Article(id=1276531584991887436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276531538535781212, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.04.022, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1725984000000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1731686400000, acceptedDateStr=2024-11-16, onlineDate=1782278446671, onlineDateStr=2026-06-24, pubDate=1745510400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782278446671, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782278446671, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782278446671, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276531538535781212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2025', volume='46', issue='4', pageStart='777', pageEnd='1024', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1745510400000', pubDateStr='2025-04-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782278435595, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782278607615, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276532260098675208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276531538535781212, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276532260098675209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276531538535781212, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=996, endPage=1003, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276531588552851534, articleId=1276531584991887436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Effect of Different Concentrations of Constant Adhesive on the Proprties of Natural Rubber Solidified by Microbiological, columnId=1237814980427444960, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Post-harvest Treatment & Agricultural Ecology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Natural rubber in the storage, transport process of rubber molecular chain on the aldehyde group condensaion reaction, results in the plasticity initial value, mooney viscosity and other indicators gradually increased, plasticity retention rate gradually decreased, making it more difficult to increase the plasticizing and mixing processes of natural rubber, and reduces the oxygen aging resistance of the rubber. It is necessary to prepare natural rubber with constant viscosity to reduce the condensation of aldehyde groups in the molecular chain of natural rubber. Alkylhydrazine (OP) solution was used to soak natural rubber by microbial coagulation to analyse the effects of OP solution concentration and wet film soaking time on the physical and chemical indexes, vulcanization characteristics, physical and mechanical properties of natural rubber, plasticity initial value, plasticity retention rate and mooney viscosity hardening value of natural rubber during storage. The results showed that plasticity initial value and mooney viscosity of natural raw rubber increased first and then decreased with the increase of the concentration of OP solution, but the plasticity retention rate was opposite. During the accelerated storage process, the plasticity initial value and mooney viscosity of natural raw rubber soaked in different concentrations of OP solution increased, while its plasticity retention rate decreased. With the increase of OP solution concentration, the hardening value of plasticity initial value, plasticity retention rate and mooney viscosity gradually decreased. With the concentration of OP solution ≥0.5%, the hardening value of plasticity initial value and mooney viscosity were ≤5. The effect of wet film soaking time on the physical and chemical indexes of natural raw rubber and the hardening values of the plasticity initial value, plasticity retention rate and mooney viscosity was not obvious. Compared with the control sample P0, the natural rubbers (P7, P8, and P9) soaked in 0.5% concentration of OP solution had slightly higher torque difference values ΔM of their blends, the tensile strength and tear strength of vulcanized rubber increased by 4.5%–14.2% and 3.0%–8.5%, respectively. In addition, the soaking time of wet film had a significant effect on the torque difference ΔM of the rubber and the tensile strength and tear strength of the vulcanized rubber. OP solution had a good constant viscosity effect on natural rubber. 0.5% concentration of OP solution soaked natural rubber had excellent physical and mechanical properties, and the production process was simple, not causing the waste of constant viscosity agent and the pollution of the production workshop, surrounding environment, easy to large-scale promotion and application.

, authors=null, authorsList=Jianwei LI, Li DING, Honghai HUANG, Liguang ZHAO, Yun LI, Tuo DAI, Fan WU, Hongxing GUI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hongxing GUI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276531589962137692, articleId=1276531584991887436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=不同浓度恒粘剂对微生物凝固天然橡胶性能的影响, columnId=1237016045714723050, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=采后处理与农业生态, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

