Article(id=1276601005080970029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276600957765021779, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.06.018, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1674835200000, receivedDateStr=2023-01-28, revisedDate=1681315200000, revisedDateStr=2023-04-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782294997711, onlineDateStr=2026-06-24, pubDate=1719244800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782294997711, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782294997710, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782294997710, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276600957765021779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2024', volume='45', issue='6', pageStart='1095', pageEnd='1302', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1719244800000', pubDateStr='2024-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782294986430, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782348406834, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276825019267285043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276600957765021779, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276825019271479348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276600957765021779, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1262, endPage=1272, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276601005366182703, articleId=1276601005080970029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Characteristics of Modified Biochar Obtained from Banana Stem by H2O2 and Its Effect on Cr Uptake by Maize, columnId=1236286112713470633, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Post-harvest Treatment & Quality Safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Biochar was modified with different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, and the differences in its structural characteristics were analyzed to study the modification effect of hydrogen peroxide on biochar obtained from banana stem and the effect of modified biochar on Cr absorption of maize under Cr stress. The effects of modified biochar on the growth, Cr uptake and accumulation of maize under Cr stress were studied. With the increase of hydrogen peroxide concentration, the number of oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface of biochar increased, while the aromatics decreased and the polarity increased. After the modification, the surface of biochar was smooth, the pore diameter increased, and the specific surface area and pore volume decreased with the increase of hydrogen peroxide concentration. Modified biochar by 20% and 30% hydrogen peroxide mainly fixed heavy metals through the adsorption of functional groups, reduced its biological activity, and reduced the Cr absorption and accumulation by corn. The study showed that 20% and 30% hydrogen peroxide significantly changed the surface structure of biochar, which was conducive to alleviating the toxicity of heavy metal Cr to corn plants. 30% hydrogen peroxide modified biochar promoted the growth of corn under Cr stress.

, authors=null, authorsList=Shuhui SONG, Shuang YANG, Chao WANG, Puwang LI, Jing JIAO, Siru LIU, Zuyu HE, Yunhao LIU, Chuang ZHOU, Ziming YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ziming YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276601006859354937, articleId=1276601005080970029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=H2O2改性香蕉秆生物炭的结构变化及对玉米幼苗Cr吸收的影响, columnId=1236286112877048492, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=采后处理与质量安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为研究过氧化氢(H2O2)对香蕉秆生物炭的改性效果及改性后生物炭对铬(Cr)胁迫下玉米Cr吸收的影响,采用不同浓度H2O2对300 ℃下制备的生物炭进行改性,分析其结构特征的差异,并将改性生物炭应用于Cr胁迫下的玉米生长体系中,研究改性生物炭对Cr胁迫下玉米植株生长及Cr吸收积累的影响。结果表明:随着H2O2浓度的升高,生物炭表面含氧官能团数量增多,其芳香性减弱、极性增强。改性后生物炭表面光滑,孔直径增大,其比表面积和孔隙体积随H2O2浓度的升高而减小。20%、30% H2O2改性生物炭主要通过官能团的吸附作用固定重金属,降低其生物活性,减少玉米对Cr的吸收积累。20%、30% H2O2明显改变生物炭的表面结构,有利于缓解重金属Cr对玉米植株的毒害,30% H2O2改性生物炭对Cr胁迫下玉米的生长具有促进作用。

, authors=

宋书会(1989—),女,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:生物炭材料利用。

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* 杨子明(YANG Ziming),E-mail:
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A: BH0; B: BH5; C: BH10; D: BH20; E: BH30; F: Stability of biochar.

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A:BH0;B:BH5;C:BH10;D:BH20;E:BH30;F:生物炭稳定性。

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Basic properties of modified biochar

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标IndexBH0BH5BH10BH20BH30
C/%54.11±0.09b54.89±0.05a44.80±0.10c35.80±0.08d29.90±0.12e
N/%0.51±0.01c0.52±0.02c0.52±0.03c0.62±0.02b0.76±0.02a
H/%3.78±0.03b3.88±0.02a3.27±0.01c2.68±0.03d2.71±0.01d
O/%23.51±0.04e29.31±0.06d33.82±0.06c41.54±0.04b41.64±0.05a
C/H14.30±0.09a14.14±0.04b13.70±0.01c13.35±0.13d11.03±0.01e
O/H6.21±0.06d7.55±0.04c10.34±0.01b15.49±0.18a15.36±0.06a
C/O2.30±0.01a1.87±0.01b1.32±0.01c0.86±0.01d0.72±0.01e
(O+N)/C0.44±0.01e0.54±0.01d0.77±0.01c1.18±0.01b1.42±0.01a
(C+H)/O2.46±0.01a2.00±0.01b1.42±0.01c0.93±0.01d0.78±0.01e
pH8.11±0.02a6.27±0.06b5.44±0.80c4.01±0.04d3.79±0.04e
电导率/(mS·cm-1)0.43±0.01e0.92±0.01d1.23±0.04c1.39±0.01b1.82±0.03a
pHpzc6.37±0.04a5.47±0.04b5.38±0.15b3.28±0.02c2.15±0.01d
), ArticleFig(id=1276824413316190786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276601005080970029, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

