Article(id=1276601441225666991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276601397818814642, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.01.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1720368000000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-08, revisedDate=1724428800000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782295101696, onlineDateStr=2026-06-24, pubDate=1737734400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782295101696, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782295101696, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782295101696, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276601397818814642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2025', volume='46', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='245', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1737734400000', pubDateStr='2025-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782295091347, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782295207335, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276601884408418422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276601397818814642, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276601884408418423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276601397818814642, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=123, endPage=134, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276601441531851185, articleId=1276601441225666991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Effects of Different Water and Fertilizer Packages on Yield, Quality and Economic Benefit of Honey Pomelo under Water and Fertilizer Integration Mode, columnId=1236256434120348225, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Plant Cultivation, Physiology & Biochemistry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The study investigated the effects of different water and fertilizer combinations on yield, quality, and economic benefits of pomelo under the condition of water and fertilizer integration to provide a basis for exploring and practicing the integrated fertilization model of water and fertilizer for pomelo through a 3-year fixed position experiment. Four treatment methods were set up for Pinghe honey pomelo yield orchard: conventional fertilization (TF), 30% water and fertilizer package (30%WF), 50% water and fertilizer package (50%WF), and 70% water and fertilizer package (70%WF). The results showed that the effect of different degrees of reduced fertilization with a water-soluble fertilizer package on the yield of pomelo was significant. The average yield was as follows: 70%W>50%WF>TF>30%WF. The average 3-year yield increase rate of 50%WF, and 70%WF treatments in high-yield orchards was 12.43%, and 24.67%, respectively, compared to TF treatment. The average annual yield increase rate of 50%WF, and 70%WF treatments in low yield orchards compared to TF treatments was 15.05%, and 26.80%, respectively. The average 3-year yield of honey pomelo in high-yield and low yield orchards was the highest in the 70%WF treatment (high-yield orchards 67 845.5 kg/hm2, low yield orchards 53 495.5 kg/hm2), and the yield increase in low yield orchards was greater than that in high yield orchards. 70%WF had the best 3-year average secondary fruit rate in both high and low yield orchards (5.71% in high yield orchards and 4.67% in low yield orchards). The application of different water-soluble fertilizer combinations in high-yield and low yield orchards had no significant effect on the granulation rate of pomelo flesh, but had a more significant impact on single fruit weight and flesh weight. Moreover, there was a significant interannual variation in the cracking rate of honey pomelo treated with different water-soluble fertilizer combinations. The 70% water-soluble fertilizer package significantly improved the basic agronomic traits of pomelo, increased single fruit weight, and reduced fruit cracking rate. The increase and decrease in soluble solids, soluble sugars, and titratable acidity of the four treatments in high-yield and low yield orchards after 2 years were not significant, and there was no significant difference among the treatments. The 70% water-soluble fertilizer package had the best quality indicators for honey pomelo. The 3-year average final net income of high-yield orchards treated with 50%WF, and 70%WF increased by 30.58%, and 47.79% compared to the TF treatment, respectively. The 3-year average production to investment ratio was the highest in the 70%WF treatment (4.29∶1), which is 1.31 times higher than that of the TF treatment. The 3-year average final net income of low yield parks treated with 50%WF, and 70%WF increased by 40.41%, and 59.67% compared to the TF treatment, respectively. The 3-year average production to investment ratio was the highest in the 70%WF treatment (3.63∶1), which is 1.17 times higher than that of the TF treatment. The 70% water-soluble fertilizer package treatment had the highest economic benefits in both high and low yield orchards, with the economic benefits of low yield orchards increasing more than those of high yield orchards. Under the integrated mode of water and fertilizer, different water and fertilizer combinations with reduced fertilization had the effect of increasing the yield and economic benefits, improving the quality of honey pomelo, and the application of 70%WF treatment in high and low yield orchards had the best effect on improving the yield and economic benefits, and improving the quality of honey pomelo. This is the best fertilization treatment and is recommended for application.

, authors=null, authorsList=Qing ZHANG, Qingbo KONG, Fangliang LI, Huangwei HUANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qingbo KONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276601442383294900, articleId=1276601441225666991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=水肥一体化模式下不同水肥套餐对蜜柚产量、品质及经济效益的影响, columnId=1236256434313286224, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=作物栽培与生理生化, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

通过2020—2022年定位试验,研究水肥一体化条件下不同水肥套餐对蜜柚产量、品质及经济效益等的影响,为探索和实践蜜柚水肥一体化施肥模式提供依据。对平和蜜柚高低产园分别设置4种处理方式:(1)TF(常规施肥)、(2)30%WF(30%水肥套餐)、(3)50%WF(50%水肥套餐)、(4)70%WF(70%水肥套餐)。2020—2022年定位试验结果表明:水溶肥套餐不同程度减量施肥对蜜柚产量影响差异显著,高低产园年平均产量影响均为:70%W>50%WF>TF>30%WF;高产园50%WF、70%WF处理比TF处理年平均增产率分别为12.43%、24.67;低产园50%WF、70%WF处理比TF处理年平均增产率分别为15.05%、26.80%;高、低产园蜜柚年平均产量均以70%WF处理最高(高产园67 845.5 kg/hm2、低产园53 495.5 kg/hm2),低产园增产幅度大于高产园;高、低产园中年平均次果率均以70%WF效果最佳(高产园5.71%、低产园4.67%)。高、低产园不同水溶肥套餐施肥处理对蜜柚果肉粒化率无显著影响,但对单果重、果肉重影响较为显著;且不同水溶肥套餐施肥处理蜜柚裂果率年际变异大;70%水溶肥套餐施肥明显改善了蜜柚基本农艺性状,提高单果重,降低裂果率。2021、2021年高、低产园中4种处理可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、可滴定酸度增减幅度不大,各处理间差异不显著;70%水溶肥套餐蜜柚各品质指标均为最佳。高产园50%WF、70%WF处理年平均最终净收益较TF处理分别增收30.58%、47.79%。年平均产投比以70%WF处理最高(4.29∶1),较TF处理高1.31倍。低产园50%WF、70%WF处理年平均最终净收益较TF处理分别增收40.41%、59.67%。年平均产投比以70%WF处理最高(3.63∶1),比TF处理高1.17倍;高、低产园中均以70%水溶肥套餐处理经济效益最高,低产园经济效益增幅大于高产园。水肥一体化模式下不同水肥套餐减量施肥具有提高蜜柚产量、经济效益和改善品质等效果,且在高低产园中蜜柚施用70%WF处理对提高蜜柚产量、经济效益和改善品质等效果最好,为最佳施肥处理,推荐应用。

, authors=

张青(1977—),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:土壤环境与施肥。

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* 孔庆波(KONG Qingbo),E-mail:
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张青(1977—),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:土壤环境与施肥。

