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Article(id=1276616050363994239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276616049617408127, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.08.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741881600000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1744905600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-04-18, onlineDate=1782298584785, onlineDateStr=2026-06-24, pubDate=1756051200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782298584785, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782298584785, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782298584785, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276616049617408127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2025', volume='46', issue='8', pageStart='1785', pageEnd='2029', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1756051200000', pubDateStr='2025-08-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782298584608, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782298660748, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276616369089147039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276616049617408127, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276616369089147040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276616049617408127, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1806, endPage=1815, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276616050670178433, articleId=1276616050363994239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Identification and Characteristic Analysis of the SNMP Genes in Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), columnId=1236256430337085821, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Omics & Biotechnology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the function of the sensory neuron membrane protein (SNMP) in the tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta, the SNMP genes were identified at the whole genome level using BLAST and HMMER homology search approaches. Full-length cDNA sequences of TabsSNMPs were obtained by RT-PCR, followed by comprehensive bioinformatics analyses to characterize the gene structures, physicochemical properties, spatial structures, and phylogenetic relationships. Furthermore, the expression patterns of TabsSNMPs in different tissues were detected by qRT-PCR. The results showed that there were two SNMP genes in T. absoluta, namely TabsSNMP1 and TabsSNMP2. The gene sequence lengths were 47 817 bp and 41 859 bp, respectively, with open reading frames (ORFs) of 1572 bp and 1560 bp, encoding 523 and 519 amino acids, respectively. The predicted protein molecular weights were 58.64 kDa and 57.94 kDa, and the isoelectric point were 7.54 and 6.72, respectively. The structural modeling indicated that both proteins contained two transmembrane regions and a large extracellular loop. The phylogenetic tree suggested that TabsSNMP1 clustered with Ostrinia furnacalis OfurSNMP1 and Chilo suppressalis CsupSNMP1, while TabsSNMP2 formed a clade with Pectinophora gossypiella PgosSNMP2. Tissue expression profiles showed that TabsSNMP1 and TabsSNMP2 were highly expressed in the antennae of both sexes, with significantly higher expression in male antennae, suggesting the involvement in male-specific sex pheromone recognition. Our findings would provide a theoretical basis for further study of the SNMP genes function in T. absoluta.

, authors=null, authorsList=Shuhui FU, Xuebo WANG, Jianing YU, Zhe ZHAO, Wanqing ZHAO, Xiaojing SHI, He ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=He ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276616055296495759, articleId=1276616050363994239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=番茄潜叶蛾感觉神经元膜蛋白SNMP基因的鉴定及特性分析, columnId=1236256430517440904, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=组学与生物技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究感觉神经元膜蛋白（sensory neuron membrane protein，SNMP）在番茄潜叶蛾（Tuta absoluta Meyrick）中的功能，本研究利用BLAST和HMMER方法在番茄潜叶蛾基因组中鉴定SNMP基因，通过RT-PCR扩增获得该基因的cDNA序列，运用生物信息学方法进行基因结构、理化性质、空间结构和进化关系等分析，并通过qRT-PCR技术检测SNMP基因在番茄潜叶蛾不同组织中的表达模式。结果显示：在番茄潜叶蛾中共鉴定到2个SNMP基因（TabsSNMP1和TabsSNMP2），其基因序列长度分别为47 817、41 859 bp，开放阅读框长度分别为1572、1560 bp，分别编码523、519个氨基酸；预测的蛋白质分子量分别为58.64、57.94 kDa，等电点分别为7.54、6.72。空间结构分析表明，这2个蛋白质均含有2个跨膜结构域和1个大的胞外环状结构。系统发育树显示，TabsSNMP1与亚洲玉米螟（Ostrinia furnacalis）OfurSNMP1和二化螟（Chilo suppressalis）CsupSNMP1亲缘关系较近，而TabsSNMP2与棉红铃虫（Pectinophora gossypiella）PgosSNMP2亲缘关系最近。组织表达谱结果表明，TabsSNMP1和TabsSNMP2在雌雄虫触角中高表达，且雄虫触角中的表达量显著高于雌虫触角，表明二者可能与雄虫识别性信息素有关。本研究结果为番茄潜叶蛾SNMP基因功能的深入研究提供重要的理论依据。

, authors=

付淑慧（1991—），女，博士，研究方向：昆虫化学生态学。

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* 张鹤（ZHANG He），E-mail：。
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付淑慧（1991—），女，博士，研究方向：昆虫化学生态学。

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付淑慧（1991—），女，博士，研究方向：昆虫化学生态学。

