Article(id=1276601535517823419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276601397818814642, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.01.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1721664000000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-23, revisedDate=1723996800000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782295124177, onlineDateStr=2026-06-24, pubDate=1737734400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782295124177, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782295124177, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782295124177, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276601397818814642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2025', volume='46', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='245', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1737734400000', pubDateStr='2025-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782295091347, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782295207335, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276601884408418422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276601397818814642, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276601884408418423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276601397818814642, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=21, endPage=34, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276601537266848189, articleId=1276601535517823419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Transcriptome Analysis Related to Starch and Sucrose Metabolism Pathways of C. specisoa at Different Developmental Stages, columnId=1236256430337085821, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Omics & Biotechnology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Callerya speciosa is an important perennial medicinal and edible plant, with starch and saccharides as the main contents. This study investigated the development law of starch and sucrose metabolism pathways of C. specisoa at different developmental stages and its internal gene regulatory network. Four growth years of C. speciosa roots, including 3-year-old (NG3), 7-year-old (NG7), 10-year-old (NG10), and 15-year-old (NG15), were used as the research objects. The content of total polysaccharide, starch, and sucrose was determined, and transcriptome sequencing was carried out. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between different years were screened, and the functions of DEGs in the starch and sucrose metabolism pathways were focused on. The results showed that with the increase of years, the content of total polysaccharides and starch both showed an increasing trend, with the highest content at 15 years, while the sucrose content was the highest at 3 years, followed by a downward trend. Through transcriptome sequencing, NG3 was compared with NG7, NG10, and NG15, respectively, for intergroup gene expression analysis. With the increase of the growth year span, the total number of DEGs increased. To further explore DEGs in the starch and sucrose metabolism pathways, a total of 62 DEGs were differentially expressed in the three comparison groups, mainly participating in the regulation of starch, sucrose, and cellulose metabolism. Among them, the expression of sucrose synthesis genes decreased with the increase of years; the expression of starch synthesis genes dominated over starch degradation genes with the increase of years; and the expression of cellulose degradation enzymes decreased with the increase of years. Five key genes in the starch and sucrose metabolism pathways were screened out for fluorescence quantitative PCR verification, and the expression trend was basically consistent with the transcriptome sequencing results. The results indicate that C. speciosa is in the growth active period from 3 to 7 years, with the synthesis of sucrose, cellulose, and starch as the main promoters for rapid root expansion and development. When it grows to 7 years, the plant enters a stable growth phase characterized by starch accumulation, sucrose decomposition, and cellulose degradation. This research would provide valuable insights on the study of C. speciosa root expansion mechanism, the innovation of high-yielding varieties, and scientifically guided harvesting practices.

, authors=null, authorsList=Qing YANG, Xuejin GU, Qinglong WANG, Min ZHANG, Xiaoxia YAN, Huan TANG, Zhunian WANG, Shixiu FENG, Maoyuan WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Maoyuan WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276601539389166035, articleId=1276601535517823419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=不同生长年份牛大力根淀粉和蔗糖代谢途径转录组分析, columnId=1236256430517440904, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=组学与生物技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

牛大力是一种重要的多年生药食同源植物,其主要成分为淀粉和糖类。为了探究不同生长年份牛大力根淀粉和糖类物质合成的规律及其内在基因调控网络,本研究以3年生(NG3)、7年生(NG7)、10年生(NG10)和15年生(NG15)4个生长年份的牛大力根为研究对象,测定总多糖、淀粉和蔗糖的含量,并完成转录组测序,筛选分析不同年份间牛大力根的差异表达基因(DEGs),重点解析淀粉和蔗糖代谢途径DEGs的功能。糖类和淀粉物质测定结果表明,随着年份的增长,总多糖与淀粉含量均呈现增加趋势,生长至15年时的含量最高,而蔗糖含量在3年时最高,随后呈现下降趋势。转录组测序发现,随着生长年份跨度增加,NG3 vs NG7、NG3 vs NG10和NG3 vs NG15对比的DEGs总数呈上升趋势,分别为526、1848和1937个。进一步挖掘淀粉和蔗糖代谢途径中的DEGs,共有62个DEGs在3个比较组中差异表达,其中,蔗糖合成基因的表达量随年份增加而下降,淀粉合成基因随年份的增加较淀粉降解基因占主导,纤维素降解酶随年份增加表达量降低。最终筛选出5个淀粉和蔗糖代谢途径的关键酶基因进行荧光定量PCR验证,其表达变化趋势与转录组测序结果基本一致。研究结果表明,牛大力在3~7年时处于生长活跃期,以蔗糖、纤维素和淀粉的合成为主,促进根部快速膨大发育。生长至7年时,以淀粉的积累、蔗糖的分解和纤维素的降解为特征,进入生长平稳期。本研究对于牛大力根膨大特性的研究、高成薯性牛大力种质创新和科学采收都有积极的指导意义。

, authors=

羊青(1987—),女,硕士,副研究员,研究方向:热带药用植物资源研究与利用。

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* 王茂媛(WANG Maoyuan),E-mail:
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羊青(1987—),女,硕士,副研究员,研究方向:热带药用植物资源研究与利用。

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羊青(1987—),女,硕士,副研究员,研究方向:热带药用植物资源研究与利用。