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Effect of different water and fertilizer managements on growth, yield and economic benefits in greenhouse tomato[J]. Journal of Shanxi Agricultural Sciences, 2012, 40(11): 1185-1190. 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Effects of drip fertigation on yield, quality and economic benefit of rambutan[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2015, 31(25): 113-117. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Effects of drip fertigation on yield, quality and economic benefit of rambutan, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276601678723940523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276601441225666991, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=20, issue=2, pageStart=496, pageEnd=502, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=66, authorNames=严程明, 张江周, 石伟琦, 刘亚男, 马海洋, 李晓林, journalName=植物营养与肥料学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=严程明, 张江周, 石伟琦, 刘亚男, 马海洋, 李晓林. 滴灌施肥对菠萝产量、品质及经济效益的影响[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2014, 20(2): 496-502., articleTitle=滴灌施肥对菠萝产量、品质及经济效益的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276601680393273520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276601441225666991, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=20, issue=2, pageStart=496, pageEnd=502, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=67, authorNames=YAN C M, ZHANG J Z, SHI W Q, LIU Y N, MA H Y, LI X L, journalName=Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YAN C M, ZHANG J Z, SHI W Q, LIU Y N, MA H Y, LI X L. Effects of drip fertigation on yield, quality and economic benefit of pineapple[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2014, 20(2): 496-502. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Effects of drip fertigation on yield, quality and economic benefit of pineapple, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276601680464576689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276601441225666991, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=22, issue=11, pageStart=1281, pageEnd=1288, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=68, authorNames=路永莉, 白凤华, 杨宪龙, 李茹, 高义民, 同延安, journalName=中国生态农业学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=路永莉, 白凤华, 杨宪龙, 李茹, 高义民, 同延安. 水肥一体化技术对不同生态区果园苹果生产的影响[J]. 中国生态农业学报, 2014, 22(11): 1281-1288., articleTitle=水肥一体化技术对不同生态区果园苹果生产的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276601680540074162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276601441225666991, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=22, issue=11, pageStart=1281, pageEnd=1288, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=69, authorNames=LU Y L, BAI F H, YANG X L, LI R, GAO Y M, TONG Y A, journalName=Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LU Y L, BAI F H, YANG X L, LI R, GAO Y M, TONG Y A. Effect of fertigation on apple production in different ecological-regions orchards[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2014, 22(11): 1281-1288. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Effect of fertigation on apple production in different ecological-regions orchards, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276601680611377331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276601441225666991, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2009, volume=20, issue=6, pageStart=173, pageEnd=176, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=70, authorNames=于舜章, journalName=水资源与水工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=于舜章. 山东省设施黄瓜水肥一体化滴灌技术应用研究[J]. 水资源与水工程学报, 2009, 20(6): 173-176., articleTitle=山东省设施黄瓜水肥一体化滴灌技术应用研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276601680691069108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276601441225666991, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2009, volume=20, issue=6, pageStart=173, pageEnd=176, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=71, authorNames=YU S Z, journalName=Journal of Water Resources and Water Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YU S Z. Application of drip irrigation of integral control of water and fertilization for cucumber under protected cultivation in shandong province[J]. Journal of Water Resources and Water Engineering, 2009, 20(6): 173-176. 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Fertilizer application rate for Honey pomelo at different experimental fields from 2020 to 2022

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别Group施肥时间Fertilizer application timeTF30%WF50%WF70%WF
NP2O5K2ONP2O5K2ONP2O5K2ONP2O5K2O
高产园采果后期(10—11月)250150250250150250250150250250150250
促梢壮花期(2月)20010010060303010050501407070
幼果期(3—5月)1206090361827603045844263
壮果期(7月)1501502004545607575100105105140
总养分量720460640391243367485305445579367523
低产园采果后期(10—11月)200120200200120200200120200200120200
促梢壮花期(2月)16080804824248040401125656
幼果期(3—5月)96487228.814.421.648243667.233.650.4
壮果期(7月)1201201603636486060808484112
总养分量576368512312.8194.4317.6388244356463.2293.6418.4
), ArticleFig(id=1276601671866253404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276601441225666991, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2020—2022年不同试验地蜜柚施肥量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别Group施肥时间Fertilizer application timeTF30%WF50%WF70%WF
NP2O5K2ONP2O5K2ONP2O5K2ONP2O5K2O
高产园采果后期(10—11月)250150250250150250250150250250150250
促梢壮花期(2月)20010010060303010050501407070
幼果期(3—5月)1206090361827603045844263
壮果期(7月)1501502004545607575100105105140
总养分量720460640391243367485305445579367523
低产园采果后期(10—11月)200120200200120200200120200200120200
促梢壮花期(2月)16080804824248040401125656
幼果期(3—5月)96487228.814.421.648243667.233.650.4
壮果期(7月)1201201603636486060808484112
总养分量576368512312.8194.4317.6388244356463.2293.6418.4
), ArticleFig(id=1276601672063385693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276601441225666991, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Yield of H. pomelo under different treatments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别Group处理Treatment2020
产量Yield/(kg·hm-2)商品果重Commodity fruit/(kg·hm-2)次果率Inferior fruit rate/%


TF56233.6±1079c47404.8±1541.9c15.7±1.32a
30%WF51060±2511.1d44779.6±2116.4c12.3±1.0b
50%WF61575.2±3015.3b57511.1±2831.6b6.6±0.03c
70%WF68448.0±1253.1a65824±1906.5a3.83±0.19d


TF42410.8±2060.4c37024.8±1733.5b12.7±0.1a
30%WF38084.8±2389.7d33133.0±2094.5c13.0±0.1a
50%WF47628±1436.9b45008.5±1481.1a5.5±0.1c
70%WF51954±2153.6a48265.3±2187.9a7.1±0.1b
组别Group处理Treatment2021
产量Yield/(kg·hm-2)商品果重Commodity fruit/(kg·hm-2)次果率Inferior fruit rate/%


TF48015±773.2c43885.7±849.2c8.6±0.8ab
30%WF42733.5±1289.6d38588.4±1634.0d9.7±1.1a
50%WF54592.5±1898.4b51753.7±2058.7b5.2±0.5c
70%WF60115.5±619.8a55727.1±597.5a7.3±0.4b


TF38412±1212.5b36337.8±1423.3b5.4±0.1b
30%WF33379.5±2167.9b29273.8±2461.5c12.4±1.8a
50%WF44058±2151.1a43309.0±2100.0a1.7±0.1c
70%WF49206±4564.4a46794.9±4335.4a4.9±0.1b
组别Group处理Treatment2022
产量Yield/(kg·hm-2)商品果重Commodity fruit/(kg·hm-2)次果率Inferior fruit rate/%


TF58987.5±482.7c49490.5±1148.2c19.0±0.6b
30%WF51496.5±2265.2d42021.1±177.6d18.4±1.8a
50%WF67305±3249.1b61853.3±312.0b8.1±0.2c
70%WF74973±678.8a70474.6±1182.3a6.0±0.2c


TF45741±1397.9c38559.7±337.4c15.7±1.0a
30%WF39382.5±1515.6d33357.0±150.2d15.3±1.3a
50%WF53928±2413.8b50368.8±211.7b6.6±0.2b
70%WF59326.5±2523.7a58140.0±312.7a2.0±0.1c
), ArticleFig(id=1276601672147271774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276601441225666991, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同处理下的蜜柚产量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别Group处理Treatment2020
产量Yield/(kg·hm-2)商品果重Commodity fruit/(kg·hm-2)次果率Inferior fruit rate/%


TF56233.6±1079c47404.8±1541.9c15.7±1.32a
30%WF51060±2511.1d44779.6±2116.4c12.3±1.0b
50%WF61575.2±3015.3b57511.1±2831.6b6.6±0.03c
70%WF68448.0±1253.1a65824±1906.5a3.83±0.19d


TF42410.8±2060.4c37024.8±1733.5b12.7±0.1a
30%WF38084.8±2389.7d33133.0±2094.5c13.0±0.1a
50%WF47628±1436.9b45008.5±1481.1a5.5±0.1c
70%WF51954±2153.6a48265.3±2187.9a7.1±0.1b
组别Group处理Treatment2021
产量Yield/(kg·hm-2)商品果重Commodity fruit/(kg·hm-2)次果率Inferior fruit rate/%


