Article(id=1276601079794110796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276600957765021779, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.06.020, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1681228800000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-12, revisedDate=1684771200000, revisedDateStr=2023-05-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782295015524, onlineDateStr=2026-06-24, pubDate=1719244800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782295015524, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782295015524, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782295015524, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276600957765021779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2024', volume='45', issue='6', pageStart='1095', pageEnd='1302', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1719244800000', pubDateStr='2024-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782294986430, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782348406834, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276825019267285043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276600957765021779, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276825019271479348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276600957765021779, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1282, endPage=1291, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276601081404723534, articleId=1276601079794110796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Biological Characteristics and Occurrence Dynamics of Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari, columnId=1236292524264968282, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Plant Protection & Bio-safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Hypothenemus hampei is a new invasive pest in China. It is a main coffee pest and poses a great threat to the coffee industry. The purpose of this study is to clarify the biological characteristics and field occurrence rules of the insect, and to provide a theoretical basis for later monitoring and forecasting and comprehensive management of the insect. In this study, the morphological characteristics, developmental duration and fecundity of various developmental stages of H. hampei were observed at each stage in the indoor feeding conditions. The annual life cycle of H. hampei was observed in the field. The population dynamics and spatial distribution patterns of H. hampei in Wanning city, Hainan province were measured through systematic field investigation from 2021 to 2022 to clarify the biological characteristics and field occurrence of H. hampei, and provide a theoretical basis for the subsequent integrated pest management of H. hampei. The results showed that the developmental duration of egg, larval, pupal and adult stage of H. hampei was (6.75±0.65) d, (17.41±1.63) d, (6.45±1.15) d, (42.74±9.55) d, respectively. The average generation duration was (73.35±11.26) d. The main morphological characteristics of each stage were as follows: egg, elliptic, milky white, with smooth and shiny surface; larval, usually “C” shaped, milky white, slightly transparent, with brown head and no feet; pupal, milky white at the initial stage, and later turn brown, the head hidden under the pronotum; adult body, cylindrical, dark brown to black, shiny; male smaller than the female. Female adults usually laid eggs under dark conditions, the number of eggs laid by a single female was 11.85±1.69, and the ratio of male to female was 10.25∶0.95. The results of indoor and field observations showed that H. hampei had seven generations a year in Hainan, and there was no phenomenon of overwintering. The results of the field survey in 2021—2022 showed that the population of H. hampei began to increase slowly from January, and the incidence of H. hampei increased sharply from April to May, reached a maximum of 60.15% and peak in May, and then declined rapidly. In October, it remained at a relatively stable level. The population increased again in November, with another small peak, reaching 19.87%. In December, it decreased, but it showed a slow increase until March of the following year related to the number of fruits. The survey results on space and orientation showed that during the fruit development period, H. hampei preferred the middle layer (0.5-1.0 m) fruit spatially, and preferred the east and north directions in orientation, which may be related to light and temperature. The results of the four aggregation parameters showed that H. hampei belonged to the aggregation distribution in both horizontal and vertical directions.

, authors=null, authorsList=Zhuofan LIU, Shiwei SUN, Yang MENG, Yafeng GOU, Guomin SONG, Tian TIAN, Siwei WEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shiwei SUN, Guomin SONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276601087067033990, articleId=1276601079794110796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=咖啡果小蠹生物学特性及发生动态, columnId=1236292524520820846, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=植物保护与生物安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

咖啡果小蠹(Hypothenemus hampei)是近年来新入侵我国大陆的一种检疫性害虫,对我国咖啡产业的健康发展具有巨大的潜在威胁。本研究旨在明确该虫的生物学特性及田间发生规律,为后期开展监测预报和综合治理提供理论基础。在室内饲养条件[(26.5±1)℃,相对湿度为75%±5%,光照14L∶10D]下,观察咖啡果小蠹各龄期的形态特征、发育历期及繁殖能力,并结合田间观察明确该虫的年生活史;2021—2022年通过田间系统调查,分析该虫在海南省万宁市的发生动态规律及空间分布类型,旨在明确该虫的生物学特性及田间发生规律,为后续进行综合防治提供理论依据。结果表明:咖啡果小蠹卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫的发育历期分别为(6.75±0.65)、(17.41±1.63)、(6.45±1.15)、(42.74±9.55)d,平均世代历期为(73.35±11.26)d。各龄期主要形态特征为:卵椭球形,乳白色,表面光滑有光泽;幼虫通常呈“C”字型,乳白色,略透明,头部呈褐色,无足;蛹初期为乳白色,后期变为褐色,头部藏于前胸背板之下;成虫体呈圆柱形,暗褐色到黑色,有光泽,雄虫比雌虫小。雌成虫通常在黑暗条件下产卵,单雌产卵量为(11.85±1.69)粒,雌雄比为10.25∶0.95。室内和田间观察结果表明,咖啡果小蠹在海南1年发生7代,无明显越冬现象。2021—2022年田间调查结果表明,1月开始咖啡果小蠹种群数量缓慢上升,4—5月咖啡果小蠹发生率呈暴增状态,最高可达到60.15%,5月升至顶峰后又急速下降,6—10月始终维持在相对稳定的水平,11月种群数量又呈增长状态,出现一个小高峰,达到19.87%,12月有所下降但至次年3月均呈现缓慢增长态势,咖啡果小蠹的发生率与上一年遗留的果实数量有关。对空间和方位的调查结果表明,果实发育期内咖啡果小蠹在空间上偏好中层(0.5~1.0 m)果实,在方位上偏好东和北2个方向,可能与光照和温度有关。通过4种聚集度参数的结果显示,咖啡果小蠹在水平方向和垂直方向均属于聚集分布。