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issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=苏家贤, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=苏家贤. 基于转录组与代谢产物研究牛大力活性成分生物合成与分布[D]. 广州: 广州中医药大学, 2021., articleTitle=基于转录组与代谢产物研究牛大力活性成分生物合成与分布, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276601818008388450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276601535517823419, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=SU J X, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SU J X. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis reveals the biosynthesis and distribution of active ingredients in Nanhaia speciosa[D]. Guangzhou: Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 2021. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis reveals the biosynthesis and distribution of active ingredients in Nanhaia speciosa, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276601818071303011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276601535517823419, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=2, authorNames=郭鹏, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=郭鹏. 牛大力药材质量标准研究[D]. 广州: 广州中医药大学, 2019., articleTitle=牛大力药材质量标准研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276601818146800484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276601535517823419, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=3, authorNames=GUO P, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GUO P. The study on quality standard of Millettia speciosa champ[D]. Guangzhou: Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 2019. (in Chinese), articleTitle=The study on quality standard of Millettia speciosa champ, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276601818230686565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276601535517823419, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=4, authorNames=谭冬秀, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=谭冬秀. 基于转录组测序的牛大力根系膨大相关基因表达分析[D]. 南宁: 广西大学, 2018., articleTitle=基于转录组测序的牛大力根系膨大相关基因表达分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276601818318766950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276601535517823419, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=5, authorNames=TAN D X, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TAN D X. Analysis of gene expression of Millettia speciosa Champ root expansion based on RNA-seq[D]. Nanning: Guangxi University, 2018. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Analysis of gene expression of Millettia speciosa Champ root expansion based on RNA-seq, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276601818411041639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276601535517823419, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=6, authorNames=叶春秀, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=叶春秀. 牛大力膨大根特征及其化学调控的生理学机制[D]. 南宁: 广西大学, 2016., articleTitle=牛大力膨大根特征及其化学调控的生理学机制, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276601818482344808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276601535517823419, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=7, authorNames=YE C X, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YE C X. Study on the characters of swollen root and the physiological effects of chemical regulators of Callerya speciosa[D]. Nanning: Guangxi University, 2016. 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Genomics and Applied Biology, 2023, 42(1): 44-59. 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Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference between groups (P<0.05).

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不同小写字母表示组间差异显著(P<0.05)。

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language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Annotation information of starch and sucrose metabolic pathway in each comparison group, figureFileSmall=e8SHXcJvEQ4U+Hz8XrLHJg==, figureFileBig=GBZmkHjzBsMgrcOLmNYUvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276601816959812439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276601535517823419, language=CN, label=图8, caption=各比较组淀粉和蔗糖代谢途径差异表达基因注释信息, figureFileSmall=e8SHXcJvEQ4U+Hz8XrLHJg==, figureFileBig=GBZmkHjzBsMgrcOLmNYUvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276601817094030168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276601535517823419, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=FPKM of the starch and sucrose metabolic pathway DEGs, figureFileSmall=6ab7SKgtJdKxm12eOhLb7Q==, figureFileBig=yfCvGBtd7xuKNBfvTcIocg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276601817152750425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276601535517823419, language=CN, label=图9, caption=淀粉和蔗糖代谢途径差异表达基因的FPKM, figureFileSmall=6ab7SKgtJdKxm12eOhLb7Q==, figureFileBig=yfCvGBtd7xuKNBfvTcIocg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276601817240830810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276601535517823419, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=qPCR analysis of the genes in starch and sucrose metabolic pathway from the root of C. specisoa at different developmental stages

Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference between groups (P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=OppkWW1B51/RE61ydWRCyQ==, figureFileBig=xr0A1Q89VELGUl0D0GPLmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276601817303745371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276601535517823419, language=CN, label=图10, caption=不同生长年份牛大力根中淀粉和蔗糖代谢途径基因表达qPCR分析

不同小写字母表示组间差异显著(P<0.05)。

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Primer information of genes for qRT-PCR analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因ID Gene ID引物序列(5′-3′)Primer sequence (5′-3′)扩增子长度Amplicon length/bp退火温度Annealing temperature/℃
Ms6g_002530F: CACCACTCACACCTGGAGAA
R: AGGGATGGATCAACACGCAA
12178
Ms1g_035490F: ACACAAGTCGAGCTTCCGTG
R: AGCCAGCAATCGTGGAAGAT
16582
Ms3g_079780F: GGCCTCTTACGTGGTGTCAA
R: AGAAGAGGTCTTGGCTGCAC
22879
Ms6g_001720F: ACCTTGAAAGCCAACACCCA
R: GATCAGCCCTTCGTCTCAGG
16080.5
Ms8g_050410F: CCGTTCTCACTCTCTCCGTG
R: GCTCATCAACAACAAGCCCG
19777.5
), ArticleFig(id=1276601817446351709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276601535517823419, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