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Journal of Insect Physiology, 2013, 59(4): 430-443., articleTitle=Molecular identification and differential expression of sensory neuron membrane proteins in the antennae of the black cutworm moth Agrotis ipsilon, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276616079099171088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616050363994239, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=82, issue=1, pageStart=29, pageEnd=42, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=55, authorNames=LIU S, ZHANG Y R, ZHOU W W, LIANG Q M, YUAN X, CHENG J A, ZHU Z R, GONG Z J, journalName=Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU S, ZHANG Y R, ZHOU W W, LIANG Q M, YUAN X, CHENG J A, ZHU Z R, GONG Z J. Identification and characterization of two sensory neuron membrane proteins from Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)[J]. Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology, 2013, 82(1): 29-42., articleTitle=Identification and characterization of two sensory neuron membrane proteins from Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1276616069733290199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616050363994239, awardId=202303021212301; 202103021223365, language=CN, fundingSource=山西省基础研究计划资助项目(202303021212301; 202103021223365), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1276616069796204760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616050363994239, awardId=2022L468, language=CN, fundingSource=山西省高等学校科技创新项目(2022L468), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1276616056223436945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616050363994239, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276616056236019858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616050363994239, companyId=1276616056223436945, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Biology, Xinzhou Normal University, Xinzhou, Shanxi 034000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276616056248602771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616050363994239, companyId=1276616056223436945, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=忻州师范学院生物系，山西忻州　034000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1276616068303032517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616050363994239, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Structures of SNMP genes of Tuta absoluta, figureFileSmall=+8IvoIkDjvvcE3v+aLUIBg==, figureFileBig=RnwtMcNXQ0RN+5thXFqAYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616068370141382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616050363994239, language=CN, label=图1, caption=番茄潜叶蛾SNMP基因的结构, figureFileSmall=+8IvoIkDjvvcE3v+aLUIBg==, figureFileBig=RnwtMcNXQ0RN+5thXFqAYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616068521136327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616050363994239, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Conserved motifs of SNMP genes of Tuta absoluta, figureFileSmall=mCfi2xj8x+P+u2Y9OdbQJg==, figureFileBig=Xe4jqMv8BtGsl/9Zb5rtQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616068667936968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616050363994239, language=CN, label=图2, caption=番茄潜叶蛾SNMP基因的保守基序, figureFileSmall=mCfi2xj8x+P+u2Y9OdbQJg==, figureFileBig=Xe4jqMv8BtGsl/9Zb5rtQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616068747628745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616050363994239, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Secondary structures of SNMP from Tuta absoluta, figureFileSmall=JmatgAitKR4N8KA+0oWiDQ==, figureFileBig=fSguVyPOI4BHQFxsMOiyXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616068818931914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616050363994239, language=CN, label=图3, caption=番茄潜叶蛾SNMP的二级结构

蓝色为α-螺旋，紫色为β-折叠，橙色为无规则卷曲。

, figureFileSmall=JmatgAitKR4N8KA+0oWiDQ==, figureFileBig=fSguVyPOI4BHQFxsMOiyXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616068881846475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616050363994239, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Tertiary structures of SNMP from Tuta absoluta, figureFileSmall=PPnMqRkenxXzm3NZu6/J3A==, figureFileBig=No4Za8w29PVQr32lzIWAeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616068948955340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616050363994239, language=CN, label=图4, caption=番茄潜叶蛾SNMP的三级结构

红色为α-螺旋，黄色为β-折叠，绿色为无规则卷曲。

, figureFileSmall=PPnMqRkenxXzm3NZu6/J3A==, figureFileBig=No4Za8w29PVQr32lzIWAeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616069007675597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616050363994239, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Phylogenetic tree of amino acid sequences of SNMPs from Tuta absoluta and other Lepidoptera insects, figureFileSmall=+T5Sj7Q71iahU4o2MbMXuw==, figureFileBig=jNj49wJXq4WwxV56N5dWqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616069087367374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616050363994239, language=CN, label=图5, caption=番茄潜叶蛾TabsSNMPs与其他鳞翅目昆虫SNMPs氨基酸序列的系统进化树, figureFileSmall=+T5Sj7Q71iahU4o2MbMXuw==, figureFileBig=jNj49wJXq4WwxV56N5dWqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616069162864847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616050363994239, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Expression levels of SNMP genes in different tissues of Tuta absoluta, figureFileSmall=c7gszm8Ip/y4dXCS7wJICA==, figureFileBig=axerCstaOrKU2ESjk2agiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616069234168016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616050363994239, language=CN, label=图6, caption=番茄潜叶蛾SNMP基因在不同组织中的表达水平

不同小写字母表示差异显著（P<0.05）。

, figureFileSmall=c7gszm8Ip/y4dXCS7wJICA==, figureFileBig=axerCstaOrKU2ESjk2agiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616069292888273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616050363994239, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Primers for SNMP genes of Tuta absoluta

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
引物名称Primer name引物序列（5′-3′）Primer sequences (5′-3′)退火温度Temperature/℃用途Purposes
TabsSNMP1-FATGCTGCTACCGAAGCATCTG58PCR
TabsSNMP1-RTTACATGGTGACCTTGGTAGGC
TabsSNMP2-FATGATAGGGAAGCAAAGTCG53
TabsSNMP2-RTCACTGAACTTTATTAGCACTGTTA
TabsSNMP1-qFGAAGCTCCACCAAGTCTGCT60qRT-PCR
TabsSNMP1-qRGACGTTCTTGACCCCTCGTT
TabsSNMP2-qFGGTTGTACTGAAGGGCGTGA60
TabsSNMP2-qRAGGGAATGTGAATGGGCCAG
RPS13-qFAGTTGCCCAAGTCAGATT60
RPS13-qRTTCCAAGTGCTTCCTCAT
), ArticleFig(id=1276616069368385746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616050363994239, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