改性生物炭的基本性质

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指标IndexBH0BH5BH10BH20BH30
C/%54.11±0.09b54.89±0.05a44.80±0.10c35.80±0.08d29.90±0.12e
N/%0.51±0.01c0.52±0.02c0.52±0.03c0.62±0.02b0.76±0.02a
H/%3.78±0.03b3.88±0.02a3.27±0.01c2.68±0.03d2.71±0.01d
O/%23.51±0.04e29.31±0.06d33.82±0.06c41.54±0.04b41.64±0.05a
C/H14.30±0.09a14.14±0.04b13.70±0.01c13.35±0.13d11.03±0.01e
O/H6.21±0.06d7.55±0.04c10.34±0.01b15.49±0.18a15.36±0.06a
C/O2.30±0.01a1.87±0.01b1.32±0.01c0.86±0.01d0.72±0.01e
(O+N)/C0.44±0.01e0.54±0.01d0.77±0.01c1.18±0.01b1.42±0.01a
(C+H)/O2.46±0.01a2.00±0.01b1.42±0.01c0.93±0.01d0.78±0.01e
pH8.11±0.02a6.27±0.06b5.44±0.80c4.01±0.04d3.79±0.04e
电导率/(mS·cm-1)0.43±0.01e0.92±0.01d1.23±0.04c1.39±0.01b1.82±0.03a
pHpzc6.37±0.04a5.47±0.04b5.38±0.15b3.28±0.02c2.15±0.01d
), ArticleFig(id=1276824413668512323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276601005080970029, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Pore size structure characteristics of biochar

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材料Material比表面积SBET/(m2·g-1)微孔面积SMicro/(m2·g-1)介孔面积SMeso/(m2·g-1)孔体积VTot/(cm3·g-1)微孔体积VMicro/(cm3·g-1)介孔体积VMeso/(cm3·g-1)孔直径DTot/nm
BH03.19780.92302.27480.013310.000370.012916.65
BH53.29870.82652.47220.013310.000310.013015.62
BH101.86260.14581.71680.007980.000020.008017.14
BH200.76330.57880.18450.003290.000250.003017.24
BH300.42010.38370.03640.002360.000150.002222.48
), ArticleFig(id=1276824414016639556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276601005080970029, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

生物炭材料的孔径结构特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料Material比表面积SBET/(m2·g-1)微孔面积SMicro/(m2·g-1)介孔面积SMeso/(m2·g-1)孔体积VTot/(cm3·g-1)微孔体积VMicro/(cm3·g-1)介孔体积VMeso/(cm3·g-1)孔直径DTot/nm
BH03.19780.92302.27480.013310.000370.012916.65
BH53.29870.82652.47220.013310.000310.013015.62
BH101.86260.14581.71680.007980.000020.008017.14
BH200.76330.57880.18450.003290.000250.003017.24
BH300.42010.38370.03640.002360.000150.002222.48
), ArticleFig(id=1276824414444458565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276601005080970029, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Effects of modified biochar on maize plant growth and Cr accumulation under Cr stress

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理Treatment株高Plant height/cm茎粗Stem diameter/mm鲜重Fresh weight/g植株Cr含量Cr content of plant/(mg·kg-1)单株Cr积累量Accumulation of Cr per plant/μg生物炭Cr含量Cr content of biochar/(mg·kg-1)
营养液32.50±0.50a2.72±0.13a1.08±0.03b9.78±0.21g1.21±0.03g
含Cr营养液21.63±0.55e1.85±0.05c0.70±0.03e1293.41±1.39a95.71±0.10a
BH024.87±0.35c2.02±0.08bc0.98±0.03c429.28±6.56d40.64±0.62c48.31±1.69e
BH524.23±0.25d2.09±0.13b0.97±0.05c578.17±0.90b49.63±0.08b70.82±1.24d
BH1021.97±0.90e2.13±0.08b0.98±0.06c445.76±0.44c39.30±0.04d76.49±3.15c
BH2021.33±1.04e2.14±0.01b0.86±0.01d372.88±2.48e29.40±0.20f100.29±1.96b
BH3027.67±1.26b2.69±0.16a1.36±0.11a348.10±6.85f38.17±0.76e138.70±3.12a
), ArticleFig(id=1276824414540927558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276601005080970029, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