荧光定量PCR分析的基因引物信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因ID Gene ID引物序列(5′-3′)Primer sequence (5′-3′)扩增子长度Amplicon length/bp退火温度Annealing temperature/℃
Ms6g_002530F: CACCACTCACACCTGGAGAA
R: AGGGATGGATCAACACGCAA
12178
Ms1g_035490F: ACACAAGTCGAGCTTCCGTG
R: AGCCAGCAATCGTGGAAGAT
16582
Ms3g_079780F: GGCCTCTTACGTGGTGTCAA
R: AGAAGAGGTCTTGGCTGCAC
22879
Ms6g_001720F: ACCTTGAAAGCCAACACCCA
R: GATCAGCCCTTCGTCTCAGG
16080.5
Ms8g_050410F: CCGTTCTCACTCTCTCCGTG
R: GCTCATCAACAACAAGCCCG
19777.5
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不同生长年份牛大力根淀粉和蔗糖代谢途径转录组分析
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羊青 1 , 顾学金 2 , 王清隆 1 , 张旻 3 , 晏小霞 1 , 汤欢 1 , 王祝年 1 , 冯世秀 3 , 王茂媛 1, *
热带作物学报 | 组学与生物技术 2025,46(1): 21-34
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热带作物学报 |组学与生物技术 2025 , 46 (1) : 21 -34
不同生长年份牛大力根淀粉和蔗糖代谢途径转录组分析
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羊青(1987—),女,硕士,副研究员,研究方向:热带药用植物资源研究与利用。

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羊青1, 顾学金2, 王清隆1, 张旻3, 晏小霞1, 汤欢1, 王祝年1, 冯世秀3, 王茂媛1, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国热带农业科学院热带作物品种资源研究所/农业农村部中药材生物学与栽培重点实验室/农业农村部热带农业野生植物基因资源鉴定评价中心/海南省热带药用植物工程研究中心,海南海口 571101
  • 2.云南农业大学热带作物学院,云南普洱 665001
  • 3.深圳市中国科学院仙湖植物园/深圳市南亚热带植物多样性重点实验室,广东深圳 518004
通讯作者:
* 王茂媛(WANG Maoyuan),E-mail:
Transcriptome Analysis Related to Starch and Sucrose Metabolism Pathways of C. specisoa at Different Developmental Stages
Qing YANG1, Xuejin GU2, Qinglong WANG1, Min ZHANG3, Xiaoxia YAN1, Huan TANG1, Zhunian WANG1, Shixiu FENG3, Maoyuan WANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Biology and Cultivation of Herb Medicine (Haikou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Tropical Wild Plant Gene Resource, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Hainan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Tropical medicinal plants, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China
  • 2.College of Tropical Crops, Yunnan Agricultural University, Pu’er, Yunnan 665001, China
  • 3.Fairy Lake Botanical Garden, Shenzhen & Chinese Academy of Sciences / Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Plant Diversity, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518004, China
出版时间: 2025-01-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.01.003
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牛大力是一种重要的多年生药食同源植物,其主要成分为淀粉和糖类。为了探究不同生长年份牛大力根淀粉和糖类物质合成的规律及其内在基因调控网络,本研究以3年生(NG3)、7年生(NG7)、10年生(NG10)和15年生(NG15)4个生长年份的牛大力根为研究对象,测定总多糖、淀粉和蔗糖的含量,并完成转录组测序,筛选分析不同年份间牛大力根的差异表达基因(DEGs),重点解析淀粉和蔗糖代谢途径DEGs的功能。糖类和淀粉物质测定结果表明,随着年份的增长,总多糖与淀粉含量均呈现增加趋势,生长至15年时的含量最高,而蔗糖含量在3年时最高,随后呈现下降趋势。转录组测序发现,随着生长年份跨度增加,NG3 vs NG7、NG3 vs NG10和NG3 vs NG15对比的DEGs总数呈上升趋势,分别为526、1848和1937个。进一步挖掘淀粉和蔗糖代谢途径中的DEGs,共有62个DEGs在3个比较组中差异表达,其中,蔗糖合成基因的表达量随年份增加而下降,淀粉合成基因随年份的增加较淀粉降解基因占主导,纤维素降解酶随年份增加表达量降低。最终筛选出5个淀粉和蔗糖代谢途径的关键酶基因进行荧光定量PCR验证,其表达变化趋势与转录组测序结果基本一致。研究结果表明,牛大力在3~7年时处于生长活跃期,以蔗糖、纤维素和淀粉的合成为主,促进根部快速膨大发育。生长至7年时,以淀粉的积累、蔗糖的分解和纤维素的降解为特征,进入生长平稳期。本研究对于牛大力根膨大特性的研究、高成薯性牛大力种质创新和科学采收都有积极的指导意义。

牛大力  /  根  /  生长年份  /  淀粉  /  蔗糖代谢  /  转录组分析

Callerya speciosa is an important perennial medicinal and edible plant, with starch and saccharides as the main contents. This study investigated the development law of starch and sucrose metabolism pathways of C. specisoa at different developmental stages and its internal gene regulatory network. Four growth years of C. speciosa roots, including 3-year-old (NG3), 7-year-old (NG7), 10-year-old (NG10), and 15-year-old (NG15), were used as the research objects. The content of total polysaccharide, starch, and sucrose was determined, and transcriptome sequencing was carried out. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between different years were screened, and the functions of DEGs in the starch and sucrose metabolism pathways were focused on. The results showed that with the increase of years, the content of total polysaccharides and starch both showed an increasing trend, with the highest content at 15 years, while the sucrose content was the highest at 3 years, followed by a downward trend. Through transcriptome sequencing, NG3 was compared with NG7, NG10, and NG15, respectively, for intergroup gene expression analysis. With the increase of the growth year span, the total number of DEGs increased. To further explore DEGs in the starch and sucrose metabolism pathways, a total of 62 DEGs were differentially expressed in the three comparison groups, mainly participating in the regulation of starch, sucrose, and cellulose metabolism. Among them, the expression of sucrose synthesis genes decreased with the increase of years; the expression of starch synthesis genes dominated over starch degradation genes with the increase of years; and the expression of cellulose degradation enzymes decreased with the increase of years. Five key genes in the starch and sucrose metabolism pathways were screened out for fluorescence quantitative PCR verification, and the expression trend was basically consistent with the transcriptome sequencing results. The results indicate that C. speciosa is in the growth active period from 3 to 7 years, with the synthesis of sucrose, cellulose, and starch as the main promoters for rapid root expansion and development. When it grows to 7 years, the plant enters a stable growth phase characterized by starch accumulation, sucrose decomposition, and cellulose degradation. This research would provide valuable insights on the study of C. speciosa root expansion mechanism, the innovation of high-yielding varieties, and scientifically guided harvesting practices.

