Article(id=1276601020629250451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276600957765021779, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.06.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1673193600000, receivedDateStr=2023-01-09, revisedDate=1675180800000, revisedDateStr=2023-02-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782295001417, onlineDateStr=2026-06-24, pubDate=1719244800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782295001417, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782295001417, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782295001417, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276600957765021779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2024', volume='45', issue='6', pageStart='1095', pageEnd='1302', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1719244800000', pubDateStr='2024-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782294986430, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782348406834, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276825019267285043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276600957765021779, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276825019271479348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276600957765021779, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1205, endPage=1218, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276601020956406165, articleId=1276601020629250451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Wood Anatomy of Seven Species of Vine or Climbing Plant of Dalbergia L. f., columnId=1236256434120348225, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Plant Cultivation, Physiology & Biochemistry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The wood of most tree species of Dalbergia L. f. is well-known in the world. The research on wood anatomy mainly focus on tree species, while the research on vine or climbing plant species is rare. This paper discussed the macroscopic and microscopic wood structures of seven species of vines or climbing plants of Dalbergia L. f., and summarized systematically, and compared with the tree species of D. odorifera, so as to provide a scientific basis for wood identification, species identification, protection, breeding, development and utilization of this genus. The macrostructure showed that the difference between heartwood and sapwood was not obvious, and had little glossy, aromatic and oily when rich in gum. The growth ring was not obvious. The pores were obvious and common rich in gum, which were smaller and sparsely distributed in primary xylem, larger and densely distributed in secondary xylem. Included phloem was round. The microstructures indicated that they were all diffuse-porous wood, single pores, radial multiple pores, pores arrangement dispersed, single perforation, inter-vessel pitting alternate, vestured pitting, elliptical to nearly round, and obvious on the tangential section. Axial parenchyma was abundant and overlapped, paratubular banded, annular tubular. The wood rays were non overlapping, more fine and dense. D. odorifera was diffuse-porous wood to near semi-ring-porous wood, included phloem was absent, pith was smaller, axial parenchyma was mainly winged and polymerized-winged (paratubular banded type) or minimal banding (off tube type), low pores density. To sum up, there are many similarities in the wood anatomical structures of the seven vines or climbing plants of Dalbergia L. f., but there are also significant differences mainly in wood rays, wood rays width and pith core inclusions. Wood rays were mainly homotypic multiple columns, occasionally homotypic uniseriate of D. tsoi and D. yunnanensis. D. pinnata and D. benthamii were similar with homotypic single or multiple columns, while the former also had heterogeneous Ⅲ type rarely. D. hancei and D. peishaensis were similar with mainly heterogeneous uniseriate, occasionally heterogeneousⅠ type, while the former also had heterogeneous Ⅲ type rarely. D. candenatensis was mainly heterogeneous Ⅱ type, followed by heterogeneousⅠtype and heterogeneous uniseriate. The wood rays width of D. hanei and D. peishaensis was 1-2 cells, that of D. pinnata, D. benthamii and D. candenatensis was 1-3 cells, that of D. yunnanensis was 1-4 (mostly 2-3) cells. that of D. tsoi was 1-5 (mostly 3-4) cells. The pith core inclusions was mainly golden yellow, but that of D. tsoi was silver white, and that of D. pinnata was absent or not obvious.

, authors=null, authorsList=Lulu WANG, Xinyi LIU, Hui WANG, Jun WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jun WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276601023317799323, articleId=1276601020629250451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=7种黄檀属藤本或攀援植物的木材解剖学研究, columnId=1236256434313286224, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=作物栽培与生理生化, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

黄檀属(Dalbergia L. f.)大部分树种的木材都具有世界高知名度,有关木材解剖学的研究主要为针对乔木树种,而对藤本或攀援植物树种研究甚少。本研究旨在探讨7种黄檀属藤本或攀援植物的木材宏观、微观构造,系统地归纳总结,并与乔木树种降香黄檀进行比较分析,为黄檀属植物的木材识别、物种鉴定及其保护、繁育、开发和利用等方面提供科学依据。结果表明:宏观构造均表现为心边材区别不明显,几无光泽;富含树胶时气芳香,显油性。生长轮不明显;管孔明显,常含丰富的树胶,初生木质部的管孔较小且分布稀疏,次生木质部的管孔较大且分布密集;内含韧皮部呈圆形。微观构造显示均为散孔材,单管孔、径列复管孔,管孔排列分散,单穿孔,管间纹孔互列,系附物纹孔,椭圆形至近圆形,弦切面上明显;轴向薄壁组织量较多,叠生,主为傍管带状、环管状;木射线非叠生、较细密。与乔木树种降香黄檀的比较发现,降香黄檀为散孔材至似半环孔材;内含韧皮部无;髓心较小;轴向薄壁组织主要为傍管型以翼状、聚翼状,离管型为极小的带状;管孔密度较小。综上所述,7种黄檀属藤本或攀援植物的木材解剖构造上有很多相似之处,但也存在较大差异,主要在于:(1)木射线。红果黄檀和滇黔黄檀相同,以同形多列为主,偶见同形单列;斜叶黄檀和两粤黄檀相似,同形单列或多列,而前者为稀异形Ⅲ型;藤黄檀和白沙黄檀相似,以异形单列为主,偶见异形Ⅰ型,而前者极少异形Ⅲ型;弯枝黄檀以异形Ⅱ型为主,其次异形Ⅰ型、异形单列。(2)木射线宽度。藤黄檀和白沙黄檀1~2个细胞;斜叶黄檀、两粤黄檀和弯枝黄檀1~3个细胞;滇黔黄檀1~4个细胞、多数2~3个;红果黄檀1~5个细胞、多数3~4个。(3)髓心内含物。以金黄色为主,但红果黄檀为银白色,斜叶黄檀无或不明显。

, authors=

王露露(1986—),女,硕士,研究实习员,研究方向:植物资源学。

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* 王军(WANG Jun),E-mail:
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王露露(1986—),女,硕士,研究实习员,研究方向:植物资源学。

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王露露(1986—),女,硕士,研究实习员,研究方向:植物资源学。

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Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agricultural & Rural Affairs / Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China
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(35×)

A-C: D. benthamii; D-F: D. pinnata; G-I: D. tsoi; J-L: D. hacei; M-O: D. peishaensis; P-R: D. yunnanensis; S-U: D. candenatensis.