, authors=

刘卓凡(1998—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:农业昆虫与害虫防治。

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* 孙世伟(SUN Shiwei),E-mail:
宋国敏(SONG Guomin),E-mail:
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刘卓凡(1998—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:农业昆虫与害虫防治。

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刘卓凡(1998—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:农业昆虫与害虫防治。

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Environmental Entomology, 2018, 47(5): 1306-1313., articleTitle=Dispersion and optimization of sequential sampling plans for coffee berry borer (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) infestations in Hawaii, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276824388221666087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276601079794110796, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=50, issue=3, pageStart=374, pageEnd=387, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=33, authorNames=MIGUEL C L, NANCY G Z, CECILIA M E, PABLO B, journalName=Neotropical Entomology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MIGUEL C L, NANCY G Z, CECILIA M E, PABLO B. Coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei) emergence from ground fruits across varying altitudes and climate cycles, and the effect on coffee tree infestation[J]. 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A: Egg; B: 1st instar larva; C: 2nd instar larva; D: Pupa; E: Sexually immature adult; F: Sexually mature male (left) and female (right) adult.

, figureFileSmall=9A97SrHME/bdBQHlSTUM3w==, figureFileBig=wcBl5gWRqPF/d/uH4xDyew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276824382152508142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276601079794110796, language=CN, label=图1, caption=咖啡果小蠹各虫态

A:卵;B:1龄幼虫;C:2龄幼虫;D:蛹;E:未性成熟成虫;F:性成熟雄(左)、雌(右)成虫。

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Basic biological parameters of various developmental stages of H. hampei

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发育阶段Development stage体长Body length/mm头宽Head width/mm
0.61±0.40
幼虫
1龄1.13±0.17a0.22±0.02a
2龄1.71±0.20b0.30±0.02b
1.76±0.56
成虫
雌成虫1.56±0.75a0.39±0.01a
雄成虫1.04±0.06b0.30±0.16b
), ArticleFig(id=1276824383096226554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276601079794110796, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

咖啡果小蠹各虫态的基本生物学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发育阶段Development stage体长Body length/mm头宽Head width/mm
0.61±0.40
幼虫
1龄1.13±0.17a0.22±0.02a
2龄1.71±0.20b0.30±0.02b
1.76±0.56
成虫
雌成虫1.56±0.75a0.39±0.01a
雄成虫1.04±0.06b0.30±0.16b
), ArticleFig(id=1276824383159141115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276601079794110796, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Duration of different developmental stages of H. hampei

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发育阶段Development stage历期Duration/d
平均值±标准差Mean±SD范围Range
6.75±0.656~8
幼虫17.41±1.6316~21
6.45±1.155~8
成虫♀44.06±8.95a29~69
29.50±3.27b24~35
平均世代历期73.35±11.2656~106
), ArticleFig(id=1276824383222055676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276601079794110796, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

咖啡果小蠹各虫态发育历期

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发育阶段Development stage历期Duration/d
平均值±标准差Mean±SD范围Range
6.75±0.656~8
幼虫17.41±1.6316~21
6.45±1.155~8
成虫♀44.06±8.95a29~69
29.50±3.27b24~35
平均世代历期73.35±11.2656~106
), ArticleFig(id=1276824383301747453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276601079794110796, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Annual life history of H. hampei in Xinglong, Hainan

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
世代Generation1月Jan.2月Feb.3月Mar.4月Apr.5月May6月Jun.7月Jul.8月Aug.9月Sep.10月Oct.11月Nov.12月Dec.
FMLFMLFMLFMLFMLFMLFMLFMLFMLFMLFMLFML
第6代+++
第7代+++
第1代++++++
第2代++
第3代++
第4代++
第5代+++
), ArticleFig(id=1276824383385633534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276601079794110796, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

咖啡果小蠹在海南兴隆的年生活史

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
世代Generation1月Jan.2月Feb.3月Mar.4月Apr.5月May6月Jun.7月Jul.8月Aug.9月Sep.10月Oct.11月Nov.12月Dec.
FMLFMLFMLFMLFMLFMLFMLFMLFMLFMLFMLFML
第6代+++
第7代+++
第1代++++++
第2代++
第3代++
第4代++
第5代+++
), ArticleFig(id=1276824383461131007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276601079794110796, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Horizontal distribution parameters of H. hampei from 2021 to 2022