Callerya speciosa  /  root  /  developmental stages  /  starch  /  sucrose metabolism  /  transcriptome analysis
羊青, 顾学金, 王清隆, 张旻, 晏小霞, 汤欢, 王祝年, 冯世秀, 王茂媛. 不同生长年份牛大力根淀粉和蔗糖代谢途径转录组分析. 热带作物学报, 2025 , 46 (1) : 21 -34 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.01.003
Qing YANG, Xuejin GU, Qinglong WANG, Min ZHANG, Xiaoxia YAN, Huan TANG, Zhunian WANG, Shixiu FENG, Maoyuan WANG. Transcriptome Analysis Related to Starch and Sucrose Metabolism Pathways of C. specisoa at Different Developmental Stages[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2025 , 46 (1) : 21 -34 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.01.003
牛大力为豆科鸡血藤属植物美丽鸡血藤[Callerya speciosa(Champion ex Bentham)Schot],是多年生药食两用植物,以根入药,主产我国广东、广西和海南等地。牛大力是华南地区重要的煲汤食材,也是壮腰健肾丸、舒筋健肾丸的主要配伍药材,具有补虚润肺和强筋活络的功能。牛大力现作为新资源食品,产品开发类型多样,市场需求旺盛,原料价格逐年上涨。人工种植是牛大力的主要来源,以广东和和海南两省种植面积较大。牛大力根兼有膨大根和非膨大根的双重特征,一般栽培1年后侧根开始膨大,3年以上膨大根系发达,膨大达到一定程度方可采收。据报道,综合产量、营养物质和指标成分含量,其最佳采收年限为5~7年左右,但在实际生产中亦有种植期在7~10年甚至以上的牛大力,民间习惯认为,生长年份越久,其根(膨大根)的品质越高[1-4]
利用基因组和转录组技术,解析药用植物的形态发育过程、营养物质形成和药效物质积累的分子机制和调控网络,是当前中药产业科学发展的关键步骤。近年来,基于全基因组解析的转录组测序分析成为药用植物研究热点,包括人参、石斛、三七、丹参、银杏、金银花和当归等多种药用植物的基因组和转录组数据已被分析获取。牛大力含淀粉、粗纤维、蛋白质和三萜、黄酮、酚苷等多种活性物质,在生长发育的不同阶段,其外观形态和内在物质积累都在发生阶段性的变化。牛大力根系膨大调控的关键基因研究一直备受关注,无参转录组的分析取得了一系列的进展,主要集中在淀粉合成基因、蔗糖代谢基因和黄酮类物质生物合成关键基因方面[5-8]。研究结果表明,牛大力膨大根的形成和发育与淀粉、蔗糖、植物激素和细胞壁发育密切相关[9-10]。不同生长年份牛大力根淀粉和多糖的动态变化及其调控的分子机制,却鲜有报道。
因此,本研究以3、7、10、15年株龄的牛大力块根为研究对象,进行转录组测序研究,参考已发表的牛大力基因组数据[11],对测序结果进行分类和功能注释。以年份跨度为分组依据,筛选和富集差异表达基因和代谢通路。重点对牛大力发育过程中淀粉和蔗糖代谢途径中的差异表达基因进行筛选和分析,并结合总多糖、淀粉和蔗糖含量的测定,解析牛大力发育过程中淀粉和蔗糖代谢关键酶的表达情况和规律,以期能够科学揭示牛大力品质形成的规律,并为牛大力的精准育种和品质提升提供科学的依据,推动其产品开发和产业的可持续发展。
研究材料采自中国热带农业科学院热带作物品种资源研究所药用植物资源圃,经中国热带农业科学院王祝年研究员鉴定为豆科鸡血藤属植物美丽鸡血藤[Callerya speciosa(Champion ex Bentham)Schot]。于2021年10月,分别选择3年生(NG3)、7年生(NG7)、10年生(NG10)和15年生(NG15)牛大力植株各9株,每3株牛大力的块根合并为1份即1个生物学重复,每个生长年份设置3个生物学重复,用于RNA数据采集。具体取样方法为:沿牛大力根际周边开挖,深度80~100 cm。采挖后选择直径4~8 cm的块根,截取20 cm使用PBS水冲洗并擦拭干净,再分别从前、中、后部迅速切取厚度0.5 cm的切片,包裹于锡箔纸中,做好标记,置液氮罐冷冻,于24 h后转入–80 ℃冰箱保存备用。
取不同年份牛大力的根样本,使用Eyela FDU-2110冷冻干燥机(日本EYELA东京理化器械株式会社)冷冻干燥后,研磨粉碎,使用Bio Tek EON多功能酶标仪(美国伯腾仪器有限公司),按照总多糖、植物淀粉含量和蔗糖含量试剂盒(上海通蔚生物科技有限公司)说明书测定各组样本中总多糖、淀粉和蔗糖含量。