TF48015±773.2c43885.7±849.2c8.6±0.8ab
30%WF42733.5±1289.6d38588.4±1634.0d9.7±1.1a
50%WF54592.5±1898.4b51753.7±2058.7b5.2±0.5c
70%WF60115.5±619.8a55727.1±597.5a7.3±0.4b


TF38412±1212.5b36337.8±1423.3b5.4±0.1b
30%WF33379.5±2167.9b29273.8±2461.5c12.4±1.8a
50%WF44058±2151.1a43309.0±2100.0a1.7±0.1c
70%WF49206±4564.4a46794.9±4335.4a4.9±0.1b
组别Group处理Treatment2022
产量Yield/(kg·hm-2)商品果重Commodity fruit/(kg·hm-2)次果率Inferior fruit rate/%


TF58987.5±482.7c49490.5±1148.2c19.0±0.6b
30%WF51496.5±2265.2d42021.1±177.6d18.4±1.8a
50%WF67305±3249.1b61853.3±312.0b8.1±0.2c
70%WF74973±678.8a70474.6±1182.3a6.0±0.2c


TF45741±1397.9c38559.7±337.4c15.7±1.0a
30%WF39382.5±1515.6d33357.0±150.2d15.3±1.3a
50%WF53928±2413.8b50368.8±211.7b6.6±0.2b
70%WF59326.5±2523.7a58140.0±312.7a2.0±0.1c
), ArticleFig(id=1276601672214380639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276601441225666991, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Agronomic traits of H. pomelo under different treatments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别Group处理Treatment2021
单果重Fruit weight/g果皮重Peel weight/g果肉重Pulp weight/g裂果率Fruit cracking rate/%果肉粒化率Pulp granulation rate/%
高产园TF1598.5±23.0ab347.3±11.5b1251.2±62.5ab12.5±1.1a6.4±0.2a
30%WF1548.2±52.0b350.2±14.2b1198.0±50.7b8.1±0.3b6.5±0.3a
50%WF1741.2±87.9a393.1±14.1a1348.1±73.9a7.7±0.5b7.0±0.2a
70%WF1707.4±108.7a367.3±14.2b1340.1±75.6a7.9±0.4b7.0±0.4a
低产园TF1505.4±47.0b370.5±6.5b1134.9±43.4b3.8±0.1a5.7±0.2a
30%WF1480.3±11.4b364.1±10.9b1116.2±5.4b3.5±0.1b5.2±0.2a
50%WF1581.9±44.9a372.5±4.8b1209.4±46.7a2.8±0.2c5.5±0.3a
70%WF1605.4±38.1a393.6±9.5a1211.8±29.7a2.7±0.1c6.0±0.3a
组别Group处理Treatment2022
单果重Fruit weight/g果皮重Peel weight/g果肉重Pulp weight/g裂果率Fruit cracking rate/%果肉粒化率Pulp granulation rate/%
高产园TF1513.7±97.8b350.6±18.8a1163.1±38.9c11.4±0.8a6.7±0.4a
30%WF1553.2±50.2b365.9±22.7a1187.3±27.8c8.9±0.2b6.6±0.5a
50%WF1662.1±28.9a371.3±23.3a1290.8±7.8b8.6±0.3b7.0±0.1a
70%WF1726.9±104.5a375.6±20.3a1351.3±15.7a7.7±0.5b7.3±0.3a
低产园TF1525.7±20.9ab378.0±12.3a1147.7±8.7bc11.6±0.3a6.0±0.2a
30%WF1491.1±42.8b373.6±15.0a1117.5±28.5c4.7±0.5b5.5±0.4a
50%WF1617.9±50.4a388.5±9.5a1229.4±42.2a4.0±0.5bc5.7±0.4a
70%WF1597.2±73.9a383.5±20.9a1213.7±53.3ab3.5±0.3c6.0±0.5a
), ArticleFig(id=1276601672294072416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276601441225666991, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同处理下的蜜柚农艺性状

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别Group处理Treatment2021
单果重Fruit weight/g果皮重Peel weight/g果肉重Pulp weight/g裂果率Fruit cracking rate/%果肉粒化率Pulp granulation rate/%
高产园TF1598.5±23.0ab347.3±11.5b1251.2±62.5ab12.5±1.1a6.4±0.2a
30%WF1548.2±52.0b350.2±14.2b1198.0±50.7b8.1±0.3b6.5±0.3a
50%WF1741.2±87.9a393.1±14.1a1348.1±73.9a7.7±0.5b7.0±0.2a
70%WF1707.4±108.7a367.3±14.2b1340.1±75.6a7.9±0.4b7.0±0.4a
低产园TF1505.4±47.0b370.5±6.5b1134.9±43.4b3.8±0.1a5.7±0.2a
30%WF1480.3±11.4b364.1±10.9b1116.2±5.4b3.5±0.1b5.2±0.2a
50%WF1581.9±44.9a372.5±4.8b1209.4±46.7a2.8±0.2c5.5±0.3a
70%WF1605.4±38.1a393.6±9.5a1211.8±29.7a2.7±0.1c6.0±0.3a
组别Group处理Treatment2022
单果重Fruit weight/g果皮重Peel weight/g果肉重Pulp weight/g裂果率Fruit cracking rate/%果肉粒化率Pulp granulation rate/%
高产园TF1513.7±97.8b350.6±18.8a1163.1±38.9c11.4±0.8a6.7±0.4a
30%WF1553.2±50.2b365.9±22.7a1187.3±27.8c8.9±0.2b6.6±0.5a
50%WF1662.1±28.9a371.3±23.3a1290.8±7.8b8.6±0.3b7.0±0.1a
70%WF1726.9±104.5a375.6±20.3a1351.3±15.7a7.7±0.5b7.3±0.3a
低产园TF1525.7±20.9ab378.0±12.3a1147.7±8.7bc11.6±0.3a6.0±0.2a
30%WF1491.1±42.8b373.6±15.0a1117.5±28.5c4.7±0.5b5.5±0.4a
50%WF1617.9±50.4a388.5±9.5a1229.4±42.2a4.0±0.5bc5.7±0.4a
70%WF1597.2±73.9a383.5±20.9a1213.7±53.3ab3.5±0.3c6.0±0.5a
), ArticleFig(id=1276601672365375585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276601441225666991, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Internal quality of H. pomelo under different treatments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别Group处理Treatment20212022
可溶性固形物含量Soluble solid content/%维生素C含量VC content/(mg·kg-1)可溶性糖含量Soluble sugar content/%可滴定酸含量Titratable acids content/%糖/酸Sugar/acid可溶性固形物含量Soluble solid content/%维生素C含量VC content/(mg·kg-1)可溶性糖含量Soluble sugar content/%可滴定酸含量Titratable acids content/%糖/酸Sugar/acid


TF12.0±0.2a322.1±13.8b11.7±0.5a0.768±0.02a15.2±0.9a12.8±1.5a326.5±14.8b12.0±0.3a0.770±0.01a15.2±0.9b
30%WF12.3±1.1a313.1±13.3b11.7±1.2a0.776±0.01a15.1±1.7a11.5±0.7a315.3±10.2b10.5±0.6a0.776±0.05a14.8±0.5b
50%WF12.3±0.6a329.6±11.3ab11.8±1.7a0.765±0.02a15.5±2.5a12.0±0.6a338.9±10.9ab11.1±0.5a0.765±0.03a15.3±0.9b
70%WF13.5±0.6a345.5±13.9a12.6±0.4a0.756±0.03a16.7±1.1a13.5±0.4a354.0±14.3a13.0±0.4a0.755±0.03a16.7±0.4a


