Article(id=1276531590402543753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276531538535781212, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.04.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734278400000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1734624000000, acceptedDateStr=2024-12-20, onlineDate=1782278447962, onlineDateStr=2026-06-24, pubDate=1745510400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782278447962, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782278447962, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782278447962, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276531538535781212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2025', volume='46', issue='4', pageStart='777', pageEnd='1024', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1745510400000', pubDateStr='2025-04-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782278435595, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782278607615, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276532260098675208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276531538535781212, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276532260098675209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276531538535781212, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=831, endPage=841, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276531590658396299, articleId=1276531590402543753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Unique Flavor Substance Composition and Its Synthetic Pathway of Baichang Mulberry Revealed by Metabolome and Transcriptome Analyses, columnId=1236256430337085821, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Omics & Biotechnology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Mulberry is a fruit tree with rich nutrition and dual functions of food and medicine, which is deeply loved by consumers. The fragrance is a significant factor in the sensory quality of mulberries, playing a crucial role in consumer purchasing behavior. Mulberry Baichang is a unique variety that emits a strong, creamy fragrance, which has enormous potential market value. However, the key metabolites and mechanisms responsible for the formation of this fragrance are still unclear. In this study, we utilized GC-MS and RNA-seq technology to examine the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and gene expression in Baichang and Hongchang, which lacking a distinct fragrance. The results showed that 661 volatile metabolites were detected in both varieties. Most of these were found in higher relative amounts in Baichang, with 47 types being present only in Baichang, suggesting a rich composition of VOCs in this variety. A total of 312 metabolites were identified as differential metabolites; combining the sensory annotation information and relative content of VOCs, 70 candidate VOCs were annotated as being related to the formation of “sweet, waxy, coconut and oily” sensations. These could potentially be the key metabolites contributing to the unique aroma of Baichang. The relative odor activity value (rOAV) analysis revealed that 5-hexyldihydro-2(3H)-furanone (also known as γ-decalactone) was the key VOC contributing to the formation of the special aroma of Baichang. Using RNA-seq, 19 key structural genes related to ester synthesis were screened, including AAT, ACX, ALDH, CYP, EHL, FAD, HPL and LOX. The high expression levels of these structural genes in Baichang may contribute to the unique creamy aroma of this variety; however, the underlying mechanisms require further investigation. This study would provide insights into the aroma differences among different kinds of mulberries.

, authors=null, authorsList=Huazhou WU, Jingjing HUANG, Dezhao LOU, Tao GENG, Peiqun LIN, Shuchang WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shuchang WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276531593401471131, articleId=1276531590402543753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=代谢组和转录组分析揭示白长果桑独特香味物质组成及其合成途径, columnId=1236256430517440904, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=组学与生物技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

桑葚是一种营养丰富、药食同源果树,深受消费者的喜爱。香气是桑葚感官品质的重要因素,对消费者的购买行为起到重要作用。白长果是一种非常独特的桑葚品种,它能散发出浓烈的类似于奶油的香味,有巨大的潜在市场价值,但关于这种香味形成的关键代谢物和机制尚不清楚。本研究利用GC-MS和RNA-seq技术,检测白长果和无特殊香味的红长果桑的关键香味物质(VOCs)和基因表达情况。结果表明:2个桑葚品种共检测出661种挥发性代谢物,其中多数在白长果桑中有更高的相对含量,且47种仅在白长果桑中存在,表明白长果桑含有丰富的VOCs。312种代谢物被鉴定为差异代谢物;结合VOCs感官注释信息和相对含量,其中70种候选VOCs被注释为与甜、香、椰子味和奶油味的感官形成有关,可能是白长果桑独特香气形成的关键代谢物;利用相对气味活性值(rOAV)分析,最终确定γ-葵内酯为白长果桑特殊香气形成的关键VOC;通过RNA-seq鉴定19个与酯类合成相关的关键结构基因(包括AATACXALDHCYPEHLFADHPLLOX),这些结构基因多在白长果桑果实中的高表达,可能是形成其特殊奶油香味的主要因素。本研究为不同种类桑葚的香气差异研究提供依据,为后续桑葚的品种改良提供新思路。

, authors=

武华周(1987—),男,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:桑资源收集与评价。

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* 王树昌(WANG Shuchang),E-mail:
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2.Institute of Environment and Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science (Key Laboralory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Aflairs / Hainan Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural Pests), Haikou, Hainan, 571101, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1276531594223554733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276531590402543753, authorId=1276531593929953449, language=CN, stringName=武华周, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1.热带作物生物育种全国重点实验室,海南三亚 572024
2.中国热带农业科学院环境与植物保护研究所(农业农村部热带作物有害生物综合治理重点实验室/海南省热带农业有害生物监测与控制重点实验室),海南海口 571101, bio={"content":"

武华周(1987—),男,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:桑资源收集与评价。

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武华周(1987—),男,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:桑资源收集与评价。

