Article(id=1276598158142603773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276597973173801322, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.07.023, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1684425600000, receivedDateStr=2023-05-19, revisedDate=1689609600000, revisedDateStr=2023-07-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782294318947, onlineDateStr=2026-06-24, pubDate=1721836800000, pubDateStr=2024-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782294318947, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782294318947, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782294318947, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276597973173801322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2024', volume='45', issue='7', pageStart='1303', pageEnd='1520', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1721836800000', pubDateStr='2024-07-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782294274847, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782294274847, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1511, endPage=1520, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276598160222978559, articleId=1276598158142603773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Risk Assessment of Ornamental Introduced Plants in Xiamen Island Coastal Park, columnId=1236292524264968282, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Plant Protection & Bio-safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The plant species in eight coastal parks in Xiamen island were investigated by the sample line method and a total of 288 species of plants in eight coastal parks on Xiamen island were obtained, among which 127 were introduced plants, accounting for 44.10% of the total. 80 species of exotic garden plants with invasive potential were obtained. The risk assessment system of invasive ornamental introduced plants in Xiamen island coastal parks was constructed by the literature collation method and expert consultation, and the evaluation index weights were determined by the hierarchical analysis method. The evaluation system includes one target level, five primary indicators and twenty secondary indicators. 80 exotic landscape plants with invasive potential were substituted into the risk assessment system of introduced landscape plants in Xiamen island Coastal Park to obtain the corresponding scores. 13 species with scores between 38.00 and 58.85 were considered high-risk plants. 18 species with scores between 23.00 and 38.00 were medium-risk plants. Nine species with scores between 9.30 and 23.00 were low-risk plants. Four high-risk plants that are not listed in the Chinese Invasive Alien Plant Register should be detected early and controlled with effective management measures. Medium-risk plants should be phased out and replaced with native plants, and low-risk plants should be monitored and managed. Most of the ornamental introduced plants in the eight coastal parks in Xiamen island are low-risk plants. Among them, Wutong Lighthouse Park, Bay Park and Niu Tou Mountain Park are among the top three in the number of applied introduced plant species, and it is recommended that no more ornamental introduced plants be introduced in the future. Music Square had the least number of introduced plants, and it is recommended to introduce low-risk plants to increase the vegetation diversity of the park. This study sorts out the introduced plant species in Xiamen island coastal parks and proposes relevant control suggestions for introduced plants, protects the ecological security of Xiamen island coastal parks, further enriches the invasion risk evaluation studies in small-scale areas and provides a reference for the introduction of introduced plants in coastal parks in other areas.

, authors=null, authorsList=Yixuan JIANG, Shengsheng WANG, Xiting LIN, Yue MAO, Yang LIU, Yaoxin CAI, Chuanyuan DENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chuanyuan DENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276598161804231177, articleId=1276598158142603773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=厦门岛滨海公园外来园林植物入侵风险评估, columnId=1236292524520820846, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=植物保护与生物安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究通过样线法调查厦门岛8个滨海公园的植物种类,统计得出厦门岛8个滨海公园共有园林植物288种,其中外来园林植物127种,占总数的44.10%。排除部分在厦门岛不具有入侵性的外来植物,得到具有入侵可能的外来园林植物80种。通过文献整理法和专家咨询构建厦门岛滨海公园外来园林植物入侵风险评估体系,采用层次分析法确定评价指标权重。该评价体系包括1个目标层、5个一级指标以及20个二级指标。将80种具有入侵可能的外来园林植物代入厦门岛滨海公园外来园林植物入侵风险评估体系得出对应得分。得分在38.00~58.85之间的为高风险植物,共有13种;得分在23.00~38.00之间的为中风险植物,共有18种;得分在9.30~23.00之间的为低风险植物,共有49种。对于未列入《中国外来入侵植物志》中的高风险植物应及早发现并采取有效管理措施进行控制,对中风险植物实施阶段性清除并采用乡土植物替换,对低风险植物应进行监控和管理。厦门岛8个滨海公园的外来园林植物中,大多数为低风险植物,其中,五通灯塔公园、海湾公园以及牛头山公园应用外来植物种类数量居于前三,建议今后不再引进外来园林植物;音乐广场应用外来园林植物种类最少,建议适当引入低风险植物以增加公园的植被多样性。本研究对厦门岛滨海公园的外来植物种类进行梳理,针对外来植物提出相关防治建议,为保护厦门岛滨海公园的生态安全,进一步丰富小尺度区域外来植物的入侵风险评估研究,以及为其他地区滨海公园引入外来植物提供参考。

, authors=

江怡萱(1998—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:海岛入侵植物。

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* 邓传远(DENG Chuanyuan),E-mail:
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江怡萱(1998—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:海岛入侵植物。

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江怡萱(1998—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:海岛入侵植物。

