Article(id=1276531616784716049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276531538535781212, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.04.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730131200000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1732204800000, acceptedDateStr=2024-11-22, onlineDate=1782278454252, onlineDateStr=2026-06-24, pubDate=1745510400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782278454252, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782278454252, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782278454252, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276531538535781212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2025', volume='46', issue='4', pageStart='777', pageEnd='1024', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1745510400000', pubDateStr='2025-04-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782278435595, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782278607615, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276532260098675208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276531538535781212, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276532260098675209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276531538535781212, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=866, endPage=874, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276531617099288851, articleId=1276531616784716049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Genetic Diversity Analysis of Phenotypic Traits in Seedling Camellia oleifera on Hainan Island, columnId=1236256430060261740, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Germplasm Resources, Genetics & Breeding, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Camellia oleifera is a significant woody oil tree species that is extensively cultivated in southern China. It displays a notable degree of diversity in phenotypic traits, such as fruit, leaf and tree shapes, etc.. In the present study, 100 C. oleifera seedling trees were collected and 33 phenotypic traits were subjected to the comprehensive evaluation. In the diversity analysis of quantitative traits, the coefficient of variation (CV) was ranged from 8.81% to 56.85%, with the number of flowers per unit area (NFPUA) exhibiting the greatest variability (56.85%), and the fruit shape index (FSI) demonstrated the least variability (8.81%). The diversity index of quantitative traits exhibited a range of 1.13 to 4.61, indicating a notable degree of genetic diversity in fruit and leaf traits. Cluster analysis classified the 100 germplasm accessions into five categories. The first category was characterized by dark fruit colour, a rounder fruit shape, and taller trees. The second category exhibited flattened fruit shape and heavier fruit weight with narrower tree cannopy. The third category was characterized by longer fruit shapes with heaviest single fruit weight, and smaller but denser tree canopies. The fourth category was distinguished by mainly round fruits, lighter single fruit weight, and larger leaf area. The fifth category exhibited elongated fruits with thicker peels and more opened tree canopy. Principal component analysis yielded 12 principal components, collectively accounted for 79.174% of the cumulative contribution rate, including traits such as fruit diameter, single fruit weight, and fresh seed weight. Based on the results of the principal component analysis, superior C. oleifera accessions were selected for further observation. This study demonstrated that C. oleifera germplasm resources in Hainan province exhibited a high level of phenotypic trait diversity. The research would provide a theoretical base for the genetic improvement of C. oleifera.

, authors=null, authorsList=Taizhen CHEN, Jueqi CHEN, Ling LU, Hanqiao LAN, Yihao FAN, Peng LING, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Peng LING, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276531619506819357, articleId=1276531616784716049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=海南岛实生油茶种质资源表型多样性分析, columnId=1236256430219645304, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=种质资源与遗传育种, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

油茶(Camellia oleifera)是一种在中国南方广泛种植的重要木本油料树种,其果实、叶片和树型等表型性状表现出丰富的多样性。本研究采集了100份实生油茶样本,对其中33个表型性状进行了系统性分析。结果显示:(1)在数量性状的多样性分析中,变异系数范围为8.81%~56.85%,其中单位面积花量(NFPUA)显示出最大的变异性(56.85%),果形指数(FSI)则表现出最小的变异性(8.81%)。数量性状的多样性指数范围为1.13~4.61,表明果实和叶片性状具有较大的遗传多样性。(2)通过聚类分析将100份实生油茶样本分为5类:第Ⅰ类果色最深,果实形状较圆,树体较高大;第Ⅱ类果实较扁圆,单果重量偏重,树冠幅较窄;第Ⅲ类果实形状较长,单果重最大,树木较小但密集度高;第Ⅳ类果实多为较圆形,单果重较轻,叶片面积较大;第Ⅴ类果实形状较长,果皮较厚,树冠较开阔。(3)主成分分析提取了12个主要成分,累计贡献率为79.174%,包括果实横径、单果重、鲜籽重等性状。综合各主成分分析结果,筛选出表现优异的实生油茶个体以供进一步观察。研究发现海南省的油茶资源表现出丰富的表型性状多样性,为油茶的遗传改良提供理论依据。