TF11.1±0.5a302.5±18.5a10.7±1.2a0.778±0.02a14.8±1.9a11.7±0.4a300.5±15.3b11.0±1.1a0.778±0.02a15.0±1.8a
30%WF11.0±0.8a299.4±22.1a10.5±0.8a0.779±0.01a14.0±0.7a11.5±0.5a294.4±12.8b10.7±1.4a0.783±0.01a14.9±1.5a
50%WF11.8±0.2a317.2±11.2a11.1±0.9a0.769±0.02a15.0±1.1a12.0±0.1a319.4±14.7ab11.2±0.4a0.774±0.02a15.1±0.8a
70%WF11.8±0.2a327.6±7.2a11.2±0.3a0.765±0.03a15.3±0.4a12.2±0.3a334.6±10.7a11.7±0.1a0.768±0.01a15.5±0.3a
), ArticleFig(id=1276601672432484450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276601441225666991, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同处理下的蜜柚内在品质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别Group处理Treatment20212022
可溶性固形物含量Soluble solid content/%维生素C含量VC content/(mg·kg-1)可溶性糖含量Soluble sugar content/%可滴定酸含量Titratable acids content/%糖/酸Sugar/acid可溶性固形物含量Soluble solid content/%维生素C含量VC content/(mg·kg-1)可溶性糖含量Soluble sugar content/%可滴定酸含量Titratable acids content/%糖/酸Sugar/acid


TF12.0±0.2a322.1±13.8b11.7±0.5a0.768±0.02a15.2±0.9a12.8±1.5a326.5±14.8b12.0±0.3a0.770±0.01a15.2±0.9b
30%WF12.3±1.1a313.1±13.3b11.7±1.2a0.776±0.01a15.1±1.7a11.5±0.7a315.3±10.2b10.5±0.6a0.776±0.05a14.8±0.5b
50%WF12.3±0.6a329.6±11.3ab11.8±1.7a0.765±0.02a15.5±2.5a12.0±0.6a338.9±10.9ab11.1±0.5a0.765±0.03a15.3±0.9b
70%WF13.5±0.6a345.5±13.9a12.6±0.4a0.756±0.03a16.7±1.1a13.5±0.4a354.0±14.3a13.0±0.4a0.755±0.03a16.7±0.4a


TF11.1±0.5a302.5±18.5a10.7±1.2a0.778±0.02a14.8±1.9a11.7±0.4a300.5±15.3b11.0±1.1a0.778±0.02a15.0±1.8a
30%WF11.0±0.8a299.4±22.1a10.5±0.8a0.779±0.01a14.0±0.7a11.5±0.5a294.4±12.8b10.7±1.4a0.783±0.01a14.9±1.5a
50%WF11.8±0.2a317.2±11.2a11.1±0.9a0.769±0.02a15.0±1.1a12.0±0.1a319.4±14.7ab11.2±0.4a0.774±0.02a15.1±0.8a
70%WF11.8±0.2a327.6±7.2a11.2±0.3a0.765±0.03a15.3±0.4a12.2±0.3a334.6±10.7a11.7±0.1a0.768±0.01a15.5±0.3a
), ArticleFig(id=1276601672499593315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276601441225666991, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Economic benefit analysis under different treatments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别Group处理Treatment年平均投入Annual average investment年平均产出Annual average output净收益Net profit较常规增收Increase income more than usual
地租Land rent肥料Fertilizer用工Recruit and use水费Charge for water电费Electricity fees设备Equip ment合计Total商品果Commodity fruit次果Inferior fruit合计Total


TF30 00010 136.527 529.4180150067 995.9185 263.217 479.0202 742.2134 746.3
30%WF30 0006000.416 011.6360300280055 472165 028.715 273.4180 302.1124 830.1-9916.3
50%WF30 000738917 538.9360300280058 387.9224 701.99632234 333.9175 946.041 199.6
70%WF30 0008778.118 284.8360300280060 522.9251 537.28133259 670.2199 162.464 401.0


TF30 0008109.326 062.6180150064 501.9147 676.410 964.4158 640.8103 138.9
30%WF30 0004800.314 633.9360300280052 894.2125 907.612 012137 919.585 025.3-9113.6
50%WF30 0005911.216 024.6360300280055 395.8182 416.85154.8187 571.6132 175.838 036.9
70%WF30 0007022.516 619.5360300280057 102201 096.46319.9207 416.3150 314.356 175.4
), ArticleFig(id=1276601672562507876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276601441225666991, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同处理下的经济效益分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别Group处理Treatment年平均投入Annual average investment年平均产出Annual average output净收益Net profit较常规增收Increase income more than usual
地租Land rent肥料Fertilizer用工Recruit and use水费Charge for water电费Electricity fees设备Equip ment合计Total商品果Commodity fruit次果Inferior fruit合计Total


TF30 00010 136.527 529.4180150067 995.9185 263.217 479.0202 742.2134 746.3
30%WF30 0006000.416 011.6360300280055 472165 028.715 273.4180 302.1124 830.1-9916.3
50%WF30 000738917 538.9360300280058 387.9224 701.99632234 333.9175 946.041 199.6
70%WF30 0008778.118 284.8360300280060 522.9251 537.28133259 670.2199 162.464 401.0


TF30 0008109.326 062.6180150064 501.9147 676.410 964.4158 640.8103 138.9
30%WF30 0004800.314 633.9360300280052 894.2125 907.612 012137 919.585 025.3-9113.6
50%WF30 0005911.216 024.6360300280055 395.8182 416.85154.8187 571.6132 175.838 036.9
70%WF30 0007022.516 619.5360300280057 102201 096.46319.9207 416.3150 314.356 175.4
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水肥一体化模式下不同水肥套餐对蜜柚产量、品质及经济效益的影响
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张青 1 , 孔庆波 1, * , 栗方亮 1 , 黄煌伟 2
热带作物学报 | 作物栽培与生理生化 2025,46(1): 123-134
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热带作物学报 |作物栽培与生理生化 2025 , 46 (1) : 123 -134
水肥一体化模式下不同水肥套餐对蜜柚产量、品质及经济效益的影响
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张青1, 孔庆波1, * , 栗方亮1, 黄煌伟2
作者信息
  • 1.福建省农业科学院资源环境与土壤肥料研究所,福建福州 350013
  • 2.平和县土壤肥料与生态能源站,福建漳州 363700
通讯作者:
* 孔庆波(KONG Qingbo),E-mail:
Effects of Different Water and Fertilizer Packages on Yield, Quality and Economic Benefit of Honey Pomelo under Water and Fertilizer Integration Mode
Qing ZHANG1, Qingbo KONG1, * , Fangliang LI1, Huangwei HUANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.Institute of Resources, Environment and Soil Fertilizer, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350013, China
  • 2.Pinghe County Soil, Fertilizer, Ecological and Energy Station, Zhangzhou, Fujian 363700, China
出版时间: 2025-01-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.01.013
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通过2020—2022年定位试验,研究水肥一体化条件下不同水肥套餐对蜜柚产量、品质及经济效益等的影响,为探索和实践蜜柚水肥一体化施肥模式提供依据。对平和蜜柚高低产园分别设置4种处理方式:(1)TF(常规施肥)、(2)30%WF(30%水肥套餐)、(3)50%WF(50%水肥套餐)、(4)70%WF(70%水肥套餐)。2020—2022年定位试验结果表明:水溶肥套餐不同程度减量施肥对蜜柚产量影响差异显著,高低产园年平均产量影响均为:70%W>50%WF>TF>30%WF;高产园50%WF、70%WF处理比TF处理年平均增产率分别为12.43%、24.67;低产园50%WF、70%WF处理比TF处理年平均增产率分别为15.05%、26.80%;高、低产园蜜柚年平均产量均以70%WF处理最高(高产园67 845.5 kg/hm2、低产园53 495.5 kg/hm2),低产园增产幅度大于高产园;高、低产园中年平均次果率均以70%WF效果最佳(高产园5.71%、低产园4.67%)。高、低产园不同水溶肥套餐施肥处理对蜜柚果肉粒化率无显著影响,但对单果重、果肉重影响较为显著;且不同水溶肥套餐施肥处理蜜柚裂果率年际变异大;70%水溶肥套餐施肥明显改善了蜜柚基本农艺性状,提高单果重,降低裂果率。2021、2021年高、低产园中4种处理可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、可滴定酸度增减幅度不大,各处理间差异不显著;70%水溶肥套餐蜜柚各品质指标均为最佳。高产园50%WF、70%WF处理年平均最终净收益较TF处理分别增收30.58%、47.79%。年平均产投比以70%WF处理最高(4.29∶1),较TF处理高1.31倍。低产园50%WF、70%WF处理年平均最终净收益较TF处理分别增收40.41%、59.67%。年平均产投比以70%WF处理最高(3.63∶1),比TF处理高1.17倍;高、低产园中均以70%水溶肥套餐处理经济效益最高,低产园经济效益增幅大于高产园。水肥一体化模式下不同水肥套餐减量施肥具有提高蜜柚产量、经济效益和改善品质等效果,且在高低产园中蜜柚施用70%WF处理对提高蜜柚产量、经济效益和改善品质等效果最好,为最佳施肥处理,推荐应用。

