Article(id=1276530169347182792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276530095770693736, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.07.024, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1735142400000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1738944000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-02-08, onlineDate=1782278109155, onlineDateStr=2026-06-24, pubDate=1753372800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782278109155, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782278109155, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782278109155, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276530095770693736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2025', volume='46', issue='7', pageStart='1533', pageEnd='1784', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1753372800000', pubDateStr='2025-07-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782278091614, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782299002258, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276617801443971243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276530095770693736, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276617801448165548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276530095770693736, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1774, endPage=1784, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276530171079430346, articleId=1276530169347182792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Evapotranspiration from Rubber Plantations in Hainan Based on the SEBS Model, columnId=1236292524264968282, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Plant Protection & Bio-safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Evapotranspiration as a key component of the energy balance and hydrological cycle, not only plays an important supporting role in ecosystem stability and water resource management, but is also a crucial indicator for evaluating agricultural water use efficiency. Obtaining high spatiotemporal resolution data can reveal the dynamics of evapotranspiration, which is of great significance for analyzing ecological and hydrological processes. The region studied is rubber plantations in Danzhou city, Hainan province. Based on daily meteorological data from flux tower observations and ten corresponding scenes of Landsat 8 satellite imagery for the same period, the daily evapotranspiration of the rubber plantations in 2022 was estimated using the surface energy balance system (SEBS) model, and the results were validated for accuracy using the eddy covariance method. The results showed that the SEBS estimated daily evapotranspiration values from rubber plantations had a good correlation with the eddy covariance measured values (R2=0.88, RMSE=0.55, RE=18.95%). The daily evapotranspiration exhibited significant seasonal variation, showing that the wet season was significantly higher than the dry season. The maximum daily evapotranspiration occurred on July 31, reaching 4.40 mm, while the minimum daily evapotranspiration occured on January 28 and March 9, both at 1.38 mm. The accuracy of evapotranspiration derived from Landsat 8 imagery was influenced by factors such as vegetation cover and spatial heterogeneity. Therefore, the accuracy of the evapotranspiration varied with distance from the flux tower. Overall, the SEBS model showed the highest accuracy for rubber plantations within 1.5 km of the flux tower (RMSE=0.53, RE=18.08%), while it had the lowest accuracy for areas situated 1.0 km from the tower (RMSE=0.65, RE=22.26%). In conclusion, this study would provide a reference for improving the spatiotemporal resolution of evapotranspiration datasets, reveal the seasonal variability and spatial patterns of evapotranspiration in rubber plantations, and contribute to the development of effective water resource management and regulation policies in rubber plantation ecosystems.

, authors=null, authorsList=Qiwen CHENG, Jingjing WANG, Bingsun WU, Zhixiang WU, Huichun YE, Chuan YANG, Zixuan WANG, Fengzheng CAI, Jun YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jingjing WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276530179417706715, articleId=1276530169347182792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=基于地表能量平衡模型的海南橡胶林蒸散发研究, columnId=1236292524520820846, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=植物保护与生物安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

蒸散发作为能量平衡和水文循环的重要组成部分,不仅在生态系统稳定和水资源管理中发挥重要支撑作用,更是衡量农业用水效率的关键指标。获取高时空分辨率的数据可以揭示蒸散发的动态变化规律,对分析生态及水文过程具有重要意义。以海南省儋州市橡胶林为研究区域,本研究基于通量塔观测气象数据日值及对应时期的Landsat 8遥感影像10景,通过地表能量平衡模型方法(surface energy balance system,SEBS)对2022年橡胶林日蒸散发进行反演,并利用涡度相关法对反演结果进行精度验证。结果表明:橡胶林日蒸散发的SEBS模拟值与涡度相关实测值具有较好的相关性(R2=0.88,RMSE=0.55,RE=18.95%)。研究区日均蒸散量干湿季差异明显,表现为湿季显著高于干季,其中7月31日的日均蒸散发最大为4.40 mm,1月28日和3月9日的日均蒸散发值最小,均为1.38 mm。由于Landsat 8遥感影像反演的蒸散发受植被覆盖程度及空间异质性等的影响,距通量塔不同距离范围的橡胶林蒸散发具有不同的反演精度结果,总体表现为SEBS模型对距通量塔1.5 km区域面积的橡胶林蒸散发反演精度最高(RMSE=0.53,RE=18.08%),对距通量塔1.0 km区域面积的橡胶林蒸散发反演精度最低(RMSE=0.65,RE=22.26%)。总体而言,本研究揭示了人工橡胶林蒸散发变化规律,研究结果为蒸散发数据集时空分辨率的提高提供参考,有助于橡胶林水资源合理规划与调控政策的制定。