番茄潜叶蛾SNMP基因的PCR引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
引物名称Primer name引物序列（5′-3′）Primer sequences (5′-3′)退火温度Temperature/℃用途Purposes
TabsSNMP1-FATGCTGCTACCGAAGCATCTG58PCR
TabsSNMP1-RTTACATGGTGACCTTGGTAGGC
TabsSNMP2-FATGATAGGGAAGCAAAGTCG53
TabsSNMP2-RTCACTGAACTTTATTAGCACTGTTA
TabsSNMP1-qFGAAGCTCCACCAAGTCTGCT60qRT-PCR
TabsSNMP1-qRGACGTTCTTGACCCCTCGTT
TabsSNMP2-qFGGTTGTACTGAAGGGCGTGA60
TabsSNMP2-qRAGGGAATGTGAATGGGCCAG
RPS13-qFAGTTGCCCAAGTCAGATT60
RPS13-qRTTCCAAGTGCTTCCTCAT
), ArticleFig(id=1276616069435494611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616050363994239, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Physical and chemical properties of SNMP genes of Tuta absoluta

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因名称Gene name开放阅读框ORF/bp氨基酸数量Number of amino acids分子量Molecular weight/kDa等电点Isoelectric point不稳定系数Instability index总平均疏水性Grand average of hydropathicity
TabsSNMP1157252358.647.5427.56-0.111
TabsSNMP2156051957.946.7242.77-0.036
), ArticleFig(id=1276616069498409172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616050363994239, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

番茄潜叶蛾SNMP基因的理化性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因名称Gene name开放阅读框ORF/bp氨基酸数量Number of amino acids分子量Molecular weight/kDa等电点Isoelectric point不稳定系数Instability index总平均疏水性Grand average of hydropathicity
TabsSNMP1157252358.647.5427.56-0.111
TabsSNMP2156051957.946.7242.77-0.036
), ArticleFig(id=1276616069569712341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616050363994239, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Numbers of modification sites of SNMP from Tuta absoluta

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称Name磷酸化位点Phosphorylation sites糖基化位点Glycosylation sites
N-连接的糖基化位点N-linked glycosylation sitesO-连接的糖基化位点O-linked glycosylation sites
丝氨酸Serine苏氨酸Threonine酪氨酸Tyrosine天冬酰胺Asparagine丝氨酸Serine苏氨酸Threonine
TabsSNMP116136312
TabsSNMP227115531
), ArticleFig(id=1276616069636821206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616050363994239, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

番茄潜叶蛾SNMP修饰位点数目

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称Name磷酸化位点Phosphorylation sites糖基化位点Glycosylation sites
N-连接的糖基化位点N-linked glycosylation sitesO-连接的糖基化位点O-linked glycosylation sites
丝氨酸Serine苏氨酸Threonine酪氨酸Tyrosine天冬酰胺Asparagine丝氨酸Serine苏氨酸Threonine
TabsSNMP116136312
TabsSNMP227115531
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番茄潜叶蛾感觉神经元膜蛋白SNMP基因的鉴定及特性分析
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付淑慧 , 王雪波 , 于佳宁 , 赵哲 , 赵婉清 , 史晓晶 , 张鹤 *
热带作物学报 | 组学与生物技术 2025,46(8): 1806-1815
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热带作物学报 |组学与生物技术 2025 , 46 (8) : 1806 -1815
番茄潜叶蛾感觉神经元膜蛋白SNMP基因的鉴定及特性分析
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付淑慧, 王雪波, 于佳宁, 赵哲, 赵婉清, 史晓晶, 张鹤*
作者信息
  • 忻州师范学院生物系，山西忻州　034000
通讯作者:
* 张鹤（ZHANG He），E-mail：。
Identification and Characteristic Analysis of the SNMP Genes in Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
Shuhui FU, Xuebo WANG, Jianing YU, Zhe ZHAO, Wanqing ZHAO, Xiaojing SHI, He ZHANG*
Affiliations
  • Department of Biology, Xinzhou Normal University, Xinzhou, Shanxi 034000, China
出版时间: 2025-08-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.08.003
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摘要
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为探究感觉神经元膜蛋白（sensory neuron membrane protein，SNMP）在番茄潜叶蛾（Tuta absoluta Meyrick）中的功能，本研究利用BLAST和HMMER方法在番茄潜叶蛾基因组中鉴定SNMP基因，通过RT-PCR扩增获得该基因的cDNA序列，运用生物信息学方法进行基因结构、理化性质、空间结构和进化关系等分析，并通过qRT-PCR技术检测SNMP基因在番茄潜叶蛾不同组织中的表达模式。结果显示：在番茄潜叶蛾中共鉴定到2个SNMP基因（TabsSNMP1和TabsSNMP2），其基因序列长度分别为47 817、41 859 bp，开放阅读框长度分别为1572、1560 bp，分别编码523、519个氨基酸；预测的蛋白质分子量分别为58.64、57.94 kDa，等电点分别为7.54、6.72。空间结构分析表明，这2个蛋白质均含有2个跨膜结构域和1个大的胞外环状结构。系统发育树显示，TabsSNMP1与亚洲玉米螟（Ostrinia furnacalis）OfurSNMP1和二化螟（Chilo suppressalis）CsupSNMP1亲缘关系较近，而TabsSNMP2与棉红铃虫（Pectinophora gossypiella）PgosSNMP2亲缘关系最近。组织表达谱结果表明，TabsSNMP1和TabsSNMP2在雌雄虫触角中高表达，且雄虫触角中的表达量显著高于雌虫触角，表明二者可能与雄虫识别性信息素有关。本研究结果为番茄潜叶蛾SNMP基因功能的深入研究提供重要的理论依据。