, figureFileSmall=ktxNApZlFzWYxSKhqYc4UA==, figureFileBig=9MXbYxo1kZYTST2IyxNHdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276824395997901266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276601020629250451, language=CN, label=图1, caption=7种黄檀属木材宏观切面(35×)

A~C:两粤黄檀;D~F:斜叶黄檀;G~I:红果黄檀;J~L:藤黄檀;M~O:白沙黄檀;P~R:滇黔黄檀;S~U:弯枝黄檀。

, figureFileSmall=ktxNApZlFzWYxSKhqYc4UA==, figureFileBig=9MXbYxo1kZYTST2IyxNHdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276824396346028499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276601020629250451, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Microscopic sections of seven species of wood in the Dalbergia L. f.

A-C: D. benthamii; D-F: D. pinnata; G-I: D. tsoi; J-L: D. hacei; M-O: D. peishaensis; P-R: D. yunnanensis; S-U: D. candenatensis.

, figureFileSmall=jBnOtvqkll5Svk7J/TIrkw==, figureFileBig=i6JQRsP9wHRiNVXalESouw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276824396425720276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276601020629250451, language=CN, label=图2, caption=7种黄檀属木材微观切面

A~C:两粤黄檀;D~F:斜叶黄檀;G~I:红果黄檀;J~L:藤黄檀;M~O:白沙黄檀;P~R:滇黔黄檀;S~U:弯枝黄檀。

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7种黄檀属藤本或攀援植物的木材解剖学研究
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王露露 1, 2 , 刘欣怡 2 , 王辉 1, 2 , 王军 1, 2, *
热带作物学报 | 作物栽培与生理生化 2024,45(6): 1205-1218
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热带作物学报 |作物栽培与生理生化 2024 , 45 (6) : 1205 -1218
7种黄檀属藤本或攀援植物的木材解剖学研究
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王露露1, 2, 刘欣怡2, 王辉1, 2, 王军1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.海南省黎药资源天然产物研究与利用重点实验室/农业农村部热带作物生物学与遗传资源利用重点实验室/中国热带农业科学院热带生物技术研究所,海南海口 571101
  • 2.海南热带农业资源研究院,海南海口 571101
通讯作者:
* 王军(WANG Jun),E-mail:
Wood Anatomy of Seven Species of Vine or Climbing Plant of Dalbergia L. f.
Lulu WANG1, 2, Xinyi LIU2, Hui WANG1, 2, Jun WANG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Products from Li Folk Medicine / Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agricultural & Rural Affairs / Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China
  • 2.Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China
出版时间: 2024-06-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.06.012
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黄檀属(Dalbergia L. f.)大部分树种的木材都具有世界高知名度,有关木材解剖学的研究主要为针对乔木树种,而对藤本或攀援植物树种研究甚少。本研究旨在探讨7种黄檀属藤本或攀援植物的木材宏观、微观构造,系统地归纳总结,并与乔木树种降香黄檀进行比较分析,为黄檀属植物的木材识别、物种鉴定及其保护、繁育、开发和利用等方面提供科学依据。结果表明:宏观构造均表现为心边材区别不明显,几无光泽;富含树胶时气芳香,显油性。生长轮不明显;管孔明显,常含丰富的树胶,初生木质部的管孔较小且分布稀疏,次生木质部的管孔较大且分布密集;内含韧皮部呈圆形。微观构造显示均为散孔材,单管孔、径列复管孔,管孔排列分散,单穿孔,管间纹孔互列,系附物纹孔,椭圆形至近圆形,弦切面上明显;轴向薄壁组织量较多,叠生,主为傍管带状、环管状;木射线非叠生、较细密。与乔木树种降香黄檀的比较发现,降香黄檀为散孔材至似半环孔材;内含韧皮部无;髓心较小;轴向薄壁组织主要为傍管型以翼状、聚翼状,离管型为极小的带状;管孔密度较小。综上所述,7种黄檀属藤本或攀援植物的木材解剖构造上有很多相似之处,但也存在较大差异,主要在于:(1)木射线。红果黄檀和滇黔黄檀相同,以同形多列为主,偶见同形单列;斜叶黄檀和两粤黄檀相似,同形单列或多列,而前者为稀异形Ⅲ型;藤黄檀和白沙黄檀相似,以异形单列为主,偶见异形Ⅰ型,而前者极少异形Ⅲ型;弯枝黄檀以异形Ⅱ型为主,其次异形Ⅰ型、异形单列。(2)木射线宽度。藤黄檀和白沙黄檀1~2个细胞;斜叶黄檀、两粤黄檀和弯枝黄檀1~3个细胞;滇黔黄檀1~4个细胞、多数2~3个;红果黄檀1~5个细胞、多数3~4个。(3)髓心内含物。以金黄色为主,但红果黄檀为银白色,斜叶黄檀无或不明显。