转录组测序分析委托杭州联川生物技术股份有限公司完成。实验流程按照Illumina公司提供的标准严格执行。首先使用TRI@Regent试剂盒提取牛大力根样本的总RNA,经纯度、浓度和完整性检测,质检合格后构建cDNA文库。使用Agilent 2100 bioanalyzer对文库的insert size进行检测,库检合格后采用Illumina NovaseqTM6000进行测序,测序读长为双端2×150 bp(PE150)。为了保证数据分析的质量及可靠性,对原始数据进行预处理,过滤去除带接头的reads、含N的reads和低质量的reads后得到clean reads。将clean reads使用Hisat2进行牛大力参考基因组比对,根据Hisat2的比对结果,使用StringTie重构转录本并计算每个样本中的所有基因的表达水平。
使用FPKM值对样本基因的表达量进行归一化,根据比较组内基因的表达情况进行差异分析。以差异倍数(fold change)≥2,即|log2(Fold Change)|≥1,且q值(p值的校正值)<0.05为标准,筛选差异表达基因(differentially expressed genes,DEGs)。通过完成对DEGs的整体分布情况、GO和KEGG分析,结合特定的KEGG通路和GO注释等信息,对重要代谢通路及关键基因进行筛选。运用SPSS 21.0软件进行单因素方差分析(oneway analysis,ANOVA),数据用“平均值±标准误”表示。
从牛大力转录组分析结果中筛选出5个在淀粉和蔗糖代谢途径中表达量相对较高的关键基因,通过实时荧光定量PCR验证转录组数据的准确性。根据qPCR引物设计原则,使用Geneious软件设计各候选基因的引物(表1),扩增子长度控制在120~200 bp之间,由苏州金唯智生物科技有限公司完成引物合成。取不同年份牛大力的根为材料,以actin作为内参,按照SYBR Premix Ex Taq反应体系[12]进行RT-qPCR反应,每个样品设置3个生物学重复,采用2-∆∆Ct法计算基因的相对表达量。反应总体积20 μL,包括2×ChamQ SYBR Color qPCR Master Mix 10 μL、Prime 1 0.4 μL、Primer 2 0.4 μL、50×ROX Reference Dye 1 0.4 μL、Template DNA/cDNA 5.8 μL、ddH2O 3 μL。反应程序为:95 ℃ 30 s;95 ℃10 s,60 ℃ 30 s,40个循环。扩增完毕后,以1 ℃/4 s的速率从60 ℃逐步递增到95 ℃,获得溶解曲线。
本研究前期发现,低年份(3~7年)的牛大力根处于快速膨大期,然后进入高年份(10~15年)的稳定生长期,随着年份的增长,其外观形态和物质积累的差异不断缩小,根的横切面由低年份的黄色粗糙的纤维结构向高年份白色细腻的淀粉结构过度(图1A),淀粉含量显著增加[13]。通过测定不同生长年份牛大力根中的总多糖、淀粉和蔗糖含量发现,随着年份的增长,总多糖与淀粉含量均呈现增加趋势,而蔗糖含量呈现下降趋势(图1B)。总多糖含量在3~10年间平稳增长,10~15年间显著增长(P<0.05)。与NG3比,总多糖含量在NG10和NG15中的增长明显,差异显著(P<0.05)。淀粉在生长过程中大量积累,其含量在3~10年间显著增长(P<0.05),10~15年间平稳增长,与NG3比,淀粉含量在NG7、NG10和NG15中的增长明显,差异显著(P<0.05)。蔗糖含量在3~15年间随着生长年份增加逐渐下降,在相邻阶段变化不显著,而与NG3比,蔗糖含量在NG10和NG15中的降低趋势明显,差异显著(P<0.05)。结果表明,在淀粉和蔗糖代谢途径中,蔗糖与总多糖和淀粉含量的积累整体呈负相关,可能是以淀粉-蔗糖相互转化为主要模式[14-16]
基于Illumina测序平台,对4个生长年份的牛大力根样品进行转录组测序,总共获得了80.66 Gb的clean bases。各样品clean data的Q20的比率均超过了97.97%,Q30的比率均超过了93.83%,说明RNA-Seq数据质量较好,测序数据可靠度高,扫描下方二维码(图2),可查看转录组测序数据。对12个转录组样本数据进行参考基因组比对分析,共获得41 461个基因和62 501个转录本的表达数据,基因比对的匹配率在79.10%~85.84%之间。表明转录组测序数据质量较高,基因的注释率高,能够开展后续的生物信息学分析。
本研究对4个年份牛大力根的转录组样本进行差异表达基因(DEGs)筛选,将NG3分别与NG7、NG10和NG15对比,进行组间基因的表达情况分析。由3个比较组中筛选的DEGs数量及其上、下调表达情况(图3A)可知,在3~15年的生长时期,随着生长年份跨度增加,DEGs总数呈增长趋势,且各组上调与下调基因的比例有一定的变化。其中,在NG3 vs NG7组中DEGs数量最少,有526个(205个上调和321个下调);而另外2组的DEGs总数明显增加,NG3 vs NG10组中有1848个,以上调DEGs为主;NG3 vs NG15组有1937个,下调DEGs数量增加,可能与单糖、多糖和淀粉的合成有关。
进一步分析3个比较组中DEGs的重叠和特异性情况(图3B)发现,3组共有DEGs仅有83个,NG3 vs NG7组和其他2组的DEGs重叠部分相对较少,分别有86个和93个,而NG3 vs NG10组和NG3 vs NG15组之间重叠最多,有580个;各组特有DEGs以NG3 vs NG7组的数量最少(264个),而另外2组的特有DEGs数量更多,NG3 vs NG15组有1181个,NG3 vs NG10组有1099个。结果说明,随着生长年份跨度增加,DEGs的数量明显增加,牛大力不同生长阶段内在物质发生着明显的变化。