, authors=

程琦雯(2000—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:基于遥感的橡胶林蒸散发。

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* 王晶晶(WANG Jingjing),E-mail:
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程琦雯(2000—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:基于遥感的橡胶林蒸散发。

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程琦雯(2000—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:基于遥感的橡胶林蒸散发。

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Analysis of climate characteristics in Hainan island, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276530214855381381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530169347182792, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=60, authorNames=李文君, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李文君. 基于SEBAL模型的典型灌域主要作物的蒸散发遥感估算[D]. 淮南: 安徽理工大学, 2020., articleTitle=基于SEBAL模型的典型灌域主要作物的蒸散发遥感估算, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276530214930878855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530169347182792, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=61, authorNames=LI W J, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI W J. Remote sensing estimation of evapotranspiration of main crops in typical irrigation area based on SEBAL model[D]. Huainan: Anhui University of Science and Technology, 2020. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Remote sensing estimation of evapotranspiration of main crops in typical irrigation area based on SEBAL model, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276530215002182024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530169347182792, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=43, issue=10, pageStart=1, pageEnd=6, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=62, authorNames=梁彩红, 蔡杏尧, 陈小敏, 吴青兰, journalName=热带农业科学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=梁彩红, 蔡杏尧, 陈小敏, 吴青兰. 基于作物水分亏缺指数方法的儋州橡胶林干旱监测[J]. 热带农业科学, 2023, 43(10): 1-6., articleTitle=基于作物水分亏缺指数方法的儋州橡胶林干旱监测, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276530215065096585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530169347182792, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=43, issue=10, pageStart=1, pageEnd=6, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=63, authorNames=LIANG C H, CAI X Y, CHEN X M, WU Q L, journalName=Chinese Journal of Tropical Agriculture, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIANG C H, CAI X Y, CHEN X M, WU Q L. 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Estimation of evapotranspiration for blown-sand region in the Ordos Basin based on SEBAL model[D]. Xi’an: Chang’an University, 2018. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Estimation of evapotranspiration for blown-sand region in the Ordos Basin based on SEBAL model, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276530215450972558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530169347182792, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=15, issue=4, pageStart=1291, pageEnd=1306, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[44], rfOrder=68, authorNames=LIU S M, XU Z W, WANG W Z, JIA Z Z, ZHU M J, BAI J, WANG J M, journalName=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU S M, XU Z W, WANG W Z, JIA Z Z, ZHU M J, BAI J, WANG J M. A comparison of eddy-covariance and large aperture scintillometer measurements with respect to the energy balance closure problem[J]. 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The Heihe integrated observatory network: a basin-scale land surface processes observatory in China[J]. 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Landsat 8 satellite band information