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Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 2020, 145(6): 374-381., articleTitle=Different roles of the five alcohol acyltransferases in peach fruit aroma development, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1276531611189514468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276531590402543753, awardId=NKLTCBCXTD15, language=CN, fundingSource=热带作物生物育种全国重点实验室科研项目(NKLTCBCXTD15), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1276531611248234725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276531590402543753, awardId=CARS-18, language=CN, fundingSource=国家蚕桑产业技术体系项目(CARS-18), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1276531611327926502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276531590402543753, awardId=1630042024023, language=CN, fundingSource=中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(1630042024023), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1276531593657323677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276531590402543753, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276531593669906590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276531590402543753, companyId=1276531593657323677, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Sanya, Hainan, 572024, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276531593682489503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276531590402543753, companyId=1276531593657323677, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.热带作物生物育种全国重点实验室,海南三亚 572024)]), AuthorCompany(id=1276531593757986976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276531590402543753, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276531593766375585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276531590402543753, companyId=1276531593757986976, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Institute of Environment and Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science (Key Laboralory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Aflairs / Hainan Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural Pests), Haikou, Hainan, 571101, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276531593778958498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276531590402543753, companyId=1276531593757986976, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中国热带农业科学院环境与植物保护研究所(农业农村部热带作物有害生物综合治理重点实验室/海南省热带农业有害生物监测与控制重点实验室),海南海口 571101)]), AuthorCompany(id=1276531593846067364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276531590402543753, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276531593858650277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276531590402543753, companyId=1276531593846067364, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276531593862844582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276531590402543753, companyId=1276531593846067364, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.海南大学热带农林学院,海南海口 570228)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1276531604281495760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276531590402543753, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Phenotypic and volatile metabolome characteristics of two mulberry varieties, figureFileSmall=qxz1faiLkamGGinTGxFZVw==, figureFileBig=vEot/z/ZtQw8rDoI7TWXHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276531605850165457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276531590402543753, language=CN, label=图1, caption=2个品种桑葚果实和挥发性代谢组特征

A:桑葚果实表型;B:不同种类挥发性代谢物种类;C:PCA分析。

, figureFileSmall=qxz1faiLkamGGinTGxFZVw==, figureFileBig=vEot/z/ZtQw8rDoI7TWXHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276531606051492050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276531590402543753, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Differential VOCs analysis in BC vs HC group, figureFileSmall=aLK3YBQ0E+7Gr5XGpKJ6xg==, figureFileBig=eJaDEIrjOiNoeErt0pQu1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276531608022814931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276531590402543753, language=CN, label=图2, caption=差异代谢物分析

A:差异代谢物火山图;B:香气物质种类分布风味轮图(BC vs HC)。

, figureFileSmall=aLK3YBQ0E+7Gr5XGpKJ6xg==, figureFileBig=eJaDEIrjOiNoeErt0pQu1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276531608094118100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276531590402543753, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Key metabolite differential analysis and screening, figureFileSmall=Dg/IW/N5maUBLyN0vbnh+g==, figureFileBig=JWrfkG30uvKSItl5g5nxJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276531608387719381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276531590402543753, language=CN, label=图3, caption=关键代谢物差异分析和筛选

A:感官特征与差异挥发性代谢物的网络图;B:候选关键VOC相对含量分布热图。

, figureFileSmall=Dg/IW/N5maUBLyN0vbnh+g==, figureFileBig=JWrfkG30uvKSItl5g5nxJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276531608475799766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276531590402543753, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=rOAV analysis of key volatile aroma compounds in two mulberry trees, figureFileSmall=tlZIY0KQ857W4TFmCYczbA==, figureFileBig=dF4o/5IdLgaa6vKzeWm5/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276531608815538391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276531590402543753, language=CN, label=图4, caption=2种桑树关键挥发性香味物质的rOAV分析

A:挥发性香味物质的相对气味活度值分析;B:关键挥发性物质的相对气味活度值差异分析,**表示极显著相关(P<0.01)。

, figureFileSmall=tlZIY0KQ857W4TFmCYczbA==, figureFileBig=dF4o/5IdLgaa6vKzeWm5/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276531610468094172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276531590402543753, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Analysis of differential expression genes in BC vs. HC group, figureFileSmall=Qipb85r4aAmGDpwGvfL/Tw==, figureFileBig=Xc1qxlukJk88XBxhAwDmAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276531610547785949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276531590402543753, language=CN, label=图5, caption=差异基因分析

A:样品的皮尔逊相关系数;B:差异基因火山图;C:差异基因GO分析;D:差异基因KEGG富集分析。

, figureFileSmall=Qipb85r4aAmGDpwGvfL/Tw==, figureFileBig=Xc1qxlukJk88XBxhAwDmAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276531610631672030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276531590402543753, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Expression patterns of ester synthesis-related genes in two mulberry varieties, figureFileSmall=VOonFNPaVdcTJ2rJ34BSUA==, figureFileBig=Y7VKRvQNyRCW0elEYPNpGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276531610732335327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276531590402543753, language=CN, label=图6, caption=桑葚酯合成途径通路结构基因表达情况