对3个比较组NG3 vs NG7、NG3 vs NG10和NG3 vs NG15富集的GO term差异表达基因进行注释,结果分为生物过程(biological process)、细胞组分(cellular component)和分子功能(molecular function)。在3个比较组中,均以生物学过程类别注释GO term的最多,将3个类别前25、前15、前10的GO term进行展示(图4),细胞组分中含有DEGs数目较多。进一步根据富集程度对前20的GO term进行分析,发现3个比较组中共有条目多与细胞壁发育以及木质素、木聚糖等相关物质的代谢活动有关(图5)。其中,在NG3 vs NG7组中显著富集的GO term主要有调节防御反应(regulation of defense response)、葡萄糖-1-磷酸腺苷转移酶活性(glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase activity)和对强光照的反应(response to high light intensity)等;在NG3 vs NG10组中有糖基转移酶活性(glycosyltransferase activity)、氧化还原酶活性(oxidoreductase activity)、作用于金属离子(acting on metal ions)等;NG3 vs NG15组是年份跨度最大的比较组,显著富集于苯丙素生物合成过程(phenylpropanoid biosynthetic process)、昼夜节律(circadian rhythm)和次生代谢物生物合成过程(secondary metabolite biosynthetic process)。
KEGG富集分析结果中位居前20的pathway如图6所示,3个比较组中均显著富集的pathway为单萜生物合成(monoterpenoid biosynthesis),2组共富集的pathway有苯丙素生物合成(phenylpropanoid biosynthesis)、淀粉和蔗糖代谢(starch and sucrose metabolism)、氨基酸糖和核苷酸糖(amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism)、苯丙氨酸(phenylalanine metabolism)以及果糖和甘露糖、亚油酸代谢和植物的昼夜节律等。
GO和KEGG富集分析结果表明,在牛大力根的不同生长阶段,DEGs与细胞壁发育及其关联物质的代谢活动相关,主要涉及碳水化合物代谢、氨基酸代谢、糖合成和次生代谢物合成相关途径。说明不同年份的牛大力根的差异主要体现在碳水化合物和活性物质的积累方面。本研究前期发现,随着生长年份的增加,牛大力根的横切面由黄色粗糙的纤维结构(低年份)向白色细腻的淀粉结构(高年份)过度,淀粉含量显著增加[17]。因此,进一步围绕牛大力根淀粉和蔗糖代谢途径(map 00500)中相关基因的表达进行研究。
在牛大力根的4个生长阶段,注释到511个KEGG通路上的unigenes参与淀粉和蔗糖代谢。将NG3 vs NG7、NG3 vs NG10和NG3 vs NG15三个比较组进行分析,共筛选到62个DEGs,NG3 vs NG15组中最多,有38个DEGs,21个上调,17个下调;其次是NG3 vs NG10组,有35个DEGs,以上调为主(28个);NG3 vs NG7组最少,有18个DEGs,以下调为主(13个)。由图7A可知,3个比较组共有的DEG只有1个,特有的DEGs,NG3 vs NG7组有8个,NG3 vs NG10组有14个,NG3 vs NG15组有12个。共有45个DEGs与淀粉和蔗糖代谢途径相关,详细的基因注释信息见图8(扫描二维码,即可查看)。进一步通过层析聚类热图(图7B)进行数据可视化,分析DEGs在3个比较组中的表达情况。富集到淀粉和蔗糖代谢途径的DEGs中,NG3中显著上调的DGEs相对较多,与NG7、NG10和NG15的表达情况差异较大,与NG7中的DGEs有一定的关联;另外3个年份中以NG10的DEGs最少,邻近年份之间有少量DEGs有一定的关联。结果表明,在牛大力根的不同生长阶段,富集到淀粉和蔗糖代谢途径的DEGs多为编码植物糖代谢过程中关键酶基因。在生长年份跨度增大的2个比较组NG3 vs NG10和NG3 vs NG15中,DEGs总数和特有数目均增加,与糖代谢关键酶基因存在阶段性的特异表达,催化淀粉和蔗糖代谢途径中重要代谢物的合成、分解及相互转化。
基于上述层次聚类热图分析,参与淀粉和蔗糖代谢途径的DEGs在牛大力根的4个生长阶段有不同的表达谱,结合FPKM平均值(扫描图9二维码,即可查看)进行表达情况分析发现上述DEGs在调控淀粉、蔗糖和纤维素的代谢过程中发挥关键作用。表明不同年份牛大力的形态发育和物质积累与多糖和淀粉的合成和积累密切相关。