天然橡胶在贮存、运输过程中橡胶分子链上的醛基发生缩合反应,导致其塑性初值、门尼粘度等指标逐渐上升,塑性保持率逐渐下降,使得天然橡胶的塑炼、混炼等工序难度增加,胶料耐氧老化性能降低。为了减少天然橡胶分子链上的醛基缩合,需制备粘度恒定的天然橡胶。本研究采用烷基酰肼化物(OP)溶液浸泡微生物凝固的天然橡胶,分析OP溶液浓度、湿胶片浸泡时间对天然橡胶理化指标、硫化特性、物理机械性能以及贮存过程中天然生胶塑性初值、塑性保持率、门尼粘度硬化值的影响。结果表明:天然生胶塑性初值、门尼粘度随着OP溶液浓度的增加呈现先增加后降低的变化趋势,而塑性保持率则相反。加速贮存过程中,不同浓度OP溶液浸泡的天然生胶塑性初值、门尼粘度均增加,而其塑性保持率下降;随着OP溶液浓度的增加,天然生胶塑性初值、塑性保持率、门尼粘度的硬化值逐渐减小;OP溶液浓度≥0.5%,天然生胶塑性初值、门尼粘度的硬化值≤5;湿胶片浸泡时间对天然生胶的理化指标及塑性初值、塑性保持率、门尼粘度的硬化值影响不明显。与对照样品(P0)相比,0.5%浓度OP溶液浸泡的天然橡胶(P7、P8、P9),其混炼胶的扭矩差值DM略高,其硫化胶的拉伸强度、撕裂强度分别提高了4.5%~14.2%、3.0%~8.5%;此外,湿胶片浸泡时间对其混炼胶的扭矩差值DM及硫化胶的拉伸强度、撕裂强度等影响显著。OP溶液对天然橡胶具有较好的恒粘效果,0.5%浓度OP溶液浸泡的天然橡胶物理机械性能优异,且该生产工艺简单,不会造成恒粘剂的浪费以及生产车间、周边环境的污染,易于大规模推广应用。

, authors=

李建伟(1990—),男,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:天然橡胶加工与改性。

, authorsList=李建伟, 丁丽, 黄红海, 赵立广, 李云, 戴拓, 吴凡, 桂红星, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=桂红星, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 桂红星(GUI Hongxing),E-mail:
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李建伟(1990—),男,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:天然橡胶加工与改性。

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李建伟(1990—),男,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:天然橡胶加工与改性。

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OP solution concentration, soak time and sample number

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号Sample numberOP溶液浓度OP solution concentration/%浸泡时间Soaking time/min
P000
P10.120
P20.140
P30.160
P40.220
P50.240
P60.260
P70.520
P80.540
P90.560
P10120
P11140
P12160
), ArticleFig(id=1276531603820118182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276531584991887436, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

OP溶液浓度、浸泡时间以及样品编号

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号Sample numberOP溶液浓度OP solution concentration/%浸泡时间Soaking time/min
P000
P10.120
P20.140
P30.160
P40.220
P50.240
P60.260
P70.520
P80.540
P90.560
P10120
P11140
P12160
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Effects of the constant adhesive solution concentration and film soaking time on physical and chemical indexes of natural raw rubber

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样品编号Sample number杂质含量Impurity content/%灰分含量Ash content/%挥发分含量Volatile content/%氮含量Nitrogen content/%塑性初值Plasticity initial value塑性保持率Plasticity retention index/%门尼粘度Mooney viscosity
P00.010.300.600.3844.08381
P10.010.300.610.3749.08281
P20.010.310.620.3647.28282
P30.010.300.610.3748.18381
P40.010.290.630.3645.48379
P50.010.310.620.3744.78577
P60.010.300.590.3545.38378
P70.010.280.620.3541.48778
P80.010.300.600.3940.48778
P90.010.300.620.3640.88677
P100.010.300.600.3837.38773
P110.010.300.580.3838.78674
P120.010.290.610.3737.98873
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恒粘剂溶液浓度及胶片浸泡时间对天然生胶理化指标的影响

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样品编号Sample number杂质含量Impurity content/%灰分含量Ash content/%挥发分含量Volatile content/%氮含量Nitrogen content/%塑性初值Plasticity initial value塑性保持率Plasticity retention index/%门尼粘度Mooney viscosity
P00.010.300.600.3844.08381
P10.010.300.610.3749.08281
P20.010.310.620.3647.28282
P30.010.300.610.3748.18381
P40.010.290.630.3645.48379
P50.010.310.620.3744.78577
P60.010.300.590.3545.38378
P70.010.280.620.3541.48778
P80.010.300.600.3940.48778
P90.010.300.620.3640.88677
P100.010.300.600.3837.38773
P110.010.300.580.3838.78674
P120.010.290.610.3737.98873
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Vulcanization characteristics of compound natural rubber