减量施肥  /  蜜柚  /  质量  /  经济效益  /  水肥一体化

The study investigated the effects of different water and fertilizer combinations on yield, quality, and economic benefits of pomelo under the condition of water and fertilizer integration to provide a basis for exploring and practicing the integrated fertilization model of water and fertilizer for pomelo through a 3-year fixed position experiment. Four treatment methods were set up for Pinghe honey pomelo yield orchard: conventional fertilization (TF), 30% water and fertilizer package (30%WF), 50% water and fertilizer package (50%WF), and 70% water and fertilizer package (70%WF). The results showed that the effect of different degrees of reduced fertilization with a water-soluble fertilizer package on the yield of pomelo was significant. The average yield was as follows: 70%W>50%WF>TF>30%WF. The average 3-year yield increase rate of 50%WF, and 70%WF treatments in high-yield orchards was 12.43%, and 24.67%, respectively, compared to TF treatment. The average annual yield increase rate of 50%WF, and 70%WF treatments in low yield orchards compared to TF treatments was 15.05%, and 26.80%, respectively. The average 3-year yield of honey pomelo in high-yield and low yield orchards was the highest in the 70%WF treatment (high-yield orchards 67 845.5 kg/hm2, low yield orchards 53 495.5 kg/hm2), and the yield increase in low yield orchards was greater than that in high yield orchards. 70%WF had the best 3-year average secondary fruit rate in both high and low yield orchards (5.71% in high yield orchards and 4.67% in low yield orchards). The application of different water-soluble fertilizer combinations in high-yield and low yield orchards had no significant effect on the granulation rate of pomelo flesh, but had a more significant impact on single fruit weight and flesh weight. Moreover, there was a significant interannual variation in the cracking rate of honey pomelo treated with different water-soluble fertilizer combinations. The 70% water-soluble fertilizer package significantly improved the basic agronomic traits of pomelo, increased single fruit weight, and reduced fruit cracking rate. The increase and decrease in soluble solids, soluble sugars, and titratable acidity of the four treatments in high-yield and low yield orchards after 2 years were not significant, and there was no significant difference among the treatments. The 70% water-soluble fertilizer package had the best quality indicators for honey pomelo. The 3-year average final net income of high-yield orchards treated with 50%WF, and 70%WF increased by 30.58%, and 47.79% compared to the TF treatment, respectively. The 3-year average production to investment ratio was the highest in the 70%WF treatment (4.29∶1), which is 1.31 times higher than that of the TF treatment. The 3-year average final net income of low yield parks treated with 50%WF, and 70%WF increased by 40.41%, and 59.67% compared to the TF treatment, respectively. The 3-year average production to investment ratio was the highest in the 70%WF treatment (3.63∶1), which is 1.17 times higher than that of the TF treatment. The 70% water-soluble fertilizer package treatment had the highest economic benefits in both high and low yield orchards, with the economic benefits of low yield orchards increasing more than those of high yield orchards. Under the integrated mode of water and fertilizer, different water and fertilizer combinations with reduced fertilization had the effect of increasing the yield and economic benefits, improving the quality of honey pomelo, and the application of 70%WF treatment in high and low yield orchards had the best effect on improving the yield and economic benefits, and improving the quality of honey pomelo. This is the best fertilization treatment and is recommended for application.