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Biology and management of invasive alien species in agriculture and forestry[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2005. (in Chinese), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1276598453132198753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276598158142603773, awardId=201505009, language=CN, fundingSource=海洋公益性行业科研专项经费项目(201505009), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1276598453199307618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276598158142603773, awardId=2018Y3006, language=CN, fundingSource=福建省区域发展科技项目(2018Y3006), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1276598453270610787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276598158142603773, awardId=CXZX2019086, language=CN, fundingSource=福建农林大学科技创新专项基金项目(CXZX2019086), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1276598442826793764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276598158142603773, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276598442839376677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276598158142603773, companyId=1276598442826793764, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276598442851959590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276598158142603773, companyId=1276598442826793764, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=福建农林大学风景园林与艺术学院,福建福州 350002)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1276598451819381587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276598158142603773, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Distribution of coastal parks on Xiamen island, figureFileSmall=8DYUYMuQx8930sW0WENnoQ==, figureFileBig=y8FlyM21IECFGCS32/br9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276598451882296148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276598158142603773, language=CN, label=图1, caption=厦门岛各滨海公园分布, figureFileSmall=8DYUYMuQx8930sW0WENnoQ==, figureFileBig=y8FlyM21IECFGCS32/br9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276598451961987925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276598158142603773, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=QR code for plant species composition, figureFileSmall=21vSW9oFjIPRu7aItHV2zQ==, figureFileBig=9jufhSEnzs3rmUIgtaPWqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276598452024902486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276598158142603773, language=CN, label=图2, caption=植物物种组成二维码, figureFileSmall=21vSW9oFjIPRu7aItHV2zQ==, figureFileBig=9jufhSEnzs3rmUIgtaPWqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276598452096205655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276598158142603773, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Percentage of introduced plant source sites in Xiamen island coastal parks, figureFileSmall=pYTb/MTiuxCXNJ9vGKenOw==, figureFileBig=QymKhX1b467kTXSrfnfzjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276598452159120216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276598158142603773, language=CN, label=图3, caption=厦门岛滨海公园外来植物来源地占比, figureFileSmall=pYTb/MTiuxCXNJ9vGKenOw==, figureFileBig=QymKhX1b467kTXSrfnfzjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276598452217840473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276598158142603773, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Exotic plant species of different risk levels in eight coastal parks of Xiamen island, figureFileSmall=m8BetP+NWeRv1Nk9oeyF7Q==, figureFileBig=y7Fgn+S+WKcMxgB3bknsXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276598452276560730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276598158142603773, language=CN, label=图4, caption=厦门岛8个公园各风险等级外来植物种类, figureFileSmall=m8BetP+NWeRv1Nk9oeyF7Q==, figureFileBig=y7Fgn+S+WKcMxgB3bknsXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276598452339475291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276598158142603773, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Various indicators and their scores of the risk assessment system for invasive ornamental introduced plants in Xiamen island coastal parks

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
一级指标(得分)Primary indicators (score)二级指标(得分)Secondary indicators (score)三级指标(得分)Tertiary indicators (score)
入侵性(7.00)全球分布情况(2.00)分布区≥4大洲(1.00)
分布区2~3大洲(0.80)
仅分布在1个大洲(0.20)
主要自然分布区(1.50)热带及温带地区(1.00)
热带地区(0.40)
亚热带或温带地区(0.10)
寒带地区(0)
在厦门滨海公园分布情况(0.50)8个公园均有分布(0.25)
5~7个公园有分布(0.15)
2~4个公园有分布(0.10)
仅1个公园分布(0)
原产地(2.50)美洲(1.50)
非洲(0.60)
欧洲(0.30)
亚洲和其他地区(0.10)
中国引入的路径(0.50)无意引入(0.20)
有意引入(0.20)
自然扩散(0.10)
定殖性(12.00)生活型(2.00)草本(1.00)
灌木或藤本(0.80)
乔木(0.20)
适宜的生境类型(5.00)可见于各类生境类型,对干湿条件、遮阳光照等无特定要求(3.00)
少数生境类型,对干湿条件、遮阳光照等有特定要求,或仅在人类活动干扰区(1.50)
只能生于特定生境中(0.50)
种群建立现状(5.00)在华东地区种群已建立(3.00)
在中国其他地区种群已建立(1.50)
种群正在建立(0.50)
扩散性(43.00)繁殖方式(7.00)二者皆有(5.00)
无性繁殖(1.00)
有性繁殖(1.00)
传播扩散方式(18.00)通过风力传播或兼具多种传播方式(9.00)
通过自然散落或动物携带(6.00)
通过人为采收、翻耕等(3.00)
生长速度(18.00)快(9.00)
一般(6.00)
慢(3.00)
危害性(34.00)对人类的危害(9.00)植株有毒(有刺激性或能致敏)(5.00)
有刺(2.00)
有臭味(2.00)
无(0)
对旅游景观资源的影响(1.00)造成严重影响(0.80)
造成一定影响(0.20)
基本无影响(0)
对农、牧业的危害(9.00)可对当地多种农作物、树种造成严重影响(6.00)
至少对1种农作物、树种造成影响(3.00)
基本无影响(0)
生态危害性(8.00)造成严重影响(5.00)
造成一定影响(3.00)
基本无影响(0)
是否具有化感作用(2.00)是(1.50)
未知(0.50)
否(0)
生境占领能力(4.00)有较强的萌发能力或无性繁殖能力(2.00)
有无性繁殖能力,但能力一般(1.50)
未知(0.50)
利用与研究现状(1.00)不可利用(0.70)
可以药用、施肥等其他用处(0.20)
可用于园林绿化(观赏、绿篱、行道树等)(0.10)
防治性(4.00)防治措施(1.00)需要2种以上的方式综合治理(0.80)
仅1种方式就可治理(0.20)
目前不用治理(0)
是否被列入4批中国外来入侵物种名单[18-21](3.00)是(3.00)
否(0)
), ArticleFig(id=1276598452406584156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276598158142603773, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