, authors=

陈泰臻(1998—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:热带植物园林应用与评价。

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* 凌鹏(LING Peng),E-mail:
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陈泰臻(1998—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:热带植物园林应用与评价。

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陈泰臻(1998—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:热带植物园林应用与评价。

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*表示显著相关(P<0.05);**表示极显著相关(P<0.01)

, figureFileSmall=goadtLn4WwdoIAc/GBkXug==, figureFileBig=RymWX82AdDlbGipQY71iUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276531629438931290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276531616784716049, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Diversity analysis of quantitative traits of 100 C. oleifera resources

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性状Trait最大值Maximum最小值Minimum极差R平均值x标准差SD变异系数CV/%多样性指数H'
果实纵径LDF/mm55.1233.4221.7043.314.4410.244.52
果实横径TDF/mm67.2334.9232.3151.015.4110.604.56
果形指数FSI1.040.700.340.850.088.813.16
单果重WF/g115.6828.4087.2863.3117.9528.364.59
心室数VN4.702.901.803.510.4512.942.69
果皮厚度PT/mm9.554.155.405.981.1519.184.46
籽数SN10.402.408.006.211.7928.743.84
鲜籽重FSW/g34.859.9324.9222.035.7326.034.59
花瓣数NP8.505.003.506.711.2118.063.34
花径FD/mm102.1255.8446.2875.959.2312.154.59
花瓣长PL/mm51.7926.5025.2937.554.7112.554.56
花瓣宽PW/mm35.0614.0920.9723.764.1517.464.55
花瓣顶端裂深PASD/mm12.962.6210.347.701.8223.654.44
单位面积花量NFPUA/0.25 m231.331.0030.3311.026.2656.853.85
树高HT/m9.603.106.505.791.0918.913.50
树冠幅CW/m7.302.305.004.210.9422.243.29
胸径DBH/mm1650.00300.001350.00850.20296.1834.843.98
一级分支角度FOBA/°90.005.0085.0031.5015.8350.252.40
一级分支高FOBH/mm640.0020.00620.00225.02124.2855.233.55
一级分支数FOBN6.002.004.002.700.9233.911.13
叶长LL/mm83.5751.4632.1167.577.4210.994.59
叶宽LW/mm44.2720.6523.6231.724.2413.354.54
叶面积LA/mm22466.43873.901592.531437.46294.0720.464.61
叶形指数PI3.111.591.522.160.3013.704.14
), ArticleFig(id=1276531629518623067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276531616784716049, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

100份油茶资源数量性状多样性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性状Trait最大值Maximum最小值Minimum极差R平均值x标准差SD变异系数CV/%多样性指数H'
果实纵径LDF/mm55.1233.4221.7043.314.4410.244.52
果实横径TDF/mm67.2334.9232.3151.015.4110.604.56
果形指数FSI1.040.700.340.850.088.813.16
单果重WF/g115.6828.4087.2863.3117.9528.364.59
心室数VN4.702.901.803.510.4512.942.69
果皮厚度PT/mm9.554.155.405.981.1519.184.46
籽数SN10.402.408.006.211.7928.743.84
鲜籽重FSW/g34.859.9324.9222.035.7326.034.59
花瓣数NP8.505.003.506.711.2118.063.34
花径FD/mm102.1255.8446.2875.959.2312.154.59
花瓣长PL/mm51.7926.5025.2937.554.7112.554.56
花瓣宽PW/mm35.0614.0920.9723.764.1517.464.55
花瓣顶端裂深PASD/mm12.962.6210.347.701.8223.654.44
单位面积花量NFPUA/0.25 m231.331.0030.3311.026.2656.853.85
树高HT/m9.603.106.505.791.0918.913.50
树冠幅CW/m7.302.305.004.210.9422.243.29
胸径DBH/mm1650.00300.001350.00850.20296.1834.843.98
一级分支角度FOBA/°90.005.0085.0031.5015.8350.252.40
一级分支高FOBH/mm640.0020.00620.00225.02124.2855.233.55
一级分支数FOBN6.002.004.002.700.9233.911.13
叶长LL/mm83.5751.4632.1167.577.4210.994.59
叶宽LW/mm44.2720.6523.6231.724.2413.354.54
叶面积LA/mm22466.43873.901592.531437.46294.0720.464.61
叶形指数PI3.111.591.522.160.3013.704.14
), ArticleFig(id=1276531629598314844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276531616784716049, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Frequency distribution and diversity of qualitative traits of 100 C. oleifera resources