与蔗糖和海藻糖代谢相关的DEGs有4个,其中有3个为编码蔗糖合酶(sucrose synthase,SUS)的相关基因,1个注释为类蔗糖合酶(EC:2.4.1.13,Ms8g_050410),2个注释为蔗糖合酶2(EC:2.4.1.13,Ms8g_045820、Ms8g_045830);另有1个为调控海藻糖磷酸合酶(trehalose phosphate synthase,TPS)的基因,注释为αα-海藻糖磷酸合酶(EC:2.4.1.15,EC:3.1.3.12,Ms2g_044990)。SUSTPS的表达量随年份增长而下降,结果说明蔗糖的合成随年份增加而下降,与蔗糖含量的变化趋势整体一致。
与淀粉代谢相关的DEGs有11个,主要涉及淀粉合成、淀粉降解相关基因。淀粉合成涉及直链淀粉和支链淀粉的合成,相关DEGs包括:3个编码腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(ADP-glucose pyrophsphorylase,AGPase)的基因,注释为葡萄糖-1-磷酸腺苷转移酶大亚基1(EC:2.7.7.27,Ms3g_020500、Ms6g_001720)和葡萄糖-1-磷酸腺苷转移酶小亚基1(EC:2.7.7.27,Ms2g_025280);2个编码颗粒结合淀粉合酶(granule-bound starch synthase,GBSS)相关的基因(EC:2.4.1.242,Ms3g_079780、Ms3g_073120);1个编码可溶性的淀粉合成酶(Soluble starch ynthase,SSS)的基因(EC:2.4.1.21,Ms6g_016280);2个编码淀粉分支酶(starch branching enzyme,SBE)基因,注释为α-1,4葡聚糖分支酶(EC:2.4.1.18,Ms6g_002530、Ms1g_035490)。该类基因中以AGPaseGBSSSBE相对高表达,多数在NG7中的表达量最高,与NG3比,多为上调表达。
与淀粉降解相关DEGs包括:1个编码α-葡聚糖磷酸化酶(α-glucan phosphorylase,α-GP)相关的基因(EC:2.4.1.1,Ms7g_026770);1个编码支链淀粉酶(starch debranching enzyme,DBE)相关的基因,注释为普鲁兰酶1(EC:3.2.1.68,Ms3g_073160);1个编码β-淀粉酶(β-amylase,BAM)相关的基因,注释为β-淀粉酶3(EC:3.2.1.2,Ms5g_038700)。该类基因中α-GPDBE在NG7的表达量达到最高,与NG3比,均为上调表达;而BAM在NG3中表达量最高,随年份增长整体呈现降低的趋势。淀粉代谢相关DEGs分析发现,淀粉合成相关基因的表达量远高于淀粉降解相关基因,结合高年份材料淀粉含量显著高于低年份的情况,说明牛大力根在生长发育过程中,淀粉的合成占主导地位。
与纤维素降解相关的DEGs有14个,在各个时期均有表达,表达量随年份增加整体呈降低的趋势,多数在NG3中高表达,在NG10和NG15中低表达。其中,有5个编码β-葡糖苷酶(β-glucosidase,BG)相关的基因,注释为β-葡萄糖苷酶47(EC:3.2.1.21,Ms8g_039920)和一系列的类β-葡萄糖苷酶(EC:3.2.1.21,Ms7g_004420、Ms5g_053900、Ms8g_024030、Ms8g_024960);有9个为编码内切葡聚糖酶(endo-glucanase,EG)相关的基因,注释为类内切葡聚糖酶10 EC:3.2.1.4,Ms6g_003490),以及一系列的类葡聚糖内切-1,3-β-葡萄糖苷酶(EC:3.2.1.21,Ms8g_024030、Ms6g_001900、Ms3g_027870)和葡聚糖内切-1,3-β-葡萄糖苷酶(EC:3.2.1.21,Ms2g_017160、Ms2g_027520、Ms7g_000800、Ms8g_042240、Ms3g_035050)。
基于牛大力淀粉和蔗糖代谢途径差异表达基因分析结果和文献报道[12,18-20],筛选5个与淀粉和蔗糖代谢途径的关键酶基因(Ms6g_002530、Ms1g_035490、Ms3g_079780、Ms6g_001720、Ms8g_050410)进行荧光定量PCR验证,分析验证测序数据的准确性。结果表明,上述验证基因在牛大力不同年份的表达变化趋势与转录组测序结果基本一致(图10),淀粉合成酶基因表达整体呈现上升趋势,在生长至7年后表达显著增加(P<0.05);蔗糖合酶基因表达呈现下降的趋势,在生长至高年份(15年)表达显著降低(P<0.05)。
本研究基于资源圃保育的3~15年的牛大力种质资源,采用高通量测序技术对3年生、7年生、10年生和15年生的牛大力根进行了转录组测序,并参考牛大力基因组数据进行基因的注释和差异基因的挖掘,重点对淀粉和蔗糖代谢通路相关差异表达基因进行分析,阐明牛大力发育过程中外在形态块根与内在物质淀粉和多糖积累之间的密切关系及其潜在的基因调控网络。随着牛大力生长年份的增加,根中差异表达基因的数量呈增加趋势,功能定位于细胞壁发育、糖代谢和其他次生代谢物的合成,有多个进程与碳水化合物代谢相关。结合种植中对牛大力的观察,其根在多年生长中会经历快速膨大直至稳定增粗的过程,并且年份越高的根越粉越细腻。推测存在2方面的原因,一是地上部分光合产物碳水化合物运送到根部转化为淀粉积累起来,二是存在部分纤维素降解后向淀粉转化的现象。差异表达基因的通路分析结果证实,淀粉和糖代谢途径中的多种酶的表达有显著差异,涉及淀粉合成、蔗糖代谢、纤维素代谢和可溶性糖-多糖的相互转化等关键酶基因。