厦门岛滨海公园外来园林植物入侵风险评估体系各指标及其得分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
一级指标(得分)Primary indicators (score)二级指标(得分)Secondary indicators (score)三级指标(得分)Tertiary indicators (score)
入侵性(7.00)全球分布情况(2.00)分布区≥4大洲(1.00)
分布区2~3大洲(0.80)
仅分布在1个大洲(0.20)
主要自然分布区(1.50)热带及温带地区(1.00)
热带地区(0.40)
亚热带或温带地区(0.10)
寒带地区(0)
在厦门滨海公园分布情况(0.50)8个公园均有分布(0.25)
5~7个公园有分布(0.15)
2~4个公园有分布(0.10)
仅1个公园分布(0)
原产地(2.50)美洲(1.50)
非洲(0.60)
欧洲(0.30)
亚洲和其他地区(0.10)
中国引入的路径(0.50)无意引入(0.20)
有意引入(0.20)
自然扩散(0.10)
定殖性(12.00)生活型(2.00)草本(1.00)
灌木或藤本(0.80)
乔木(0.20)
适宜的生境类型(5.00)可见于各类生境类型,对干湿条件、遮阳光照等无特定要求(3.00)
少数生境类型,对干湿条件、遮阳光照等有特定要求,或仅在人类活动干扰区(1.50)
只能生于特定生境中(0.50)
种群建立现状(5.00)在华东地区种群已建立(3.00)
在中国其他地区种群已建立(1.50)
种群正在建立(0.50)
扩散性(43.00)繁殖方式(7.00)二者皆有(5.00)
无性繁殖(1.00)
有性繁殖(1.00)
传播扩散方式(18.00)通过风力传播或兼具多种传播方式(9.00)
通过自然散落或动物携带(6.00)
通过人为采收、翻耕等(3.00)
生长速度(18.00)快(9.00)
一般(6.00)
慢(3.00)
危害性(34.00)对人类的危害(9.00)植株有毒(有刺激性或能致敏)(5.00)
有刺(2.00)
有臭味(2.00)
无(0)
对旅游景观资源的影响(1.00)造成严重影响(0.80)
造成一定影响(0.20)
基本无影响(0)
对农、牧业的危害(9.00)可对当地多种农作物、树种造成严重影响(6.00)
至少对1种农作物、树种造成影响(3.00)
基本无影响(0)
生态危害性(8.00)造成严重影响(5.00)
造成一定影响(3.00)
基本无影响(0)
是否具有化感作用(2.00)是(1.50)
未知(0.50)
否(0)
生境占领能力(4.00)有较强的萌发能力或无性繁殖能力(2.00)
有无性繁殖能力,但能力一般(1.50)
未知(0.50)
利用与研究现状(1.00)不可利用(0.70)
可以药用、施肥等其他用处(0.20)
可用于园林绿化(观赏、绿篱、行道树等)(0.10)
防治性(4.00)防治措施(1.00)需要2种以上的方式综合治理(0.80)
仅1种方式就可治理(0.20)
目前不用治理(0)
是否被列入4批中国外来入侵物种名单[18-21](3.00)是(3.00)
否(0)
), ArticleFig(id=1276598452477887325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276598158142603773, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Test results of invasive risk assessment system for 30 kinds of ornamental introduced plants

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号No.种Species入侵等级Intrusion level得分Score序号No.种Species入侵等级Intrusion level得分Score
1马缨丹Lantana camara156.7016飞扬草Euphorbia hirta331.35
2银胶菊Parthenium hysterophorus155.9017Amaranthus tricolor325.85
3小蓬草Erigeron canadensis152.2018草木樨Melilotus officinalis423.10
4鬼针草Bidens pilosa151.2019西番莲Passiflora caerulea有待观察种22.60
5蒺藜草Cenchrus echinatus149.4020剑麻Agave sisalana有待观察种21.90
6一年蓬Erigeron annuus147.6021炮仗藤Pyrostegia venusta有待观察种21.50
7羽芒菊Tridax procumbens248.4022叶子花Bougainvillea spectabilis有待观察种19.55
8赛葵Malvastrum coromandelianum248.3023假连翘Duranta erecta有待观察种19.30
9田菁Sesbania cannabina243.6024大叶相思Acacia auriculiformis有待观察种19.10
10假烟叶树Solanum erianthum239.5025马占相思Acacia mangium16.80
11凹头苋Amaranthus blitum239.4026金红花Chrysothemis pulchella16.40
12紫茉莉Mirabilis jalapa238.1027腊肠树Cassia fistula15.50
13金合欢Vachellia farnesiana337.7028火焰树Spathodea campanulata有待观察种14.90
14苦苣菜Sonchus oleraceus436.9029非洲凌霄Podranea ricasoliana13.60
15南欧大戟Euphorbia peplus335.9030小叶紫薇Lagerstroemia parviflora12.80
), ArticleFig(id=1276598452544996190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276598158142603773, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

30种外来园林植物入侵风险评估体系检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号No.种Species入侵等级Intrusion level得分Score序号No.种Species入侵等级Intrusion level得分Score
1马缨丹Lantana camara156.7016飞扬草Euphorbia hirta331.35
2银胶菊Parthenium hysterophorus155.9017Amaranthus tricolor325.85
3小蓬草Erigeron canadensis152.2018草木樨Melilotus officinalis423.10
4鬼针草Bidens pilosa151.2019西番莲Passiflora caerulea有待观察种22.60
5蒺藜草Cenchrus echinatus149.4020剑麻Agave sisalana有待观察种21.90
6一年蓬Erigeron annuus147.6021炮仗藤Pyrostegia venusta有待观察种21.50
7羽芒菊Tridax procumbens248.4022叶子花Bougainvillea spectabilis有待观察种19.55
8赛葵Malvastrum coromandelianum248.3023假连翘Duranta erecta有待观察种19.30
9田菁Sesbania cannabina243.6024大叶相思Acacia auriculiformis有待观察种19.10
10假烟叶树Solanum erianthum239.5025马占相思Acacia mangium16.80
11凹头苋Amaranthus blitum239.4026金红花Chrysothemis pulchella16.40
12紫茉莉Mirabilis jalapa238.1027腊肠树Cassia fistula15.50
13金合欢Vachellia farnesiana337.7028火焰树Spathodea campanulata有待观察种14.90
14苦苣菜Sonchus oleraceus436.9029非洲凌霄Podranea ricasoliana13.60
15南欧大戟Euphorbia peplus335.9030小叶紫薇Lagerstroemia parviflora12.80
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Results of invasive risk evaluation of 80 species of ornamental introduced plants in Xiamen island coastal parks

