浪形生长[72]。此外,向水性缺陷突变体miz1miz2的向光性降低、向触性反应发生改变[72,95],而光形态建成突变体hy5表现出减弱的向水性[6]与波浪形生长[96],提示光-触-水多向性调控存在高阶整合机制。
这些结果表明,MIZ1可能在几种向性生长机制中发挥不同的作用[72]。MIZ1的进化保守性进一步支持其多功能性。MIZ结构域(DUF617)在陆生植物中广泛存在(包括苔藓和被子植物),但在非陆生生物中缺失,表明其可能是在植物适应陆地环境过程中演化出的关键调控模块[72,97]。例如,MIZ1不仅通过整合ABA和光信号调控向水性,还可能通过与其他向性相关蛋白(如光敏色素PHYB)互作,协调根系对复合环境刺激的响应[6,9]。而不同向性反应是直接影响植物根的生长模式还是通过影响向重力性进行间接调节,仍待进一步研究[87]。事实上,向水性或其他向性反应基本都涉及到ABA、ROS和Ca2+胁迫信号,其他信号包括但不限于NO、生长素、脂质分子,但不同向性及不同植物间胁迫信号的产生与传导机制有所差异。
植物根系通过多向性协同网络(如向地性、向水性、向光性及向触性)动态优化其空间构型,这一特性是其应对干旱、弱光及机械胁迫等复杂环境的核心生存策略[85-86]。其中,向水性通过驱动根系沿水分梯度定向延伸,显著提升深层土壤水分获取效率,已被证实为关键抗旱机制[85-86,98]。因此,解析作物向水性调控通路并开发靶向育种技术(如CRISPR编辑MIZ1SnRK2.2),可显著增强根系在干旱胁迫下的水分勘探能力,为气候变化背景下作物稳产提供创新解决方案。
研究植物根的向水性,分离并鉴定不同向性突变体及其相关基因仍是重要且极具挑战性的目标。基因组关联分析与基因功能缺失技术的运用,有助于克服传统EMS诱变筛选向性突变体的局限性。目前,各类向性突变基因对根系生长方向的调控效应逐步明晰,为揭示根响应环境信号的分子机制提供了突破口。尽管根尖感知与整合多重环境刺激的精确机制尚未完全阐明,但对向性突变相关基因的挖掘仍能深化对根系非生物胁迫感知-响应网络的理解。鉴于向性反应对根系发育与形态建成的关键调控作用[21],深入探究胁迫信号、激素通路、调控因子与发育进程间的动态互作关系具有重要科学价值。同时,应加强向水性在自然生态系统中的功能解析及其与其他向性互作机制的研究。当前多数成果源于实验室可控条件,而自然环境中根系同时受光信号、机械障碍及化学梯度等多因素影响,这些环境要素可能通过调控网络交叉节点参与向水性反应。例如,玉米强向水性响应杂交种在干旱与局部侧位灌溉条件下表现出根冠生物量与籽粒产量的显著正相关[22],而沿海沙丘灌木幼苗在田间模拟条件下未显现明确的向水性生态适应特征[99],表明物种特性与环境互作的复杂性。系统阐明不同植物中多向性协同调控根系水分胁迫响应的机制,不仅能提升植物水分利用效率,还可揭示向水性机制的演化多样性,从而为作物抗逆稳产提供理论支撑。
  • “十四五”国家重点研发计划重点专项(2023YFF1001200)
  • 国家自然科学基金重大项目(32494780)
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2025年第46卷第8期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.08.016
  • 接收时间:2025-03-02
  • 首发时间:2026-06-24
  • 出版时间:2025-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-02
  • 录用日期:2025-04-11
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“十四五”国家重点研发计划重点专项(2023YFF1001200)
国家自然科学基金重大项目(32494780)
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    1.湖南农业大学园艺学院,湖南长沙 410125
    2.浙江大学生命科学学院,浙江杭州 310058

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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