从低(青色)到高(红色),不同的小方框代表对应的样本。

, figureFileSmall=VOonFNPaVdcTJ2rJ34BSUA==, figureFileBig=Y7VKRvQNyRCW0elEYPNpGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276531610807832800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276531590402543753, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Expression of candidate genes analyzed using qPCR and RNA-seq, figureFileSmall=UJZiLWfLjbcK6eQFFdfQaw==, figureFileBig=2YWPqPduAEQyyZWOf8jKqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276531610900107489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276531590402543753, language=CN, label=图7, caption=qPCR和RNA-seq分析候选基因的表达

柱状图代表来自qPCR实验的相对基因表达水平,绿线代表从转录组计算的基因FPKM值。

, figureFileSmall=UJZiLWfLjbcK6eQFFdfQaw==, figureFileBig=2YWPqPduAEQyyZWOf8jKqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276531610983993570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276531590402543753, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Sequences of the Q-PCR primers used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
引物名称Primer name正向引物(5′-3Forward primer (5′)′-3′)反向引物(5′-3Reverse primer (5′)′-3′)
ActinGAGGGCCGTGTTCCCCAGCATCGTCTCTTTTTGATTGAGCCTCATCCCCT
M.alba_G0015845-FADTGCCAAGCAGCACCAAGTGGGCGGGATGGCTTTCTT
M.alba_G0000938-EHLGTCTTCCTGGTGGGCCACAGCGACGCTGAGGTTGAC
M.alba_G0006382-ACXCGAAGGACGATCACCGGGAGTAGCGGAAGGGCCTGA
M.alba_G0004770-AATTCAGCGGACCTGCAAAGGTAGCATGCACCGTTGGCA
M.alba_G0014496-LOXCCTGACAAGGGTCCGCAGGTGGGTGCTCTGCCAGTT
M.alba_G0008183-EHLACGGCCCGGTGATCCTATCGAGTGAAGCCAAGGCCA
), ArticleFig(id=1276531611067879651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276531590402543753, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本试验所用引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
引物名称Primer name正向引物(5′-3Forward primer (5′)′-3′)反向引物(5′-3Reverse primer (5′)′-3′)
ActinGAGGGCCGTGTTCCCCAGCATCGTCTCTTTTTGATTGAGCCTCATCCCCT
M.alba_G0015845-FADTGCCAAGCAGCACCAAGTGGGCGGGATGGCTTTCTT
M.alba_G0000938-EHLGTCTTCCTGGTGGGCCACAGCGACGCTGAGGTTGAC
M.alba_G0006382-ACXCGAAGGACGATCACCGGGAGTAGCGGAAGGGCCTGA
M.alba_G0004770-AATTCAGCGGACCTGCAAAGGTAGCATGCACCGTTGGCA
M.alba_G0014496-LOXCCTGACAAGGGTCCGCAGGTGGGTGCTCTGCCAGTT
M.alba_G0008183-EHLACGGCCCGGTGATCCTATCGAGTGAAGCCAAGGCCA
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代谢组和转录组分析揭示白长果桑独特香味物质组成及其合成途径
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武华周 1, 2 , 皇晶晶 1, 2 , 娄德钊 1 , 耿涛 1 , 林培群 1 , 王树昌 1, *
热带作物学报 | 组学与生物技术 2025,46(4): 831-841
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热带作物学报 |组学与生物技术 2025 , 46 (4) : 831 -841
代谢组和转录组分析揭示白长果桑独特香味物质组成及其合成途径
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武华周(1987—),男,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:桑资源收集与评价。