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性状Trait等级分布Distribution of grade/%多样性指数H'
12345
果色9384583.27
果实形状2624682.38
种仁形状1870212.68
种皮颜色41175102.85
花型4432241.07
花色9910.30
叶面颜色433630.79
叶缘72638291.26
叶片形状1051320161.29
), ArticleFig(id=1276531629791252829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276531616784716049, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

100份油茶资源质量性状的频率分布及多样性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性状Trait等级分布Distribution of grade/%多样性指数H'
12345
果色9384583.27
果实形状2624682.38
种仁形状1870212.68
种皮颜色41175102.85
花型4432241.07
花色9910.30
叶面颜色433630.79
叶缘72638291.26
叶片形状1051320161.29
), ArticleFig(id=1276531629870944606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276531616784716049, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Principal component analysis of qualitative traits of 100 C. oleifera germplasm accessions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主成分Principle component特征值Eigenval方差贡献率Variance contribution rate/%累计贡献率Cumulative contribution rate/%
PC14.88814.81314.813
PC24.17512.65027.463
PC33.1359.50036.963
PC42.5367.68644.649
PC52.0116.09450.743
PC61.8805.69656.439
PC71.5764.77561.214
PC81.4894.51365.727
PC91.2063.65469.381
PC101.1273.41572.796
PC111.1033.34276.138
PC121.0023.03679.174
), ArticleFig(id=1276531629950636383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276531616784716049, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

100份油茶资源质量性状的主成分分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主成分Principle component特征值Eigenval方差贡献率Variance contribution rate/%累计贡献率Cumulative contribution rate/%
PC14.88814.81314.813
PC24.17512.65027.463
PC33.1359.50036.963
PC42.5367.68644.649
PC52.0116.09450.743
PC61.8805.69656.439
PC71.5764.77561.214
PC81.4894.51365.727
PC91.2063.65469.381
PC101.1273.41572.796
PC111.1033.34276.138
PC121.0023.03679.174
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海南岛实生油茶种质资源表型多样性分析
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陈泰臻 1, 2 , 陈珏琦 2 , 陆玲 1, 2 , 兰寒俏 1, 2 , 范弋豪 1, 2 , 凌鹏 1, 2, *
热带作物学报 | 种质资源与遗传育种 2025,46(4): 866-874
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热带作物学报 |种质资源与遗传育种 2025 , 46 (4) : 866 -874
海南岛实生油茶种质资源表型多样性分析
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陈泰臻(1998—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:热带植物园林应用与评价。

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陈泰臻(1998—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:热带植物园林应用与评价。

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陈泰臻1, 2, 陈珏琦2, 陆玲1, 2, 兰寒俏1, 2, 范弋豪1, 2, 凌鹏1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.海南大学热带特色林木花卉遗传与种质创新教育部重点实验室,海南海口 570228
  • 2.海南大学热带农林学院,海南海口 570228
通讯作者:
* 凌鹏(LING Peng),E-mail:
Genetic Diversity Analysis of Phenotypic Traits in Seedling Camellia oleifera on Hainan Island
Taizhen CHEN1, 2, Jueqi CHEN2, Ling LU1, 2, Hanqiao LAN1, 2, Yihao FAN1, 2, Peng LING1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants (Ministry of Education), Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
  • 2.College of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
出版时间: 2025-04-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.04.009
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油茶(Camellia oleifera)是一种在中国南方广泛种植的重要木本油料树种,其果实、叶片和树型等表型性状表现出丰富的多样性。本研究采集了100份实生油茶样本,对其中33个表型性状进行了系统性分析。结果显示:(1)在数量性状的多样性分析中,变异系数范围为8.81%~56.85%,其中单位面积花量(NFPUA)显示出最大的变异性(56.85%),果形指数(FSI)则表现出最小的变异性(8.81%)。数量性状的多样性指数范围为1.13~4.61,表明果实和叶片性状具有较大的遗传多样性。(2)通过聚类分析将100份实生油茶样本分为5类:第Ⅰ类果色最深,果实形状较圆,树体较高大;第Ⅱ类果实较扁圆,单果重量偏重,树冠幅较窄;第Ⅲ类果实形状较长,单果重最大,树木较小但密集度高;第Ⅳ类果实多为较圆形,单果重较轻,叶片面积较大;第Ⅴ类果实形状较长,果皮较厚,树冠较开阔。(3)主成分分析提取了12个主要成分,累计贡献率为79.174%,包括果实横径、单果重、鲜籽重等性状。综合各主成分分析结果,筛选出表现优异的实生油茶个体以供进一步观察。研究发现海南省的油茶资源表现出丰富的表型性状多样性,为油茶的遗传改良提供理论依据。