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P40.656.255.602:384:102:015:4518:40
P50.796.445.652:404:102:045:4619:07
P60.846.485.642:474:212:116:0019:45
P70.926.605.682:454:122:115:4919:18
P80.827.196.372:403:542:155:5018:56
P91.047.556.512:263:362:035:3720:19
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天然橡胶混炼胶的硫化特性

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P00.606.275.672:454:172:085:5619:05
P40.656.255.602:384:102:015:4518:40
P50.796.445.652:404:102:045:4619:07
P60.846.485.642:474:212:116:0019:45
P70.926.605.682:454:122:115:4919:18
P80.827.196.372:403:542:155:5018:56
P91.047.556.512:263:362:035:3720:19
), ArticleFig(id=1276531604189216939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276531584991887436, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Physical and mechanical properties of vulcanizates natural rubber

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样品编号Sample number拉伸强度Tensile strength/MPa扯断伸长率Elongation at break/%100%定伸应力Tensile stress at given elongation of 100%/MPa300%定伸应力Tensile stress at given elongation of 300%/MPa撕裂强度Tear strength/(kN·m–1)邵尔A型硬度Shore A hardness/HA
P021.10822.500.761.5325.1136
P420.99882.580.671.4024.4334
P521.05870.380.671.4225.3134
P621.77882.880.661.4225.9335
P722.04810.400.761.5325.8836
P822.69842.960.761.5326.0536
P924.10805.670.821.6427.2434
), ArticleFig(id=1276531605858549932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276531584991887436, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

天然橡胶硫化胶的物理机械性能

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样品编号Sample number拉伸强度Tensile strength/MPa扯断伸长率Elongation at break/%100%定伸应力Tensile stress at given elongation of 100%/MPa300%定伸应力Tensile stress at given elongation of 300%/MPa撕裂强度Tear strength/(kN·m–1)邵尔A型硬度Shore A hardness/HA
P021.10822.500.761.5325.1136
P420.99882.580.671.4024.4334
P521.05870.380.671.4225.3134
P621.77882.880.661.4225.9335
P722.04810.400.761.5325.8836
P822.69842.960.761.5326.0536
P924.10805.670.821.6427.2434
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不同浓度恒粘剂对微生物凝固天然橡胶性能的影响
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李建伟 1 , 丁丽 1 , 黄红海 1 , 赵立广 1 , 李云 2 , 戴拓 1 , 吴凡 1 , 桂红星 1, *
热带作物学报 | 采后处理与农业生态 2025,46(4): 996-1003
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热带作物学报 |采后处理与农业生态 2025 , 46 (4) : 996 -1003
不同浓度恒粘剂对微生物凝固天然橡胶性能的影响
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Natural Rubber, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276531590289293408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276531584991887436, companyId=1276531590272516190, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.中国热带农业科学院橡胶研究所/特种天然橡胶加工技术创新中心,海南海口 571101)])])]
李建伟1, 丁丽1, 黄红海1, 赵立广1, 李云2, 戴拓1, 吴凡1, 桂红星1, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国热带农业科学院橡胶研究所/特种天然橡胶加工技术创新中心,海南海口 571101
  • 2.勐腊田野橡胶销售有限责任公司,云南西双版纳 666303
通讯作者:
* 桂红星(GUI Hongxing),E-mail:
Effect of Different Concentrations of Constant Adhesive on the Proprties of Natural Rubber Solidified by Microbiological
Jianwei LI1, Li DING1, Honghai HUANG1, Liguang ZHAO1, Yun LI2, Tuo DAI1, Fan WU1, Hongxing GUI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences / Processing Technology Innovation Centre of Special Natural Rubber, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China
  • 2.Mengla Tianye Rubber Sales Co., Ltd., Xishuangbanna, Yunnan 666303, China
出版时间: 2025-04-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.04.022
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天然橡胶在贮存、运输过程中橡胶分子链上的醛基发生缩合反应,导致其塑性初值、门尼粘度等指标逐渐上升,塑性保持率逐渐下降,使得天然橡胶的塑炼、混炼等工序难度增加,胶料耐氧老化性能降低。为了减少天然橡胶分子链上的醛基缩合,需制备粘度恒定的天然橡胶。本研究采用烷基酰肼化物(OP)溶液浸泡微生物凝固的天然橡胶,分析OP溶液浓度、湿胶片浸泡时间对天然橡胶理化指标、硫化特性、物理机械性能以及贮存过程中天然生胶塑性初值、塑性保持率、门尼粘度硬化值的影响。结果表明:天然生胶塑性初值、门尼粘度随着OP溶液浓度的增加呈现先增加后降低的变化趋势,而塑性保持率则相反。加速贮存过程中,不同浓度OP溶液浸泡的天然生胶塑性初值、门尼粘度均增加,而其塑性保持率下降;随着OP溶液浓度的增加,天然生胶塑性初值、塑性保持率、门尼粘度的硬化值逐渐减小;OP溶液浓度≥0.5%,天然生胶塑性初值、门尼粘度的硬化值≤5;湿胶片浸泡时间对天然生胶的理化指标及塑性初值、塑性保持率、门尼粘度的硬化值影响不明显。与对照样品(P0)相比,0.5%浓度OP溶液浸泡的天然橡胶(P7、P8、P9),其混炼胶的扭矩差值DM略高,其硫化胶的拉伸强度、撕裂强度分别提高了4.5%~14.2%、3.0%~8.5%;此外,湿胶片浸泡时间对其混炼胶的扭矩差值DM及硫化胶的拉伸强度、撕裂强度等影响显著。OP溶液对天然橡胶具有较好的恒粘效果,0.5%浓度OP溶液浸泡的天然橡胶物理机械性能优异,且该生产工艺简单,不会造成恒粘剂的浪费以及生产车间、周边环境的污染,易于大规模推广应用。