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武华周1, 2, 皇晶晶1, 2, 娄德钊1, 耿涛1, 林培群1, 王树昌1, *
作者信息
  • 1.热带作物生物育种全国重点实验室,海南三亚 572024
  • 2.中国热带农业科学院环境与植物保护研究所(农业农村部热带作物有害生物综合治理重点实验室/海南省热带农业有害生物监测与控制重点实验室),海南海口 571101
  • 3.海南大学热带农林学院,海南海口 570228
通讯作者:
* 王树昌(WANG Shuchang),E-mail:
Unique Flavor Substance Composition and Its Synthetic Pathway of Baichang Mulberry Revealed by Metabolome and Transcriptome Analyses
Huazhou WU1, 2, Jingjing HUANG1, 2, Dezhao LOU1, Tao GENG1, Peiqun LIN1, Shuchang WANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1.National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Sanya, Hainan, 572024, China
  • 2.Institute of Environment and Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science (Key Laboralory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Aflairs / Hainan Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural Pests), Haikou, Hainan, 571101, China
  • 3.School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
出版时间: 2025-04-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.04.006
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桑葚是一种营养丰富、药食同源果树,深受消费者的喜爱。香气是桑葚感官品质的重要因素,对消费者的购买行为起到重要作用。白长果是一种非常独特的桑葚品种,它能散发出浓烈的类似于奶油的香味,有巨大的潜在市场价值,但关于这种香味形成的关键代谢物和机制尚不清楚。本研究利用GC-MS和RNA-seq技术,检测白长果和无特殊香味的红长果桑的关键香味物质(VOCs)和基因表达情况。结果表明:2个桑葚品种共检测出661种挥发性代谢物,其中多数在白长果桑中有更高的相对含量,且47种仅在白长果桑中存在,表明白长果桑含有丰富的VOCs。312种代谢物被鉴定为差异代谢物;结合VOCs感官注释信息和相对含量,其中70种候选VOCs被注释为与甜、香、椰子味和奶油味的感官形成有关,可能是白长果桑独特香气形成的关键代谢物;利用相对气味活性值(rOAV)分析,最终确定γ-葵内酯为白长果桑特殊香气形成的关键VOC;通过RNA-seq鉴定19个与酯类合成相关的关键结构基因(包括AATACXALDHCYPEHLFADHPLLOX),这些结构基因多在白长果桑果实中的高表达,可能是形成其特殊奶油香味的主要因素。本研究为不同种类桑葚的香气差异研究提供依据,为后续桑葚的品种改良提供新思路。

挥发性代谢物  /  相对气味活度值  /  γ-葵内酯  /  转录组

Mulberry is a fruit tree with rich nutrition and dual functions of food and medicine, which is deeply loved by consumers. The fragrance is a significant factor in the sensory quality of mulberries, playing a crucial role in consumer purchasing behavior. Mulberry Baichang is a unique variety that emits a strong, creamy fragrance, which has enormous potential market value. However, the key metabolites and mechanisms responsible for the formation of this fragrance are still unclear. In this study, we utilized GC-MS and RNA-seq technology to examine the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and gene expression in Baichang and Hongchang, which lacking a distinct fragrance. The results showed that 661 volatile metabolites were detected in both varieties. Most of these were found in higher relative amounts in Baichang, with 47 types being present only in Baichang, suggesting a rich composition of VOCs in this variety. A total of 312 metabolites were identified as differential metabolites; combining the sensory annotation information and relative content of VOCs, 70 candidate VOCs were annotated as being related to the formation of “sweet, waxy, coconut and oily” sensations. These could potentially be the key metabolites contributing to the unique aroma of Baichang. The relative odor activity value (rOAV) analysis revealed that 5-hexyldihydro-2(3H)-furanone (also known as γ-decalactone) was the key VOC contributing to the formation of the special aroma of Baichang. Using RNA-seq, 19 key structural genes related to ester synthesis were screened, including AAT, ACX, ALDH, CYP, EHL, FAD, HPL and LOX. The high expression levels of these structural genes in Baichang may contribute to the unique creamy aroma of this variety; however, the underlying mechanisms require further investigation. This study would provide insights into the aroma differences among different kinds of mulberries.