油茶  /  表型性状  /  遗传多样性  /  种质资源  /  聚类分析  /  主成分分析

Camellia oleifera is a significant woody oil tree species that is extensively cultivated in southern China. It displays a notable degree of diversity in phenotypic traits, such as fruit, leaf and tree shapes, etc.. In the present study, 100 C. oleifera seedling trees were collected and 33 phenotypic traits were subjected to the comprehensive evaluation. In the diversity analysis of quantitative traits, the coefficient of variation (CV) was ranged from 8.81% to 56.85%, with the number of flowers per unit area (NFPUA) exhibiting the greatest variability (56.85%), and the fruit shape index (FSI) demonstrated the least variability (8.81%). The diversity index of quantitative traits exhibited a range of 1.13 to 4.61, indicating a notable degree of genetic diversity in fruit and leaf traits. Cluster analysis classified the 100 germplasm accessions into five categories. The first category was characterized by dark fruit colour, a rounder fruit shape, and taller trees. The second category exhibited flattened fruit shape and heavier fruit weight with narrower tree cannopy. The third category was characterized by longer fruit shapes with heaviest single fruit weight, and smaller but denser tree canopies. The fourth category was distinguished by mainly round fruits, lighter single fruit weight, and larger leaf area. The fifth category exhibited elongated fruits with thicker peels and more opened tree canopy. Principal component analysis yielded 12 principal components, collectively accounted for 79.174% of the cumulative contribution rate, including traits such as fruit diameter, single fruit weight, and fresh seed weight. Based on the results of the principal component analysis, superior C. oleifera accessions were selected for further observation. This study demonstrated that C. oleifera germplasm resources in Hainan province exhibited a high level of phenotypic trait diversity. The research would provide a theoretical base for the genetic improvement of C. oleifera.