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传感器Sensor波段号Spectral band波长范围Wavelength range/μm空间分辨率Spatial resolution/m
陆地成像仪Band 1 Coastal(深蓝)0.433~0.45330
Band 2 Blue(蓝)0.450~0.51530
Band 3 Green(绿)0.525~0.60030
Band 4 Red(红)0.630~0.68030
Band 5 NIR(近红外)0.845~0.88530
Band 6 SWIR 1(短波红外)1.560~1.66030
Band 7 SWIR 2(短波红外)2.100~2.30030
Band 8 Pan(全色)0.500~0.68015
Band 9 Cirrus(卷云)1.360~1.39030
热红外传感器Band 10 TIRS 1(热红外)10.60~11.20100
Band 11 TIRS 2(热红外)11.50~12.51100
), ArticleFig(id=1276530206378692924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530169347182792, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

Landsat 8卫星波段信息

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传感器Sensor波段号Spectral band波长范围Wavelength range/μm空间分辨率Spatial resolution/m
陆地成像仪Band 1 Coastal(深蓝)0.433~0.45330
Band 2 Blue(蓝)0.450~0.51530
Band 3 Green(绿)0.525~0.60030
Band 4 Red(红)0.630~0.68030
Band 5 NIR(近红外)0.845~0.88530
Band 6 SWIR 1(短波红外)1.560~1.66030
Band 7 SWIR 2(短波红外)2.100~2.30030
Band 8 Pan(全色)0.500~0.68015
Band 9 Cirrus(卷云)1.360~1.39030
热红外传感器Band 10 TIRS 1(热红外)10.60~11.20100
Band 11 TIRS 2(热红外)11.50~12.51100
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Daily ET accuracy test results of SEBS model and eddy covariance method

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日期Date涡度相关ETET of eddy covariance method/mmSEBS模型ETET of SEBS model/mmRMSERE/%
1月28日1.571.380.1912.27
3月9日1.421.380.043.09
4月10日2.142.010.135.96
5月28日3.753.650.102.69
6月29日3.712.940.7720.77
7月31日4.794.400.398.19
9月1日3.543.450.092.65
10月11日2.641.880.7628.89
11月28日2.971.921.0535.38
12月22日2.651.910.7427.88
), ArticleFig(id=1276530206521299262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530169347182792, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

SEBS模型与涡度相关法日蒸散发(ET)精度检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
日期Date涡度相关ETET of eddy covariance method/mmSEBS模型ETET of SEBS model/mmRMSERE/%
1月28日1.571.380.1912.27
3月9日1.421.380.043.09
4月10日2.142.010.135.96
5月28日3.753.650.102.69
6月29日3.712.940.7720.77
7月31日4.794.400.398.19
9月1日3.543.450.092.65
10月11日2.641.880.7628.89
11月28日2.971.921.0535.38
12月22日2.651.910.7427.88
), ArticleFig(id=1276530206647128383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530169347182792, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Verification of daily ET accuracy at different coverage distances of flux towers

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
日期Date涡度相关ETET of eddy covariance method/mm1.0 km1.5 km
SEBS模型ETET of the SEBS model/mmRMSERE/%SEBS模型ETET of the SEBS model/mmRMSERE/%
1月28日1.571.330.2415.081.430.148.81
3月9日1.421.380.053.331.460.042.49
4月10日2.142.000.146.552.080.062.69
5月28日3.753.690.061.563.760.010.32
6月29日3.712.461.2533.612.860.8523.03
7月31日4.794.540.255.204.390.408.32
9月1日3.543.300.246.703.410.133.69
10月11日2.641.850.8030.211.980.6725.28
11月28日2.971.901.0836.241.971.0033.74
12月22日2.651.900.7628.531.950.7126.63
), ArticleFig(id=1276530206747791680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530169347182792, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