volatile organic compounds  /  rOAV  /  2(3H)-furanone, 5-hexyldihydro  /  RNA-seq
武华周, 皇晶晶, 娄德钊, 耿涛, 林培群, 王树昌. 代谢组和转录组分析揭示白长果桑独特香味物质组成及其合成途径. 热带作物学报, 2025 , 46 (4) : 831 -841 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.04.006
Huazhou WU, Jingjing HUANG, Dezhao LOU, Tao GENG, Peiqun LIN, Shuchang WANG. Unique Flavor Substance Composition and Its Synthetic Pathway of Baichang Mulberry Revealed by Metabolome and Transcriptome Analyses[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2025 , 46 (4) : 831 -841 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.04.006
香气是判断水果风味品质的重要指标之一,具有诱人香味的水果能增强消费者的购买欲望[1]。不同品种的水果具有不同的香气特征,而具有独特的风味品质的产品更容易在市场竞争中胜出。桑葚果实汁水丰沛、口味甜美、营养充足,既可以鲜食,也可以加工成桑葚酒、桑葚饮品或其他桑葚产品,深受市场的青睐。近期本课题组发现一种新的白长果桑,在成熟时能散发出独特的类似奶油的香味,这在其他品种桑葚中不常见。作为差异明显的品种,该桑葚具有巨大的育种价值和潜在商业价值。
水果的香味主要由挥发性物质(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)决定,VOCs的种类包括酯类、醇类、醛类、酮类、萜类和杂环化合物等[2-3]。虽然VOCs只占果实重量的很小一部分,但是对水果的香气起着决定性作用,对果实的口感也有一定影响。不同的VOCs给人以不同的风味感官,因此,VOCs对香气成分的贡献不仅仅取决于浓度,还与VOCs的阈值密切相关[4]。对于单一VOC来说,其浓度和阈值共同决定了其对香气构成的贡献,通常用香气强度值(odor activity value,OAV)来衡量[5]
已有的研究显示,酯类是VOCs中重要组成部分,对很多水果的感官风味起到决定性作用。如欧洲梨(Pyrus spp)的主要香味来源则是十烯二酸甲酯和己基酯[6];在桃子(Prunus persica)已经被鉴定出的100多种VOCs中,酯类对其香味有着决定性的影响[7-8]。挥发性酯类通常在果实成熟期积累更多,并为多种果实如草莓(Fragaria×ananassa)、香蕉(Musa acuminata)和苹果(Malus domestica)等提供独特的水果风味[9-10]。植物中酯类通过脂肪酸途径合成,涉及多个结构基因,包括丙酮酸脱羧酶(pyruvate decarboxylase,PDC)、乙醛脱氢酶(aldehyde dehydrogenase,ALDH)、酰基载体蛋白酰基转移酶(acyl carrier protein-acyltransferase,ACP)、脂肪酸脱氢酶(fatty acid desaturase,FAD)、酯酰辅酶A氧化酶(acyl-CoA oxidase,ACX)、细胞色素P450酶(cytochrome P450,CYP)、脂肪酸羟化酶(fatty acidhydr oxylase,FAH)、脂氧合酶(lipoxygenase,LOX)、环氧化物水解酶(epoxide hydrolase,EHL)、裂解酶(hydroperoxide lyase,HPL)、乙醇脱氢酶(alcohol dehydrogenase,ADH)和乙酰转移酶(acetyltransferase,AAT)等[11-14]
本研究利用GC-MS技术检测白长果桑和无特殊香味的红长果桑果实的VOCs和基因表达情况,筛选决定白长果桑特殊香气的关键VOCs,并通过转录组鉴定与香气形成的关键结构基因。本研究将为桑葚香气的形成机制提供新的依据。
本研究使用的试验材料为白长果桑(BC)和红长果桑(HC)的果实,栽培于中国热带农业科学研究院环境与植物保护研究所种质资源圃(海南儋州,中国)。每个品种选取9株生长状况良好的壮年树,每3棵作为1个生物学重复,每株取10~15个完熟果实作为样品。取样后立即液氮冷冻,-80 ℃冰箱保存备用。
将研磨均匀的500 mg样品加入顶空瓶中,再依次加入饱和NaCl溶液、10 μL(50 μg/mL)内标溶液,进行全自动顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)后备用。萃取条件:60 ℃恒温,5 min震荡,120 µm DVB/CWR/PDMS萃取头置于样品顶空瓶中萃取15 min,250 ℃下解析5 min,进行GC-MS分离鉴定。取样前,萃取头在Fiber Conditioning Station中进行5 min老化,温度为250 ℃。色谱条件为DB-5MS毛细管柱,载气为高纯氦气,恒流流速设定为1.2 mL/min,进样口设定温度250 ℃,不分流进样,溶剂延迟3.5 min。程序升温设置,40 ℃保持3.5 min,以10 ℃/min升至100 ℃,再以7 ℃/min升至180 ℃,最后以25 ℃/min升至280 ℃,保持5 min。质谱条件设置为:电子轰击离子源(EI),离子源设定温度230 ℃,四级杆设定温度为150 ℃,质谱接口温度为280 ℃,电子能量70 eV。扫描方式为选择离子检测模式(SIM),定性定量离子精准扫描(GB 23200.8—2016)。