黄檀属  /  藤本植物  /  攀援植物  /  木材  /  解剖学特征

The wood of most tree species of Dalbergia L. f. is well-known in the world. The research on wood anatomy mainly focus on tree species, while the research on vine or climbing plant species is rare. This paper discussed the macroscopic and microscopic wood structures of seven species of vines or climbing plants of Dalbergia L. f., and summarized systematically, and compared with the tree species of D. odorifera, so as to provide a scientific basis for wood identification, species identification, protection, breeding, development and utilization of this genus. The macrostructure showed that the difference between heartwood and sapwood was not obvious, and had little glossy, aromatic and oily when rich in gum. The growth ring was not obvious. The pores were obvious and common rich in gum, which were smaller and sparsely distributed in primary xylem, larger and densely distributed in secondary xylem. Included phloem was round. The microstructures indicated that they were all diffuse-porous wood, single pores, radial multiple pores, pores arrangement dispersed, single perforation, inter-vessel pitting alternate, vestured pitting, elliptical to nearly round, and obvious on the tangential section. Axial parenchyma was abundant and overlapped, paratubular banded, annular tubular. The wood rays were non overlapping, more fine and dense. D. odorifera was diffuse-porous wood to near semi-ring-porous wood, included phloem was absent, pith was smaller, axial parenchyma was mainly winged and polymerized-winged (paratubular banded type) or minimal banding (off tube type), low pores density. To sum up, there are many similarities in the wood anatomical structures of the seven vines or climbing plants of Dalbergia L. f., but there are also significant differences mainly in wood rays, wood rays width and pith core inclusions. Wood rays were mainly homotypic multiple columns, occasionally homotypic uniseriate of D. tsoi and D. yunnanensis. D. pinnata and D. benthamii were similar with homotypic single or multiple columns, while the former also had heterogeneous Ⅲ type rarely. D. hancei and D. peishaensis were similar with mainly heterogeneous uniseriate, occasionally heterogeneousⅠ type, while the former also had heterogeneous Ⅲ type rarely. D. candenatensis was mainly heterogeneous Ⅱ type, followed by heterogeneousⅠtype and heterogeneous uniseriate. The wood rays width of D. hanei and D. peishaensis was 1-2 cells, that of D. pinnata, D. benthamii and D. candenatensis was 1-3 cells, that of D. yunnanensis was 1-4 (mostly 2-3) cells. that of D. tsoi was 1-5 (mostly 3-4) cells. The pith core inclusions was mainly golden yellow, but that of D. tsoi was silver white, and that of D. pinnata was absent or not obvious.