番茄潜叶蛾  /  感觉神经元膜蛋白  /  基因克隆  /  生物信息学分析  /  组织表达谱

To investigate the function of the sensory neuron membrane protein (SNMP) in the tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta, the SNMP genes were identified at the whole genome level using BLAST and HMMER homology search approaches. Full-length cDNA sequences of TabsSNMPs were obtained by RT-PCR, followed by comprehensive bioinformatics analyses to characterize the gene structures, physicochemical properties, spatial structures, and phylogenetic relationships. Furthermore, the expression patterns of TabsSNMPs in different tissues were detected by qRT-PCR. The results showed that there were two SNMP genes in T. absoluta, namely TabsSNMP1 and TabsSNMP2. The gene sequence lengths were 47 817 bp and 41 859 bp, respectively, with open reading frames (ORFs) of 1572 bp and 1560 bp, encoding 523 and 519 amino acids, respectively. The predicted protein molecular weights were 58.64 kDa and 57.94 kDa, and the isoelectric point were 7.54 and 6.72, respectively. The structural modeling indicated that both proteins contained two transmembrane regions and a large extracellular loop. The phylogenetic tree suggested that TabsSNMP1 clustered with Ostrinia furnacalis OfurSNMP1 and Chilo suppressalis CsupSNMP1, while TabsSNMP2 formed a clade with Pectinophora gossypiella PgosSNMP2. Tissue expression profiles showed that TabsSNMP1 and TabsSNMP2 were highly expressed in the antennae of both sexes, with significantly higher expression in male antennae, suggesting the involvement in male-specific sex pheromone recognition. Our findings would provide a theoretical basis for further study of the SNMP genes function in T. absoluta.