Camellia oleifera  /  phenotypic traits  /  genetic diversity  /  germplasm resources  /  cluster analysis  /  principal component analysis
陈泰臻, 陈珏琦, 陆玲, 兰寒俏, 范弋豪, 凌鹏. 海南岛实生油茶种质资源表型多样性分析. 热带作物学报, 2025 , 46 (4) : 866 -874 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.04.009
Taizhen CHEN, Jueqi CHEN, Ling LU, Hanqiao LAN, Yihao FAN, Peng LING. Genetic Diversity Analysis of Phenotypic Traits in Seedling Camellia oleifera on Hainan Island[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2025 , 46 (4) : 866 -874 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.04.009
油茶(Camellia oleifera),也叫茶子树、茶油树或中果油茶,是山茶科山茶属的一种常绿小乔木或灌木,同时也是全球四大食用油料树种之一[1]。我国是油茶种植面积最大的国家之一,油茶被誉为“东方的橄榄树”,其籽含有丰富的油酸和亚油酸,具有降低血脂、抗氧化和预防心血管疾病的作用[2-3]。此外,油茶在经济和生态环境保护方面也发挥着重要作用[4]。油茶适应性强,耐旱、耐贫瘠,尤其适合在酸性土壤和丘陵山地生长[5]。其发达的根系和较强的生长能力有助于防止水土流失,显著推动生态恢复和防止土壤侵蚀。近年来,油茶还被广泛应用于荒山绿化等项目,成为一种兼具经济效益和生态功能的优良树种[6]。此外,油茶树的花期较长,具有一定的观赏价值,也为当地蜜蜂提供了丰富的花蜜来源,间接促进了生态系统的平衡与发展[7]
实生苗是通过种子播种繁育的苗木,具有发达的根系、旺盛的生长能力和较长的寿命。由于其后代容易出现性状分离,实生苗通常呈现出丰富的遗传多样性。这种多样性不仅体现在基因层面,同时也是衡量种质资源质量的重要标志,能体现遗传的稳定性和变异性[8]。因此,对油茶种质资源的表型性状进行系统评估,有助于发现具有高经济价值和生态价值的优良性状,为后续新品种的选育提供科学支持[9]
海南省是中国油茶种植的重要区域,拥有数百年的栽培历史。近年来,学者普遍认为海南油茶资源和产业发展具有独特优势,包括表型特征和产品油的口感等方面[10]。已有对海南油茶优质资源进行了系统调查和保存,为后续研究奠定了基础[11]。此外,对海南油茶的引种和优良品种的筛选也进行了初步探索,为优质油茶品种的选择提供了参考[12]。在油酸含量较高的无性系品种方面的探究也为优树选育提供了重要参考数据[13],对不同产地油茶的脂肪酸含量进行了阐述,为脂肪酸分析奠定了基础数据[14]。目前海南岛油茶资源的调查已相对完善,但在资源评估方面仍显薄弱,缺乏系统性研究,尤其在分布区、采样量和研究目标等方面,尚未对海南岛油茶资源进行全面系统的评估。本研究拟对海南本地100份油茶种质资源进行系统性评价,对其形态特征和表型多样性进行详细的分析与分类处理。研究的目标是筛选、收集海南油茶资源,为今后的开发与应用创新提供科学的基础和全面的数据支持。
本研究样品采自海南省昌江黎族自治县金波农场的油茶实生种植园,地理位置为19.276876°N,109.126088°E,海拔351.87 m,属于海南中部山区,气候为热带季风气候区。该区域年平均气温约为23 ℃,降水量充沛,年均降水量在1500~2500 mm之间,年平均日照时数为1780~1900 h,植被茂密,生态条件优越。金波农场油茶实生种植园自20世纪60年代起收集来自海南岛各地区的油茶种子,并采用种子材料种植油茶树,现有树龄在20~70 a之间,展现出较高的遗传多样性。本研究从中挑选了100株生长健壮的样本,所有入选的种质资源单株均在25 a以上,纯自然生长,无特殊的施肥和管理。本研究收集了入选种质资源单株的叶片、花朵、果实和种子等用于表型性状的测量。