Dalbergia  /  vine  /  climbing plants  /  wood  /  anatomical characteristics
王露露, 刘欣怡, 王辉, 王军. 7种黄檀属藤本或攀援植物的木材解剖学研究. 热带作物学报, 2024 , 45 (6) : 1205 -1218 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.06.012
Lulu WANG, Xinyi LIU, Hui WANG, Jun WANG. Wood Anatomy of Seven Species of Vine or Climbing Plant of Dalbergia L. f.[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2024 , 45 (6) : 1205 -1218 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.06.012
黄檀属(Dalbergia L. f.)是豆科(Fabaceae)[原为蝶形花科(Papilionaceae)]的一个属,包含乔木、灌木或木质藤本[1],全世界约有269种,广泛分布在热带、亚热带地区,其中我国拥有29种,产自西南部、南部至中部[2]。黄檀属大部分树种的木材都具有全球高知名度,由于其精致的颜色、纹理和出色的硬度、强度等特性及具有镇痛、促血管生成、止泻、抗氧化及利尿等药效作用[3-6]以其在全球高质量产品(如:高档家具、艺术品、乐器)和药材中的应用而闻名[7-10]。因其成材难、市场需求量大而遭到大量砍伐,绝大多数黄檀属红木资源正在迅速萎缩、日益枯竭或濒危,红木价格也高昂且持续飙升,以外观类似的非濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约(CITES)木材冒充濒危木材的现象越来越猖獗。所以,木材的精准判别一直是近年来国内外研究的重点。所有的黄檀属植物都是CITES所列物种[11],其中许多种类还被列入《世界自然保护联盟濒危物种红色名录》(IUCN),另外,有24个种类被列入《中国生物多样性红色名录-高等植物卷》(2013),有16种黄檀属乔木树种被列入国家标准GB/T 18107—2017《红木》,并根据其树种及木材特征划分为三大类,即香枝木类、黑酸枝木类和红酸枝木类[12]
黄檀属植物按生活型大致可分为两大类:(1)直立乔木或灌木,全世界黄檀属乔木或灌木的种类繁多,且多为优良的用材树种,如:交趾黄檀(D. cochinchinensis Pierre ex Laness.)、奥氏黄檀(D. oliveri Gamble ex Prain)、伯利兹黄檀(D. stevensonii Standl.)、刀状黑黄檀(D. cultrata Graham)、阔叶黄檀(D. latifolia Roxb.)等;我国约有13种,以降香黄檀(D. odorifera T. C. Chen)、海南黄檀(D. hainanensis Merr. & Chun)、黄檀(D. hupeana Hance)等为代表。(2)木质藤本或攀援灌木,世界黄檀属木质藤本或攀援灌木植物亦较多,仅亚洲分布的就达50种以上[13],如婆罗洲黄檀(D. borneensis Prain)(大型木质藤本或攀援灌木)、密花黄檀(D. confertiflora Benth.)(大型木质藤本)、网脉黄檀(D. reticulata Merr.)(攀援灌木)等。我国有木质藤本或攀援灌木的种类约有16种,以两粤黄檀(D. benthamii Prain)、斜叶黄檀[D. pinnata(Lour.)Prain]、红果黄檀(D. tsoi Merr. & Chun)、藤黄檀(D. hancei Benth.)、滇黔黄檀(D. yunnanensis Franch.)等为代表[14]
关于黄檀属植物木材解剖学的研究较多,但多为针对乔木树种,如国外有学者系统地研究了马达加斯加48种黄檀属植物茎部解剖学特征,其中包括对木质藤本短穗花序黄檀(D. bracteolata Baker)树皮、初生木质部、髓心和茎木质部解剖学的详细描述[15];大多数美洲黄檀属植物解剖学都已有研究,如详细描述中美洲黄檀(D. granadillo Pittier)与微凹黄檀(D. retusa Hemsl.)木材显微结构的区别[16]。更有学者系统描述了多种黄檀属红木木材解剖学特征,宏观上许多黄檀属的木材有香味,心材颜色明显,通常带有条纹等[2];国内黄檀属乔木以降香黄檀为研究热点,有学者从降香黄檀与海南黄檀2种乔木从形态学、木材解剖学、化学特征、分子鉴定等方面进行了全面的归纳[17];也有学者比较归纳降香黄檀和越南黄檀(D. tonkinensis Prain)木射线解剖组织[18];观察比较交趾黄檀和奥氏黄檀木材的宏观、显微构造,结合图像测量分析系统测定、分析各种细胞的形态特征[19];观察巴里黄檀(D. bariensis Pierre ex Prain)木材的宏观、显微构造等[20]
针对本研究中的黄檀属藤本或攀援灌木植物的研究主要包括:(1)两粤黄檀的化学成分分析、药理作用、形状及显微结构等[21-27];斜叶黄檀的野生资源调查、心材精油功能活性及GC-MS分析、化学成分分析、抑制活性、显微结构等[28-33];对红果黄檀的研究甚少,如广西出台的地方标准《降真香鉴定方法》(DB 45/T 1914—2018)中描述了3种藤本黄檀,即两粤黄檀、斜叶黄檀和红果黄檀的木材宏观结构特征及显微结构特征[34];有学者从标本研究及野外观察确认红果黄檀和白沙黄檀为同种植物[35];藤黄檀的药用化学成分分析、结香树脂的组织形态学和显微鉴别[36-38];滇黔黄檀(又名杠香)的挥发油成分、抗氧化活性、基原鉴定、性状鉴定、DNA条形码、化学成分GC-MS分析、显微结构[39-44];本研究中的藤黄檀、弯枝黄檀[D. candenatensis(Dennst.)Prain]为中国特有,红果黄檀、白沙黄檀更是为海南特有,从形态学上比较研究表明(附表1),7种黄檀属藤本或攀援灌木具有一定的共性特征,如小枝常扭曲,也具有一定差异,如斜叶黄檀、红果黄檀和白沙黄檀的小叶数量多;斜叶黄檀的叶基偏斜;荚果形状除弯枝黄檀呈镰形至弯月形外,其他呈长圆形至带状;红果黄檀荚果呈红褐色,其他均为褐色等。从形态学上可以对上述植株、苗木等进行识别,而针对市场上流通的心材或茎段则难以区分,需要采取木材解剖学、分子生物学等手段来鉴定,而心材或木材的DNA等数据往往受到降解严重和微生物等因素干扰,难以获得较好的结果,因此,采用木材解剖的鉴定方法将会是很好的鉴定手段。