Tuta absoluta Meyrick  /  sensory neuron membrane protein  /  gene cloning  /  bioinformatics analysis  /  tissue expression profiles
付淑慧, 王雪波, 于佳宁, 赵哲, 赵婉清, 史晓晶, 张鹤. 番茄潜叶蛾感觉神经元膜蛋白SNMP基因的鉴定及特性分析. 热带作物学报, 2025 , 46 (8) : 1806 -1815 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.08.003
Shuhui FU, Xuebo WANG, Jianing YU, Zhe ZHAO, Wanqing ZHAO, Xiaojing SHI, He ZHANG. Identification and Characteristic Analysis of the SNMP Genes in Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2025 , 46 (8) : 1806 -1815 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.08.003
正文
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番茄潜叶蛾（Tuta absoluta Meyrick），属鳞翅目（Lepidoptera）麦蛾科（Gelechiidae），是一种极具破坏力的世界性入侵害虫。该昆虫原产于南美洲，现已扩散至欧洲、亚洲、非洲和美洲等的100多个国家和地区[1-2]，对全球番茄产业造成巨大的经济损失，严重时可导致番茄减产80%~100%[3-4]。我国于2017年8月在新疆伊犁首次发现番茄潜叶蛾，随后在云南、贵州、四川、广西、重庆、湖北、湖南、山西等多地相继监测到该害虫的发生和危害[5-6]。当前，番茄潜叶蛾呈现持续扩散和局部暴发的态势，对我国番茄产业的安全和发展构成了严重威胁[2,7]。因此，探索高效安全的番茄潜叶蛾防治方法和策略尤为紧迫。
昆虫主要依赖灵敏的嗅觉系统寻找寄主植物、产卵地点、配偶以及躲避天敌[8]。番茄潜叶蛾通过嗅觉辨别寄主植物挥发物和非寄主植物挥发物从而定位寄主植物和产卵地点[9-11]；雄蛾依赖嗅觉识别性信息素主要成分(3E, 8Z, 11Z)-十四碳三烯乙酸酯和次要成分(3E, 8Z)-十四碳烯醇乙酸酯进行求偶和交配[12-14]。因此，识别这些特异性的信息化学物质对番茄潜叶蛾的生存、繁殖和扩散起着至关重要的作用。参与昆虫嗅觉识别的蛋白质主要包括气味结合蛋白（odorant binding protein, OBP）、化学感受蛋白（chemosensory protein, CSP）、气味受体（odorant receptor, OR）、离子型受体（ionotropic receptor, IR）以及感觉神经元膜蛋白（sensory neuron membrane protein, SNMP）等[15-17]。研究昆虫嗅觉相关蛋白的功能及识别机制，有助于开发针对性的引诱剂或趋避剂，为入侵害虫的监测和防治提供新策略。
SNMP位于昆虫嗅觉感觉神经元（olfactory sensory neurons, OSNs）膜上，是一种双跨膜蛋白质，在多肽链的N端和C端分别具有1个跨膜区域，在分子进化上与脊椎动物CD36基因家族同源[18-20]。已有研究表明，SNMP在昆虫识别气味物质的过程中发挥着重要的作用。DmelSNMP1是黑腹果蝇（Drosophila melanogaster Meigen）感受性信息素顺-11-醋酸乙烯酯必不可少的蛋白质，如果SNMP1缺失将会导致信号激活和终止的延迟[21-23]。另外，在家蚕（Bombyx mori Linnaeus）[24]、棉铃虫（Helicoverpa armigera Hübner）[25]和红棕象甲（Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier）[26]等昆虫中也发现了类似的实验结果，证明了SNMP在昆虫嗅觉识别中的关键作用。然而，目前尚未见国内外关于番茄潜叶蛾SNMP基因的研究报道。
本研究基于番茄潜叶蛾基因组数据，通过BLAST同源比对和隐马尔可夫模型HMMER分析对番茄潜叶蛾中的SNMP基因家族进行鉴定，利用RT-PCR技术扩增其cDNA序列进行验证，并使用生物信息学方法分析其基因结构、理化性质、空间结构以及系统进化关系，最后采用qRT-PCR检测SNMP基因在不同组织中的表达模式，为进一步研究番茄潜叶蛾SNMP的功能提供理论参考，也为基于嗅觉干扰的新型害虫防治技术的研发提供潜在分子靶标。
1　材料与方法
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1.1　材料
1.1.1　供试昆虫
本试验所用虫源于2022年5月采自山西省忻州市忻府区番茄大棚，随后在忻州师范学院生物系养虫室内使用50 cm×50 cm×50 cm的养虫笼进行继代饲养。笼内放置新鲜番茄苗，供幼虫取食和成虫产卵，并根据叶片受损程度及时更换寄主植物。饲养条件为：温度(25±1)℃，相对湿度60%~75%、光周期14 L∶10 D。选取羽化3 d的番茄潜叶蛾雌雄成虫，将其置于解剖镜下，分别剪取触角（200只）、头（无触角，50只）、胸（30只）、腹（20只）、足（50只）和翅（100只），然后立即浸入液氮中速冻，以便用于后续试验。每个组织样品均重复采样3次。
1.1.2　主要试剂