在果实进入完全成熟期时,从树冠外围随机采集10片健康成熟的叶片、盛开的花朵以及无病虫害的成熟果实。对于数量性状,使用游标卡尺测量叶长、叶宽、花冠直径、花瓣长度、果实高度、果径和果皮厚度,精度为0.01 mm。统计花瓣和种子数量,果实重量由精度为0.01 g的电子天平测量。单位面积花量的计算方法为:选定0.5 m×0.5 m为1个单位面积,计算单株3个不同区域的单位面积花量,取平均值。叶片大小和形状指数的计算方法如下:叶面积=2/3×叶长×叶宽;叶形指数=叶长/叶宽;果形指数=果高/果径;树冠面积=横向直径×纵向直径。对于9项质量性状的测量,包括果实颜色、果形特征、种仁形状、种皮颜色、花型特征、叶缘形态以及叶片形状等,均按照中华人民共和国林业行业标准LY/T 2742 —2016中的相关规定和彭邵锋等[15]提出的油茶果形分类标准进行。
数量性状的分析应用Microsoft Excel软件进行,包括计算平均值(x)、极差(R)、标准差(SD)、变异系数(CV)和多样性指数(H')。质量性状根据每个等级的有效百分比直接计算。计算数量性状的总平均值(x)和标准差(SD),然后从第1级<–2 s、第10级≥+2 s开始,每0.5 s为1级[16]。利用各等级的相对频率(Pi)计算多样性指数(H'),多样性指数的计算采用Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H'),其计算公式为:
对24个油茶的数量性状进行了测定,结果显示变异系数介于8.81%~56.85%之间(表1)。其中,单位面积花量表现出最高的变异系数,达到56.85%,反映出该性状在不同样本间存在较大的差异。而果形指数的变异系数最低,为8.81%,表明这一性状在各样本中的变化幅度较小,较为稳定。
数量性状的多样性指数范围为1.13~4.61,平均值为3.83。其中,多样性指数最高的3个性状为叶面积、鲜籽重和果实横径,多样性指数分别为4.61、4.59和4.56;一级分枝数、一级分枝角度、树冠幅这3种性状的多样性指数较小,分别为1.13、2.40和3.29。这些结果表明,油茶的果实和叶片性状在遗传多样性方面更为丰富,而树体结构性状的多样性较低。关于果实大小的性状,体现在单果重、果实纵径和果实横径上。在供试的油茶种质资源中,单果重范围为28.40~115.68 g,变异系数为28.36%;果实纵径的范围为33.42~55.12 mm,变异系数为10.24%;果实横径在34.92~67.23 mm之间,变异系数为10.60%。果形指数的变异系数为8.81%,其数值范围为0.70~1.04,平均值为0.85,表明油茶果实形状较为稳定。单果重的变异系数较大,为28.36%,数值范围为28.40~115.68 g,平均值为63.31 g,显示出油茶果实重量的差异较大。
在花器官性状方面,花径的变异系数为12.15%,数值范围为55.84~102.12 mm,平均值为75.95 mm;花瓣长的变异系数为12.55%,数值范围为26.50~51.79 mm,平均值为37.55 mm;花瓣宽的变异系数为17.46%,数值范围为14.09~35.06 mm,平均值为23.76 mm。
叶片性状中,叶长的变异系数为10.99%,数值范围为51.46~83.57 mm,平均值为67.57 mm;叶宽的变异系数为13.35%,数值范围为20.65~44.27 mm,平均值为31.72 mm;叶面积的变异系数为20.46%,数值范围为873.90~2466.43 mm2,平均值为1437.46 mm2
本研究共调查了9个质量性状,质量性状多样性指数范围为0.79~3.27(表2)。在这些性状中,有4个多样性指数超过2,显示出较高的遗传多样性。多样性指数最高的是果色,为3.27;其次是种皮颜色为2.85,种仁形状为2.68,以及果实形状为2.38。多样性指数最低的是叶面颜色,为0.79。
在果色中,黄褐色占比最多,占45%,其次为黄色,占38%,青色和褐色果实占比分别为9%和8%。在果实形状方面,桔形占比最高,达68%,其次为球形,占24%,而卵形和橄榄形占比分别为6%和2%。种仁形状中,锥形占比最多,为70%,其次为似肾形,占21%,半球形和球形分别占8%和1%。种皮颜色以褐色占比最多,为75%,棕褐色占11%,黑色和棕色分别占10%和4%。