综上所述,对本研究中的7种黄檀属藤本或攀援灌木植物的木材解剖学研究报道较少,且未见对白沙黄檀和弯枝黄檀的研究报道,而对已有黄檀属藤本的茎木材解剖学描述也比较笼统,对其他种类的研究也不够系统、全面。因此,本文将从木材宏观结构、微观结构等方面,对我国7种代表性黄檀属藤本木材解剖结构进行系统归纳总结,并与乔木树种降香黄檀进行对比分析,以期为黄檀属植物的木材识别、物种鉴定及其保护、繁育、开发和利用等方面提供科学依据。
7种黄檀属植物及降香黄檀木材采自海南各市(县),采集时间为2022年6月20日至7月23日,胸径约1.5~3.0 cm,压制腊叶标本,标本号分别为WJ202201、WJ202202、WJ202203、WJ202204、WJ202205、WJ202206和WJ202207,经中国热带农业科学院热带生物技术研究所王军依次鉴定为两粤黄檀、斜叶黄檀、红果黄檀、藤黄檀、白沙黄檀、滇黔黄檀和弯枝黄檀,凭证标本均藏于中国热带农业科学院热带生物技术研究所。
AM413T手持式数码显微镜(物镜为1倍,镜体变倍比为10~500,放大倍数为10~500倍),深圳东仪精工设备有限公司;RM2235切片机,德国Leica公司;体式显微镜(物镜1倍,目镜10倍,镜体变倍比为0.7~11.5,放大倍数为7~230倍),日本Olympus公司。
用锯子将茎段沿轴向锯断,并用单面刀片将断口处削切整齐,置于手持式数码显微镜下观测,木材宏观构造图放大倍数为35倍。
将茎段上的树皮剥离后放入沸水中煮沸,使其软化,以达到沉水为宜,再用小锯子或单面刀片切成大于1 cm3的立方体。在将木块切成小块的同时选择好木材3个切面,即横切面要与导管纵轴垂直;弦切面要与木射线垂直,并与导管纵轴平行;径切面应与木射线平行。在此步骤中,如果在肉眼下不可见射线,可借助放大镜或体式显微镜,找到相互垂直的3个切面。在切片机上切制切片,分别将横切面、弦切面和径切面切好,切片厚度为10~25 μm,将切好的木材切片轻轻夹入盛有去离子水的培养皿中,洗去碎末残渣后,放入1%的番红中染色,染色时间为2~3 h,之后将染色的木材切片按次序分别放入盛有50%、70%、85%、95%的乙醇中进行梯度洗脱,洗脱时间为5~15 min,洗脱一般为每个浓度1次,也可根据情况增加洗脱次数和延长洗脱时间,洗脱完成后将切片放入组织透明液中透明2~3 h,透明之后直接压片并用中性树胶封片,置于阴凉处风干。将压制好的切片置于体式显微镜下观测。木材微观构造图放大倍数,横切面为40倍,弦切面和径切面均为100倍。
两粤黄檀、斜叶黄檀、红果黄檀、藤黄檀、白沙黄檀、滇黔黄檀和弯枝黄檀的木材宏观构造见图1,微观构造见图2,对木材构造特征描述参照《中国木材志》[45]。观测结果如下:
别名:大叶降真香、两粤檀、藤春。
宏观构造特征:心边材区别不明显,淡黄色至黄褐色,富含树胶时呈黄棕色、红棕色至黑紫色;无光泽或稍具光泽;富含树胶时气芳香,显油性。横切面上连续性圆形的生长轮不明显。散孔材,管孔明显,肉眼下可见,常富含树胶及白色至淡黄色侵填体,初生木质部的管孔较小且分布稀疏,次生木质部的管孔较大且分布密集,且越靠近树皮常越大。轴向薄壁组织量大,叠生,主为带状、环管状,肉眼下可见,放大镜下明显,常形成波浪状同心环。内含韧皮部近圆形,薄;髓心椭圆形,直径0.3~0.8 mm,富含银白色至淡黄色内含物。木射线明显,较细,较密,常部分与薄壁组织构成网状,在肉眼下径切面上射线斑纹可见,弦切面上射线呈长短线状,放大镜下明显。
微观构造特征:导管主要为单管孔、径列复管孔(2~25个,常以许多1~3列小的管孔组成网状,并联通2~3个大的管孔);导管横切面为近圆形、椭圆形;管孔排列分散;管孔密度3~4个/mm2;管孔弦径40~310 μm,多数170~260 μm;管孔直径大小相差大,可达10倍以上;散孔材;管孔内常含红棕色至红褐色树胶,单穿孔;导管分子长度150~300 μm、平均210 μm,宽度115~ 150 μm;导管分子穿孔板斜列、横列至近横列;管间纹孔式互列,弦切面上明显;系附物纹孔,椭圆形至近圆形;纹孔口内函及外展,常合生,透镜形及裂隙状。轴向薄壁组织量大,叠生,主要为带状(宽2~6个细胞)、环管状,富含红棕色至黑褐色树胶;菱形晶体常见,分室含晶细胞常见,多达10个或以上。木射线非叠生或局部整齐排列,10~12根/mm,同形单列或多列,单列射线少,多列射线宽2~3个(稀)细胞、8~50 μm,高2~30个细胞、50~400 μm;射线细胞圆形、椭圆形;径切面上横卧射线细胞长方形或方形,高5~10层,通常富含红棕色至红褐色树胶。
别名:小叶降真香、斜叶檀。
宏观构造特征:心边材区别稍明显,心材淡黄色,边材灰褐色,富含树胶时呈红棕至黑紫色;无光泽或略具光泽;富含树胶时气芳香,显油性。横切面上连续性圆形的生长轮不明显或无;散孔材,管孔明显,肉眼下可见,常含丰富的树胶,侵填体无或不明显;初生木质部的管孔较小且分布稀疏,次生木质部的管孔较大且分布密集,且越靠近树皮常越大。轴向薄壁组织量多,叠生,肉眼下可见,放大镜下非常明显,主要为带状、环管状,常形成波浪状同心环。内含韧皮部圆形,白至淡黄色,较厚;髓心近圆形,黑褐色,直径1.5~2.0 mm,内含物无或不明显。木射线较密,较细,在放大镜下横切面上明显,比管孔小,常与薄壁组织交织成网状,在肉眼下径切面上射线斑纹可见,弦切面上射线呈密集的短线状。