改性生物炭对Cr胁迫下玉米植株生长及Cr积累的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理Treatment株高Plant height/cm茎粗Stem diameter/mm鲜重Fresh weight/g植株Cr含量Cr content of plant/(mg·kg-1)单株Cr积累量Accumulation of Cr per plant/μg生物炭Cr含量Cr content of biochar/(mg·kg-1)
营养液32.50±0.50a2.72±0.13a1.08±0.03b9.78±0.21g1.21±0.03g
含Cr营养液21.63±0.55e1.85±0.05c0.70±0.03e1293.41±1.39a95.71±0.10a
BH024.87±0.35c2.02±0.08bc0.98±0.03c429.28±6.56d40.64±0.62c48.31±1.69e
BH524.23±0.25d2.09±0.13b0.97±0.05c578.17±0.90b49.63±0.08b70.82±1.24d
BH1021.97±0.90e2.13±0.08b0.98±0.06c445.76±0.44c39.30±0.04d76.49±3.15c
BH2021.33±1.04e2.14±0.01b0.86±0.01d372.88±2.48e29.40±0.20f100.29±1.96b
BH3027.67±1.26b2.69±0.16a1.36±0.11a348.10±6.85f38.17±0.76e138.70±3.12a
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H2O2改性香蕉秆生物炭的结构变化及对玉米幼苗Cr吸收的影响
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宋书会 1, 2 , 杨爽 3 , 王超 1 , 李普旺 1 , 焦静 1 , 刘思汝 1 , 何祖宇 1 , 刘运浩 1 , 周闯 1 , 杨子明 1, *
热带作物学报 | 采后处理与质量安全 2024,45(6): 1262-1272
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热带作物学报 |采后处理与质量安全 2024 , 45 (6) : 1262 -1272
H2O2改性香蕉秆生物炭的结构变化及对玉米幼苗Cr吸收的影响
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宋书会1, 2, 杨爽3, 王超1, 李普旺1, 焦静1, 刘思汝1, 何祖宇1, 刘运浩1, 周闯1, 杨子明1, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国热带农业科学院南亚热带作物研究所/海南省热带作物营养重点实验室,广东湛江 524091
  • 2.华南农业大学资源环境学院,广东广州 510642
  • 3.云南农业大学热带作物学院,云南普洱 665000
通讯作者:
* 杨子明(YANG Ziming),E-mail:
Characteristics of Modified Biochar Obtained from Banana Stem by H2O2 and Its Effect on Cr Uptake by Maize
Shuhui SONG1, 2, Shuang YANG3, Chao WANG1, Puwang LI1, Jing JIAO1, Siru LIU1, Zuyu HE1, Yunhao LIU1, Chuang ZHOU1, Ziming YANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1.South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Nutrition of Hainan Province, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524091, China
  • 2.College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
  • 3.College of Tropical Crops, Yunnan Agricultural University, Pu’er, Yunnan 665000, China
出版时间: 2024-06-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.06.018
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为研究过氧化氢(H2O2)对香蕉秆生物炭的改性效果及改性后生物炭对铬(Cr)胁迫下玉米Cr吸收的影响,采用不同浓度H2O2对300 ℃下制备的生物炭进行改性,分析其结构特征的差异,并将改性生物炭应用于Cr胁迫下的玉米生长体系中,研究改性生物炭对Cr胁迫下玉米植株生长及Cr吸收积累的影响。结果表明:随着H2O2浓度的升高,生物炭表面含氧官能团数量增多,其芳香性减弱、极性增强。改性后生物炭表面光滑,孔直径增大,其比表面积和孔隙体积随H2O2浓度的升高而减小。20%、30% H2O2改性生物炭主要通过官能团的吸附作用固定重金属,降低其生物活性,减少玉米对Cr的吸收积累。20%、30% H2O2明显改变生物炭的表面结构,有利于缓解重金属Cr对玉米植株的毒害,30% H2O2改性生物炭对Cr胁迫下玉米的生长具有促进作用。

过氧化氢(H2O2)  /  生物炭  /  铬(Cr)  /  玉米  /  生长

Biochar was modified with different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, and the differences in its structural characteristics were analyzed to study the modification effect of hydrogen peroxide on biochar obtained from banana stem and the effect of modified biochar on Cr absorption of maize under Cr stress. The effects of modified biochar on the growth, Cr uptake and accumulation of maize under Cr stress were studied. With the increase of hydrogen peroxide concentration, the number of oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface of biochar increased, while the aromatics decreased and the polarity increased. After the modification, the surface of biochar was smooth, the pore diameter increased, and the specific surface area and pore volume decreased with the increase of hydrogen peroxide concentration. Modified biochar by 20% and 30% hydrogen peroxide mainly fixed heavy metals through the adsorption of functional groups, reduced its biological activity, and reduced the Cr absorption and accumulation by corn. The study showed that 20% and 30% hydrogen peroxide significantly changed the surface structure of biochar, which was conducive to alleviating the toxicity of heavy metal Cr to corn plants. 30% hydrogen peroxide modified biochar promoted the growth of corn under Cr stress.

hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)  /  biochar  /  Cr  /  maize  /  growth
宋书会, 杨爽, 王超, 李普旺, 焦静, 刘思汝, 何祖宇, 刘运浩, 周闯, 杨子明. H2O2改性香蕉秆生物炭的结构变化及对玉米幼苗Cr吸收的影响. 热带作物学报, 2024 , 45 (6) : 1262 -1272 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.06.018
Shuhui SONG, Shuang YANG, Chao WANG, Puwang LI, Jing JIAO, Siru LIU, Zuyu HE, Yunhao LIU, Chuang ZHOU, Ziming YANG. Characteristics of Modified Biochar Obtained from Banana Stem by H2O2 and Its Effect on Cr Uptake by Maize[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2024 , 45 (6) : 1262 -1272 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.06.018
生物炭是利用动植物残体在缺氧的情况下,经高温热解产生的一类高度芳香化的、富含碳素的固态物。生物炭的制备原料来源广泛,农业废弃物如鸡粪、猪粪、木屑、秸秆以及工业有机废弃物、城市污泥等都可以转化为生物炭[1]。生物炭材料多为质地较轻的黑色蓬松状固态物质,其主要组成元素为碳(C)、氢(H)、氧(O)、氮(N)等,含碳量多在70%以上。生物炭具有丰富的微孔结构,比表面积大,吸附能力强,表面官能团丰富,因具备以上特点,生物炭被广泛用于污水处理、土壤修复、固碳、生产有机堆肥、大气污染治理等方面[2]
近年来我国采矿、造纸、化工等工业迅猛发展,工矿企业污水未经分流处理排入下水道,进而与生活污水混合排放,造成污灌区土壤重金属汞(Hg)、铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)等含量逐年增加[3-4]。据统计,我国已有上千万公顷土壤遭受重金属污染,而我国七大水系中,淮河、海河、长江及珠江水域重金属污染较严峻。水体中的重金属污染主要有2种解决方法:一是将重金属从水体中彻底清除;二是降低水体中重金属的移动性和生物有效性。而水体中Cr6+的毒性约是Cr3+的100倍,Cr6+不仅对生态环境和人类健康带来重大危害,还具有较强的致癌、致突变性。误用Cr6+污染的水源灌溉农田,Cr会通过植物的富集向人体转移,因此水体中Cr污染的去除和治理至关重要。
水体中Cr的去除方法主要包括:吸附过滤、化学沉淀、光催化等[5-7]。吸附沉淀是降低重金属生物有效性的有效方法之一,吸附剂的选择直接决定重金属污染的控制效果,衡量吸附剂的指标主要包括吸附能力、吸附时间、孔隙结构、是否具有二次污染等。生物炭因其具有丰富的孔隙结构和表面官能团能够为重金属离子提供更多的吸附位点而备受关注[8]。吴卫蔚等[9]研究磁改性麦秆生物炭对水体中Cr的吸附作用,发现Fe2+/Fe3+联合改性,且当生物炭投加量为4 g/L,pH为2时,Cr6+的去除率可达95%以上。王雪扬等[10]用N-N-二乙基乙胺和二亚乙烯三胺对稻草秸秆生物炭进行改性,发现Cr浓度为100 mg/L,生物炭投入量为0.2%(w/V),pH为4时,Cr的吸附率可达95%,且该生物炭循环利用3次以上,其吸附性能仍保持在90%以上。通过化学和物理方法将3-巯基丙基三甲氧基硅烷对生物炭进行复合改性,得到巯基化改性生物炭,改性生物炭对甲基汞和无机汞的吸附能力比原始生物炭分别提升大约10倍和3倍[11]。诸多的研究结果显示,改性后的生物炭对水体中重金属及其他污染物的吸附能力均显著提高[12-14]
生物炭改性方法主要包括化学改性、物理改性和生物改性。化学改性又分为酸碱改性、氧化剂改性、负载金属氧化物改性、有机化合物改性以及复合材料改性,而物理改性主要是指球磨改性、蒸汽改性、气体吹扫改性、紫外改性以及等离子体改性[1]。酸/碱改性和氧化剂改性均可以增加生物炭的比表面积和表面官能团的种类和数量,其区别是酸改性可以去除存留在生物炭表面及孔隙内部的杂质,并在生物炭表面引入酸性官能团,而碱改性和氧化剂改性可以增加生物炭表面官能团的数量,特别是含氧官能团数量,生物炭的吸附能力也随之增强。常用的生物炭改性剂主要包括:H2O2、KMnO4、HCl、H2SO4、NaOH、KOH等,酸、碱及氧化剂的种类及浓度均会影响生物炭的吸附性能。H2O2作为一种强氧化剂,安全无毒害,不引起二次污染而被广泛应用于生物炭材料的改性。但H2O2的浓度,特别是高浓度H2O2(≥30%)对生物炭材料的改性效果如何,尚不明确。