RNAiso Easy总RNA提取试剂盒、Ex Taq DNA聚合酶、DNA Ligation Kit Ver.2.1 DNA连接试剂盒、克隆载体T-Vector pMDTM19（Simple）和E. coli DH5α Competent Cells大肠杆菌感受态细胞、荧光定量PCR试剂盒TB Green Premix Ex Taq II（Tli RNaseH Plus）和反转录试剂盒PrimeScript reagent Kit with gDNA Eraser（Perfect Real Time）购自TaKaRa公司；M-MuLV第一链cDNA合成试剂盒、DL2000、SanPrep柱式DNA胶回收试剂盒和琼脂糖购自生工生物工程（上海）股份有限公司；其他试剂均为国产分析纯。
1.2　方法
1.2.1　番茄潜叶蛾SNMP基因的鉴定与克隆验证
从NCBI数据库（https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCA_027580185.1/）下载番茄潜叶蛾的基因组数据、氨基酸序列和注释信息（登录号：ASM2758018v1）。选取已报道的黑腹果蝇、棉铃虫、家蚕、小菜蛾（Plutella xylostella Linnaeus）、甜菜夜蛾（Spodoptera exigua Hü bner）、二化螟（Chilo suppressalis Walker）和双委夜蛾（Athetis dissimilis Hampson）的SNMP氨基酸序列作为参考序列，使用BLAST方法在番茄潜叶蛾氨基酸数据库中进行同源比对，设定阈值为E≤10-5，筛选出候选基因。同时，从Pfam（http://pfam.xfam.org/）数据库下载SNMP的隐马尔可夫模型（PF01130），使用HMMER软件搜索番茄潜叶蛾蛋白质数据库中的SNMP序列（P<0.001）。将上述2种方法得到的SNMP序列合并，去除重复和冗余序列后，提交至CDD和SMART数据库，根据蛋白质结构域信息初步判定为SNMP基因，最后通过RT-PCR方法验证。
选取羽化3 d的番茄潜叶蛾雌、雄成虫各10头，在液氮中充分研磨，按照RNAiso Easy试剂盒说明书提取总RNA，然后通过1%的琼脂糖凝胶电泳和核酸蛋白测定仪分别检测总RNA的完整性和浓度，确保RNA质量合格。使用M-MuLV试剂盒将检验合格的RNA反转录为cDNA。利用Primer Premier 5.0软件设计番茄潜叶蛾TabsSNMPs基因的特异性引物（表1），进行PCR扩增。PCR反应体系为：cDNA模板2 μL，上下游引物各2 μL（10 μmol/L），Ex Taq DNA聚合酶混合液25 μL，ddH2O补至50 μL。PCR反应条件为：94 ℃ 5 min；94 ℃ 30 s，58 ℃（TabsSNMP1）或53 ℃（TabsSNMP2）1 min，72 ℃ 90 s，35个循环；72 ℃ 10 min。PCR产物经1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测，胶回收的片段与T-Vector pMDTM19（Simple）载体连接，然后转化至DH5α感受态中，挑取阳性克隆培养过夜，送至生工生物工程（上海）股份有限公司进行测序。
1.2.2　生物信息学分析
通过番茄潜叶蛾基因组注释文件获得SNMP的基因结构信息，利用Gene Structure Display Server 2.0（https://gsds.gao-lab.org/）在线软件绘制SNMP的基因结构图；利用SignalP 5.0（https://services.healthtech.dtu.dk/services/SignalP-5.0/）在线软件分析信号肽；利用Expasy ProtParam（https://web.expasy.org/protparam/）在线软件预测蛋白质的相对分子量、理论等电点、不稳定指数和总平均疏水性；使用blast-CD-Search（https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/cdd/wrpsb.cgi）在线软件搜索蛋白质的保守结构域；通过MEME（https://meme-suite.org/meme/tools/meme）在线软件寻找蛋白质的保守基序；采用WOLFPSORT（https://wolfpsort.hgc.jp/）在线软件对蛋白质的亚细胞定位进行分析；采用TMHMM 2.0（https://services.healthtech.dtu.dk/services/TMHMM-2.0/）在线软件预测蛋白质的跨膜区域；利用NetOGlyc 1.0（https://services.healthtech.dtu.dk/service.php?NetNGlyc-1.0）在线软件进行蛋白质的N-连接的糖基化位点预测；使用YinOYang 1.2 Server（https://services.healthtech.dtu.dk/services/YinOYang-1.2/）在线软件进行蛋白质的O-连接的糖基化位点预测；采用NetPhos 3.1（https://services.healthtech.dtu.dk/service.php?NetPhos-3.1）在线软件预测蛋白质的磷酸化位点；采用SOPMA（https://npsa.lyon.inserm.fr/cgi-bin/npsa_automat.pl?page=/NPSA/npsa_sopma.html）在线软件预测蛋白质的二级结构；通过trRosetta（https://yanglab.qd.sdu.edu.cn/trRo-setta/）在线软件模拟蛋白质的三级结构；采用MEGA 7.0软件的最大似然法对蛋白质的氨基酸序列进行1000次重复分析，构建系统进化树。
1.2.3　表达谱分析