微观构造特征:导管主要为单管孔、径列复管孔(2~25个,常以许多1~3列小的管孔组成网状,并联通2~3个大的管孔)、稀管孔团,导管横切面为椭圆形至近圆形,细小的管孔呈不规则椭圆形至圆形,管孔排列分散,管孔密度6~8个/mm2,管孔弦径15~350 μm,多数190~230 μm,管孔弦径大小相差大,可达10倍以上;常含红棕色至红褐色树胶;导管分子长度185~240 μm、平均210 μm,宽度40~90 μm;单穿孔,穿孔板斜列为主,稀横列;管间纹孔式互列,系附物纹孔,椭圆形至近圆形;纹孔口内函及外展,常合生,透镜形及裂隙状。轴向薄壁组织量多,叠生,主要为傍管带状(宽2~5个细胞)、环管状;常见含有大量黑褐色至红棕色树胶;菱形晶体常见,分室含晶细胞多达10个或以上。木射线非叠生或局部整齐排列,13~16条/mm;单列射线为主,多列射线宽2~3个细胞、6~30 μm,高2~16个细胞、60~ 280 μm。射线组织同形单列或多列,稀异形Ⅲ型;射线细胞椭圆形、卵圆形、圆形;径切面上横卧射线细胞方形或长方形,高3~13层,富含红褐色树胶。
别名:十亩香、红果檀、左氏黄檀。
宏观构造特征:心边材区别稍明显,心材白至淡黄色,边材灰至褐色,富含树胶时呈黄棕、红棕至黑紫色;无光泽或略具光泽;富含树胶时气芳香,显油性。横切面上连续性圆形的生长轮不明显或无,散孔材,分散排列,管孔明显,肉眼下可见,常含丰富的树胶,部分含白色至淡黄色侵填体;初生木质部的管孔较小且分布稀疏,次生木质部的管孔较大且分布密集,且越靠近树皮常越大。轴向薄壁组织量大,叠生,肉眼下可见,放大镜下明显,主要为带状、环管状;常形成波浪状同心环。内含韧皮部近圆形,薄;髓心椭圆形,直径2.5~3.0 mm,髓心细胞富含银白色至淡黄色内含物。木射线较密,较细,在放大镜下横切面上明显,比管孔小,常部分与薄壁组织构成网状;在肉眼下径切面上射线斑纹可见,弦切面上射线呈密集的长细线状。
微观构造特征:导管主要为单管孔、径列复管孔(2~14个,常以许多1~3列小的管孔组成网状,并联通2~3个大的管孔)、稀管孔团;导管横切面为椭圆形至近圆形,细小的管孔呈不规则椭圆形至圆形,管孔排列分散,管孔密度为3~4个/mm2,管孔弦径30~350 μm,多数150~230 μm,管孔弦径大小相差大,可达10倍以上;常含红棕色至红褐色树胶;单穿孔;导管分子长度175~ 460 μm、平均230 μm,宽度60~100 μm;穿孔板横列、近横列为主,稀斜列;管间纹孔式互列,系附物纹孔,椭圆形至近圆形;纹孔口内函及外展,常合生,透镜形及裂隙状。轴向薄壁组织量多,叠生,主要为傍管带状(宽2~7个细胞)、环管状,常见含有大量黑褐色至红棕色树胶;菱形晶体常见,分室含晶细胞多达10个或以上。木射线非叠生或局部整齐排列,7~10条/mm,以同形多列为主,偶见同型单列,单列射线少,多列射线宽2~5(多数3~4个)细胞、8~45 μm,高2~26个细胞、110~ 570 μm;射线细胞圆形至近圆形;径切面上横卧射线细胞方形或长方形,高7~14层,富含红棕色树胶。
别名:藤檀、藤香。
宏观构造特征:心边材区别不明显,淡黄色至黄褐色,富含树胶时呈红棕色,无光泽或稍具光泽;富含树胶时气芳香,显油性。横切面上连续性圆形的生长轮略明显,散孔材,管孔明显,肉眼下稍可见,常含丰富树胶,部分含白色至淡黄色侵填体;初生木质部的管孔较小,次生木质部的管孔较大,且越靠近树皮常越大;初生木质部和次生木质的管孔密集程度相当。轴向薄壁组织量稍多,叠生,肉眼下可见,放大镜下明显,主要为带状、环管状,常形成波浪状同心环。内含韧皮部近圆形,薄;髓心不规则圆形,直径0.5~1.5 mm;髓心细胞富含淡黄色至银白色内含物。木射线较细,较密,在放大镜下横切面上明显,比管孔小,常部分与薄壁组织构成网状;在肉眼下径切面上射线斑纹可见,弦切面上射线呈短细线状。
微观构造特征:导管主要为单管孔,其次为径列复管孔(2~4个,可见单列稍小的管孔联通2个大管孔),稀管孔团;导管横切面为椭圆形、近圆形,管孔排列分散,管孔密度11~30个/mm2,管孔弦径35~200 μm,多数60~100 μm,管孔弦径大小常差别不大;管孔内偶见红棕色树胶;单穿孔;导管分子长度200~250 μm、平均230 μm,宽度60~130 μm;导管分子穿孔板横列、近横列至斜列;管间纹孔式互列,弦切面上明显;系附物纹孔,椭圆形至近圆形;纹孔口内函及外展,常合生,透镜形及裂隙状。轴向薄壁组织量稍多,叠生,主要为傍管带状(宽2~5个细胞)、环管状,偶见含有红棕色至黑褐色树胶;菱形晶体常见,分室含晶细胞多达10个或以上。木射线非叠生,11~14根/mm,异形单列为主,偶见异形多列,以异形Ⅰ型为主,极少异形Ⅲ型;单列射线多,多列射线通常宽2个细胞、8~20 μm,高2~20个细胞、75~420 μm;射线细胞圆形至椭圆形,横切面上常呈红褐色状射线,径切面上横卧射线细胞多为长方形、方形,高约8~20层,局部富含红棕色树胶,常呈粗长条状。
别名:白沙檀。
宏观构造特征:心边材区别不明显,淡黄色,含树胶时呈红棕色至红褐色;无光泽或稍具光泽。横切面上连续性圆形的生长轮不明显或无。散孔材,分散排列,管孔明显,肉眼下稍可见,常富含树胶及白色至淡黄色侵填体,初生木质部的管孔较小且分布稀疏,次生木质部的管孔较大且分布密集,且越靠近树皮常越大。轴向薄壁组织量大,叠生,主为带状、环管状,肉眼下可见,放大镜下明显;常形成波浪状同心环。内含韧皮部近圆形,较厚;髓心呈不规则形,直径0.5~ 1.0 mm,富含棕黄色至银白色内含物。木射线较细较密,在放大镜下横切面上明显,比管孔小,常部分与薄壁组织构成网状;在肉眼下径切面上射线斑纹甚为明显,弦切面上射线呈短细线状,放大镜下稍可见。
微观构造特征:导管主要为单管孔,其次为径列复管孔(2~4个,可见单列稍小的管孔联通2个大管孔);导管横切面为椭圆形、近圆形;管孔排列分散,管孔密度13~15个/mm2;管孔弦径25~230 μm,多数40~100 μm;管孔弦径大小相差稍大,可达5倍以上;散孔材;管孔内偶见红棕色至红褐色树胶;单穿孔;导管分子长度150~ 230 μm、平均210 μm,宽度45~150 μm;导管分子穿孔板横列、近横列至斜列;管间纹孔式互列,弦切面上明显;系附物纹孔,椭圆形至近圆形;纹孔口内函及外展,常合生,透镜形及裂隙状。轴向薄壁组织量大,叠生,主要为傍管带状(宽2~7个细胞)、环管状;稀见含有红棕色至黑褐色树胶;菱形晶体常见,分室含晶细胞多达10个或以上。木射线非叠生,8~12根/mm,异形单列为主,偶见异形多列,异形Ⅰ型,单列射线多,多列射线通常宽2个细胞、8~20 μm,高2~20个细胞、40~ 230 μm;射线细胞圆形至椭圆形;径切面上横卧射线细胞长方形、方形,少直立形,高5~10层,偶见含红棕色树胶。