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数Parameter2021.082021.092021.102021.112021.122022.082022.092022.102022.112022.12
119.83120.67179.33349.00276.50127.67139.50181.83258.00122.17
S21443.77898.672040.6717 008.0015 389.908549.476414.310 865.7722 973.207541.37
I12.057.4511.3848.7455.6666.9745.9859.7689.0461.73
1.081.041.051.111.161.431.271.271.281.41
Cx0.01540.00890.00970.02280.03290.08620.05380.05390.05690.0830
k0.0910.1550.0960.0210.0180.0150.0220.0170.0110.016
), ArticleFig(id=1276824383545017088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276601079794110796, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

2021—2022年咖啡果小蠹水平方向的种群参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数Parameter2021.082021.092021.102021.112021.122022.082022.092022.102022.112022.12
119.83120.67179.33349.00276.50127.67139.50181.83258.00122.17
S21443.77898.672040.6717 008.0015 389.908549.476414.310 865.7722 973.207541.37
I12.057.4511.3848.7455.6666.9745.9859.7689.0461.73
1.081.041.051.111.161.431.271.271.281.41
Cx0.01540.00890.00970.02280.03290.08620.05380.05390.05690.0830
k0.0910.1550.0960.0210.0180.0150.0220.0170.0110.016
), ArticleFig(id=1276824383616320257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276601079794110796, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Vertical distribution parameters of H. hampei from 2021 to 2022

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数Parameter2021.082021.092021.102021.112021.12
上层Upper layer中层Middle layer下层Lower layer上层Upper layer中层Middle layer下层Lower layer上层Upper layer中层Middle layer中层Lower layer上层Upper layer中层Middle layer下层Lower layer上层Upper layer中层Middle layer下层Lower layer
35.5069.8314.5038.3368.3314.0063.1786.0030.17109.17160.6779.1784.17129.0063.33
S2277.90534.1758.70194.27377.4756.80190.17475.60312.571665.373401.471570.971531.773511.60688.67
I7.837.654.055.075.524.063.015.5310.3615.2621.1719.8418.2027.2210.87
1.161.081.181.091.061.181.031.041.261.111.101.191.171.171.13
Cx0.03220.01590.03540.01780.01110.03680.00530.00880.05200.02180.02090.03980.03410.03390.0261
k0.1460.1500.3280.2460.2210.3270.4970.2210.1070.0700.0500.0050.0580.0380.101
参数Parameter2022.082022.092022.102022.112022.12
上层Upper layer中层Middle layer下层Lower layer上层Upper layer中层Middle layer下层Lower layer上层Upper layer中层Middle layer下层Lower layer上层Upper layer中层Middle layer下层Lower layer上层Upper layer中层Middle layer下层Lower layer
46.5066.6714.5053.3371.6714.5080.0086.1715.67112.00129.5016.5053.8355.3313.00
S21945.101924.67130.301791.471807.0747.904257.202138.1767.474587.606417.5064.301656.571867.4726.80
I41.8328.878.9933.5925.213.3053.2124.814.3140.9649.563.9030.7733.752.06
1.731.351.461.511.281.331.551.231.181.301.311.151.461.491.07
Cx0.14690.06980.09290.10220.05640.02680.10900.04620.03560.05960.06260.02960.09250.09890.0138
k0.0240.0360.1250.0310.0410.4340.0190.0420.3020.0250.0210.3450.0340.0310.942
), ArticleFig(id=1276824383696012034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276601079794110796, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