使用RNAiso Easy试剂盒分别提取番茄潜叶蛾雌雄成虫不同组织（触角、无触角的头、胸、腹、足和翅）的总RNA，通过PrimeScript reagent Kit with gDNA Eraser（Perfect Real Time）试剂反转录合成cDNA。荧光定量PCR反应体系为20 μL，其中cDNA 2 μL，TB Green qPCR预混液10 μL，上游引物0.4 μL，下游引物0.4 μL，ddH2O 7.2 μL。反应条件为：95 ℃预变性1 min；95 ℃变性10 s，60 ℃退火30 s，共40个循环。每个样品进行3次生物学重复，每次生物学重复进行3次技术重复。番茄潜叶蛾SNMP基因在不同组织中的相对表达量采用2-DDCt计算，使用SPSS17.0软件中单因素方差分析（one-way analysis of variance, ANOVA）中的Tukey's honest significant difference（HSD）进行差异显著性分析。
2　结果与分析
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2.1　番茄潜叶蛾SNMP基因家族成员鉴定及基因结构分析
经BLAST比对和HMMER搜索，在番茄潜叶蛾基因组中共鉴定到2个SNMP基因，并通过RT-PCR方法，成功获得了这2个基因的cDNA序列，分别命名为TabsSNMP1和TabsSNMP2。将TabsSNMPs的cDNA序列与其基因序列比对，利用GSDS网站绘制番茄潜叶蛾SNMPs的结构图谱（图1）。结果显示，TabsSNMP1基因全长47 817 bp，含有10个内含子，内含子碱基数显著多于外显子碱基数；TabsSNMP2基因全长41 859 bp，含有9个内含子，其内含子碱基数同样多于外显子碱基数。
2.2　番茄潜叶蛾SNMP基因的理化性质
番茄潜叶蛾TabsSNMP1基因的CDS区长度为1572 bp，编码523个氨基酸，蛋白质分子量为58.64 kDa，等电点为7.54；TabsSNMP2 CDS区长度为1560 bp，编码519个氨基酸，蛋白质分子量为57.94 kDa，等电点为6.72。TabsSNMP1不稳定系数为27.56，小于40，为稳定蛋白质；TabsSNMP2不稳定系数为42.77，大于40，为不稳定蛋白质。TabsSNMP1和TabsSNMP2总平均疏水性均为负值，为亲水性蛋白质，氨基酸序列中存在8个半胱氨酸残基（Cys），氨基端均无信号肽（表2）。
2.3　番茄潜叶蛾SNMP基因的保守结构域和保守基序
使用blast-CD-Search对番茄潜叶蛾SNMP基因的保守结构域进行分析，结果显示，2个TabsSNMP均具有CD36 superfamily结构域，该结构域在各种信号转导途径中发挥作用。进一步通过MEME软件分析其保守基序，发现这2个TabsSNMP均具有8个保守的基序（图2）。这些基序的排列顺序呈现出规律性，均为Motif 1-7-8-2-5-3-4-6，其中motif 1和motif 7所包含的氨基酸数量最多。
2.4　番茄潜叶蛾SNMP的亚细胞定位预测
亚细胞定位结果显示TabsSNMP1分布范围较广，主要集中分布于细胞质膜，在微粒体、线粒体、过氧化物酶体、内质网、溶酶体和胞外也有少量分布；TabsSNMP2主要分布于细胞质膜，内质网和溶酶体中少量分布。
2.5　番茄潜叶蛾SNMP修饰位点预测
TabsSNMP1有35个潜在的磷酸化位点（表3），其中丝氨酸、苏氨酸和酪氨酸磷酸化位点分别为16个、13个和6个；TabsSNMP2有43个潜在的磷酸化位点，其中丝氨酸、苏氨酸和酪氨酸磷酸化位点分别为27个、11个和5个。
TabsSNMPs均存在N-连接和O-连接的糖基化位点（表3）。TabsSNMP1有3个N-连接的糖基化位点（Asn67、Asn229和Asn440）和3个O-连接的糖基化位点（Thr238、Ser487和Thr522）；TabsSNMP2有5个N-连接的糖基化位点（Asn67、Asn104、Asn166、Asn228和Asn271）和4个O-连接的糖基化位点（Ser20、Ser323、Thr405和Ser514）。
2.6　番茄潜叶蛾SNMP的二级结构预测
二级结构预测结果显示（图3），TabsSNMP1的149个氨基酸构成α-螺旋，占比28.49%，111个氨基酸构成β-折叠，占比21.22%，263个氨基酸构成无规则卷曲，占比50.29%；TabsSNMP2的162个氨基酸构成α-螺旋，占比31.21%，112个氨基酸构成β-折叠，占比21.58%，229个氨基酸构成无规则卷曲，占比44.12%。由此可见，番茄潜叶蛾SNMP的二级结构主要由无规则卷曲构成，α-螺旋和β-折叠贯穿其中。
2.7　番茄潜叶蛾SNMP的三级结构预测分析
三级结构预测显示，番茄潜叶蛾TabsSNMP1和TabsSNMP2在N端和C端均含有1个由α-螺旋构成的跨膜区域（N端和C端均分布于细胞膜内侧）以及1个大的胞外环结构，表明这2个SNMPs都属于跨膜蛋白质（图4）。TabsSNMP1第9-31位氨基酸为N端跨膜区域，第32~456位氨基酸构成胞外环结构，第457~479位氨基酸为C端跨膜区域；TabsSNMP2第7~29位氨基酸为N端跨膜区域，第30~467位氨基酸为胞外环结构，第468~490位氨基酸为C端跨膜区域。2个SNMP蛋白的胞外环结构主要是由β-折叠形成的桶状核心区和少量位于核心区外围的α-螺旋构成。此外，每个TabsSNMP的胞外环结构中存在8个保守的半胱氨酸残基，这些半胱氨酸残基两两之间形成4对二硫键，维持蛋白质的结构及其稳定性。
2.8　番茄潜叶蛾SNMP系统进化分析
使用MEGA 7.0软件对番茄潜叶蛾TabsSNMPs的氨基酸序列与已报道的其他鳞翅目昆虫SNMPs氨基酸序列构建系统发育树，结果显示，所有选取的鳞翅目昆虫SNMPs均被分成2个不同的大分支，番茄潜叶蛾TabsSNMP1和TabsSNMP2分别位于这2个大分支上（图5）。其中，TabsSNMP1与亚洲玉米螟（Ostrinia furnacalis Guenée）OfurSNMP1和二化螟CsupSNMP1在进化树上聚为一个分支，TabsSNMP2与棉红铃虫（Pectinophora gossypiella Saunders）PgosSNMP2聚为同一分支，说明彼此亲缘关系最近。