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序号No.种Species得分Score序号No.种Species得分Score
1马缨丹Lantana camara56.7041合果芋Syngonium podophyllum21.10
2银胶菊Parthenium hysterophorus55.9042黄槐决明Senna surattensis19.60
3小蓬草Erigeron canadensis52.2043叶子花Bougainvillea spectabilis19.60
4鬼针草Bidens pilosa51.2044假连翘Duranta erecta19.30
5蒺藜草Cenchrus echinatus49.4045大叶相思Acacia auriculiformis19.10
6一年蓬Erigeron annuus48.9046番石榴Psidium guajava19.10
7羽芒菊Tridax procumbens48.4047长春花Catharanthus roseus18.90
8赛葵Malvastrum coromandelianum48.3048罗比梅Flacourtia inermis18.80
9紫茉莉Mirabilis jalapa44.6049霸王棕Bismarckia nobilis18.80
10田菁Sesbania cannabina43.6050艳芦莉Ruellia elegans18.40
11假烟叶树Solanum erianthum39.5051鸳鸯茉莉Brunfelsia brasiliensis18.30
12凹头苋Amaranthus blitum39.4052金脉爵床Sanchezia speciosa17.80
13银合欢Leucaena leucocephala38.2053欧洲猫耳菊Hypochaeris radicata17.60
14金合欢Vachellia farnesiana37.7054巴西鸢尾Neomarica gracilis17.40
15苦苣菜Sonchus oleraceus36.9055马占相思Acacia mangium16.80
16南欧大戟Euphorbia peplus35.9056金红花Chrysothemis pulchella16.40
17酢浆草Oxalis corniculata34.2057葱莲Zephyranthes candida16.20
18紫锦木Euphorbia cotinifolia33.4058溪畔白千层Melaleuca bracteata16.10
19龙舌兰Agave americana32.9059朱缨花Calliandra haematocephala15.20
20五叶地锦Parthenocissus quinquefolia31.6060高大肾蕨Nephrolepis exaltata15.00
21飞扬草Euphorbia hirta31.4061火焰树Spathodea campanulata14.90
22白茅Imperata cylindrica31.3062美丽异木棉Ceiba speciosa14.90
23马齿苋Portulaca oleracea28.4063掌叶黄钟木Tabebuia rosea14.20
24双荚决明Senna bicapsularis28.3064黄花风铃木Handroanthus chrysanthus14.20
25马蹄金Dichondra micrantha27.8065紫花风铃木Handroanthus impetiginosus14.20
26万寿菊Tagetes erecta27.7066露兜树Pandanus tectorius14.00
27变叶珊瑚花Jatropha integerrima27.1067小叶榄仁Terminalia neotaliala13.80
28Amaranthus tricolor25.9068嘉宝果Plinia cauliflora13.60
29夹竹桃Thevetia peruviana25.1069酒瓶兰Beaucarnea recurvata13.60
30美人蕉Canna indica23.7070非洲凌霄Podranea ricasoliana13.60
31草木犀Melilotus officinalis23.1071三角椰子Dypsis decaryi13.50
32八角金盘Fatsia japonica22.7072酒瓶椰子Hyophorbe lagenicaulis13.40
33西番莲Passiflora caerulea22.6073粉苞冬红Karomia speciosa13.30
34决明Senna tora22.2074非洲楝Khaya senegalensis13.30
35百日菊Zinnia elegan22.0075紫娇花Tulbaghia violacea13.20
36剑麻Agave sisalana21.9076金蒲桃Xanthostemon chrysanthus12.90
37炮仗藤Pyrostegia venusta21.5077小叶紫薇Lagerstroemia parviflora12.80
38鸡冠刺桐Erythrina crista-galli21.4078辐叶鹅掌柴Schefflera actinophylla12.00
39飘香藤Mandevilla laxa21.4079槭叶瓶干树Brachychiton acerifolius11.90
40巴西莲子草Alternanthera brasiliana21.2080澳洲鸭脚木Schefflera macrostachya11.90
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厦门岛滨海公园80种外来园林植物入侵风险评价结果