在花型性状中,单瓣花占比最高,达到44%,半重瓣占32%,重瓣占24%。花色主要为白色,其中CJ22、CJ77、CJ94等9份单株呈现出白色带红色斑点,占比9%,纯白色花占91%。叶面颜色以深绿色为主,占63%,绿色占33%,黄绿色仅占4%。叶缘性状中,粗锯齿占比最高,为38%,重锯齿占29%,细锯齿占26%,全缘占比最少,仅为7%。叶片形状中,椭圆型占比最多,为51%,其次为倒卵型,占20%,窄倒卵型和披针型分别占16%和10%,卵型占比最少,仅为3%。
使用OriginPro 2024b软件,通过离差平方和法对100份实生油茶进行分类,将其划分为5个类群(图1)。其中,类群Ⅰ由9份种质资源构成,包括CJ60、CJ68、CJ85等。其特征是果色最深,果实形状较圆,果形指数中等,单果重量适中,心室数最多,花径较小,树体较高大,树冠幅较大,胸径较大。类群Ⅱ包括CJ61、CJ22、CJ47等5份种质资源组成,其特征是果色中等,果实较扁圆,纵径最短,横径最大,果形指数最低,单果重量偏重,果皮较厚,花径较大,树体较矮小,树冠幅较窄,胸径较小。类群Ⅲ包括CJ47、CJ92、CJ94等52份种质资源组成,其特征是果色略浅,果实形状较长,果形指数0.88,单果重为所有类别中最重,心室数量适中,果皮较厚,花径较大,花量多,树体较矮,树冠幅较窄,胸径较大,树木较小但密集度高。类群Ⅳ包括CJ78、CJ18共2份种质资源组成,其特征是果色中等偏浅,果实多为圆形,果形指数较低,单果重较轻,心室数量适中,果皮较薄,花瓣数较多,树体较高且胸径较大,叶片面积较大且形状较长。类群Ⅴ包括CJ16、CJ59、CJ7等38份种质资源组成。其特征是果色稍浅,果实形状较长,果形指数稍高,单果重较重,心室数量较多,果皮较厚,花径较大,树高适中,胸径较大,一级分支角度较大,树冠较开阔。基于聚类分析结果,从生产和观赏价值的角度可以识别出一些重点亲本。类群Ⅰ和类群Ⅲ在生产油茶中表现出优异的性状,特别是类群Ⅰ中的CJ72,心室数多为5房,平均值达到4.5,显示出较高的结实潜力;类群Ⅲ中的CJ92、CJ47、CJ94单果重量分别为105.84、109.84、115.68 g,是所有亲本中单果最重的,适合用于高产油茶的选育。在观赏性状方面,类群Ⅱ的CJ10花径较大,达到92.73 mm,而类群Ⅴ中的CJ80、CJ109和CJ54单位面积花量分别为31.33、26.33和25.33,表现出密集的花量。因此,类群Ⅰ和Ⅲ的亲本在生产性状上具备优势,类群Ⅱ和类群Ⅴ的亲本在观赏性状上表现优异,可作为油茶种质资源开发和应用的优选对象。
相关性分析结果显示,油茶的表型性状之间存在多组显著的关联关系(图2)。相关系数大于0.800的有3组,分别为果实横径与单果重(0.952)、叶面积与叶宽(0.871)、花径与花瓣长(0.818),均呈现极显著正相关(P<0.01)。相关性系数大于0.700的还有果实纵径与单果重(0.782)、果实横径与鲜籽重(0.780)、果实横径与果皮厚度(0.726)、叶面积与叶长(0.795)、单果重与鲜籽重(0.795)、树冠幅与胸径(0.739),这些性状之间也表现出极显著的正相关性(P<0.01)。这些结果表明,油茶的果实大小、叶片面积与重量等主要表型性状之间存在显著正相关。
与此同时,分析还发现了部分性状之间存在极显著负相关。果形指数与果实形状之间的相关系数为–0.799,叶宽与叶型指数的相关系数为–0.652,果形指数与果实横径之间的相关系数为–0.453,果实形状与果形指数的相关系数同样为–0.453,这些性状之间均呈现显著负相关(P<0.01)。其中,果形指数与果实形状的负相关性最为明显。以上结果表明,油茶的多项性状之间存在显著相关,尤其在果实特征和叶片特性方面,相关性较为突出。
将实生油茶的性状数据标准化处理后进行主成分分析,提取出12个主成分,累计贡献率达到79.174%(表3)。其中,第1主成分的贡献率最高,为14.813%,主要反映果实大小和重量特征,负荷系数较高的性状包括单果重、果实横径、果实纵径、鲜籽重和果皮厚度,均达到0.7以上;第2主成分贡献率为12.650%,主要表征花部特征,相关性状包括花瓣长、花径、花瓣顶端裂深和花瓣宽,负荷系数均在较高水平,主要反映花的大小和形状特征;第3主成分贡献率为9.500%,主要反映树体结构特征,负荷系数较高的性状有胸径、树高、树冠幅和一级分支数,体现了树木生长的主要维度;第4主成分贡献率为7.686%,主要表征果实的外形和内部结构特征,负荷较大的性状有果形指数、果实形状和心室数;第5主成分贡献率为6.094%,主要反映叶片大小特征,负荷较高的性状包括叶面积、叶长和叶宽;第6主成分贡献率为5.696%,主要涉及叶片形态特征,负荷较高的性状为叶型指数;第7主成分贡献率为4.775%,主要反映果实和种子的颜色特征,负荷较高的性状为种皮颜色和果色;第8主成分贡献率为4.513%,主要表征花的结构和形态特征,相关性状包括花瓣数和花型;第9主成分贡献率为3.654%,主要与种仁形状相关;第10主成分贡献率为3.415%,主要反映叶缘形态和叶片整体形状特征,叶缘特征的负荷系数较大;第11主成分贡献率为3.342%,主要性状为一级分支高度,反映了植物分支高度的特征;第12主成分贡献率为3.036%,无显著负荷特征,可能主要反映次要或辅助性特征,对总体结构的影响较小。