2.9　番茄潜叶蛾SNMP基因组织表达谱特征
荧光定量结果显示，番茄潜叶蛾TabsSNMP1和TabsSNMP2在雌雄成虫的触角中表达量最高，雄虫触角中的表达量显著高于雌虫触角（图6）。除触角外，TabsSNMP1在其他组织中几乎不表达。TabsSNMP2除在触角中表达量高外，在足和翅中也有少量表达。
3　讨论
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本研究从番茄潜叶蛾基因组中鉴定到2个SNMP基因，通过RT-PCR技术获得其完整开放阅读框，并利用生物信息学软件对其基因结构、理化性质及空间结构等进行分析。结果显示，番茄潜叶蛾TabsSNMPs在氨基酸水平上与其它昆虫SNMPs具有较高的同源性，序列中均存在8个保守的半胱氨酸残基，其N端和C端各含有1个跨膜结构域，二者由1个大的胞外环结构连接，均符合昆虫CD36基因家族的典型特征[27-28]。
蛋白质从合成到功能实现需经历复杂的生化过程，起始于mRNA翻译成多肽链，然后折叠形成特定的空间结构，最终转运至功能执行部位，在此过程中，糖基化和磷酸化等翻译后修饰对蛋白质功能至关重要[29-30]。本研究发现，番茄潜叶蛾TabsSNMPs均具有糖基化修饰位点和磷酸化位点。其中，糖基化可能通过修饰特定氨基酸协助SNMP识别亲脂性气味分子，而磷酸化位点可能作为“分子开关”，通过可逆修饰调控蛋白质的活性，从而完成嗅觉信号转导[31-32]。此外，TabsSNMPs的糖基化位点和磷酸化位点集中分布在胞外环结构区域，这为SNMP嗅觉感受功能的实现提供了结构基础。
蛋白质的三维空间结构和位置对其功能起决定性的作用。番茄潜叶蛾TabsSNMPs二级结构主要由无规则卷曲构成，其次为α-螺旋和β-折叠；三级结构更为直观地显示这2个蛋白质由无规则卷曲、α-螺旋和β-折叠形成跨膜蛋白质，这与已报道的双委夜蛾和杜仲梦尼夜蛾（Orthosia songi Chen et Zhang）等昆虫SNMPs结构类似[28,33]，均符合CD36基因家族的空间结构特征。TabsSNMPs的N端和C端跨膜区域是由α-螺旋组成，胞外环结构主要由大量反向平行的β-折叠和少量α-螺旋组成，该区域是SNMP的功能核心区，能够捕获细胞外的气味分子，进而传递给气味受体。亚细胞定位结果显示，TabsSNMP1和TabsSNMP2主要分布于细胞质膜上，揭示其可能作为跨膜受体直接参与外界信息物质的识别与信号转导。
已有研究表明昆虫SNMP基因家族仅有SNMP1和SNMP2两个成员。但近期研究发现，鳞翅目中存在第3个成员SNMP3[24]；而在鞘翅目中，基于进化树、序列特征和基因结构，SNMPs甚至可以划分为4个亚家族[34]。这表明不同昆虫中SNMPs的数量和功能可能不同。本研究仅在番茄潜叶蛾中鉴定到2个SNMP基因，即进化树显示的SNMP1和SNMP2两个分支，推测SNMP3可能在该物种中缺失或者低表达。鳞翅目昆虫的3个SNMP成员具有功能分化：SNMP1主要分布在雌雄虫触角，具有识别信息素的功能[21,35]；SNMP2广泛分布于各组织，通过清除信息物质维持嗅觉敏感性[36-37]；SNMP3则可能参与昆虫对病原菌的免疫反应[24]。本研究发现，TabsSNMP1和TabsSNMP2在番茄潜叶蛾嗅觉器官触角中大量表达。根据基因功能与表达部位密切相关的原则，这2个基因可能在成虫嗅觉感受中发挥作用。值得注意的是，TabsSNMP1和TabsSNMP2在雄虫触角中的表达量显著高于雌虫，这与小地老虎Agrotis ipsilon Rottemberg[38]、稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee[39]和双委夜蛾[33]SNMP1-2的表达模式相似。鉴于小地老虎AipsSNMP1-2定位在对性信息素敏感的毛形感器中[38]，故而推测番茄潜叶蛾TabsSNMPs可能特异性参与性信息素的感知。
综上，本研究鉴定到番茄潜叶蛾2个SNMP基因，并系统分析了其基因特征、结构特征、进化关系及组织表达特征，揭示了二者在嗅觉信号转导中的潜在作用，为后续功能研究和害虫防控策略的开发提供理论依据。
基金
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  • 山西省基础研究计划资助项目(202303021212301; 202103021223365)
  • 山西省高等学校科技创新项目(2022L468)
文献
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2025年第46卷第8期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.08.003
  • 接收时间：2025-03-14
  • 首发时间：2026-06-24
  • 出版时间：2025-08-25
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  • 收稿日期：2025-03-14
  • 录用日期：2025-04-18
基金
山西省基础研究计划资助项目(202303021212301; 202103021223365)
山西省高等学校科技创新项目(2022L468)
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    忻州师范学院生物系，山西忻州　034000

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* 张鹤（ZHANG He），E-mail：。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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