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序号No.种Species得分Score序号No.种Species得分Score
1马缨丹Lantana camara56.7041合果芋Syngonium podophyllum21.10
2银胶菊Parthenium hysterophorus55.9042黄槐决明Senna surattensis19.60
3小蓬草Erigeron canadensis52.2043叶子花Bougainvillea spectabilis19.60
4鬼针草Bidens pilosa51.2044假连翘Duranta erecta19.30
5蒺藜草Cenchrus echinatus49.4045大叶相思Acacia auriculiformis19.10
6一年蓬Erigeron annuus48.9046番石榴Psidium guajava19.10
7羽芒菊Tridax procumbens48.4047长春花Catharanthus roseus18.90
8赛葵Malvastrum coromandelianum48.3048罗比梅Flacourtia inermis18.80
9紫茉莉Mirabilis jalapa44.6049霸王棕Bismarckia nobilis18.80
10田菁Sesbania cannabina43.6050艳芦莉Ruellia elegans18.40
11假烟叶树Solanum erianthum39.5051鸳鸯茉莉Brunfelsia brasiliensis18.30
12凹头苋Amaranthus blitum39.4052金脉爵床Sanchezia speciosa17.80
13银合欢Leucaena leucocephala38.2053欧洲猫耳菊Hypochaeris radicata17.60
14金合欢Vachellia farnesiana37.7054巴西鸢尾Neomarica gracilis17.40
15苦苣菜Sonchus oleraceus36.9055马占相思Acacia mangium16.80
16南欧大戟Euphorbia peplus35.9056金红花Chrysothemis pulchella16.40
17酢浆草Oxalis corniculata34.2057葱莲Zephyranthes candida16.20
18紫锦木Euphorbia cotinifolia33.4058溪畔白千层Melaleuca bracteata16.10
19龙舌兰Agave americana32.9059朱缨花Calliandra haematocephala15.20
20五叶地锦Parthenocissus quinquefolia31.6060高大肾蕨Nephrolepis exaltata15.00
21飞扬草Euphorbia hirta31.4061火焰树Spathodea campanulata14.90
22白茅Imperata cylindrica31.3062美丽异木棉Ceiba speciosa14.90
23马齿苋Portulaca oleracea28.4063掌叶黄钟木Tabebuia rosea14.20
24双荚决明Senna bicapsularis28.3064黄花风铃木Handroanthus chrysanthus14.20
25马蹄金Dichondra micrantha27.8065紫花风铃木Handroanthus impetiginosus14.20
26万寿菊Tagetes erecta27.7066露兜树Pandanus tectorius14.00
27变叶珊瑚花Jatropha integerrima27.1067小叶榄仁Terminalia neotaliala13.80
28Amaranthus tricolor25.9068嘉宝果Plinia cauliflora13.60
29夹竹桃Thevetia peruviana25.1069酒瓶兰Beaucarnea recurvata13.60
30美人蕉Canna indica23.7070非洲凌霄Podranea ricasoliana13.60
31草木犀Melilotus officinalis23.1071三角椰子Dypsis decaryi13.50
32八角金盘Fatsia japonica22.7072酒瓶椰子Hyophorbe lagenicaulis13.40
33西番莲Passiflora caerulea22.6073粉苞冬红Karomia speciosa13.30
34决明Senna tora22.2074非洲楝Khaya senegalensis13.30
35百日菊Zinnia elegan22.0075紫娇花Tulbaghia violacea13.20
36剑麻Agave sisalana21.9076金蒲桃Xanthostemon chrysanthus12.90
37炮仗藤Pyrostegia venusta21.5077小叶紫薇Lagerstroemia parviflora12.80
38鸡冠刺桐Erythrina crista-galli21.4078辐叶鹅掌柴Schefflera actinophylla12.00
39飘香藤Mandevilla laxa21.4079槭叶瓶干树Brachychiton acerifolius11.90
40巴西莲子草Alternanthera brasiliana21.2080澳洲鸭脚木Schefflera macrostachya11.90
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江怡萱 , 王生生 , 林希霆 , 毛玥 , 刘阳 , 蔡耀欣 , 邓传远 *
热带作物学报 | 植物保护与生物安全 2024,45(7): 1511-1520
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热带作物学报 |植物保护与生物安全 2024 , 45 (7) : 1511 -1520
厦门岛滨海公园外来园林植物入侵风险评估
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江怡萱(1998—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:海岛入侵植物。

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江怡萱(1998—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:海岛入侵植物。

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江怡萱, 王生生, 林希霆, 毛玥, 刘阳, 蔡耀欣, 邓传远*
作者信息
  • 福建农林大学风景园林与艺术学院,福建福州 350002
通讯作者:
* 邓传远(DENG Chuanyuan),E-mail:
Risk Assessment of Ornamental Introduced Plants in Xiamen Island Coastal Park
Yixuan JIANG, Shengsheng WANG, Xiting LIN, Yue MAO, Yang LIU, Yaoxin CAI, Chuanyuan DENG*
Affiliations
  • College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
出版时间: 2024-07-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.07.023
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本研究通过样线法调查厦门岛8个滨海公园的植物种类,统计得出厦门岛8个滨海公园共有园林植物288种,其中外来园林植物127种,占总数的44.10%。排除部分在厦门岛不具有入侵性的外来植物,得到具有入侵可能的外来园林植物80种。通过文献整理法和专家咨询构建厦门岛滨海公园外来园林植物入侵风险评估体系,采用层次分析法确定评价指标权重。该评价体系包括1个目标层、5个一级指标以及20个二级指标。将80种具有入侵可能的外来园林植物代入厦门岛滨海公园外来园林植物入侵风险评估体系得出对应得分。得分在38.00~58.85之间的为高风险植物,共有13种;得分在23.00~38.00之间的为中风险植物,共有18种;得分在9.30~23.00之间的为低风险植物,共有49种。对于未列入《中国外来入侵植物志》中的高风险植物应及早发现并采取有效管理措施进行控制,对中风险植物实施阶段性清除并采用乡土植物替换,对低风险植物应进行监控和管理。厦门岛8个滨海公园的外来园林植物中,大多数为低风险植物,其中,五通灯塔公园、海湾公园以及牛头山公园应用外来植物种类数量居于前三,建议今后不再引进外来园林植物;音乐广场应用外来园林植物种类最少,建议适当引入低风险植物以增加公园的植被多样性。本研究对厦门岛滨海公园的外来植物种类进行梳理,针对外来植物提出相关防治建议,为保护厦门岛滨海公园的生态安全,进一步丰富小尺度区域外来植物的入侵风险评估研究,以及为其他地区滨海公园引入外来植物提供参考。