使用MassHunter软件处理质谱分析后的下机原始数据,基于Metetware公司自建数据库进行定性定量分析。利用主成分分析(PCA)对样品中代谢物的差异性和可靠性进行分析验证。使用R软件绘制聚类热图,利用cor函数计算皮尔逊相关系数。以VIP>1和Fold Change≥2和Fold Change≥0.5为标准筛选差异代谢物,使用LRI & odour database、Flavornet and human odor space和Flavor Ingredient Library数据库对VOCs的感官风味特征注释。通过R包计算VOCs的相对气味活度值(relative odor activity value,rOAV)值[15]
取1.1的样品用于转录组测序(RNA-seq),测序由武汉迈特维尔公司完成。使用CTAB法提取样品RNA,利用片段化后的mRNA和随机引物进行cDNA合成,然后在其两端加上接头并进行纯化。
每个样品建立1个测序文库,用Illumina Hiseq X进行测序,并通过边合成边测序的方法进行双端测序。
对所测读序(read)进行过滤,然后组装转录本,所用程序为Trinity,主要参数为“min_kmer_cov2”,最后将最长的转录本指定为元基因(unigene)。采用DESeq R包(1.10.1)分析2组间的差异表达,|log2(Fold Change)|>1且P-value<0.05视为差异表达基因(differential expression genes,DEGs)。RNA-seq的原始数据以以下ID号提交给NCBI:PRJNA1084918和PRJNA1142089。
首先,用天根RNA试剂盒提取1.1的样品RNA;接着使用天根FastKing gDNA Dispelling RT SuperMix试剂盒反转录合成cDNA;以酯类合成关途径基因脂肪酸脱氢酶(fatty acid desaturase,FAD)、酯酰辅酶A氧化酶(acyl-CoA oxidase,ACX)、脂氧合酶(lipoxygenase,LOX)、环氧化物水解酶(epoxide hydrolase,EHL)和乙酰转移酶(acetyltransferase,AAT)基因为目的基因,使用Primer 3.0(https://primer3.ut.ee/)软件设计基因的qPCR引物(表1),然后通过ChamQ Universal SYBR qPCR Master Mix试剂盒进行PCR反应,反应体系(20 μL):2×ChamQ Universal SYBR qPCR Master Mix 10 μL,primer1 0.4 μL,primer2 0.4 μL,cDNA 2 μL,ddH2O 7.2 μL。反应程序:95 ℃ 15 min;95 ℃ 10 s,60 ℃ 30 s,72 ℃ 30 s,40个循环。以桑树肌动蛋白(Actin)为内参基因[16]。按照2-ΔΔCt方法计算。
本研究主要使用TBtools软件[17]和迈维云平台(https://cloud.metware.cn)进行热图绘制和数据分析。采用SPSS 27.0软件进行独立样本t检验分析,P-value<0.05和P-value<0.01被认为具有统计学意义,并使用“*”和“**”表示。
白长果桑和红长果桑的成熟果实如图1A所示。在2个种类的桑葚成熟果实中共鉴定出661种挥发性代谢产物,分为15个种类,其中萜烯类(terpenoids)数量最多,为133个,占全部挥发性代谢产物种类的20.12%,其次为酯类(ester)和杂环化合物(heterocyclic compound),分别占总量的16.79%和15.89%,其余为含氮化合物(nitrogen compounds)、醛类(aldehyde)、酮类(ketone)、醇类(alcohol)、烃类(hydrocarbons)、芳烃(aromatics)、酸类(acid)、苯酚(phenol)、卤代烃(halogenated hydrocarbons)、胺类(amine)、硫化合物(sulfur compounds)等成分(图1B)。有47种挥发性代谢物仅在白长果桑中被检测出,表明其香气成分可能更丰富。主成分分析(PCA)显示,同一桑葚种类之间的3个重复相互靠拢,表明样品的重复性良好;2组之间呈明显的分离趋势,表明2个品种的VOCs差异较大;其中第一主成分决定了64.40%的变异率,第二主成分决定了29.14%的变异率(图1C)。
2个桑葚品种共鉴定出312种差异代谢物。相比于白长果桑,红长果桑多数差异代谢物(290种)下调,仅有22种差异代谢物上调,这可能是白长果桑更有特色香气成分的成因。根据感官体验,白长果桑具有香味,而红长果桑不含香味,所以影响白长果桑香味的关键代谢物很可能属于下调差异代谢物(图2A)。通过对2个品种桑葚的差异代谢物进行感官风味特征注释,发现青香(green)、辛辣香(spicy)、木香(woody)、花香(floral)、清香(fresh)、草香(herbal)、蜡香(waxy)、脂肪香(fatty)、果味(fruity)、甜味(sweet)为排名前十的差异代谢物感官风味,其中青香、甜味、果味、脂肪香4种感官风味中含有的差异代谢物数量最多(图2B)。
通过绘制感官风味网络图确定每种感官风味的关键差异代谢物(图3A)。甜味、蜡香、椰子油(coconut oily)几种感官风味与白长果桑的嗅觉体验一致,基于这4种感官风味,共筛选出73种相关联的差异代谢物。白长果桑在嗅觉感官上有较为浓郁的奶香味,因此,白长果桑中与香味相关的关键差异代谢物的相对含量更高。5-乙基-3-羟基-4-甲基-2(5H)-呋喃酮[2(5H)-Furanone,5-ethyl-3-hydroxy-4-methyl-]、trans,cis-2,6-Nonadien-1-ol、1-Nonanol三种物质的含量在红长果桑中更高,表明其不是形成白长果桑香味的关键物质,而其余70种差异代谢物在白长果桑中相对含量更高,可能是造成2个种类桑葚果实香味差异的候选关键代谢物质(图3B)。