恒粘剂  /  烷基酰肼化物  /  微生物凝固  /  物理机械性能

Natural rubber in the storage, transport process of rubber molecular chain on the aldehyde group condensaion reaction, results in the plasticity initial value, mooney viscosity and other indicators gradually increased, plasticity retention rate gradually decreased, making it more difficult to increase the plasticizing and mixing processes of natural rubber, and reduces the oxygen aging resistance of the rubber. It is necessary to prepare natural rubber with constant viscosity to reduce the condensation of aldehyde groups in the molecular chain of natural rubber. Alkylhydrazine (OP) solution was used to soak natural rubber by microbial coagulation to analyse the effects of OP solution concentration and wet film soaking time on the physical and chemical indexes, vulcanization characteristics, physical and mechanical properties of natural rubber, plasticity initial value, plasticity retention rate and mooney viscosity hardening value of natural rubber during storage. The results showed that plasticity initial value and mooney viscosity of natural raw rubber increased first and then decreased with the increase of the concentration of OP solution, but the plasticity retention rate was opposite. During the accelerated storage process, the plasticity initial value and mooney viscosity of natural raw rubber soaked in different concentrations of OP solution increased, while its plasticity retention rate decreased. With the increase of OP solution concentration, the hardening value of plasticity initial value, plasticity retention rate and mooney viscosity gradually decreased. With the concentration of OP solution ≥0.5%, the hardening value of plasticity initial value and mooney viscosity were ≤5. The effect of wet film soaking time on the physical and chemical indexes of natural raw rubber and the hardening values of the plasticity initial value, plasticity retention rate and mooney viscosity was not obvious. Compared with the control sample P0, the natural rubbers (P7, P8, and P9) soaked in 0.5% concentration of OP solution had slightly higher torque difference values ΔM of their blends, the tensile strength and tear strength of vulcanized rubber increased by 4.5%–14.2% and 3.0%–8.5%, respectively. In addition, the soaking time of wet film had a significant effect on the torque difference ΔM of the rubber and the tensile strength and tear strength of the vulcanized rubber. OP solution had a good constant viscosity effect on natural rubber. 0.5% concentration of OP solution soaked natural rubber had excellent physical and mechanical properties, and the production process was simple, not causing the waste of constant viscosity agent and the pollution of the production workshop, surrounding environment, easy to large-scale promotion and application.