reduced fertilization  /  honey pomelo  /  quality  /  economic performance  /  integration of water and fertilizer
张青, 孔庆波, 栗方亮, 黄煌伟. 水肥一体化模式下不同水肥套餐对蜜柚产量、品质及经济效益的影响. 热带作物学报, 2025 , 46 (1) : 123 -134 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.01.013
Qing ZHANG, Qingbo KONG, Fangliang LI, Huangwei HUANG. Effects of Different Water and Fertilizer Packages on Yield, Quality and Economic Benefit of Honey Pomelo under Water and Fertilizer Integration Mode[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2025 , 46 (1) : 123 -134 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.01.013
柚类是我国柑橘生产家族中的后起之秀,占世界总产量的85%[1]。平和县现已成为我国最大的柚类生产基地县和出口基地县,被誉为“世界柚乡”和“中国柚都”[2],但是柚类在生长过程中会因环境、品种、树势和历年产量等原因造成营养物质产生与分配不协调[3]。科学合理施肥是保证果树高产高效的关键技术措施之一,然而大多数蜜柚种植户主要凭经验施肥,通过“大水大肥”的传统管理方式,水肥的投入量达到作物实际需求量的2~3倍,盲目过量的水肥投入已经成为普遍现象,投入劳动力多,费水费肥,产投比低,导致肥料深层淋失、农产品产量与品质下降及环境污染等问题[4-6],很难满足和适应集约化蜜柚生产的需要[7]。另外,福建省多以山地丘陵为主,造成蜜柚施肥和管理十分不便。因此,在蜜柚生产中选用合适的水肥管理模式就显得尤为重要。水肥一体化可提高肥料利用率并达到节水节肥等效果,在国外农业发达地区已广泛应用。ZOTARELLI等[8]对番茄研究表明,大田种植条件下,与常规施肥相比,滴灌可提高番茄产量21%~51%;臧小平等[9]研究表明,通过水肥一体化技术对杧果实施节水灌溉,根据果树需要进行施肥,具有提升产量和品质,节省肥料、人工和促进增收的优势,从而实现产业增效的作用。岳文俊等[10]在甜瓜上的研究指出,滴灌施肥能够明显提高氮肥利用效率。近年来,随着我国农业集约化水平的不断提高,水肥一体化技术在我国也迅速发展。部分研究者对作物水肥一体化技术和滴灌减量化施肥方面做了相关研究,宋亚辉等[11]的研究结果表明在花生上使用水肥一体化技术,减少化肥用量的40%,增产17.19%;臧小平等[12]的研究表明,与喷水袋灌溉施肥相比,滴灌减量施肥显著提高了香蕉产量,综合经济效益显著;邢英英等[13]在温室番茄上的研究表明,在滴灌施肥条件下中等施肥水平可获得较高的产量。但在蜜柚上进行水肥一体化减量施肥的相关研究相当缺乏,由于我国不同地区农业生产条件、土壤、气候和作物等不同,施肥量及施肥模式等技术指标存在很大差异。因此,本研究于2020—2022年在琯溪蜜柚定位实验的基础上,研究比较了水肥一体化施肥模式下不同程度的水肥套餐减量施肥对蜜柚产量、品质和经济效益的影响,以期为完善蜜柚不同施肥模式下合理减量施肥提供科学理论依据。
试验设在漳州市平和县霞寨镇黄庄村(24°21′32.18′N,117°08′19.12′E)琯溪蜜柚基地进行,属南亚热带季风区,2020—2022年年均降水量为1724 mm,年均气温为21.3 ℃。由于各产园的土壤肥力不同,蜜柚产量也不同,根据当地蜜柚每公顷产量将蜜柚园划分为高产园(45 000~67 500 kg/hm2)、低产园(30 000~45 000 kg/hm2),分别选取一处进行定位施肥试验,高、低产园试验土壤基本理化性状如下:土壤类型均为砖红壤,高产园土壤pH 5.10,有机质含量为24.1 g/kg,碱解氮含量为158.8 mg/kg,有效磷含量为108.1 mg/kg,速效钾含量为131.7 mg/kg;低产园土壤pH 4.81,有机质含量为15.0 g/kg,碱解氮含量为122.1 mg/kg,有效磷含量为37.6 mg/kg,速效钾含量为118.1 mg/kg。
选用面积为3.33 hm2琯溪蜜柚[Citrus grandis(L.)Osbeck‘Guanximiyou’]果园中的红心蜜柚品种,其树龄为12 a,冠幅平均约3 m,砧木为酸柚。
将3.33 hm2果园按照产量划分为高产园片区和低产园片区,高、低产园均设置4个不同处理,分别为:(1)TF(常规施肥);(2)30%WF(30%水肥套餐);(3)50%WF(50%水肥套餐);(4)70%WF(70%水肥套餐)。每个处理3次重复,其中减量水肥套餐不减基肥养分,只减追肥养分。因此高、低产园分别有4个区组12个单元,每个区组3个单元,每个单元果树6株,每个区组果树72株。随机排列,小区间设保护行。供试肥料包括:(1)传统施肥处理(TF),按照当地习惯施肥施用氮磷钾肥料:普通尿素(N 46%)、过磷酸钙(P2O5 12%)、硫酸钾(K2O 50%);(2)水溶肥施肥处理(30%WF、50%WF、70%WF),选用氮肥为尿素(N 46%),磷肥为磷酸二氢钾(P2O5 52%、K2O 34%),钾肥为全水溶硫酸钾(K2O 50%),其具体施肥量见表1。各处理钙肥、镁肥、锌肥、硼肥施用量均一致,钙肥、镁肥施用方法为表面撒施,锌肥、硼肥施用方法为叶面喷施,钙肥为石灰(CaO 95%),施用量为632 kg/hm2;镁肥为96%七水硫酸镁(MgO≥15%),施用量为1602 kg/hm2,锌肥为25%锌动力,株施浓度为0.4%,硼肥为98%硼砂,株施浓度为0.6%。
传统施肥方式用作基肥的为埋施(即在距离树体主干左右两侧40 cm处挖长50~60 cm、深度和宽度约30 cm的环状沟,施肥后覆土),其他3次施肥为地面撒施,于蜜柚各生育时期分别一次性施入;水溶肥套餐施肥为肥料随水冲入,每个生育阶段分5次进行施肥,间隔7~10 d,如果遇到雨季雨水天较多,可将有机肥配成的水肥延后在无雨天再施入。各处理滴灌施肥每次用水量为12 m3/hm2,总灌水量为240 m3/hm2,不同处理施肥用水量均保持一致。
(1)蜜柚样品的采集。于2020—2022年每年的蜜柚果实成熟期,在高、低产试验区内,分别选取各水平具有代表性的果树10株,在每株果树的树冠外围中层部位东、南、西、北、中5个方向,选择生长健壮的结果枝,随机采得成熟度基本一致的果实样品各1个,把每个水平10株果树上采集的50个蜜柚样品混合装袋,带回实验室,冷藏,备用,以便测定各项品质指标。
(2)蜜柚品质测定。各处理蜜柚样品的单果重使用电子天平测定,测定后计算平均值,即为各处理的平均单果重。蜜柚商品果应该满足蜜柚的基本要求,即具有本品种的固有特征,黄绿色,不得有萎蔫、裂果,无黄斑病斑,无粗大油胞,不得有溃疡病斑和深疤,重量在1.0~2.5 kg。不满足上述要求以及重量在2.5 kg以上(含2.5 kg)和1.0 kg以下(含1.0 kg)的果实则为次果,次果率是指每株次果数占总果数的百分率。裂果指果顶部皮层开裂的蜜柚果实,裂果率是指每株裂果数占总果数的百分率。
果实粒化的判定:汁胞木质化,表现为局部异常膨大,变硬。将琯溪蜜柚切开之后算其粒化汁胞范围,0级:果实汁胞呈透明状,没有发生粒化;1级:粒化汁胞范围小于总瓣长的1/3;2级:粒化汁胞范围在总瓣长的1/3~1/2;3级:粒化汁胞范围在总瓣长的1/2~2/3;4级:粒化汁胞范围大于总瓣长的2/3。粒化率=∑(各级数×该级瓣数之和)/总瓣数。
可溶性固形物含量(TSS)采用手持折光仪测定,可滴定酸含量采用酸碱中和滴定法(以柠檬酸计)测定,可溶性糖含量用蕙酮法,并以可溶性糖含量与可滴定酸含量的比值计算糖/酸比;生素C(VC)含量采用2,6一二氯靛酚法测定[14]
(3)经济效益计算。
用工成本(元/hm2)=修剪(元/hm2)+环割(元/hm2)+采摘(元/hm2)+施肥(元/hm2)+浇水(元/hm2