2021—2022年咖啡果小蠹垂直方向的种群参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数Parameter2021.082021.092021.102021.112021.12
上层Upper layer中层Middle layer下层Lower layer上层Upper layer中层Middle layer下层Lower layer上层Upper layer中层Middle layer中层Lower layer上层Upper layer中层Middle layer下层Lower layer上层Upper layer中层Middle layer下层Lower layer
35.5069.8314.5038.3368.3314.0063.1786.0030.17109.17160.6779.1784.17129.0063.33
S2277.90534.1758.70194.27377.4756.80190.17475.60312.571665.373401.471570.971531.773511.60688.67
I7.837.654.055.075.524.063.015.5310.3615.2621.1719.8418.2027.2210.87
1.161.081.181.091.061.181.031.041.261.111.101.191.171.171.13
Cx0.03220.01590.03540.01780.01110.03680.00530.00880.05200.02180.02090.03980.03410.03390.0261
k0.1460.1500.3280.2460.2210.3270.4970.2210.1070.0700.0500.0050.0580.0380.101
参数Parameter2022.082022.092022.102022.112022.12
上层Upper layer中层Middle layer下层Lower layer上层Upper layer中层Middle layer下层Lower layer上层Upper layer中层Middle layer下层Lower layer上层Upper layer中层Middle layer下层Lower layer上层Upper layer中层Middle layer下层Lower layer
46.5066.6714.5053.3371.6714.5080.0086.1715.67112.00129.5016.5053.8355.3313.00
S21945.101924.67130.301791.471807.0747.904257.202138.1767.474587.606417.5064.301656.571867.4726.80
I41.8328.878.9933.5925.213.3053.2124.814.3140.9649.563.9030.7733.752.06
1.731.351.461.511.281.331.551.231.181.301.311.151.461.491.07
Cx0.14690.06980.09290.10220.05640.02680.10900.04620.03560.05960.06260.02960.09250.09890.0138
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咖啡果小蠹生物学特性及发生动态
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刘卓凡 1, 2 , 孙世伟 2, 4, * , 孟洋 2, 3 , 苟亚峰 2, 4 , 宋国敏 1, * , 田甜 2, 4 , 温思为 2, 4
热带作物学报 | 植物保护与生物安全 2024,45(6): 1282-1291
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热带作物学报 |植物保护与生物安全 2024 , 45 (6) : 1282 -1291
咖啡果小蠹生物学特性及发生动态
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刘卓凡1, 2, 孙世伟2, 4, * , 孟洋2, 3, 苟亚峰2, 4, 宋国敏1, * , 田甜2, 4, 温思为2, 4
作者信息
  • 1.云南农业大学植物保护学院,云南昆明 650201
  • 2.中国热带农业科学院香料饮料研究所,海南万宁 571533
  • 3.华中农业大学植物科学技术学院,湖北武汉 430070
  • 4.海南省热带香辛饮料作物遗传改良与品质调控重点实验室,海南万宁 571533
通讯作者:
* 孙世伟(SUN Shiwei),E-mail:
宋国敏(SONG Guomin),E-mail:
Biological Characteristics and Occurrence Dynamics of Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari
Zhuofan LIU1, 2, Shiwei SUN2, 4, * , Yang MENG2, 3, Yafeng GOU2, 4, Guomin SONG1, * , Tian TIAN2, 4, Siwei WEN2, 4
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
  • 2.Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wanning, Hainan 571533, China
  • 3.College of Plant Science &Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
  • 4.Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Quality Regulation for Tropical Spice and Beverage Crops, Wanning, Hainan 571533, China
出版时间: 2024-06-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.06.020
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咖啡果小蠹(Hypothenemus hampei)是近年来新入侵我国大陆的一种检疫性害虫,对我国咖啡产业的健康发展具有巨大的潜在威胁。本研究旨在明确该虫的生物学特性及田间发生规律,为后期开展监测预报和综合治理提供理论基础。在室内饲养条件[(26.5±1)℃,相对湿度为75%±5%,光照14L∶10D]下,观察咖啡果小蠹各龄期的形态特征、发育历期及繁殖能力,并结合田间观察明确该虫的年生活史;2021—2022年通过田间系统调查,分析该虫在海南省万宁市的发生动态规律及空间分布类型,旨在明确该虫的生物学特性及田间发生规律,为后续进行综合防治提供理论依据。结果表明:咖啡果小蠹卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫的发育历期分别为(6.75±0.65)、(17.41±1.63)、(6.45±1.15)、(42.74±9.55)d,平均世代历期为(73.35±11.26)d。各龄期主要形态特征为:卵椭球形,乳白色,表面光滑有光泽;幼虫通常呈“C”字型,乳白色,略透明,头部呈褐色,无足;蛹初期为乳白色,后期变为褐色,头部藏于前胸背板之下;成虫体呈圆柱形,暗褐色到黑色,有光泽,雄虫比雌虫小。雌成虫通常在黑暗条件下产卵,单雌产卵量为(11.85±1.69)粒,雌雄比为10.25∶0.95。室内和田间观察结果表明,咖啡果小蠹在海南1年发生7代,无明显越冬现象。2021—2022年田间调查结果表明,1月开始咖啡果小蠹种群数量缓慢上升,4—5月咖啡果小蠹发生率呈暴增状态,最高可达到60.15%,5月升至顶峰后又急速下降,6—10月始终维持在相对稳定的水平,11月种群数量又呈增长状态,出现一个小高峰,达到19.87%,12月有所下降但至次年3月均呈现缓慢增长态势,咖啡果小蠹的发生率与上一年遗留的果实数量有关。对空间和方位的调查结果表明,果实发育期内咖啡果小蠹在空间上偏好中层(0.5~1.0 m)果实,在方位上偏好东和北2个方向,可能与光照和温度有关。通过4种聚集度参数的结果显示,咖啡果小蠹在水平方向和垂直方向均属于聚集分布。