厦门岛  /  滨海公园  /  外来园林植物  /  入侵风险评估

The plant species in eight coastal parks in Xiamen island were investigated by the sample line method and a total of 288 species of plants in eight coastal parks on Xiamen island were obtained, among which 127 were introduced plants, accounting for 44.10% of the total. 80 species of exotic garden plants with invasive potential were obtained. The risk assessment system of invasive ornamental introduced plants in Xiamen island coastal parks was constructed by the literature collation method and expert consultation, and the evaluation index weights were determined by the hierarchical analysis method. The evaluation system includes one target level, five primary indicators and twenty secondary indicators. 80 exotic landscape plants with invasive potential were substituted into the risk assessment system of introduced landscape plants in Xiamen island Coastal Park to obtain the corresponding scores. 13 species with scores between 38.00 and 58.85 were considered high-risk plants. 18 species with scores between 23.00 and 38.00 were medium-risk plants. Nine species with scores between 9.30 and 23.00 were low-risk plants. Four high-risk plants that are not listed in the Chinese Invasive Alien Plant Register should be detected early and controlled with effective management measures. Medium-risk plants should be phased out and replaced with native plants, and low-risk plants should be monitored and managed. Most of the ornamental introduced plants in the eight coastal parks in Xiamen island are low-risk plants. Among them, Wutong Lighthouse Park, Bay Park and Niu Tou Mountain Park are among the top three in the number of applied introduced plant species, and it is recommended that no more ornamental introduced plants be introduced in the future. Music Square had the least number of introduced plants, and it is recommended to introduce low-risk plants to increase the vegetation diversity of the park. This study sorts out the introduced plant species in Xiamen island coastal parks and proposes relevant control suggestions for introduced plants, protects the ecological security of Xiamen island coastal parks, further enriches the invasion risk evaluation studies in small-scale areas and provides a reference for the introduction of introduced plants in coastal parks in other areas.