投入成本(元/hm2)=地租(元/hm2)+肥料(元/hm2)+用工(元/hm2)+水费(元/hm2)+电费(元/hm2)+设备(元/hm2
产出(元/hm2)=商品果重(kg/hm2)×当年商品果价格(元/kg)+次果重(kg/hm2)×当年次果价格(元/kg)
净收益(元/hm2)=产出(元/hm2)-成本(元/hm2
肥料成本均以当地市场价格计、蜜柚产出价格按各年份市场价格计算。2020年商品果3.8元/kg、次果2.6元/kg;2021年商品果4.5元/kg、次果3.0元/kg;2022年商品果3.6元/kg、次果1.8元/kg。滴灌设备一次性安装首部设施和管道部分共计25000元/hm2,平均可以使用10 a,每年维护费用300元/hm2,折合一年设备成本2800元/hm2
试验数据采用Microsoft Excel 2003软件进行处理,用SPSS 17.0软件进行数据统计和方差分析,不同处理间数据采用Duncan法作差异显著性分析。
不同水肥套餐处理显著影响高产园和低产园蜜柚产量;同一水肥套餐处理下,高产园增产量均大于低产园,但高产园受水肥处理影响的程度小于低产园。2020—2022年定位试验结果表明,不同水肥套餐处理下高、低产园增产量均为:70%WF>50%WF>TF>30%WF。高产园中30%WF、50%WF、70%WF处理比TF处理年平均产量分别增产-10.97%、12.43%、24.67%,年平均产量70%WF处理达67 845.5kg/hm2,较30%WF、50%WF处理增产40.09%、10.94%;低产园中30%WF、50%WF、70%WF处理比TF处理年平均产量分别增产-12.42%、15.05%、26.80%,年平均产量70%WF处理达53 495.5 kg/hm2,比30%WF、50%WF处理分别增产44.78%、10.21%;两类型蜜柚园30%WF处理2020—2022年平均产量分别为48 430、36 949 kg/hm2,均减产。表明水肥一体化模式下合理减量施肥可提高蜜柚产量,高低产园均为70%水肥套餐增产效果最好,低产园增产幅度大于高产园。
表2结果显示,不同处理高、低产园的蜜柚商品果重存在显著差异;与TF处理相比,高产园30%WF、50%WF、70%WF处理的蜜柚商品率分别提高-21.55%、21.55%、36.40%;低产园30%WF、50%WF、70%WF处理年平均商品率较TF处理提高了-14.44%、23.91%、36.88%。说明水肥一体化模式下适当减量施肥对提高蜜柚商品率有一定作用。不同处理间蜜柚次果率存在差异,且不同施肥处理的蜜柚次果率年际间变异大;高、低产园中年平均次果率均以70%WF效果最佳,分别为5.71%、4.67%。说明水肥一体化模式下适当减量施肥可提高蜜柚商品性,而70%水溶肥套餐效果最佳。
2021、2022年度不同水肥套餐处理对蜜柚主要性状的影响见表3。由表3可知,对于高产园,2021、2022年蜜柚平均单果重50%WF、70%WF处理较TF处理分别提高9.36%、10.35%,差异显著,而2021、2022年蜜柚平均单果重最大为70%WF处理,达1717.2 g;2021、2022年50%WF、70%WF处理果肉重较TF处理均显著提高,分别提高9.30%、11.48%;
低产园中,2021、2022年蜜柚平均单果重50%WF、70%WF处理较TF处理分别提高5.57%、5.66%,差异显著,而2021、2022年蜜柚平均单果重最大为70%WF处理,达1601.3 g;2021、2022年50%WF、70%WF处理果肉重较TF处理均显著提高,分别提高6.84%、6.26%。
不同水肥套餐处理对果肉粒化率均无显著影响,但却明显提高了单果重、果肉重。无论是高产园还是低产园,TF处理与WF处理间蜜柚裂果率存在差异,且WF处理与TF处理相比,在2021、2022年裂果率均显著减少,30%WF、50%WF、70%WF处理与TF处理相比,2021、2022年平均裂果率分别减少6.9%、7.6%、8.1%,其中70%WF处理2021、2022年的蜜柚裂果率最低。WF各处理间蜜柚裂果率差异均不显著,且基本无裂果。裂果产生的原因多为果皮长期缺水或受夏季高温的影响停止生长,但果肉继续生长,果肉和果皮的生长速度不一,WF处理在2021、2022年裂果率均显著减少,其原因可能是水肥套餐长时间滴灌施肥保持土壤湿润,为蜜柚补充充足的水分,且施肥比较平衡,不会造成在蜜柚不同生长阶段肥料过量或者肥料不足产生的裂果,从而降低裂果率。综上所述,70%水溶肥套餐施肥明显改善了蜜柚果实主要性状,提高单果重和果肉重,降低裂果率。
果实可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量、可滴定酸含量、糖酸比和VC含量等是评价果实内在品质的重要指标,其中,糖酸比是衡量果实糖、酸含量的综合指标,直接影响果实的口感风味。从表4可以看出,高、低产园各处理蜜柚果实2021、2022年可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量、可滴定酸含量变化不大,各处理间差异均不显著。高产园70%WF处理VC含量较TF、30%WF、50%WF处理都高,2021年达345.5 mg/kg、2022年达354.0 mg/kg;而不同年限比较,各处理果实中VC含量增加;50%WF、70%WF处理VC含量较TF处理2021、2022年平均分别增长3.07%、7.85%;50%WF、70%WF处理平均糖酸比较TF处理2021、2022年分别高0.2、1.5。低产园70%WF处理VC含量较TF、30%WF、50%WF处理都高,2021年达327.6 mg/kg、2022年达334.6 mg/kg;而不同年限比较,50%WF、70%WF处理果实中VC含量增加,较TF处理2021、2022年平均VC含量分别增长5.57%、9.82%;50%WF、70%WF处理较TF处理2021、2022年平均糖酸比分别高0.15、0.5。水肥一体化模式下适当减量施肥对蜜柚内在品质均有一定提高,高、低产园中均以70%水肥套餐下蜜柚内在品质为最佳,50%水肥套餐次之。
蜜柚获得的经济效益主要与2个方面有关:一是因节省投入产生的经济效益;二是因作物增产和品质改善所得的产出增加值。由表5可知,高产园中,TF处理年平均投入67 995.9元/hm2,而减量施用水肥套餐的30%WF、50%WF、70%WF处理年平均投入分别为55 472.0、58 387.9、60 522.9元/hm2,30%WF、50%WF、70%WF处理年平均投入较TF处理降低18.42%、14.13%、10.99%。从全年各项投入看,减量施肥较常规施肥虽增加了水电、设备成本,但大大节省了肥料与用工成本。从产出方面可知,50%WF、70%WF处理较TF处理分别提高15.58%、28.08%,50%WF、70%WF处理年平均最终净收益较TF处理分别增收30.58%、47.79%。产投比大小为:70%WF(4.29∶1)>50%WF(4.01∶1)>30%WF(3.25∶1)>TF(2.98∶1),年平均产投比以70%WF处理最高(4.29∶1),较TF、30%WF、50%WF处理分别高1.31、1.04、0.28。
低产园中,从投入方面可知,TF处理年平均投入64 501.9元/hm2,而减量施用水肥套餐的30%WF、50%WF、70%WF处理年平均投入分别为52 894.2、55 395.8、57 102.0元/hm2,30%WF、50%WF、70%WF处理年平均投入较TF处理降低18.00%、14.12%、11.47%。从产出方面可知,50%WF、70%WF处理较TF处理分别提高18.24%、30.75%;50%WF、70%WF处理年平均最终净收益较TF处理分别增收40.41%、59.67%。产投比大小为:70%WF(3.63∶1)>50%WF(3.39∶1)>30%WF(2.61∶1)>TF(2.46∶1),年平均产投比以70%WF处理最高(3.63∶1),较TF、30%WF、50%WF处理分别高1.17、1.02、0.24。高、低产园均以70%水肥套餐处理经济效益最高,且低产园经济效益增幅大于高产园,30%水肥套餐经济效益呈降低效果。说明水肥一体化模式下合理肥料用量,在获得蜜柚高产的同时也可获得更高的收益和可观的产投比。