通量塔不同覆盖距离的日蒸散发精度验证

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
日期Date涡度相关ETET of eddy covariance method/mm1.0 km1.5 km
SEBS模型ETET of the SEBS model/mmRMSERE/%SEBS模型ETET of the SEBS model/mmRMSERE/%
1月28日1.571.330.2415.081.430.148.81
3月9日1.421.380.053.331.460.042.49
4月10日2.142.000.146.552.080.062.69
5月28日3.753.690.061.563.760.010.32
6月29日3.712.461.2533.612.860.8523.03
7月31日4.794.540.255.204.390.408.32
9月1日3.543.300.246.703.410.133.69
10月11日2.641.850.8030.211.980.6725.28
11月28日2.971.901.0836.241.971.0033.74
12月22日2.651.900.7628.531.950.7126.63
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基于地表能量平衡模型的海南橡胶林蒸散发研究
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程琦雯 1, 2 , 王晶晶 1, * , 吴炳孙 2 , 吴志祥 2 , 叶回春 3, 4 , 杨川 2 , 王紫璇 1, 2 , 蔡丰政 1, 2 , 杨珺 5
热带作物学报 | 植物保护与生物安全 2025,46(7): 1774-1784
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热带作物学报 |植物保护与生物安全 2025 , 46 (7) : 1774 -1784
基于地表能量平衡模型的海南橡胶林蒸散发研究
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程琦雯1, 2, 王晶晶1, * , 吴炳孙2, 吴志祥2, 叶回春3, 4, 杨川2, 王紫璇1, 2, 蔡丰政1, 2, 杨珺5
作者信息
  • 1.海南大学热带农林学院,海南海口 570228
  • 2.中国热带农业科学院橡胶研究所,海南海口 571101
  • 3.海南空天信息研究院海南省地球观测重点实验室,海南三亚 572029
  • 4.中国科学院空天信息研究院数字地球科学重点实验室,北京 100094
  • 5.海南省农业科学院热带园艺研究所,海南海口 571100
通讯作者:
* 王晶晶(WANG Jingjing),E-mail:
Evapotranspiration from Rubber Plantations in Hainan Based on the SEBS Model
Qiwen CHENG1, 2, Jingjing WANG1, * , Bingsun WU2, Zhixiang WU2, Huichun YE3, 4, Chuan YANG2, Zixuan WANG1, 2, Fengzheng CAI1, 2, Jun YANG5
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
  • 2.Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China
  • 3.Key Laboratory of Earth Observation of Hainan Province, Hainan Aerospace Information Research Institute, Sanya, Hainan 572029, China
  • 4.Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
  • 5.Tropical Horticulture Research Institute, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571100, China
出版时间: 2025-07-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.07.024
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蒸散发作为能量平衡和水文循环的重要组成部分,不仅在生态系统稳定和水资源管理中发挥重要支撑作用,更是衡量农业用水效率的关键指标。获取高时空分辨率的数据可以揭示蒸散发的动态变化规律,对分析生态及水文过程具有重要意义。以海南省儋州市橡胶林为研究区域,本研究基于通量塔观测气象数据日值及对应时期的Landsat 8遥感影像10景,通过地表能量平衡模型方法(surface energy balance system,SEBS)对2022年橡胶林日蒸散发进行反演,并利用涡度相关法对反演结果进行精度验证。结果表明:橡胶林日蒸散发的SEBS模拟值与涡度相关实测值具有较好的相关性(R2=0.88,RMSE=0.55,RE=18.95%)。研究区日均蒸散量干湿季差异明显,表现为湿季显著高于干季,其中7月31日的日均蒸散发最大为4.40 mm,1月28日和3月9日的日均蒸散发值最小,均为1.38 mm。由于Landsat 8遥感影像反演的蒸散发受植被覆盖程度及空间异质性等的影响,距通量塔不同距离范围的橡胶林蒸散发具有不同的反演精度结果,总体表现为SEBS模型对距通量塔1.5 km区域面积的橡胶林蒸散发反演精度最高(RMSE=0.53,RE=18.08%),对距通量塔1.0 km区域面积的橡胶林蒸散发反演精度最低(RMSE=0.65,RE=22.26%)。总体而言,本研究揭示了人工橡胶林蒸散发变化规律,研究结果为蒸散发数据集时空分辨率的提高提供参考,有助于橡胶林水资源合理规划与调控政策的制定。