constant adhesive  /  alkylhydrazine  /  microbial solidification  /  physical and mechanical properties
李建伟, 丁丽, 黄红海, 赵立广, 李云, 戴拓, 吴凡, 桂红星. 不同浓度恒粘剂对微生物凝固天然橡胶性能的影响. 热带作物学报, 2025 , 46 (4) : 996 -1003 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.04.022
Jianwei LI, Li DING, Honghai HUANG, Liguang ZHAO, Yun LI, Tuo DAI, Fan WU, Hongxing GUI. Effect of Different Concentrations of Constant Adhesive on the Proprties of Natural Rubber Solidified by Microbiological[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2025 , 46 (4) : 996 -1003 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.04.022
鲜胶乳主要来源于巴西三叶橡胶树,其经过过滤、稀释、凝固、压绉、造粒/挂片、干燥等工序制备成天然橡胶。天然橡胶作为一种综合性能优异的天然高分子材料,被广泛应用于国防、军工、工业、农业、交通运输以及医疗卫生等领域,与国家安全、经济建设和人民生活息息相关[1]。而天然橡胶在运输、贮存过程中会出现硬化现象,使得天然生胶的塑性初值、凝胶含量、门尼粘度升高,塑性保持率下降,导致胶料后续的塑炼难度、加工能耗等增加,降低了胶料的塑炼效率和制品的合格率[2-3]。恒定门尼粘度天然橡胶的研制一直是橡胶加工行业关注的焦点。国内外学者对天然橡胶的贮存硬化机制进行了大量的研究[4-9],发现天然橡胶的贮存硬化有多种因素,其中橡胶分子链上的醛基引发的交联是形成天然橡胶贮存硬化的重要原因之一。因此,引入恒粘剂来抑制分子链上的醛基交联是制备恒粘天然橡胶的有效途径之一。
目前,生产上普遍采用盐酸羟胺、硫酸羟胺等羟胺类试剂来制备恒粘天然橡胶,其恒粘效果好且成本较低,但羟胺类试剂有毒,对人体健康有害,并被国家列入致癌物质行列;此外,羟胺类试剂对天然橡胶的理化性能、物理机械性能等产生不利影响,制备的恒粘天然橡胶遇高温恒粘效果失效[10-13]。YU等[14]采用2-巯基苯并噻唑(MBT)来制备恒粘天然橡胶,但MBT难溶解,与天然橡胶的反应活性不高;随后,段志松等[15]、廖建和等[16]研发出促进MBT与天然橡胶反应的活性剂,提高了MBT与天然橡胶的反应活性,但制备的恒粘天然橡胶门尼粘度不稳定,且耐老化性能差。赵华强等[17]采用烷基酰肼化物(OP)制备的恒粘天然橡胶,恒粘效果好且绿色环保,其物理机械性能优异,易于规模化生产。为探究OP对微生物凝固天然橡胶性能的影响,本研究考察了恒粘剂浓度、胶片浸泡时间等工艺对天然橡胶理化指标、硫化特性以及物理物理机械性能的影响,探明恒粘天然橡胶贮存过程中理化指标的变化规律,优选最佳的恒粘剂溶液浓度及胶片浸泡时间,为我国恒粘天然橡胶的制备提供技术支撑和理论依据。
鲜胶乳的干胶含量为30%~35%,采自中国热带农业科学院试验场三队;烷基酰肼化物(OP),大冢材料科技(上海)有限公司生产;菌种为本研究团队筛选;氢氧化钠、浓硫酸、氨水、五氧化二磷、硫磺、促M、氧化锌等均为国药集团化学试剂有限公司生产;糖蜜为市售产品。