本研究以香蕉秆作为原料在300 ℃缺氧条件下制备生物炭,采用5%、10%、20%、30% H2O2对其进行改性,以未改性生物炭作为对照,研究改性前后生物炭表面结构的变化,并将其应用于Cr污染玉米生长体系中,分析生物炭对Cr胁迫下玉米植株的生长状况的影响,探究H2O2浓度对生物炭的氧化过程及改性生物炭对Cr胁迫下玉米植株Cr吸收积累的影响。
生物炭的制备:选取收获期的香蕉秆,去除叶片保留茎秆,清水冲洗干净,自然晾晒风干,粉碎过2 mm筛,即得香蕉秆材料。取适量香蕉秆装入坩埚,锡纸密封,放入马弗炉,10 ℃/min升温至500 ℃,保留2 h,自然冷却至室温后取出,研磨过1 mm筛,即为供试香蕉秆生物炭。
H2O2改性生物炭制备:取8 g香蕉秆生物炭浸泽于在200 mL质量浓度为0、5%、10%、20%、30%的H2O2溶液中,室温振荡4 h。去离子水洗涤生物炭3次,每次洗涤后均采用0.45 μm滤膜过滤,置于90 ℃烘箱内烘干,保存于干燥容器。改性生物炭材料分别命名为:BH0、BH5、BH10、BH20、BH30。
生物炭元素含量测定:准确称取5~10 mg生物炭,包裹于锡舟中,放入元素分析仪(vario PYRO cube)进样盘,在CNS模式下测定C、N、S含量,在HO模式下测定H、O含量[15]
官能团结构分析:称取1 mg生物炭加入200 mg溴化钾,研磨均匀,压片,应用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(Nicolet iS50)测定生物炭的红外光谱[16]
比表面积分析:在液氮温度(77 K)环境下,采用比表面积分析仪(Quadrasorb SI)测定生物炭的吸附等温线,利用BET理论和Barrett-Joyner-Halenda(BJH)模型分别获得比表面积和孔径分布[16]
表面结构特征:采用扫描电子显微镜(Tescan Mira4,Czechoslovakia)在1000倍下观察生物炭的表面形貌[17]。称取1 g生物炭样品,加入10 mL去离子水,室温下搅拌5 min后静置30 min,利用pH电导率仪(雷磁,PHSJ-3F)测定生物炭材料的pH和电导率[18]。采用惰性电解质滴定法测定生物炭材料表面等电点电荷(pHpzc[19]
营养液配制:Ca(NO32 2.0×10-3 mol/L,K2SO4 7.5×10-4 mol/L,MgSO4 6.5×10-4 mol/L,KH2PO4 2.5×10-4 mol/L,EDTA-Fe(Ⅱ)1.0×10-4 mol/L,H3BO3 1.0×10-6 mol/L,CuSO4 1.0×10-7 mol/L,MnSO4 1.0×10-6 mol/L,(NH46Mo7O24·4H2O 5.0×10-9 mol/L。
含Cr营养液的配制:每升上述营养液中加入70.7 mg重铬酸钾,配制成Cr含量为12.5 mg/L的Cr营养液。
玉米培养:取饱满一致的玉米种子,于10% H2O2中浸泡消毒15 min,用去离子水清洗3遍,浸泡24 h后,转移到铺有湿纱布的培养皿中,上面盖一层湿纱布,25 ℃黑暗中催芽1 d。选择发芽一致的种子放入洗净的石英砂中,置于25 ℃培养箱中育苗。一周后(两叶一心),选择长势一致的幼苗,去掉胚乳,原营养液培养1 d后进行生物炭试验。玉米幼苗3株为一组移入250 mL烧杯中,每个烧杯中加入100 mL营养液或含Cr营养液,加入1 g生物炭(BH0、BH5、BH10、BH20、BH30),利用1% NaHO溶液调节培养液pH为6.5,置于光照培养箱(PRX-350D,宁波海曙赛福实验仪器厂)中培养,培养条件:光照时间为12 h,光照强度为18 000 Lux,白天温度25 ℃、夜间温度20 ℃,相对湿度为70%,每隔2 d更换1次营养液和生物炭,培养15 d。设置营养液培养组和重金属胁迫无生物炭添加组作为对照。培养结束后,记录玉米株高、茎粗、鲜重等生长指标,用0.45 μm滤膜过滤最后1次的生物炭材料,测定其中的Cr含量。
采用Microsoft Excel 2010软件对数据进行统计分析,采用Origin 8.5软件作图,采用SPSS 23.0软件进行方差分析,LSD法进行多重比较(P<0.05)。