蒸散发  /  橡胶林  /  SEBS  /  涡度相关  /  Landsat 8

Evapotranspiration as a key component of the energy balance and hydrological cycle, not only plays an important supporting role in ecosystem stability and water resource management, but is also a crucial indicator for evaluating agricultural water use efficiency. Obtaining high spatiotemporal resolution data can reveal the dynamics of evapotranspiration, which is of great significance for analyzing ecological and hydrological processes. The region studied is rubber plantations in Danzhou city, Hainan province. Based on daily meteorological data from flux tower observations and ten corresponding scenes of Landsat 8 satellite imagery for the same period, the daily evapotranspiration of the rubber plantations in 2022 was estimated using the surface energy balance system (SEBS) model, and the results were validated for accuracy using the eddy covariance method. The results showed that the SEBS estimated daily evapotranspiration values from rubber plantations had a good correlation with the eddy covariance measured values (R2=0.88, RMSE=0.55, RE=18.95%). The daily evapotranspiration exhibited significant seasonal variation, showing that the wet season was significantly higher than the dry season. The maximum daily evapotranspiration occurred on July 31, reaching 4.40 mm, while the minimum daily evapotranspiration occured on January 28 and March 9, both at 1.38 mm. The accuracy of evapotranspiration derived from Landsat 8 imagery was influenced by factors such as vegetation cover and spatial heterogeneity. Therefore, the accuracy of the evapotranspiration varied with distance from the flux tower. Overall, the SEBS model showed the highest accuracy for rubber plantations within 1.5 km of the flux tower (RMSE=0.53, RE=18.08%), while it had the lowest accuracy for areas situated 1.0 km from the tower (RMSE=0.65, RE=22.26%). In conclusion, this study would provide a reference for improving the spatiotemporal resolution of evapotranspiration datasets, reveal the seasonal variability and spatial patterns of evapotranspiration in rubber plantations, and contribute to the development of effective water resource management and regulation policies in rubber plantation ecosystems.