咖啡果小蠹  /  形态特征  /  发育历期  /  生活史  /  发生动态  /  空间分布

Hypothenemus hampei is a new invasive pest in China. It is a main coffee pest and poses a great threat to the coffee industry. The purpose of this study is to clarify the biological characteristics and field occurrence rules of the insect, and to provide a theoretical basis for later monitoring and forecasting and comprehensive management of the insect. In this study, the morphological characteristics, developmental duration and fecundity of various developmental stages of H. hampei were observed at each stage in the indoor feeding conditions. The annual life cycle of H. hampei was observed in the field. The population dynamics and spatial distribution patterns of H. hampei in Wanning city, Hainan province were measured through systematic field investigation from 2021 to 2022 to clarify the biological characteristics and field occurrence of H. hampei, and provide a theoretical basis for the subsequent integrated pest management of H. hampei. The results showed that the developmental duration of egg, larval, pupal and adult stage of H. hampei was (6.75±0.65) d, (17.41±1.63) d, (6.45±1.15) d, (42.74±9.55) d, respectively. The average generation duration was (73.35±11.26) d. The main morphological characteristics of each stage were as follows: egg, elliptic, milky white, with smooth and shiny surface; larval, usually “C” shaped, milky white, slightly transparent, with brown head and no feet; pupal, milky white at the initial stage, and later turn brown, the head hidden under the pronotum; adult body, cylindrical, dark brown to black, shiny; male smaller than the female. Female adults usually laid eggs under dark conditions, the number of eggs laid by a single female was 11.85±1.69, and the ratio of male to female was 10.25∶0.95. The results of indoor and field observations showed that H. hampei had seven generations a year in Hainan, and there was no phenomenon of overwintering. The results of the field survey in 2021—2022 showed that the population of H. hampei began to increase slowly from January, and the incidence of H. hampei increased sharply from April to May, reached a maximum of 60.15% and peak in May, and then declined rapidly. In October, it remained at a relatively stable level. The population increased again in November, with another small peak, reaching 19.87%. In December, it decreased, but it showed a slow increase until March of the following year related to the number of fruits. The survey results on space and orientation showed that during the fruit development period, H. hampei preferred the middle layer (0.5-1.0 m) fruit spatially, and preferred the east and north directions in orientation, which may be related to light and temperature. The results of the four aggregation parameters showed that H. hampei belonged to the aggregation distribution in both horizontal and vertical directions.