套餐肥是将几种肥料按照不同作物在不同时期对养分的需求,科学且精准搭配最终形成适合植物生长周期全程营养的肥料,相较于农民施用传统肥料普遍的单一性、盲目性和随意性,不仅可以保证植物高产优质,还符合农业部印发的《到2020年化肥施用量零增长行动方案》“提高肥料利用率,减少肥料使用量”的要求[15]。合理施肥对于提高柑橘属果实的产量和品质具有十分重要的作用[16],本研究2020—2022年定位试验结果表明,高产园50%水肥套餐、70%水肥套餐处理较传统施肥年平均产量分别提高12.43%、24.67%,30%水肥套餐较传统施肥年平均产量减产10.97%;而低产园与高产园产量趋势相同,且变化幅度大于高产园。说明水肥一体化模式下合理减量施肥具有增产的效果,这一结果与前人研究效果一致。杜文波[17]研究表明,日光温室番茄水肥一体化滴灌处理与常规漫灌处理相比可增产11.83%~14.41%,水肥一体化滴灌条件下,即使减少施肥量30%,仍可增产8.64%。安华明等[18]发现利用水肥耦合的方法施肥在提高产量的同时还可提高水分利用效率。邓真华等[19]在果桑上通过在滴灌条件下不同施肥处理对其生长发育及产量品质的影响,研究表明在与常规穴施量100%相比,滴灌随水施肥量60%以上有利于促进设施果桑枝叶生长、提升桑果产量和品质。KUMAR等[20]研究表明,在滴灌施肥下施用75%的推荐施肥量就能使香蕉获得良好的增产效果。臧小平等[21]在滴灌施肥对芒果试验研究表明,在滴灌施肥下减量70%施肥量比传统施肥、滴灌不减量施肥分别增产29.2%、4.7%。陈昱辛等[22]发现不同生育期适宜的滴灌水肥一体化处理都可以提高柑橘叶片光合能力。杜少平等[23]研究表明滴灌施肥处理较对照在甜瓜生长后期光合指标显著提高,使其增产7.4%~14.4%,水分利用效率提高28.8%~40.7%。于冬梅等[24]发现水肥一体化施肥处理可改善叶片营养状况、提高叶片的净光合速率。杨辉文等[25]、温明霞等[26]均表明水肥一体化施肥处理可显著提高柑橘叶片的全钾、全钙、全镁和全硼含量与柑橘果实全氮、全钾、全钙和全镁的含量,因此提高柑橘品质与产量。柑橘果实的生长发育受果实含水量的影响,而果实含水量又受空气湿度和土壤水分的双重调节,其中土壤水分直接影响果实含水量,是造成裂果的关键因素[27]。本研究中水肥一体化模式的水肥套餐可长时间滴灌施肥保持土壤湿润,为蜜柚补充充足的水分,且施肥比较平衡,不会造成在蜜柚不同的生长阶段肥料过量或者肥料不足产生的裂果,从而降低裂果率。4—5月为蜜柚海绵层发育阶段,如果果园严重缺乏水分,会导致海绵层发育不完全,到后期果实发育程度大于海绵层承受能力时,就会产生了大量裂果。同时,土壤中水分丰富,养分容易溶解在溶液中被根系吸收,特别是钙质吸收后,会增加果皮细胞壁的韧性,从而较少的果实裂果。赖呈纯等[28]研究表明,采用适时喷灌的措施,使土壤含水量保持较均衡并在临界值之上,可有效防止茂谷柑裂果。唐政等[29]对番茄研究表明,在水肥一体化模式下,施肥量减半不但不会显著降低番茄产量,还能增强番茄果实中VC、可溶性糖、番茄红素等营养物质的含量,改善果实品质。张兰勤等[30]对樱桃番茄的试验研究表明,与常规施肥相比,施肥量减量30%~40%滴灌施肥的樱桃番茄果实外观形态和品质并未下降。本研究表明,高、低产园中水肥一体化模式下减量施肥的蜜柚可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、可滴定酸度与常规施肥差异不显著;但70%水肥套餐下蜜柚较常规施肥有所差异,一定程度上改善果实内在品质,与王荣莲等[31]、罗勤等[32]的研究结果基本一致。探究增效原因,虽然传统施肥氮磷钾纯养分施入量并不低,但存在水溶性差、养分易流失等问题;尤其低产园土壤养分含量低,传统施肥方式所达到的效果更差;而滴灌施肥虽然减少了养分投入量,但根据各时期作物需肥特点,多次随水施肥提高水肥耦合效率,促进作物对养分的吸收,从而达到增产、改善果实品质的效果,在低产园中效果更为显著。
水肥一体化模式下减量施肥能够有效地防止植株营养生长过快而影响生殖生长,可提高番茄的产量和品质,从而提高经济效益[33]。臧小平等[34]在红毛丹上的试验发现,滴灌施肥较常规施肥N、P2O5、K2O分别节省44.57%、21.89%、9.63%,纯收益比常规处理提高14 362元/hm2,增加76.32%;VCR(vario-cost ratio)值由1.91上升到2.81;严程明[35]在菠萝上的试验发现,滴灌减量施肥模式比传统施肥模式净收益高69 670元/hm2,增长92.07%,产出投入比由2∶1上升到2.97∶1;路永莉等[36]研究陕西不同生态区苹果园在相同肥料用量下,采用水肥一体化技术可使渭北旱塬区和关中平原区果园分别增收15 500、36 500元/hm2;当肥料用量减半时,收益增加分别为2100、72 800元/hm2;于舜章[37]在山东省设施黄瓜上的试验表明,滴灌减量施肥处理单位面积纯收入比农民传统施肥处理增加明显,每公顷增加纯收入(3.87×104)~(5.92×104)元,增长20.2%~30.9%。本研究结果表明,与常规施肥相比,高产园中50%水肥处理、70%水肥处理的净收益明显提高,年平均净收益分别达175 946.0、199 162.4元/hm2,收益提高30.58%、47.79%,人工成本较传统施肥模式分别节省14.13%、10.99%。产投比由2.98∶1上升到4.01∶1和4.29∶1;30%水肥处理净收益较传统施肥减少7.36%,低产园中各处理变化趋势与高产园相同,且低产园经济效益增幅大于高产园,70%水肥套餐处理经济效益最高。说明水肥一体化模式下合理减量施肥不仅可以提高蜜柚产量,还可以增加经济效益。
在高、低产园中70%水肥套餐处理比其他水溶肥套餐处理更适合于蜜柚生产中推广应用。高、低产园蜜柚70%水肥套餐处理产量最佳、主要性状、品质指标、人工成本、净收益均为最佳,表明70%水肥套餐可提高蜜柚产量、经济效益及改善蜜柚外观商品价值和内在品质。综合水肥套餐的几种减量化施肥处理在蜜柚产量、农艺性状、品质及经济效益等参数可见,水肥一体化模式下合理减量施肥具有提高蜜柚产量和经济效益、改善品质等效果,在高、低产园中琯溪蜜柚施肥均以施用70%水肥套餐为最佳施肥处理,蜜柚产量增幅最大,经济效益最高。采用滴灌施肥技术,并且在滴口处安装120目叠片式、网式过滤器,定期清理,滴施完后保证15 min以上的清水冲洗,在管道安装开关,控制施肥速度和时间,少量多次施肥可以有效解决管道滴口堵塞的问题。滴灌施肥技术有望解决我国蜜柚肥料和劳动投入大、经济效益低等问题。
  • 福建省农业科学院对外合作项目(DWHZ-2022-03; DWHZ-2022-07)
  • 福建省高质量发展超越“5511”协同创新工程项目(XTCXGC2021009)
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2025年第46卷第1期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.01.013
  • 接收时间:2024-07-08
  • 首发时间:2026-06-24
  • 出版时间:2025-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-08
  • 修回日期:2024-08-24
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福建省农业科学院对外合作项目(DWHZ-2022-03; DWHZ-2022-07)
福建省高质量发展超越“5511”协同创新工程项目(XTCXGC2021009)
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    1.福建省农业科学院资源环境与土壤肥料研究所,福建福州 350013
    2.平和县土壤肥料与生态能源站,福建漳州 363700

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* 孔庆波(KONG Qingbo),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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