表1可知,H2O2浓度对生物炭的基本理化性质具有显著影响,H2O2改性后的生物炭中C、H质量百分比随着H2O2浓度的增加逐渐降低,N、O质量百分比随着H2O2浓度的增加逐渐增加。主要是因为高浓度的H2O2氧化能力强,使生物炭结构片段流失,导致C、H挥发损失,生物炭表面的一些官能团被高浓度的H2O2氧化,形成含氧官能团特别是羧基官能团,重新整入生物炭材料中,导致O含量、O/H随着H2O2浓度的增加逐渐增加。H2O2的氧化能力不足以使含N官能团发生断裂分解,使N含量随着H2O2浓度的增加逐渐富集。
C/H表征生物炭的芳香性,其值越大,芳香性越强;而(N+O)/C值越大,表明生物炭的极性越强。从表1中可以看出,随着H2O2浓度的增加,改性生物炭的C/H由14.30下降至11.03,说明其芳香性逐渐减弱,(O+N)/C由0.44急剧增长至1.42,说明生物炭的极性大大增强,主要是因为高浓度的H2O2破坏生物炭表面的不饱和脂肪烃和芳香环,同时增加含氧官能团。从表1中也可以看出,C/O随着H2O2浓度的增加逐渐减小,而生物炭的电导率逐渐增加,说明高浓度H2O2改性的生物炭对土壤肥力的贡献更大。未改性生物炭的pH为8.11,而30% H2O2改性的生物炭(BH30)pH仅为3.79,这主要是因为高浓度H2O2引入了较多的含氧官能团。改性香蕉秆生物炭表面等电点电荷(pHpzc)也随H2O2浓度的增加而逐渐降低,且表面等电点电荷均低于生物炭的pH。
改性生物炭的傅里叶红外光谱图如图1所示,改性后生物炭的红外光谱发生较大变化。在3455 cm-1处出现的宽峰为-OH的特征吸收峰,随着H2O2浓度的增加,-OH振动峰逐渐增强。在2930 cm-1处出现含脂肪族化合物-CH键官能团振动吸收峰,随H2O2浓度的增加振动峰逐渐增强。BH30在2500 cm-1处出现新的官能团吸收峰。在1617、1635、1436、1100 cm-1处出现的峰分别为C=O官能团振动、氨基振动和C-O伸缩振动。在1388 cm-1处出现C-H振动,官能团振动吸收在高浓度H2O2下急剧增强,特别是氨基振动随着H2O2浓度的升高,逐渐显现出来。此外,BH20和BH30中可以明显观察到Fe-O官能团和苯环结构中的C-H官能团振动吸收峰。说明高浓度H2O2改性生物炭中高度稳定的芳香结构碳得以保留,金属离子Fe等富集,且高浓度的H2O2使生物炭中引入了更多的含氧官能团,C=O、-OH、C-O等均明显增长,与改性生物炭的元素含量变化规律一致。
图2为H2O2改性生物炭的扫描电镜图,从图中可以看出不同浓度H2O2制备的改性生物炭形貌结构存在差异。BH0结构排列相对规律(图2A),BH5(图2B)、BH10(图2C)、BH20(图2D)表面光滑、结构整齐,但BH30(图2E)的碳骨架坍塌,破坏孔直径增加,孔径结构不规律,表面光滑无规则。说明30% H2O2改变生物炭结构,引入的含氧官能团使生物炭内部结构重组。生物炭稳定性观察结果可知,不同浓度H2O2制备的生物炭悬液颜色差异明显,其中BH0、BH5、BH10颜色接近生物炭原有的黑色,而BH20为暗棕色,BH30悬液颜色呈现红棕色,且低浓度H2O2改性的生物炭水稳定性较差,静置7 d后,BH0、BH5主要沉积于底部,BH10、BH20部分沉积,BH30较为稳定地分散于溶液中,未发生明显沉积(图2F)。说明高浓度H2O2改性的生物炭亲水性更强,在溶液中均匀分散。
表2可知,未改性生物炭材料及改性生物炭材料的比表面积在0.4201~3.2987 m2/g之间,生物炭材料孔直径在15.62~22.48 nm之间,主要为介孔结构。5%H2O2处理的生物炭比表面积有增加的趋势,但增加量不明显。随着H2O2浓度的继续增加,生物炭材料的比表面积、孔体积均逐渐降低。0、5%、10%H2O2改性的生物炭介孔面积分别是其微孔面积的2.5倍、3.0倍、11.8倍,而20%和30%H2O2改性生物炭的微孔面积大于介孔面积,前者是其后者的3.1倍和10.5倍,说明低浓度H2O2改性生物炭的比表面积的降低主要是微孔转化为介孔,使介孔总体积大于微孔总体积。
随着H2O2浓度的继续增加,较难挥发的物质被氧化分解,孔直径逐渐增加,使介孔数量急剧减少,原有生物炭的孔结构遭到破坏,生物炭比表面积降低。生物炭材料对N2的吸附解吸曲线符合第Ⅳ类等温吸附曲线特征(图3A),且随着H2O2浓度的增加,生物炭的吸附量逐渐降低。改性、未改性生物炭的孔径分布均为小于50 nm的介孔和微孔,低于20% H2O2改性的生物炭孔径主要分布于0~20 nm范围内,30% H2O2改性的生物炭以大于15 nm的孔结构为主(图3B)。且随着改性H2O2浓度的增加,生物炭孔直径的分布范围有减小的趋势,说明高浓度H2O2改性生物炭的孔结构逐渐趋于单一,多元化降低(图3B)。随着孔直径的增加,累积孔面积逐渐减小,小于50 nm的孔结构对生物炭累积孔面积的贡献较大,当孔直径小于15 nm时,随孔直径的减小,累积孔面积急剧增加(图3C)。进一步说明高浓度H2O2的改性生物炭的孔结构发生重组。