别名:杠香、云南黄檀。
宏观构造特征:心边材区别不明显,白至淡黄色,富含树胶时呈红棕色至黑紫色;无光泽;富含树胶时气芳香,显油性。横切面上连续性圆形的生长轮不明显或无,散孔材,分散排列,管孔明显,肉眼下可见,常富含红棕色至黑紫色树胶,部分含白色至淡黄色侵填体;初生木质部的管孔较小,次生木质部的管孔较大,且越靠近树皮常越大,初生木质部和次生木质部管孔密集程度相当。轴向薄壁组织量较大,肉眼下可见,放大镜下明显,主要为带状、环管状,常形成微波浪状同心环。内含韧皮部无或几乎不可见;髓心近圆形,直径2.0~2.5 mm,髓心细胞富含白色至金黄色内含物。木射线较密,较细,在放大镜下横切面上明显,比管孔小,常呈不规则线形,近边缘常呈折线形,常部分与薄壁组织构成网状;在肉眼下径切面上射线斑纹可见,弦切面上射线呈密集的长短细线状。
微观构造特征:导管主要为单管孔、稀径列复管孔(2~7个,多为单列,3个及以上时管孔通常较小,几乎不串联大管孔);导管横切面为椭圆形至近圆形;管孔排列分散;管孔密度6~8个/mm2;管孔弦径40~310 μm,多数170~260 μm,管孔弦径大小相差大,可达8倍以上;常含红棕色树胶;单穿孔;导管分子长度125~310 μm、平均230 μm,宽度120~300 μm;穿孔板横列、近横列为主,稀斜列;管间纹孔式互列,系附物纹孔,椭圆形至近圆形;纹孔口内函及外展,常合生,透镜形及裂隙状。轴向薄壁组织量较多,叠生,主要为傍管带状(宽2~4个细胞)、环管状;常含有红棕色树胶;菱形晶体偶见。木射线非叠生,7~10条/mm,以同形多列为主,偶见同型单列,单列射线少,多列射线宽2~4个细胞(多数2~3个细胞)、8~50 μm,高4~20个细胞、150~ 470 μm;射线细胞圆形至近圆形;径切面上横卧射线细胞方形或长方形,高5~10层,通常含红棕色至红褐色树胶。
别名:扭黄檀。
宏观构造特征:心边材区别不明显,白至淡黄色,边材灰色,富含树胶时呈红棕色至黑紫色;略具光泽;富含树胶时气芳香,显油性。横切面上连续性圆形的生长轮不明显。散孔材,分散排列,管孔明显,肉眼下可见,常富含红棕色至黑紫色树胶,部分含白色至淡黄色侵填体;初生木质部的管孔较小,次生木质部的管孔较大,且越靠近树皮常越大,初生木质部和次生木质部管孔密集程度相当。轴向薄壁组织量大,叠生,主为带状、环管状,常形成微波浪状同心环。内含韧皮部近圆形,薄;髓心近圆形,直径2.0~ 2.5 mm,髓心细胞富含淡黄褐色内含物。木射线较密,较细,在放大镜下横切面上明显,比管孔小,常部分与薄壁组织构成网状;在肉眼下径切面上射线斑纹甚为明显;弦切面上射线呈密集的短细线状。
微观构造特征:导管主要为单管孔,其次为径列复管孔(2~5个,多为单列,3个及以上时管孔通常较小);导管横切面为椭圆形;管孔排列分散;管孔密度5~8个/mm2;管孔弦径30~123 μm,多数60~95 μm;管孔弦径大小相差不大;常见红棕色至红褐色树胶;单穿孔;导管分子长度140~ 530 μm、平均230 μm,宽度35~100 μm,常可见不规则状叠加分布;穿孔板斜列、近横列至横列;管间纹孔式互列,系附物纹孔,椭圆形至近圆形;纹孔口内函及外展,常合生,透镜形及裂隙状。轴向薄壁组织量多,叠生,主要为傍管带状(宽4~6个细胞)、环管状;菱形晶体常见,分室含晶细胞常见,多达10个或以上。木射线非叠生或局部整齐排列,12~15根/mm,以异形Ⅱ型为主,其次异形Ⅰ型和异形单列,单列射线少,多列射线通常宽2~3个细胞、15~40 μm,高2~10个细胞、40~230 μm;射线细胞圆形至椭圆形;径切面上横卧射线细胞长方形、方形,少直立形,常与薄壁组织细胞和木纤维交织呈台阶状,高10~12层,偶见红棕色树胶。
心边材区别不明显,无光泽或稍具光泽;富含树胶时气芳香,显油性。横切面上连续性圆形的生长轮不明显;管孔明显,肉眼下可见,常含丰富的树胶,初生木质部的管孔较小且分布稀疏,次生木质部的管孔较大且分布密集;内含韧皮部圆形;轴向薄壁组织主要为带状、环管状。木射线较细,较密,在放大镜下横切面上明显,比管孔小,常部分与薄壁组织构成网状;在肉眼下径切面上射线斑纹甚为明显,弦切面上射线呈密集的短细线状。
木材宏观构造上的区别主要表现在髓心上。从形状上,斜叶黄檀、藤黄檀和白沙黄檀呈不规则形,红果黄檀和两粤黄檀呈椭圆形,滇黔黄檀和弯枝黄檀呈近圆形;弦径:红果黄檀>弯枝黄檀>滇黔黄檀>斜叶黄檀>藤黄檀>白沙黄檀>两粤黄檀;内含物:斜叶黄檀无或不明显,红果黄檀银白色,剩下均为金黄色。
木材类型均为散孔材,导管为单管孔、径列复管孔,形状椭圆形、近圆形;管孔排列分散,单穿孔,管间纹孔互列,系附物纹孔,椭圆形至近圆形,弦切面上明显;导管分子平均长度相近,为210~230 μm,轴向薄壁组织量较多,叠生,主为傍管带状、环管状;常含有红棕色至黑褐色树胶;菱形晶体可见,木射线非叠生,射线细胞椭圆形、圆形至近圆形,含红棕色、红褐色树胶。
①管孔密度:藤黄檀>白沙黄檀>斜叶黄檀=滇黔黄檀=弯枝黄檀>红果黄檀=两粤黄檀。②管孔类型:7种藤本植物均以单管孔、径列复管孔为主,仅斜叶黄檀和红果黄檀稀有管孔团,其他未见管孔团。③木射线数量:斜叶黄檀>弯枝黄檀>藤黄檀>两粤黄檀≈白沙黄檀>红果黄檀=滇黔黄檀。④木射线类型:红果黄檀和滇黔黄檀相同,以同形多列为主,偶见同形单列;斜叶黄檀和两粤黄檀相似,同形单列或多列,区别在于前者为稀异形Ⅲ型;藤黄檀和白沙黄檀相似,以异形单列为主,偶见异形Ⅰ型,区别在于前者极少异形Ⅲ型;弯枝黄檀以异形Ⅱ型为主,其次异形Ⅰ型、异形单列。⑤横卧射线细胞高度:滇黔黄檀、白沙黄檀和两粤黄檀高5~10层,斜叶黄檀高3~13层,红果黄檀7~14层,弯枝黄檀10~12层,藤黄檀8~20层。⑥横卧射线细胞形状:斜叶黄檀、红果黄檀、滇黔黄檀和两粤黄檀均为方形或长方形;藤黄檀、白沙黄檀和弯枝黄檀为长方形、方形,少直立形。