Hypothenemus hampei  /  morphological characteristics  /  developmental duration  /  life cycle  /  occurrence dynamics  /  spatial distribution
刘卓凡, 孙世伟, 孟洋, 苟亚峰, 宋国敏, 田甜, 温思为. 咖啡果小蠹生物学特性及发生动态. 热带作物学报, 2024 , 45 (6) : 1282 -1291 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.06.020
Zhuofan LIU, Shiwei SUN, Yang MENG, Yafeng GOU, Guomin SONG, Tian TIAN, Siwei WEN. Biological Characteristics and Occurrence Dynamics of Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2024 , 45 (6) : 1282 -1291 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.06.020
咖啡果小蠹(Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari)属鞘翅目(Coleoptera)象虫科(Curculionidae)小蠹亚科(Scolytinae),广泛分布于全球70多个咖啡种植国家和地区,是为害世界咖啡生产最严重的害虫[1-3]。其雌虫通过钻蛀咖啡果实,产卵于胚乳中,幼虫孵出后在果实内取食,使果实内部变黑腐烂,导致果实发育不良,从而造成咖啡产量和品质下降[4-6]。2019年在海南省万宁市首次发现咖啡果小蠹入侵为害,给当地咖啡产业造成严重的经济损失[7]。国外已有对咖啡果小蠹的研究,但不同国家或地区咖啡果小蠹种群的生命周期、发生代数存在较大差异,如咖啡果小蠹在印度尼西亚的平均生命周期为25 d[8],在科特迪瓦的平均生命周期为40.5 d,在刚果民主共和国的平均生命周期为36 d[9];在坦桑尼亚1年发生2~4代,在哥伦比亚1年发生3~4代,在肯尼亚1年2~3代,在埃塞俄比亚1年发生0~2代[10]。目前我国关于咖啡果小蠹的研究主要集中在海关检疫方面[11-12],对该虫在新入侵地区的生物学特性和发生动态尚不明确。本研究系统研究咖啡果小蠹各龄期的形态特征、发育历期和繁殖能力,并在田间调查该虫的发生动态,确定该虫的空间分布类型,以期为咖啡果小蠹的监测预报和综合防控提供理论基础。
咖啡果小蠹采自海南省万宁市中国热带农业科学院香料饮料研究所的咖啡种植试验地(18°44ʹ10ʺN,110°11ʹ47ʺE),采集试验地内咖啡树上已有咖啡果小蠹为害的咖啡果,带回实验室解剖,将获得的卵、幼虫、蛹、成虫按照不同虫态置于人工饲料中进行饲养,卵、幼虫、蛹分别集中饲养,每只雌成虫单独饲养,饲养盒置于人工气候箱,饲养条件:温度为(26.5±1.0)℃,相对湿度为75%±5%,光周期为14L∶10D。
从室内种群中挑取卵、幼虫、蛹、成虫等不同虫态,在Olympus SZX16体视显微镜下观察其形态特征,并测量体长、头宽等,每个虫态25个重复。
选取20只单独饲养的受精雌成虫,从其产卵当天开始,每24 h记录1次产卵量;将每只受精雌成虫产出的卵单独放在一盒人工饲料内,每24 h记录1次幼虫孵化和存活情况;幼虫化蛹后,将蛹单独放置,每24 h记录羽化情况;蛹羽化成成虫后,按性别区分,分别将雌、雄成虫置于饲料盒内,记录成虫存活时间。
2021年1月—2022年12月,在海南省万宁市中国热带农业科学院香料饮料研究所的咖啡种植试验地进行试验,调查时间为2年。选取试验地内3块中粒种咖啡种植地,采取五点取样法进行取样调查,每地块每点选取1株咖啡树进行标记,每株咖啡树上分别在空间上分上(1.0~1.5 m)、中(0.5~1.0 m)、下(0~0.5 m)3层,在方位上分为东、西、南、北4个方向进行标记,每株咖啡树共选取12根枝条,共180根枝条,记录每根枝条上的咖啡果实粒数和有虫孔粒数,计算发生率,发生率=(有虫孔粒数/咖啡果实总粒数)×100%。为探究残留果实对发生率的影响,田间1、2号地设置为实验组,3号地为空白对照,2021年,1号、2号和3号咖啡种植地均采取人工采收方式进行采收,2022年,1号和2号地采取不采收方式,3号地维持人工采收方式,3块咖啡种植地均不施用农药,减少人为因素造成的误差。
2021年1月—2022年12月,结合室内饲养,在海南省万宁市中国热带农业科学院香料饮料研究所咖啡种植试验地对咖啡果小蠹年生活史进行观察。选择受咖啡果小蠹为害严重的咖啡地作为调查样地,每15 d调查1次,在样地内按五点取样法设置5个小区,每个小区随机选取3株咖啡树,每株咖啡树采集5颗被害果实,将采集的果实带回实验室解剖,记录每颗果实内咖啡果小蠹的虫态与数量。
采用Excel 2019软件记录试验数据,用SPSS 25.0软件对试验数据进行单因素方差分析,采用独立样本t检验法进行差异显著性检验(P<0.05)。为了确定咖啡果小蠹的空间分布类型,使用以下公式进行统计分析:
式中,n为采集的样本数量,x为被害果实数,为平均值,S2为方差,I为方差/平均值。如果I=1,表示随机分布;I<1,表示均匀分布;I>1,表示聚集分布。
式中,为Morisita指数,n为采集的样本数量,x为被害果实数。如果=1,表示随机分布;<1,表示均匀分布;>1,表示聚集分布。
式中,Cx为格林系数,x为被害果实数,为平均值,S2为方差。如果Cx在0~1之间,越接近1则表示受害程度越大。
式中,k为负二项分布指数,为平均值,S2为方差。如果k<2,表示高度聚集;2≤k≤8,表示适度聚集;k>8,表示随机分布。