Xiamen island  /  coastal park  /  introduced species ornamental plant  /  invasion risk assessment
江怡萱, 王生生, 林希霆, 毛玥, 刘阳, 蔡耀欣, 邓传远. 厦门岛滨海公园外来园林植物入侵风险评估. 热带作物学报, 2024 , 45 (7) : 1511 -1520 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.07.023
Yixuan JIANG, Shengsheng WANG, Xiting LIN, Yue MAO, Yang LIU, Yaoxin CAI, Chuanyuan DENG. Risk Assessment of Ornamental Introduced Plants in Xiamen Island Coastal Park[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2024 , 45 (7) : 1511 -1520 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.07.023
外来物种是指由于人类活动而克服地理障碍,被引入其自然分布区以外的物种,当外来物种在当地形成稳定的种群并威胁本地生物多样性而造成生态和经济损失时,就成为外来入侵种[1]。外来入侵物种是造成全球生物多样性丧失的主要威胁因素,对生态安全、生物安全和粮食安全形成了重大威胁,可引起生态系统的破坏、生物多样性的下降,甚至物种灭绝,常导致重大的环境、经济、健康和社会问题,造成巨大损失,严重影响到人类的生活[2-3]
厦门市位于福建省台湾海峡西岸中部的闽南金三角地区,其优越的自然地理条件和气候环境有利于各类植被的生长繁衍。同时,作为一个重要的对外贸易口岸,厦门市国内外贸易交流频繁,这也导致该市外来植物种类的丰富度较高[4]。入侵植物大多都是从沿海省份传入中国[5],并具有高度传播能力,一旦发生爆发式扩散,往往难以有效遏制,从而对厦门岛相对脆弱的岛屿生态系统构成重大威胁。滨海公园是指位于海岸线附近且与海水相连的公园,其有助于促进城市与海洋的互动,增强城市的魅力和竞争力[6]。作为厦门岛岛屿生态系统的一部分,滨海公园自身生态脆弱加上人为干预,导致其更容易受到外来植物的入侵。在滨海公园的建设中,园林工作者为了追求景观的美感以及经济效益,往往使用大量外来植物,如果这些外来植物具有入侵性,就会给当地生态以及经济带来严重的后果。对外来植物开展入侵风险评估是防控外来植物入侵最经济有效的措施,能够极大地节约外来植物管理的经济和时间成本[7]。目前,虽然有学者已对厦门大屿岛以及厦门市的外来植物进行大尺度的调查[4,8-9],但是对于小尺度人工生态系统中的外来入侵植物及其入侵风险评估研究相对不足。因此,本研究对厦门岛内的牛头山公园、海湾公园、音乐广场、观音山沙滩文化公园、海堤纪念公园、奥林匹克运动雕塑公园、海滨公园以及五通灯塔公园开展外来园林植物调查与统计,在此基础上,对厦门岛滨海公园已存在的外来园林植物进行入侵风险评估和风险等级划分,并针对不同风险等级的外来园林植物提出相应的管控建议和措施。
厦门岛位于福建省厦门市,是中国的经济特区之一,是我国东南沿海的重要港口,也是著名的海滨旅游城市,素有“海上花园”之称。厦门岛海岸线蜿蜒曲折,全长234 km[10],拥有8个滨海公园。厦门是典型的亚热带海洋性气候,年均降雨量在1200 mm左右[11]。厦门市便利的港口运输、发达的经济以及良好的自然环境条件均给外来植物的入侵带来机会。
于2021年7月对厦门岛8个滨海公园进行调查(图1),详细记录样线内所有植物的中文名、生境、海拔、高度和生长势等,通过Plants of the World Online(https://powo.science.kew.org/)电子数据库确定植物原产地。裸子植物采用郑万钧裸子植物分类系统(1978),被子植物采用恩格勒系统(1964),蕨类植物采用秦昌仁系统(1978),整理得到厦门岛滨海公园外来植物名录。
通过前期查阅文献,参考OU等[9,12]、朱俊熠[13]、张红丽等[14]的评价方法和指标,结合风景园林专业特色,遵循系统性、实用性和科学性相结合的原则,运用层次分析法建立厦门岛滨海公园外来园林植物入侵风险评估体系,该体系包括1个目标层、5个一级指标以及20个二级指标。为保证所得权重的合理性和正确性,在计算权重向量后,需要进行一致性检验以计算出判断矩阵的最大特征值(λmax)、一致性指标和一致性比率。
为检验厦门岛滨海公园外来植物入侵风险评估体系的合理性和有效性,本研究选择《中国外来入侵植物志》[15]中厦门岛滨海公园已存在的30种园林植物进行评价,包括17种入侵等级为1~4级(1级为恶性入侵类,2级为严重入侵类,3级为局部入侵类,4级为一般入侵类)的植物,以及13种有待观察类、无入侵风险类的植物。
对所调查的外来园林植物进行初步评估筛选,参考《中国外来入侵植物志》[15]、《中国外来植物》[16]和《福建植物志》[17],排除栽培种及杂交种,即在厦门岛不具有入侵性的种类,最终得到80种具有入侵可能的外来园林植物。根据有关外来入侵物种名单[18-21]和《中国外来入侵植物志》[15]中植物的入侵等级,结合外来植物在中国的危害程度以及分布范围等因素,将评价得出的结果划分为3个不同的入侵风险等级,包括高风险植物、中风险植物和低风险植物。
通过调查,厦门岛滨海公园共有园林植物288种,隶属87科223属。其中,本土园林植物161种,隶属67科129属;外来园林植物127种,隶属57科131属。外来园林植物中,豆科植物(16种)最多,菊科植物(9种)次之。从生态习性看,草本植物最多45种,占36.0%;乔木(41种)和灌木(35种)次之,分别占32.8%和28.0%;藤本植物3种,占2.4%;蕨类植物1种,占0.8%。扫描下方二维码(图2),可查看物种组成详情。
将园林植物的来源地按亚洲、欧洲、非洲、美洲和大洋洲五大洲进行统计(图3)。厦门岛滨海公园外来植物主要来自美洲,共61种,占外来园林植物总种数的48.03%;其次分别为亚洲24种(18.90%)、非洲21种(16.54%)、大洋洲15种(11.81%)和欧洲6种(4.72%)。
参考欧健[12]对厦门市外来物种入侵风险评估体系中指标权重的计算方法,通过层次分析法修正数据后,在厦门岛滨海公园外来园林植物入侵风险评估体系的判断矩阵中,一级指标与厦门岛滨海公园外来园林植物入侵风险的最大特征值(λmax)为5.2703,一致性指标为0.068,一致性比率为0.0603<0.1,表明一致性程度较高。一级指标与各二级指标均有较高的一致性,通过上述一致性检验后可得各级指标权重。汇总咨询专家结果后,得出厦门岛滨海公园外来园林植物入侵风险评估体系。分别取三级指标中的最高分和最低分进行汇总,得到整个评估体系的最高分和最低分,故该评估体系总得分范围为9.30~58.85分(表1)。
表2可知,入侵等级1~4级的植物相符率为88.89%,有待观察类、无入侵风险类相符率为100.0%。说明该评价体系总体较为合理,具有一定代表性和可操作性,可为后续划分风险等级提供参考。
对厦门岛滨海公园外来园林植物名录进行初步评估筛选,排除部分在厦门市不具有入侵性亦或是处于栽培状态,无明显扩张趋势的外来植物,得到80种具有入侵可能的外来园林植物并代入入侵风险评估体系进行评价。评价结果按照评价得分(P)从高到低排列,即入侵风险性从高到低排列(表3)。