相对气味活度值(rOAV)可以阐明每种香气化合物对果实整体香气特征的贡献,与差异代谢物的含量结合分析,可以进一步寻找到造成白长果桑和红长果桑香味存在差异的关键物质。由图4可知,对白长果桑香味影响最大的4种物质分别是1-对孟烯-8-硫醇(3-Cyclohexene-1-methanethiol,.alpha.,.alpha.,4-trimethyl-)、5-乙基-3-羟基-4-甲基-2(5H)-呋喃酮、3-巯基-3-甲基丁基甲酸酯[3-Mercapto-3-methylbutyl formate(ester)]、γ-葵内酯[2(3H)-Furanone5-hexyldihydro-]。其中5-乙基-3-羟基-4-甲基-2(5H)-呋喃酮、3-巯基-3-甲基丁基甲酸酯的rOAV值在红长果桑中高,而在白长果桑中低,与白长果桑香味浓郁而红长果桑无明显香味的嗅觉感官体验不相符。因此,推测这2种物质不是造成2个桑葚品种香味差异的关键物质。1-对孟烯-8-硫醇的气味注释为硫磺味、芳香味、柚子味、树脂味和木头味,与白长果桑实际的奶香味嗅觉感受相差甚远。综合分析,推测γ-葵内酯为白长果桑奶香味来源的主要物质,也是形成2种桑葚气味差异的关键代谢产物。
通过转录组分析,6个桑葚果实样品分别获得42 731 000~51 231 176个raw reads,过滤后分别得到41 862 788~49 701 590个clean reads和6.28~7.46 Gb的clean base。所有样品的错误率均为0.02%,Q20含量在98.06%~98.14%之间,Q30含量在94.42%~94.76%之间,GC含量在46.3%~47.04%之间。相关性分析显示样品重复性较好(图5A)。差异分析显示,在BC vs HC比较组中,有1823个基因上调,2352个基因下调(图5B)。
GO分析将差异基因归类与生物过程(biological process BP)、细胞组成(cellular component CC)和分子功能(molecular function MF)3个条目,在3个比较组合中,生物过程中注释基因数量最多的为细胞过程(cellular process)(基因数目为2063个),细胞组成中注释基因数量最多的为cellular anatomical entity(基因数目为2689个),分子功能中注释基因数量最多的为binding(基因数目为1932个)(图5C)。KEGG分析将差异基因被富集到多个代谢通路,包括biosynthesis of secondary metabolites、metabolic pathways、flavone and flavonol biosynthesis、alpha-Linolenic acid metabolism、Starch and sucrose metabolism等,显示了2个品种在基因表达层面的巨大差异(图5D)。
本研究从差异基因中筛选了与酯类合成相关的结构基因,包括1个乙酰转移酶基因AAT(M.alba_G0004770)、1个酯酰辅酶A氧化酶ACX(M.alba_G0004521)、3个乙醛脱氢酶ALDH(M.alba_G0000606、M.alba_G0019840和M.alba_G0013314)、4个细胞色素P450酶CYP(novel.128、M.alba_G0014072、M.alba_G0006952和M.alba_G0003440)、4个环氧化物水解酶EHL(M.alba_G0008184、M.alba_G0005973、M.alba_G0000938和M.alba_G0010612)、3个脂肪酸脱氢酶FAD(novel.4905、M.alba_G0000805和M.alba_G0009644)、1个裂解酶HPL(M.alba_G0002152)和2个脂氧合酶LOX(M.alba_G0015824和M.alba_G0014496)。在这些结构基因中,多数成员在白长果品种中高表达,少部分在红长果品种中高表达(附表1)。如相较于红长果桑,M.alba_G0000606(ALDH)在白长果桑中的表达上调了14.50倍,M.alba_G0014072(CYP)上调11.14倍,M.alba_G0004521(ACX)上调了7.06倍,M.alba_G0004770(AAT)上调了2.71倍等(图6)。这些基因可能是白长果桑独特香气成分形成的关键因素。qPCR验证基因表达结果与转录组结果趋势一致(图7)。
香味是衡量水果品质重要的标准之一,它影响着水果的价格及销量,一些能散发出迷人香气的新品种水果往往更容易得到消费者的偏爱[18-19]。香味不仅对鲜食水果有着深远的影响,对其后续加工制品,如果酒、罐头、水果冻干、果酱等生产同样意义重大[20-21]。部分香味物质如内酯类物质,还可以用于制作香水、食用香精或药品等[22]。果实的香气通常由VOCs的种类、不同含量和各组分的气味阈值共同决定[23]。水果中的VOCs以其中萜类、酯类和脂肪酸衍生物最为常见[24]。ZHU等[25]对3个栽培品种桑葚(Morus nigraMorus macrouraMorus alba)香气成分的研究显示,Hexanal、(E)-2-Hexenal、Benzaldehyde、Methyl benzoate、Ethyl benzoate、Ethyl acetate、Ethyl butanoate、Ethyl hexanoate、methional、3-mercaptohexyl acetate等是桑葚香气形成的主要物质。然而,至今还无相关研究报道存在明显奶油香味的桑葚品种。本研究以白长果桑和红长果桑2个种类桑葚为样本,共检测到661种VOCs,其中包括大量的酯类、萜类、醛类和杂环化合物,这和前人研究是相似的。然而γ-葵内酯仅在白长果桑中具有较高的相对含量,在其他品种中未见报道,显示了其在香气组分上的特殊性,具有较大的潜在市场价值[26-27]