表3可知,Cr胁迫下玉米的株高、茎粗、鲜重均显著降低,说明重金属Cr对玉米植株生长的胁迫效果明显。与不加生物炭处理相比,添加原生物炭(BH0)、5% H2O2改性生物炭(BH5)和30% H2O2改性生物炭(BH30)均能缓解重金属Cr对玉米株高的胁迫。在Cr胁迫下,与不添加生物炭处理相比,添加生物炭均能增加玉米的茎粗、鲜重,以30% H2O2改性生物炭的作用效果最好。说明30% H2O2改性生物炭对重金属胁迫下玉米植株的生长具有促进作用。在本研究中,30% H2O2改性生物炭的添加显著增加玉米植株鲜重,可能也是因为30% H2O2改性生物炭对玉米植株生长起到了促进作用,提高了玉米的抗逆能力。
无生物炭添加时,玉米植株中的Cr含量高达1293.41 mg/kg,添加生物炭均能显著降低玉米植株中的Cr含量,添加生物炭后玉米植株中的Cr含量仅为348.10~578.17 mg/kg,前者是后者的约2.2~3.7倍,添加30% H2O2改性生物炭后玉米植株中的Cr含量最低。添加生物炭显著降低玉米植株的Cr积累量,其中添加20% H2O2改性生物炭后玉米植株的Cr积累量最少。随着H2O2浓度的增加,添加生物炭材料中的Cr含量逐渐增加,说明高浓度H2O2改性的生物炭对Cr具有吸附固定能力,降低Cr的生物可利用性。综合分析表明,高浓度H2O2改性的生物炭对Cr胁迫下玉米的生长具有促进作用,且能够显著缓解玉米对Cr的胁迫,减少玉米植株对Cr的吸收积累。
文方园等[20]以20% H2O2对茅草生物炭进行为期1、2、4、7 d的氧化,发现随着氧化时间的推进,碳、氢逐渐流失,而氧呈现富集趋势。本研究发现,随着H2O2浓度的增加,改性生物炭中碳损失量增加,这与GUO等[21]的研究结果一致,说明氧化时间和氧化强度均可以改变生物炭的元素组成。但HUFF等[22]采用松木在400 ℃下制备生物炭,并分别用1%、3%、10%、20%、30% H2O2对其进行改性,发现H2O2未明显改变生物炭中的元素组成。该现象与本研究结果存在明显差异,可能是因为原材料和裂解温度直接决定所制备生物炭的理化性质[23-25],不同生物质原料所制备的生物炭对H2O2反应不一致,本研究中的生物炭制备原料为香蕉秆,其成分主要以纤维素、半纤维素为主,加热后容易分解转化,制得的生物炭轻质蓬松,而松木成分主要为木质素,需要较高的温度才能够分解转化,且制得的生物炭结构紧致[26]
SONG等[27]和WANG等[28]利用H2O2改性椰壳生物炭,发现H2O2改性生物炭的氧含量从12.2%增加到29.2%,主要是因为H2O2将生物炭表面炭化,增加羧基、羟基等含氧官能团,H2O2改性后O/C和H/C也明显降低,本研究也发现相似的现象。QIU等[29]和CHEN等[19]研究均发现,生物炭材料的等电点(pHpzc)小于其pH时,生物炭被去质子化,生物炭表面以负电荷为主;反之,则以正电荷为主。负电荷对阳离子具有较强的吸附能力,本研究中生物炭的pH均大于其pHpzc,说明生物炭表面主要携载负电荷,能够增加其对Cr离子的吸附固定作用。高浓度H2O2改性生物炭在溶液中的分散性及稳定性均增强,与水也具有较强的亲和力,但改性香蕉秆生物炭的pH急剧降低,在生产中使用高浓度H2O2改性生物炭需要关注pH变化对机体环境带来的影响,特别是应用于农田时需要与碱性材料配合使用。
不同温度下制备的生物炭对H2O2氧化能力的反应不同,200 ℃制备的茅草生物炭随着20% H2O2老化时间的推进,生物炭比表面积有增加的趋势,而500 ℃制备的茅草生物炭随着H2O2老化时间的进行,生物炭比表面积呈现降低的趋势[20]。ZUO等[30]利用10%、20%、30% H2O2改性香茅草生物炭,发现H2O2浓度大小与生物炭表面形貌的变化无显著相关性,比表面积孔体积和孔直径均未发生较大变化。也有研究结果显示,H2O2改性后的粪肥生物炭的比表面积由1.18 m2/g增至6.36 m2/g,主要是因为改性后去离子水的洗涤作用损失掉一部分灰分[28]。本研究中高浓度H2O2改性后生物炭的比表面积逐渐降低,主要是因为高浓度的H2O2氧化挥发了生物炭表面活性较高的C、H等,微孔逐渐向介孔扩大,孔直径增大。化学改性能明显改变生物炭的表面官能团,ZUO等[30]研究发现,高浓度的H2O2增加了生物炭中羧基、羟基、内酯键等含氧官能团,XUE等[31]利用H2O2改性花生壳生物炭,同样发现可以改变生物炭表面的含氧官能团类型,此类官能团的固定作用是增强生物炭对Cu2+、Pb2+等重金属离子吸附能力的重要途径[32-33]