卵:椭球形,乳白色,表面光滑有光泽(图1A),长(0.61±0.40)mm(表1)。雌成虫不规则成堆产卵,初产卵略透明,后从中间向一侧变白逐渐扩散至另一侧。
幼虫:共2个龄期,通常呈“C”字型,乳白色,略透明,头部呈褐色,无足,头上和身体两侧覆盖白色硬毛,口器突出。1龄幼虫(图1B)体长(1.13±0.17)mm,头宽(0.22±0.02)mm;2龄幼虫(图1C)体肥多皱,体长(1.71±0.20)mm,头宽(0.30±0.02)mm。2个龄期幼虫的体长和头宽均存在显著差异(P<0.05,表1)。
蛹:初期为乳白色,后期变为褐色,头部藏于前胸背板之下,背板边缘有3~10个彼此分开的乳头状突起,每个突起有1根白色刚毛,腹部有2根较小的白色针状突起(图1D图1E)。蛹长(1.76±0.56)mm(表1)。
成虫:体呈圆柱形,暗褐色到黑色,有光泽。雄虫比雌虫小。头部藏于前胸背板下,有蚕豆形复眼。头背中央具一条深陷的中纵沟,延伸额面,有细网状的多皱额面。前胸较为发达,有密集鳞片,背板弓凸。前胸背板前缘中部有4~6枚细小的瘤状突起,瘤区有4~5列瘤,第1列粗大,第2列后逐渐缩小,至最后一列连成弧列。鞘翅基部肩角处有明显突起,而且光滑。鞘翅上有8~9列刻点沟,刻点沟宽阔,其中刻点圆、大而规则,沟间部略凸起,上面的刻点细小,不易分辨,沟间部刚毛狭长,其长度至少是宽度的8倍以上。雌虫刚毛列间的距离等于刚毛长度,同列刚毛间的距离稍短于刚毛长度,雄虫刚毛间距离相对较长。腹部共4节,末端较尖(图1F)。雌成虫体长(1.56±0.75)mm,头宽(0.39±0.01)mm;雄虫体长(1.04±0.06)mm,头宽(0.30±0.16)mm。雌雄虫体长和头宽均差异显著(P<0.05)(表1)。
咖啡果小蠹通常在黑暗条件下产卵,每只雌成虫产卵量为(11.85±1.69)粒,卵孵化率为94.86%±0.05%,雌、雄比为10.25∶0.95。
咖啡果小蠹个体发育经历卵、1龄幼虫、2龄幼虫、蛹和成虫等阶段。在室内饲养条件下,各阶段发育历期分别为:卵期(6.75±0.65)d,幼虫期(17.41±1.63)d,蛹期(6.45±1.15)d,成虫期(42.74±9.55)d,平均世代历期为(73.35±11.26)d。其中,雌成虫历期(44.06±8.95)d显著长于雄成虫(29.50±3.27)d(表2)。
2021—2022年在海南兴隆地区系统调查了咖啡果小蠹的田间种群发生动态,结果表明,2022年咖啡果小蠹的平均发生率高于2021年,但整体趋势均为从1月上旬开始咖啡果小蠹种群数量缓慢上升,4月上旬至5月上旬咖啡果小蠹发生率呈暴增状态,最高可达到60.15%,5月上旬升至峰值后又急速下降,降至6.69%,6—10月始终维持在一个相对稳定的水平,11月种群又呈增长状态,出现一个小高峰,达到19.87%,12月发生率有所下降,但至次年3月下旬均呈缓慢增长状态(图2)。咖啡果小蠹的发生率1年中有2个高峰期,分别在5月和11月,其中5月由于成熟的咖啡果实数量稀少导致聚集性侵害,发生率暴增但总体数量不多;11月由于新一轮咖啡果实的成熟导致种群数量迅速增长,总体数量呈上升趋势。
研究表明,3块种植地内咖啡果小蠹的发生动态相同,与年发生动态基本一致。2022年1号、2号地的发生高峰明显高于2021年,但与2021年相比,2022年3号地的发生高峰呈下降趋势;2022年不采收的1号、2号地块咖啡果小蠹的平均发生率明显高于人工采收的3号地块,而2022年人工采收的3号地块其发生率无明显变化(图3)。
咖啡果小蠹成虫和幼虫全年均有发生,成虫种群数量在大多数时间是最多的,1—4月缓慢增长,4—5月急速增至147头,6月又迅速下降并逐渐变缓,直至11月上旬又出现一个小高峰,达到84头,1年内存在2个高峰,且变化趋势与发生率相似。幼虫全年的种群数量呈波浪形波动,种群数量在4月达到最高,为56头;蛹期种群动态较为平稳,无明显高峰;卵期在4月下旬至6月上旬并未发生,在10月达到最高,为71个(图4)。
根据室内饲养和室外观察结果表明,在海南兴隆地区,咖啡果小蠹每年发生7代,世代重叠,全年均可为害咖啡果实,无明显的越冬现象。第1代为4月中旬至7月中旬,第2代为7月上旬至8月下旬,第3代为8月中旬至10月中旬,第4代为9月下旬至12月中旬,第5代为11月下旬至2月上旬,第6代为1月中旬至3月中旬,第7代为2月下旬至4月下旬(表3)。
在水平方向上,咖啡果小蠹种群在东面的平均占比为33.4%,在北面的平均占比为28.1%,在南面的平均占比为22.5%,在西面的平均占比为16.0%。咖啡果小蠹最喜钻蛀东面方位的果实,其次是北面方位的果实(图5)。在垂直方向上,咖啡果小蠹对中层高度的果实为害表现尤为突出,平均占比为47.6%,其次是上层高度的果实,平均占比为35.2%,对下层的果实不敏感,平均占比仅为17.2%(图6)。
咖啡果小蠹水平方向的种群参数见表4,8—12月的方差/均值(I)、Morisita指数()均大于1,表明咖啡果小蠹的分布是聚集的,负二项分布指数(k)小于2,说明咖啡果小蠹种群高度聚集,格林系数(Cx)趋近于0,说明受害程度不高。咖啡果小蠹垂直方向的种群参数见表5,咖啡果小蠹更倾向于在中层为害,其次是上层。从垂直方向的参数可以看出,上层、中层、下层与水平方向的参数趋于一致,因此咖啡果小蠹种群在垂直方向上符合聚集分布。