γ-葵内酯的气味被认为具有浓郁的奶油、坚果和焦糖的香气,是对桃子香气贡献最大的挥发性物质,它使得桃子区别于其他水果[28-29]。然而,就感官而言,白长果桑散发的香气浓郁而独特,与桃子并不相同,这可能是由于二者其他成分的VOCs组成与含量不同所导致的。王娟等[30]研究了8个草莓品系的香气成分,发现γ-葵内酯对京桃香草莓的独特香味形成有决定性作用。γ-葵内酯除了是水果香味的重要组成成分之外,还是香料和食品工业中最广泛使用的内酯之一[31]
酯在植物中的合成途径尚未被完全解析,脂肪酸(FAs)被认为是酯类合成的主要前体,香蕉、草莓、甜瓜(Cucumis melo)果实的香气主要由脂肪酸衍生物导致[10,32]。目前已经有报道了一些脂肪酸途径的关键的结构基因,包括脂肪酸去饱和酶(FAD)、醇脱氢酶(ADH)、脂氧合酶(LOX)和乙酰转移酶(AAT)等[33]。百香果(Passiflora edulis)上的研究显示脂肪酸通路中的ACX13/14/15/20、ADH13/26/33、ALDH1/4/21、HPL4/6、FAD13/50/52/53/55、PeLOX5/18、PeFAE6、PeFAH2、PeCYP7/13、PeEHL13/15、PeACP-AP1/5/6/7、PeAAT3可能参与酯类合成的调控[14]AdFAD1、AdALDH2、AdAAT17参与了猕猴桃(Actinidia deliciosa)成熟过程中酯类合成的调控[34]1-MCP显著调控梨酯类和VOCs的释放,调控AATsLOX的表达[35]AAT催化了酯生物合成的最后一步,通常果实的成熟水平和酯类含量同步增加[36]。杏(Prunus armeniaca)、木瓜(Carica papaya)、猕猴桃、葡萄(Vitis vinifera)和草莓等多种水果种的AATs已被克隆和功能验证[9,37-40]。PENG等[41]利用产油酵母表达系统证实了PpAAT1能催化γ-葵内酯的合成。本研究中,多数脂肪酸途径的结构基因在白长果桑果实中高表达,其中也包含1个AAT(M.alba_G0004770)。这些基因的高表达可能导致了白长果桑拥有更复杂的香气组成和独特香味。
关于挥发性酯类的调控,多数集中在转录因子对脂肪酸途径的关键结构基因的转录调控上。ZHANG等[34]通过双荧光素酶试验证明了AdNAC5AdDof4分别激活和抑制了AdFAD1启动子活性,进而调控猕猴桃酯类的合成。NAC转录因子可以激活AAT表达,催化多种果实中挥发性酯类的形成,如桃中PpNAC1激活PpAAT1的表达,苹果中MdNAC5激活MdAAT1的表达。CAO等[36]的研究表明这种调控受到表观遗传的调控,与果树成熟过程中抑制标记H3K27me3的去除密切相关。关于桑葚中γ-葵内酯合成的调控机制有待于进一步探究。
本研究利用HS-SPME萃取和GC-MS技术检测白长果桑和红长果桑的挥发性代谢物,并通过RNA-seq筛选影响白长果桑香气形成的关键基因。从代谢组中共检测出661中挥发性代谢物,其中47种为白长果桑特有,共筛选到312种为差异代谢物,结合其相对含量、感官注释和rOAV分析,最终确定了γ-葵内酯为白长果桑特殊香气形成的关键VOC。通过RNA-seq,鉴定了19个与酯类合成相关的关键结构基因,包括AATACXALDHCYPEHLFADHPLLOX,这些结构基因在白长果桑果实中的高表达,可能是形成其特殊奶油香味的主要因素。本研究为不同种类桑葚的香气差异研究提供了依据,为后续桑葚的品种改良提供了新思路。
  • 热带作物生物育种全国重点实验室科研项目(NKLTCBCXTD15)
  • 国家蚕桑产业技术体系项目(CARS-18)
  • 中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(1630042024023)
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2025年第46卷第4期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.04.006
  • 接收时间:2024-12-16
  • 首发时间:2026-06-24
  • 出版时间:2025-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-16
  • 录用日期:2024-12-20
基金
热带作物生物育种全国重点实验室科研项目(NKLTCBCXTD15)
国家蚕桑产业技术体系项目(CARS-18)
中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(1630042024023)
作者信息
    1.热带作物生物育种全国重点实验室,海南三亚 572024
    2.中国热带农业科学院环境与植物保护研究所(农业农村部热带作物有害生物综合治理重点实验室/海南省热带农业有害生物监测与控制重点实验室),海南海口 571101
    3.海南大学热带农林学院,海南海口 570228

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* 王树昌(WANG Shuchang),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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