生物炭的化学成分取决于生产中使用的原料的化学成分,主要包含稳定的有机碳、芳香族化合物、脂肪族化合物和灰分等[34-35]。生物炭施入土壤能够促进作物生长,显著提高作物产量和品质[36-37]。生物炭提高作物产量的主要原因是提高了土壤pH,降低了土壤酸度,改变土壤的孔隙度,激活土壤中酶和微生物的活性[38]。而利用不同原料生产的生物炭浸提液对生菜种子的发芽率和幼苗生长均表现出积极作用,100%生物炭浸提液抑制小白菜发芽,低浓度的生物炭和2%梨木生物炭水提液均可以提高小白菜的发芽率[39];10%竹叶炭提取液可以明显促进水稻幼苗的活力指数,提高水稻幼苗鲜重[40]。主要是因为生物炭在制备、改性过程中增加了有机小分子、可溶性盐以及类黄腐酸、类腐殖酸等大分子有机化合物[41]。此外,生物炭中的有机化合物携带多个羧基、苯酚、烯醇基团等的配体,可以与不同价态的金属形成金属配合物,生物炭浸提液具有显著的氧化还原活性[42]。本研究中30%H2O2改性的生物炭对Cr胁迫培养液中玉米的生长具有明显的促进作用,主要是因为高浓度H2O2改性后生物炭中活性官能团数量增加,这类含有活性官能团的大分子有机化合物既可以作为植物的养分,也可以作为植物生长刺激素促进植物生长[43];同时活性官能团吸附固定重金属,降低Cr的生物可利用性,减少Cr对玉米的毒害。
未改性或者5% H2O2改性的生物炭主要通过孔径吸附和部分表面官能团作用降低重金属活性,高浓度H2O2改性的生物炭主要通过表面官能团吸附固定重金属Cr,降低玉米植株对重金属Cr的吸收积累。30% H2O2改性的生物炭对玉米植株的生长具有促进作用。生物炭及H2O2改性生物炭均能缓解重金属Cr对玉米植株生长的抑制现象。其原因可以从生物炭的物理吸附、化学吸附、表面静电吸附等方面分析(图4)。首先,由于生物炭孔隙结构的吸附作用,可以固定Cr离子,减少Cr的移动性和可利用性。但是,H2O2改性生物炭的孔隙结构发生变化主要表现为介孔数量增多、微孔数量减少、孔直径增大,孔体积、比表面积减少,且生物炭的吸附解吸能力随着改性生物炭所用H2O2浓度的增加逐渐减弱,说明物理吸附不是降低Cr生物可利用性的主要方式。其次,随着H2O2浓度的增加,含氧官能团的数量明显增多,含氧官能团对重金属Cr具有强烈的吸附作用,且随着改性生物炭所用H2O2浓度的增加,玉米生长体系中添加的改性生物炭的Cr含量也逐渐增加,说明官能团吸附可能是降低Cr生物可利用性的主要途径。生物炭表面携载的负电荷均对Cr离子具有较强的吸附作用,也是降低Cr生物可利用性的有效方法。此外,改性后的生物炭材料能够均匀地分布于水溶液中,其中的可溶性有机物质和微量元素能够提高玉米根际酶活性,优化根际环境,说明高浓度H2O2改性的生物炭具有一定的生物刺激作用,也可能是高浓度H2O2改性生物炭促进玉米生长、减少重金属Cr积累的机理之一。
随着H2O2浓度的增加,生物炭的孔结构重组、芳香性逐渐减弱,含氧官能团:C=O振动、C-H振动、-OH振动以及Fe-O振动均明显增强。30% H2O2改性生物炭对重金属Cr胁迫下玉米的生长具有促进作用,且能够显著缓解玉米对重金属Cr的胁迫,减少玉米植株对重金属Cr的吸收积累。20%、30% H2O2改性生物炭主要通过官能团吸附降低重金属的生物可利用性,减少玉米对重金属Cr的吸收积累。
  • 海南省自然科学基金项目(322MS119; 320QN324; 421MS078)
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2024年第45卷第6期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.06.018
  • 接收时间:2023-01-28
  • 首发时间:2026-06-24
  • 出版时间:2024-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-01-28
  • 修回日期:2023-04-13
基金
海南省自然科学基金项目(322MS119; 320QN324; 421MS078)
作者信息
    1.中国热带农业科学院南亚热带作物研究所/海南省热带作物营养重点实验室,广东湛江 524091
    2.华南农业大学资源环境学院,广东广州 510642
    3.云南农业大学热带作物学院,云南普洱 665000

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* 杨子明(YANG Ziming),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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