根据表2表3的综合评价结果,将38.00 ≤P≤58.85的植物划为高风险外来园林植物,这类植物在厦门岛滨海公园的生态环境中具有极强的竞争能力和繁殖速度,对周边植物造成明显不利影响,同时也会影响公园的景观质量。此外,这些外来植物中部分具有毒性或刺,容易对游客造成伤害,难以有效清除。将23.00≤P<38.00的植物划为中风险外来园林植物,其竞争力较强,繁殖速度较快,具有一定的危害性,难以完全清除。将9.30≤P<23.00的植物划为低风险外来园林植物,其与周围植物的竞争程度较低,目前尚未对环境造成明显的危害且可控制。最后统计得到厦门岛滨海公园外来园林植物入侵风险等级。结果显示,厦门岛滨海公园外来园林植物中,高风险植物有13种,占80种外来园林植物总数的16.25%,隶属8科12属;中风险植物有20种,占80种外来园林植物总数的25.00%,隶属12科17属;低风险植物有47种,占80种外来园林植物总数的58.75%,隶属27科44属。
通过统计8个滨海公园中各个风险等级的外来园林植物种类(图4)可知,五通灯塔公园应用外来园林植物种类数量居首,而音乐广场则最少。在高风险植物方面,牛头山公园和观音山沙滩文化公园拥有最多种(6种),海湾公园和滨海公园拥有最少种(1种);在中风险植物方面,海堤纪念公园和观音山沙滩文化公园拥有最多种(9种),海湾公园和音乐广场拥有的种类最少(3种)。
厦门岛滨海公园共有园林植物288种,其中外来园林植物127种,占总数的44.10%。80种可能具有入侵性的外来园林植物中,高风险、中风险植物共占38.75%,低风险植物占比较高,占61.25%,总体来说厦门岛滨海公园入侵风险等级相对较低。研究结果表明,厦门岛滨海公园外来园林植物的主要来源为美洲,其次是来自亚洲及非洲,这与李净等[4]在厦门市城市外来植物种类构成的研究结果一致。针对此情况,有关部门需加强对来自美洲地区植物的引种前研究。同时,豆科和菊科在外来园林植物科中占比位于前列,建议对这些科的外来植物进行专项管理,重点防治银合欢、小蓬草和鬼针草等高风险植物。
针对厦门岛滨海公园高风险植物提出管控建议:鬼针草、银胶菊、小蓬草、马缨丹、蒺藜草及一年蓬已被我国生态环境部列入中国外来入侵物种名单中[18-21],对其应重点防治,及时铲除及治理。其余高风险植物因其能够抑制其他本土植物生长或对生态系统具有较强的危害性等原因,被定为厦门岛滨海公园高风险植物。紫茉莉适应性强、易逸生且植株产生化感物抑制邻近植物生长[22],应限制引种并加强种植区管理;假烟叶树种子多且全株有毒,一旦扩散会侵占本地资源并影响当地植物的生物多样性,需在结果前进行人工清除以防止种子散落;凹头苋由于种子细小且易于传播和繁殖,是我国作物和草坪的重要草害,若发生大面积入侵,人工拔除、天敌控制、化学农药等方法均无法将其根除,因此需尽早对其进行防控[23-25];银合欢生长迅速,且通过化感作用影响其他树种生长[26],因其根系能深入到土壤深层,抗旱能力非常强,需控制引种;羽芒菊、赛葵具有抑制其他植物生长的特性,可能对生态系统造成破坏,可通过将其地下部分翻出地面使其干死;田菁可迅速侵占本土植物的生存空间,对景观效果产生负面影响,甚至对人类健康造成危害,应当连根拔除。
针对中风险植物提出管控建议:根据中国入侵植物名录(http://www.iplant.cn/ias/),厦门岛滨海公园中风险植物中,金合欢、南欧大戟、飞扬草以及苋的植物风险等级为3级(局部入侵类),草木樨以及苦苣菜为4级(一般入侵类),双荚决明、五叶地锦、龙舌兰以及万寿菊为5级(有待观察类)。对于上述已在中国入侵植物名录中的植物,若为自生植物应及时拔除,以及加强对公园植被的管理。若为人工栽植应当及时替换,例如金合欢及双荚决明可用黄花槐(Sophora xanthoantha)代替,五叶地锦可用粉叶首冠藤(Cheniella glauca)代替。其余中风险植物应当有针对性地进行管控,例如酢浆草广泛分布于厦门岛8个滨海公园,其具有化感作用[27],应及时铲除或治理;夹竹桃、紫锦木和变叶珊瑚花的汁液含有毒性成分,接触后可刺激皮肤,因此在公园内种植存在一定危险,应将其控制在适宜栽培区内种植,并严密监控其生物学特性;白茅以及马蹄金具有极强的无性繁殖能力,相关研究[28-29]已表明其对其他植物造成一定的影响,应当及时铲除或治理;马齿苋目前广泛应用于医学领域,但其繁殖快、产量高、生命力强以及强大的抗病虫害能力[30],使其具备了入侵性植物的重要特征,因此需要重点关注;万寿菊以及美人蕉应加强引种栽培,并严格控制新引种区。
对于低风险植物,尽管它们的潜在风险较低,但随着全球气候和环境的不断变化,它们的潜在风险可能会发生变化。因此,持续进行监测和预警是至关重要的。对低风险植物的监测和预警不应忽视,以免低估植物风险而导致植物入侵风险的扩大。
滨海公园作为城市绿地中的一部分,为岛上居民提供了休闲娱乐的空间,一旦遭到入侵物种的威胁,将会失去其独有的景观生态效应,甚至有可能威胁城市中其他绿地的生态系统。因此,建议在五通灯塔公园、海湾公园和牛头山公园停止引进外来园林植物,奥林匹克运动雕塑公园和音乐广场可以适当引入一些低风险的外来园林植物或本土植物,例如辐叶鹅掌柴(Schefflera actinophylla)、朴树(Celtis sinensis)等,以增加公园的生物多样性。
生物入侵往往是一个滞后、缓慢的过程,并不是所有引种都会造成生态灾难或巨大经济损失[31]。因此,公园管理者在引进外来植物时应先进行入侵危害风险评估,并制定相应的防控预案,同时推广本地乡土植物的应用,以保护生态环境并促进乡土植物的发展。本研究对厦门岛滨海公园的外来园林植物种类进行了梳理,通过风险评估将其分为高、中、低3个风险等级,并提出相关管控建议,为其他地区滨海公园引入外来植物提供参考。然而,本研究未对外来水生植物进行研究,因此研究体系存在一定的局限性,实际运用也较少,今后需在实践中进一步完善和优化。
  • 海洋公益性行业科研专项经费项目(201505009)
  • 福建省区域发展科技项目(2018Y3006)
  • 福建农林大学科技创新专项基金项目(CXZX2019086)
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2024年第45卷第7期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.07.023
  • 接收时间:2023-05-19
  • 首发时间:2026-06-24
  • 出版时间:2024-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-05-19
  • 修回日期:2023-07-18
基金
海洋公益性行业科研专项经费项目(201505009)
福建省区域发展科技项目(2018Y3006)
福建农林大学科技创新专项基金项目(CXZX2019086)
作者信息
    福建农林大学风景园林与艺术学院,福建福州 350002

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* 邓传远(DENG Chuanyuan),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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