evapotranspiration  /  rubber plantations  /  SEBS  /  eddy covariance  /  Landsat 8
程琦雯, 王晶晶, 吴炳孙, 吴志祥, 叶回春, 杨川, 王紫璇, 蔡丰政, 杨珺. 基于地表能量平衡模型的海南橡胶林蒸散发研究. 热带作物学报, 2025 , 46 (7) : 1774 -1784 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.07.024
Qiwen CHENG, Jingjing WANG, Bingsun WU, Zhixiang WU, Huichun YE, Chuan YANG, Zixuan WANG, Fengzheng CAI, Jun YANG. Evapotranspiration from Rubber Plantations in Hainan Based on the SEBS Model[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2025 , 46 (7) : 1774 -1784 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.07.024
天然橡胶是重要的战略资源和工业原料,橡胶树(Hevea brasiliensis)所分泌的胶乳是天然橡胶的主要来源,在国防、交通、医疗等方面得到广泛应用[1]。橡胶树主要栽种于海南、云南和广东等地。近年来,全球升温现象日益明显,人类可利用的水资源储蓄量逐渐减少,而有效的水分供给是确保橡胶树健康生长及实现稳定产胶的关键因素。海南干湿季分明,研究表明,区域范围内的极端温度和降水可能导致天然橡胶生产力严重下降[2],水资源短缺已经严重威胁到橡胶种植园的生态价值与经济价值,因此探究人工橡胶林的水量平衡以及生态水文效应具有重要的理论价值和现实意义。
蒸散发反映了大气、土壤和植被变化条件下水和能量之间的相互作用,是区域水量和能量平衡的关键构成,蒸散发不仅在能量循环和水文环境中发挥着至关重要的作用,更是连接生态与水文过程的必要桥梁,同时是评价农业水资源利用效率的关键指标[3]。近年来,天然橡胶供不应求,其价格持续增长,人工橡胶林面积在热带地区不断快速增加[4]。然而,橡胶种植园是以牺牲热带雨林为代价,从热带雨林转向单一橡胶种植的土壤利用模式,对当地水量平衡和水文循环产生了一定的负面影响。研究表明,天然橡胶作为一种商业树种,其年蒸散量比热带雨林高28%~30%[5]。相对于森林树种,橡胶林的耗水量更大,这是由于橡胶树的木质导管较大,根系较长,因此可以在更大范围的土壤中吸收水分[6]。GUARDIOLACLARAMONTE等[7]研究表明,与传统植被覆盖相比,橡胶树占主导地位的区域通过蒸散发损失的水分更多。此外,作为我国热带森林生态系统的重要组成部分,人工橡胶林对植胶区的水循环具有一定的调节功能,然而该调节功能是否对种植区的水文过程产生不利影响,造成水资源减少、土壤水分流失等负面水文效应,仍存在争议。如秦钟等[8]研究揭示了海南橡胶林蒸散损失的水分占降雨量的70.40%。张晓娟等[9]利用涡度相关法研究发现,橡胶林年蒸散量占降雨总量的56.67%。刘珉等[10]也研究发现海南儋州橡胶林年蒸散量约占降雨量的52.65%。以上研究结果均表明橡胶种植区内的自然降雨量足以维持橡胶的正常生长发育。然而也有部分学者持不同观点。如TAN等[11]研究发现相较于其他森林植被,橡胶林蒸散量显著增高,这可能对当地水文环境造成不利影响。GIAMBELLUCA等[12]也研究表明橡胶林年蒸散量远高于其他森林。LING等[13]利用Hydrus-1D模型对橡胶园的蒸散发进行估测模拟研究,结果表明,在干旱季节橡胶林会过度吸收利用种植区的土壤水分,导致水资源出现紧缺现象。LING等[14]研究表明,橡胶林蒸散发约为旱季降水量的114%~140%。以上不同研究结果表明,关于橡胶林水分需求及其对环境的影响仍需进一步探讨。因此,进一步明确橡胶林蒸散发的季节变化特征,探究橡胶林种植对水资源影响的区域性特点及变化规律,对优化橡胶林的管理策略,确保水资源的有效利用及提升产胶量具有重要的指导作用。