藤本植物,特别是木质藤本是热带森林特有的特征和主要生长型,是区分热带森林和温带森林的重要特征[46-47]。藤本植物对雨林落叶层产生的巨大贡献(高达40%)表明,它们在营养循环中发挥着重要作用,可能有益于宿主树木。与树木叶片相比,藤本植物叶片的营养浓度更高,寿命相对较短,分解更快。此外,藤本植物的特殊生命形式使它们能够在森林中垂直和水平生长,并通过产生落叶将营养物质主要转移到宿主树木[48]。因此,藤本植物可能对热带雨林的高生产力做出巨大贡献。
木质藤本通常具较粗且木质的茎,许多热带藤本的特征在于异常的茎结构,茎横切面的描述主要是根据木质部的特征,特别是连续性或不连续性及轮廓,其代表生长的连续过程中不同状况或不同阶段,与藤本的次级生长有关[49],本研究黄檀属植物均为木质藤本或攀援植物,具有较粗且木质的茎,横切面上是连续性的圆形;藤本植物茎的结构为适应功能的改变,表现出灵活多样的策略,如形成层变异(cambial variants),该变异的形成更有利于藤本弯曲生长、损伤时进行自我恢复,导管直径和形态变化更有利于输导等[50-51]。本研究7种黄檀属木材都显示初生木质部的管孔较小且分布稀疏,次生木质部的管孔较大且分布密集,使得植物处于一个良好的生长环境,一方面大的导管分化有利于水分输导的效率,另一方面窄导管的存在可以保证水分输导的安全性。
本研究中7种黄檀属木材间也具有较大的差别,主要表现在木射线类型、木射线宽度和髓心内含物方面。微观构造上从木射线类型看:红果黄檀和滇黔黄檀相同,以同形多列为主,偶见同形单列;斜叶黄檀和两粤黄檀相似,同形单列或多列,不同的是前者为稀异形Ⅲ型;藤黄檀和白沙黄檀相似,以异形单列为主,偶见异形Ⅰ型,不同的是前者极少异形Ⅲ型;弯枝黄檀以异形Ⅱ型为主,其次异形Ⅰ型、异形单列。木射线宽度:藤黄檀和白沙黄檀1~2个细胞,斜叶黄檀、两粤黄檀和弯枝黄檀1~3个细胞,滇黔黄檀1~4个细胞、多数2~3个;红果黄檀1~5个细胞、多数3~4个。从木材髓心内含物看:7种黄檀属藤本或攀援植髓心内含物以金黄色为主,红果黄檀为银白色,斜叶黄檀无或不明显。值得指出的是红果黄檀与白沙黄檀的木材解剖学特征具有较大差异,如木射线类型(前者以同形多列为主,偶见同形单列;而后者以异形单列为主,偶见异I型)、木射线宽度(前者多数为3~4个细胞;而后者多数为1~2个细胞)、管孔密度(前者为3~4个/mm2;后者为13~15个/mm2),且本研究组对其叶绿体测序结果也发现二者间存在较大差异(结果另文发表),因此不支持崔菲等[35]将白沙黄檀并入红果黄檀。
7种木质藤本或攀援灌木试材与降香黄檀(同属乔木)除了形态学上的差异之外,在木材解剖结构上也存在较大差异,主要表现在髓心大小、内涵韧皮部有无、导管密度、轴向薄壁组织类型、导管数量方面。木质藤本或攀援灌木具有粗的髓心和内含韧皮部,而乔木树种降香黄檀的则非常小,髓心是木质部有茎的初生结构,是薄壁组织构成的中心部分,是植物中的营养组织,具有储藏营养物质的功能,利于应对在恶劣生存环境下的养分供应[52-53];内含韧皮部在外界损伤促进下具有重新分裂的作用,且在光合产物的运输和贮藏等方面具有重要作用[54];前者导管密度明显大于后者;前者轴向薄壁组织呈傍管带状(宽2~7个细胞)、环管状,而后者以翼状、聚翼状为主,离管型为极小的带状;导管的数量特征与运输水分、养分的功能密切相关[55]。需要特别指出的是,近年来市场上经常出现以滇黔黄檀心材冒充降香黄檀心材售卖,消费者往往难以区分,从化学方面来看二者也非常近似,如挥发油颜色、香气,均具醇类、萜类、酮类和醚类化学成分,类别相近,但前者的香气更浓且具甜香气[44]。但仍然可以从木材解剖学方面区分二者,如前者具有粗大的髓心和管孔、木材纹理也较粗、管孔密度高、木射线以同形多列为主等。
木材解剖学研究可以作为形态学、分子生物学鉴定中的良好补充,亦可以提供二者难以解决的鉴定方案。黄檀属的物种是唯一被视为真正的红木/玫瑰木(rosewood / bois de rose)的物种,且所有的黄檀属植物都是濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约(CITES)所列物种,该属植物种类繁多,分布广泛,用途多样(材用、药用、文玩等),给物种鉴定带来了很高的难度。本研究正是基于此目的开展,为该属植物的识别与鉴定,以及对未来的进一步深入研究、保护、开发利用、品种选育等方面提供基础数据。有研究表明,木质藤本在干旱的森林环境中具有光截获、光合速率、水分利用和生长方面的优势,具有较强的适应能力[56-57],因此,黄檀属木质藤本或攀援灌木还可以在森林植被恢复的建群阶段,发挥快速恢复生物多样性的功能。另外,还可以弥补黄檀属乔木树种的成材慢、心材形成难、生长局限等造成的药用植物资源稀缺等问题。
  • 海南省自然科学基金项目(322RC768)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.06.012
  • 接收时间:2023-01-09
  • 首发时间:2026-06-24
  • 出版时间:2024-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-01-09
  • 修回日期:2023-02-01
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海南省自然科学基金项目(322RC768)
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    1.海南省黎药资源天然产物研究与利用重点实验室/农业农村部热带作物生物学与遗传资源利用重点实验室/中国热带农业科学院热带生物技术研究所,海南海口 571101
    2.海南热带农业资源研究院,海南海口 571101

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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