取过滤后的无氨鲜胶乳,将干胶含量稀释至30%,加入10%微生物凝固液(以鲜胶乳的质量计),微生物凝固剂与鲜胶乳混合均匀,放置在室温条件下凝固,凝块熟化适宜时间后压绉(脱水)、水洗2~3次,挂片2 d,将胶片浸泡于不同质量浓度的恒粘剂溶液中一定时间后捞出,再挂片1 d,在70 ℃条件下干燥胶片制备恒粘天然橡胶,恒粘剂浓度、浸泡时间以及样品编号见表1
按照GB/T 4498.1—2013、GB/T 8086—2019、GB/T 8088—2008、GB/T 24131—2009、GB/T 3517—2014、GB/T 3510—2006、GB/T 1232.1—2016标准测定天然生胶的灰分、杂质、氮含量、挥发物、塑性初值、塑性保持率和门尼粘度。
测试样品放入内置五氧化二磷(P2O5)的玻璃容器内,置于60 ℃的恒温干燥箱内加速贮存0、6、12、24、48 h,取出试样冷却至室温,采用华莱士塑性计和门尼粘度仪测定样品的塑性初值、塑性保持率和门尼粘度,计算加速贮存不同时间天然生胶的硬化值。
取300 g生胶,采用纯胶配方按照GB/T 6038—2006标准制备天然橡胶混炼胶,配方如下:天然生胶100 g,硬脂酸0.5 g,氧化锌6.0 g,促M 0.5 g,硫磺3.5 g。
取5~6 g混炼胶,采用密闭式硫化仪测定天然橡胶混炼胶的硫化特性,测试条件:试验温度为143 ℃,测试时间为45 min,振荡频率为1.7 Hz,振幅为±0.5°;根据公式扭矩差值(∆M):∆M=MH-ML,∆M表示混炼胶的扭矩差值,反映了胶料的交联程度。
在平板硫化机上按照143 ℃,30 min的硫化条件制备天然橡胶硫化胶试片。
按照GB/T 528—2009、GB/T 528—2008标准,采用拉力试验机测定天然橡胶硫化胶的物理机械性能,拉力试验机的运行速率为500 mm/min。
采用Excel 2010软件进行数据统计和分析,采用Origin 2021软件制图。
表2可知,随着OP溶液浓度的增加,天然生胶的塑性初值、门尼粘度先增加后降低,而塑性保持率先降低后增加,说明低浓度OP溶液浸泡天然橡胶可以提高其网络交联程度,而高浓度OP溶液浸泡天然橡胶可以抑制分子链间支化和交联,从而有效控制天然橡胶相对分子质量的增加[17];天然生胶的杂质、灰分、挥发分、氮含量未表现出明显的变化规律,说明OP溶液浓度对其影响不显著。当OP溶液浓度≥0.5%时,天然生胶的塑性初值、门尼粘度小于对照样P0,而塑性保持率大于对照样P0,说明适宜浓度OP对分子链间支化和交联有明显的抑制作用,提高了胶料的抗氧老化性能[18],这是因为OP可以钝化天然橡胶分子链上的醛基,阻止橡胶分子链上的醛基继续发生缩合反应,使得分子链间的交联减弱,导致相对分子质量减小;同时,胶料中保留了较多的天然防老剂,这是因为天然橡胶中的部分氨基酸是天然防老剂,随着橡胶分子链上的醛基与氨基酸缩合能力的减弱,受破坏的氨基酸含量减少,使得胶料中氨基酸含量增多。OP溶液浓度相同时,胶片的浸泡时间对天然生胶塑性初值、塑性保持率、门尼粘度等的影响不明显。
图1可知,随着贮存时间的延长,所有样品的塑性初值逐渐增加,其增加幅度不一致,说明贮存过程中的天然橡胶分子链发生了不同程度的交联,这是由于橡胶分子链上的醛基与氨基酸等发生了缩合反应[6,19]。贮存前期,天然生胶的塑性初值增幅较大,随着贮存时间的增加其塑性初值的增幅逐渐减小,说明贮存前期橡胶分子链间的交联作用强,随着贮存时间的增加,其橡胶分子链间的交联作用减弱,这是由于贮存前期橡胶分子链上的醛基反应活性高,随着交联反应的进行橡胶分子链上的醛基数量逐渐减少,其反应活性也逐渐减弱。OP溶液浓度相同时,胶片浸泡不同时间后贮存过程中其塑性初值未表现出明显的变化规律。
图2可知,贮存过程中,OP溶液浸泡的天然生胶塑性初值的硬化值均小于对照样品P0,随着OP溶液浓度的增加,天然生胶塑性初值的硬化值逐渐减小。OP溶液浓度为0.1%时,天然生胶塑性初值的硬化值与P0相近,说明恒粘剂浓度低对天然橡胶分子链间交联的抑制作用不明显,原因在于低浓度恒粘剂对橡胶分子链上的醛基钝化作用较弱[17];OP溶液浓度为0.2%时,天然生胶塑性初值的硬化值显著降低,与对照样品P0相比,其硬化值降低了46%~49%;OP溶液浓度为0.5%及以上时,天然生胶塑性初值的硬化值为4.0~5.2,满足恒粘天然橡胶的生产要求。OP溶液浓度相同时,胶片浸泡时间对其生胶塑性初值的硬化值影响不明显。