种质资源的调查和收集对于优良种质的发现、保存及利用具有重要意义,这不仅支持新品种的培育,还为建立优质种质基础提供保障[17]。表型性状的多样性能够反映种质资源对环境变化的适应性和遗传变异的能力,是进行多样性研究的关键方法之一,并且操作相对简便[18]。目前,已有多种植物,如枸杞[19]、云南松[20]等利用表型性状数据开展了遗传多样性分析和优良植株的筛选研究。
本研究以海南实生油茶为研究对象,收集了海南不同区域的实生油茶100份,对其33个表型性状进行采集与分析,在多样性分析中,变异系数可在一定程度上反映性状的离散程度,变异系数越大,离散程度越高[21],油茶表型性状的变异系数分布于8.81%~56.85%之间,单果重、籽数和鲜籽重等性状的变异系数较高,且大多数性状的变异系数超过10.00%,表明这些性状在不同油茶种质之间存在显著的遗传差异。单位面积花量的变异系数最高,达到56.85%,说明该性状的离散程度最大;果形指数的变异系数为8.81%,在所有性状中离散程度最小。总体而言,油茶的果实性状、树体性状和叶片性状的变异系数较高,表明这些性状在不同种质间具有较丰富的遗传多样性。油茶的多样性指数分布为1.13~4.61,平均值为3.81,表明油茶表型性状间存在丰富的多样性,且在自然群体中的分布较为均匀,具有良好的育种潜力,这一结果与CHEN等[22]的研究结果相对一致。
对实生油茶表型性状进行相关性分析有助于揭示不同性状之间的关联程度,为育种工作提供理论参考[23]。结果显示,果实横径与单果重、果实纵径与单果重之间均存在极显著的正相关关系,因此,可以将果实横径和纵径作为预测单果重的参考指标。此外,果实横径与鲜籽重、叶面积与叶宽之间的相关性也为相关性状的选择提供了有力支持。
随着计算机技术的迅速发展,统计方法在种质资源分类中的应用变得愈加重要,综合多种性状能够提高分类的准确性[24]。本研究采用聚类分析方法将所收集的实生油茶资源分为5个类群,每个类群在果色深浅、果实形状、单果重量、树体大小和树冠特征等方面表现出不同的特征。但为了更深入地了解这些类群间的亲缘关系,还需开展分子水平的研究。
主成分分析是一种在保留原始信息的同时,用较少且独立的指标代替多个相关指标的统计技术[25],能够综合不同性状的表现提供客观的评价。通过对实生油茶的主成分分析,提取出12个主成分,筛选出果实横径、单果重、鲜籽重、果皮厚度、果实纵径、花瓣宽度、果形指数、叶宽、叶型指数、种皮颜色和一级分枝高度等关键性状。这些性状是影响油茶种质资源差异的主要因素,可作为筛选优良种质资源的重要依据。
  • 横向自然科学项目(RH2300000578)
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2025年第46卷第4期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.04.009
  • 接收时间:2024-10-29
  • 首发时间:2026-06-24
  • 出版时间:2025-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-29
  • 录用日期:2024-11-22
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横向自然科学项目(RH2300000578)
作者信息
    1.海南大学热带特色林木花卉遗传与种质创新教育部重点实验室,海南海口 570228
    2.海南大学热带农林学院,海南海口 570228

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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