淀粉和蔗糖是牛大力块根中最主要的多糖和可溶性糖[21]。随着牛大力比较组中生长年份跨度增加,鉴定的淀粉和蔗糖代谢途径相关差异表达基因数量更多。SUS在低年份,即3年生牛大力的中表达量最高,并表现为合成蔗糖,参与细胞壁构建和呼吸消耗等生物过程。随着生长年份增加,SUS发挥催化蔗糖分解作用,参与淀粉和纤维素等合成,促进根的膨大和淀粉的积累。结合蔗糖含量的变化,发现随着年份增加牛大力根中可溶性糖合成显著减少,前期积累的蔗糖也被分解,进入为多糖、细胞壁与淀粉合成提供前体与底物途径[22]。而淀粉代谢基因在高年份牛大力根中的表达相对更活跃,其中淀粉合成相关的酶基因AGPaseGBSSSBE,在7年时的表达量显著增加,而在10年和15年时表达下降且表达量的差异缩小,表明牛大力生长期间均有淀粉的合成。其中AGPase作为淀粉生物合成途径中主要调控位点对淀粉积累和组成具有决定性作用[12,19],其在NG7中的表达明显增高,说明7年时淀粉合成已经进入高速合成时期,此后随年份增加逐渐平缓。淀粉降解相关的基因α-GP亦有同样的趋势,结合另一个主要的淀粉降解酶基因BAM3始终处于低表达状态,说明淀粉的合成和降解是同步进行的,并以合成占绝对优势。类β-葡萄糖苷酶EC和内切葡聚糖酶EG将纤维素降解为二糖,再经β-葡糖苷酶BG水解为葡萄糖。上述纤维素酶相关达,此后逐渐降低最后趋于平稳,说明在牛大力淀粉和蔗糖代谢途径中,在3~7年时可能是通过β-葡萄糖苷酶促进纤维素降解,从而影响葡萄糖的合成,为根部的膨大提供能量和碳骨架[10,23]基因BGEG,均在牛大力生长至3~7年时高表达。而在生长至10~15年时,其表达量显著降低,可能更有利于淀粉的储藏。
淀粉和纤维素是碳水化合物重要的形式,可用于能量存储和提供碳骨架支撑,也能被α-葡聚糖磷酸化酶、β-淀粉酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶和内切葡聚糖酶等一系列酶降解并释放能量,在特定的时期用于植物生长发育[23-25]。因此,牛大力中淀粉和纤维素降解DEGs,在低年份表达相对活跃,而随着年份增加表达量显著下降,可能是在相关基因的调控下减少对淀粉的水解。因此,牛大力块根生长至3年左右,其蔗糖含量处于较高水平,根膨大后其所含的可溶性糖(蔗糖)含量逐渐降低,而多糖(淀粉)和纤维素含量升高,糖类物质在不同的发育时期相互转化,以不同的形式存在,影响着其块根的生长发育,与前期研究结果基本一致[1-4,15]
综上所述,为了在牛大力不同的生长阶段维持糖类物质的动态平衡,参与蔗糖、淀粉和纤维素代谢的DEGs在各阶段差异表达,通过调控蔗糖分解、葡萄糖合成、淀粉的合成与分解等复杂的糖代谢,牛大力在3~7年时处于生长活跃期,以糖原生物合成为主为促进根部快速膨大发育发挥作用,包括蔗糖的合成,纤维素的合成。生长至7年时,以淀粉的合成、蔗糖的分解,纤维素的降解为特征极为活跃,随后则进入生长的平稳期。本研究结合相关研究[2,5,15,18,26-28],综合产量、种植投入、经济效益、物质合成、品质形成等因素,进一步证明牛大力生长至5~7年采收更为科学。
  • 中国热带农业科学院国家热带农业科学中心科技创新团队项目(CATASCXTD202408)
  • 农业农村部农垦局政府购买服务项目“南药种质资源收集保存、鉴定评价与利用”(18230164)
  • 海南省重大科技计划项目(ZDKJ2021001)
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2025年第46卷第1期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.01.003
  • 接收时间:2024-07-23
  • 首发时间:2026-06-24
  • 出版时间:2025-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-23
  • 修回日期:2024-08-19
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中国热带农业科学院国家热带农业科学中心科技创新团队项目(CATASCXTD202408)
农业农村部农垦局政府购买服务项目“南药种质资源收集保存、鉴定评价与利用”(18230164)
海南省重大科技计划项目(ZDKJ2021001)
作者信息
    1.中国热带农业科学院热带作物品种资源研究所/农业农村部中药材生物学与栽培重点实验室/农业农村部热带农业野生植物基因资源鉴定评价中心/海南省热带药用植物工程研究中心,海南海口 571101
    2.云南农业大学热带作物学院,云南普洱 665001
    3.深圳市中国科学院仙湖植物园/深圳市南亚热带植物多样性重点实验室,广东深圳 518004

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* 王茂媛(WANG Maoyuan),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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