图3可知,随着贮存时间的延长,所有样品的塑性保持率逐渐降低,其减幅不一致,说明贮存过程中的天然橡胶分子链发生了不同程度的解缠,抗氧化能力减弱,这是因为天然生胶中保留的天然防老剂逐渐降解[20-21]。贮存前期,天然生胶的塑性保持率下降幅度较大,随着贮存时间的延长其塑性保持率的下降幅度逐渐减小,说明贮存前期胶料中的天然防老剂降解速率较快,随着贮存时间的增加,胶料中的天然防老剂含量逐渐减少而降解速率也逐渐减弱。相同贮存条件下,OP溶液浓度为0.5%及以上时,天然生胶的塑性保持率均高于对照样P0,说明高浓度恒粘剂有利于改善胶料的抗氧化能力,这可能是OP处理天然橡胶更多的天然防老剂(磷脂、三烯生育酚、氨基酸、酚类、甜菜碱等)保留在胶料中。
图4可知,贮存过程中,OP溶液浸泡的天然生胶塑性保持率的硬化值均小于对照样品P0,随着OP溶液浓度的增加,天然生胶塑性保持率的硬化值逐渐减小。OP溶液浓度为0.5%及以上时,天然生胶塑性保持率的硬化值为3.0~6.0,比P0的硬化值降低了23%~46%。OP溶液浓度相同时,胶片浸泡时间对其生胶塑性保持率的硬化值影响未表现出明显的变化规律。
图5可知,随着贮存时间的延长,所有样品的门尼粘度逐渐增加,与其塑性初值的变化趋势一致,进一步证明了贮存过程中的天然橡胶分子链发生了不同程度的交联。未贮存的样品除外,贮存相同时间时,对照样P0的门尼粘度高于其他样品,说明OP溶液可以抑制橡胶分子链的支化和交联,改善胶料的加工性能。
图6可知,贮存过程中,OP溶液浸泡的天然生胶门尼粘度的硬化值均小于对照样品P0,随着OP溶液浓度的增加,天然生胶门尼粘度的硬化值逐渐减小。与对照样P0相比,OP溶液浓度为0.2%时,天然生胶门尼粘度的硬化值明显减小;OP溶液浓度为0.5%及以上时,天然生胶门尼粘度的硬化值为3.0~5.0,比P0的硬化值降低了75%~85%,说明恒粘剂对橡胶分子链间的交联抑制作用显著。OP溶液浓度相同时,胶片浸泡时间对其生胶门尼粘度的硬化值影响也未表现出明显的变化规律。
综上所述,OP溶液浓度为0.2%时,天然生胶塑性初值、塑性保持率、门尼粘度的硬化值接近恒粘天然橡胶的硬化值;OP溶液浓度为0.5%时,天然生胶塑性初值、塑性保持率、门尼粘度的硬化值符合恒粘天然橡胶硬化值的要求。因此,优选P4~P9样品与对照样品P0进行比较,分析恒粘剂浓度、胶片浸泡时间等对天然橡胶硫化特性及物理机械性能的影响。
表3可知,P4、P5、P6混炼胶的扭矩差值∆M略小于对照样;P7、P8、P9混炼胶的扭矩差值∆M略大于对照样,说明0.5%的恒粘剂溶液浓度可以改善天然橡胶混炼胶的交联程度,原因在于高浓度恒粘剂溶液改善了胶料的加工性能,在胶料混炼过程中配合剂分散均匀,使得配合剂与胶料接触充分,提高了硫化胶的交联网络[22-23]。OP溶液浓度为0.5%时,随着胶片浸泡时间的增加天然橡胶混炼胶的交联程度也逐渐增加,说明高浓度OP溶液条件下延长胶片浸泡时间可以提高其硫化胶的交联网络。与对照样P0相比,随着OP溶液浓度及胶片浸泡时间的增加,混炼胶的焦烧时间(t10)、正硫化时间(t90)相差不大,未表现出明显的变化规律。
表4可知,与对照样P0硫化胶相比,P4、P5、P6硫化胶的扯断伸长率较大,而100%、300%定伸应力及硬度略低;P7、P8、P9硫化胶的拉伸强度、撕裂强度较大,而100%、300%定伸应力与P0硫化胶相近。OP溶液浓度为0.5%时,随着胶片浸泡时间的增加天然橡胶硫化胶的拉伸强度、撕裂强度以及定伸应力也随之增加,说明高浓度OP溶液条件下延长胶片浸泡时间可以提高其硫化胶的物理机械性能,这是因为高浓度OP溶液处理可以减弱橡胶分子链间的交联,减小相对分子质量,混炼过程中橡胶配合剂在胶料中分散较好,使其硫化胶的交联程度增加。