昆虫生长发育过程受诸多因素影响。有研究表明,咖啡果小蠹的生长发育受温度和湿度影响,例如在26 ℃条件下,咖啡果小蠹的生命周期约为30 d,而在23~24 ℃范围内,生命周期约为42~ 49 d[13],在温度为30 ℃时其发育速度更快,而高于该温度时发育速度将变缓[14];湿度在60%以下或90%以上时咖啡果小蠹的存活率有所下降[15]。本研究中咖啡果小蠹体长等基本生物学参数与其他国家中的研究结果[16-18]无明显差异,但我国海南地区咖啡果小蠹的平均世代历期为(73.35±11.26)d,每年可发生7代,这与其他国家的咖啡果小蠹有所不同,如在科特迪瓦每年平均发生9代,在哥伦比亚每年可发生3~4代[9],GIORDANENGO等[19]研究发现在新喀里多尼亚每年发生4~5代。咖啡果小蠹在不同国家的发生代数不同,可能与不同国家之间的地理位置、环境条件、种植模式的差异有关。咖啡种植区所处的环境温度和湿度不同,导致咖啡果小蠹的发育历期、发生代数存在差异,但这种差异都是昆虫在不同环境下为达到最大适应值所产生的。本研究得出咖啡果小蠹雌、雄比为10.25∶0.95。已有研究发现,不同国家或地区的咖啡果小蠹雌、雄比不同,如在马来西亚雌雄比为13∶1[20],在肯尼亚雌雄比为8.8∶1.2[21],在爪哇雌雄比可以达到40∶1[18]。VEGA等[22]研究发现,咖啡果小蠹体内存在的沃尔巴克氏菌(Wolbachia)是影响雌、雄比的因素之一。
OLIVEIRA等[23]对巴西塞拉多地区的咖啡果小蠹进行了为期1年的发生动态观测,结果显示,有18.6%的咖啡果实受咖啡果小蠹的为害,7月发生率最高,达到33.2%,该虫的种群数量在旱季达到最大值。魏绍华等[24]在台湾省嘉义市调查了咖啡果小蠹的发生动态,结果表明,全年有2个种群高峰,分别是4—5月和11—12月,这与本研究结果一致。表明同一纬度地区咖啡果小蠹的发生可能存在相似情况。各虫态的种群动态研究结果表明,卵期的种群数量在10月上旬达到最高,可能是为11月果实成熟期繁殖做准备,成虫的种群动态趋势与发生率趋势相似,说明成虫是为害咖啡果实的主要虫态。通过研究不同水平方向和不同垂直空间咖啡果小蠹的发生情况,发现咖啡果小蠹在水平方向上喜好钻蛀东面和北面的果实,在垂直空间上喜好中上层果实。这可能与光照、温度有关,更高的高度受日照影响可以更好地获取适宜自身的温度。这种偏好性可以用于诱捕咖啡果小蠹,RUIZ-DIAZ等[25]研究发现,诱捕器挂在距离地面0.5 m处的诱捕效果最佳,本研究不同垂直方向上的发生率结果表明,咖啡果小蠹更倾向中层(0.5~1.0 m)为害。田间常见害虫的分布类型有均匀分布、随机分布和聚集分布3种类型[26]。WIRYADIPUTRA[27]测定了印度尼西亚咖啡果小蠹的分布模式,结果表明,咖啡果小蠹遵循聚集分布模式;PULAKKATU-THODI等[28]使用RVS软件(Resampling for Validation of Sampling Plans)对咖啡果小蠹侵染为害的咖啡枝条进行抽样建模,结果表明,咖啡果小蠹在夏威夷地区呈聚集分布。本研究使用方差/均值(I)、Morisita指数()、格林系数(Cx)和二项分布指数(k)等参数评估咖啡果小蠹的分布模式,这些参数均可以反映昆虫在空间的聚集程度。海南地区的咖啡果实在8—12月逐渐饱满并陆续成熟,对咖啡果小蠹更加具有吸引作用,使该虫种群大量增长,因此选取该时间段进行分布模式研究更易获取准确的分布模式。本研究结果显示,咖啡果小蠹的水平和垂直分布模式均属于聚集分布,根据该类型分布特点可优化抽样统计方法分析该虫的田间种群密度及分布规律,为开展科学监测和制定综合防治措施提供依据,具有一定的应用价值。
为探究残留果实对咖啡果小蠹发生率的影响,在3块田间地段进行对照试验,第1年在1、2号地进行人工采摘,第2年模拟自然情况不采摘,3号地作为空白对照观测2年的人工采摘是否影响咖啡果小蠹的发生率,结果表明,残留的成熟果实增多导致次年咖啡果小蠹的发生率显著增长。咖啡果实采收结束后,地上残留一些自然脱落或因人工采摘掉落的果实,这些果实成为咖啡果小蠹的食物来源和繁殖场所。MIGUEL等[29]对咖啡果小蠹在残留咖啡果实内的存活时间进行统计,发现该虫在140 d后仍可从残留果实内爬出继续为害植株上的新鲜果实。PEREIRA等[30]的研究表明,植株和地面上残留的果实数量与次年咖啡果小蠹的种群数量呈正相关。因此,在人工采收咖啡果实的过程中应注意是否存在遗漏,这些遗留的果实是影响第2年咖啡果小蠹发生程度的关键。在综合防治过程中,应注意采收后及时清理残留于地面的落果和树上的僵果,减少驻留在果实中的咖啡果小蠹数量。
  • 国家现代农业产业技术体系项目(CARS-11)
  • 农业农村部部门预算项目(15226014)
  • 海南省重点研发计划项目(ZDYF2020082)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.06.020
  • 接收时间:2023-04-12
  • 首发时间:2026-06-24
  • 出版时间:2024-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-12
  • 修回日期:2023-05-23
基金
国家现代农业产业技术体系项目(CARS-11)
农业农村部部门预算项目(15226014)
海南省重点研发计划项目(ZDYF2020082)
作者信息
    1.云南农业大学植物保护学院,云南昆明 650201
    2.中国热带农业科学院香料饮料研究所,海南万宁 571533
    3.华中农业大学植物科学技术学院,湖北武汉 430070
    4.海南省热带香辛饮料作物遗传改良与品质调控重点实验室,海南万宁 571533

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* 孙世伟(SUN Shiwei),E-mail:
宋国敏(SONG Guomin),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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