天然橡胶在贮存过程中塑性初值、门尼粘度不断增加,从而使胶料的塑炼、混炼等工序的难度增加,导致橡胶制品的一致性及其自动化生产程度降低,其制品的生产成本大大提高。因此,制备门尼粘度恒定的天然橡胶对橡胶制品质量的稳定就显得尤为重要。目前,实际生产中多采用盐酸羟胺、硫酸羟胺等羟胺类试剂制备恒粘天然橡胶,但羟胺类试剂具有较强的毒性对人体健康、生产设备等损害较大,制备的天然橡胶恒粘效果不稳定,产品性能低,已无法满足我国高端橡胶制品的用胶需求,因此,筛选新的恒粘剂是天然橡胶加工产业亟待解决的问题。
恒粘剂的筛选主要基于其能否与橡胶分子链上的醛基进行反应,阻止橡胶分子链上的醛基在贮存过程中发生缩合反应,制备出恒粘效果较好的天然橡胶。OP作为一种绿色环保型恒粘剂,其分子链上含有酰胺基,反应活性高,与天然橡胶分子链上的的醛基可以发生醛胺缩合反应,以钝化醛基,减弱橡胶分子链上的醛基缩合效应,降低橡胶分子链的交联程度,使得天然橡胶的门尼粘度稳定[24]
本研究采用不同浓度OP溶液处理微生物凝固天然橡胶,分析了OP溶液浓度及其处理时间对天然橡胶理化指标、贮存硬化值、硫化特性以及物理机械性能的影响,研究结果表明:0.5%及以上浓度OP溶液浸泡湿胶片制备的天然橡胶,贮存过程中天然生胶的塑性初值、门尼粘度的硬化值≤5,符合恒粘天然橡胶的检测标准;与对照样品P0相比,0.5%浓度OP溶液浸泡的天然橡胶,其硫化胶的拉伸强度、撕裂强度等均较高,说明适宜浓度OP溶液处理天然橡胶可以提高其硫化胶的物理机械性能。
从生产成本及其产品性能等角度考虑,可以采用浓度0.5%的OP溶液来制备恒粘天然橡胶,其产品综合性能优异,能够满足高端制品专用天然橡胶的生产需求,同时OP具有高的安全性和环保型,因此在市场上极具推广应用前景。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD2301203)
  • 海南省重点研发专项(ZDYF2024XDNY284)
  • 国家天然橡胶产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-33-JG1)
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2025年第46卷第4期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.04.022
  • 接收时间:2024-09-11
  • 首发时间:2026-06-24
  • 出版时间:2025-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-11
  • 录用日期:2024-11-16
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD2301203)
海南省重点研发专项(ZDYF2024XDNY284)
国家天然橡胶产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-33-JG1)
作者信息
    1.中国热带农业科学院橡胶研究所/特种天然橡胶加工技术创新中心,海南海口 571101
    2.勐腊田野橡胶销售有限责任公司,云南西双版纳 666303

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* 桂红星(GUI Hongxing),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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