当前关于蒸散发的研究主要集中于农田[15]、作物[16]及果蔬[17]等方面,且估算方法主要依靠基于小区域与点尺度的传统蒸散发测量方法,例如蒸渗仪法、涡度相关法和波文比能量平衡法等。其中涡度相关法是测算地表与大气之间气体交换通量的技术,通过利用某物理量和风速脉动的协方差来估算湍流通量[18],该方法是目前唯一不需要任何假设就能实现连续观测碳水通量的方法,同时在测定过程中能保持生态系统的完整性,避免破坏植被及自然环境[19]。由于该方法可以对地表的蒸散发量进行长时间高精度非扰动性地非移动监测,并具有高频率的测量和测量周期较短的优点,利用涡度相关法测量蒸散发是已经被众多学者公认的实用方法,无论是在研究地表–大气水循环过程方面,还是在研究人类活动对蒸散发的影响方面,该方法的精确性和可靠性使其成为不可或缺的研究工具。然而,以上观测手段具有一定局限性和地域的非均匀性,难以实现大面积蒸散发连续观测。遥感技术的发展为解决这一问题带来了可能,卫星遥感可以提供更为精细的蒸散发变化表征参数,这些参数能够与地面观测的气象、水文及田间观测数据相结合,从而实现区域大面积的蒸散估算,具有快速、宏观、动态和空间连续观测等优点[20],为遥感在橡胶林蒸散估算中奠定良好基础。基于此,出现了很多用于估算蒸散发的空间遥感模型,如地表能量平衡模型(surface energy balance system,SEBS)、陆面能量平衡算法、地表能量平衡系统等。其中,SEBS模型是地表能量平衡方法中单层模型的一种,该模型充分考虑干、湿2种极端状况,减少了复杂近地表大气所带来的不确定性,有效提高了蒸散量遥感估算精度[21],在国内外多项蒸散发估测反演中得到广泛应用。例如,窦祥洲等[22]利用SEBS模型结合中分辨率成像辐射光谱仪遥感数据以及实测气象数据对农田及作物蒸散发进行遥感反演估算,结果表明遥感反演得到的玉米日蒸散发量与彭曼公式计算值的相关性最高,其决定系数为0.72。董祥旺等[23]利用SEBS模型结合MODIS数据反演研究区的蒸散量,结果表明模型蒸散量反演结果与实测数据的相对误差小于15%,具有较高的准确性。WANG等[24]基于遥感影像和气象数据,利用SEBS模型进行蒸散发反演,结果表明SEBS模型在泾河流域具有良好的适用性,其决定系数在0.57~0.77之间。XIAO等[25]采用SEBS模型结合多源遥感数据估算塔里木流域蒸散发量,结果表明,陆地和水面模拟蒸散发与实测值均具有较好的相关性,其均方根误差分别为0.92和1.63。
海南岛干湿季分明,橡胶树作为经济作物在海南大面积种植,橡胶产量与胶园水量平衡密切相关。然而当前对橡胶林蒸散发研究不够深入,且研究方法大多基于小区域与点尺度,未考虑到区域大面积估算。因此,本研究选择海南省儋州市为研究区域,以橡胶林为研究对象,结合Landsat 8卫星遥感影像和气象数据,采用SEBS模型估算橡胶林的地表日蒸散量,并且利用精度较高的涡度相关法计算橡胶林日蒸散发实测值用于模型精度验证,以评估SEBS模型在橡胶林中的适用性,分析橡胶林蒸散发的时空变化规律,为提高橡胶林水分利用效率,优化水资源管理提供理论依据,从而增强橡胶林的经济价值和生态价值。
研究地点位于海南省儋州市中国热带农业科学院试验农场三队(19°32′47″N,109°28′30″E)。研究区为典型热带季风气候,年平均气温为23.5~24.1 ℃,年日照时数为2100 h,年均风速为2.0~2.5 m/s,平均海拔高度为144 m,相对高差在10 m内。该地区位于海南的橡胶种植适宜地带,橡胶种植规模较大,胶园管理模式规范,具有一定的代表性。
Landsat 8是美国国家航空航天局与美国地质调查局共同发射的一颗遥感卫星,搭载陆地成像仪和热红外传感器,卫星重返周期为16 d,高度为705 km,其波段信息如表1所示。选取的卫星遥感影像数据来源于美国地质调查局(https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/),条带号和行编号分别为124、047,分别下载覆盖研究区域的2022年共10个时期的Landsat 8影像数据(2月和8月由于云遮档无法使用)。使用ArcGIS 10.1与ENVI 5.3软件对Landsat 8遥感影像进行剪裁、辐射定标和大气校正等预处理。
从地理空间数据云(http://www.gscloud.cn)下载覆盖本研究区域的DEM数据,其投影为UTM/WGS84,空间分辨率为30 m,垂直精度为20 m,水平精度为30 m,用研究区边界的矢量数据裁剪原始数据,获得研究区数字高程模型(图1)。
气象数据来源于农业农村部儋州热带农业资源与生态环境重点野外科学观测试验站安装的森林梯度通量塔观测系统和涡度系统,观测铁塔高约50 m,观测频率为30 min,主要观测内容包括气象数据,如日尺度温度、湿度、风速、降雨量、净辐射量等,以及通量数据,如潜热通量、显热通量、蒸散发等,其中气象数据部分作为SEBS模型的气象输入参数,涡度系统观测到的通量数据作为模型蒸散发的验证数据。
通过结合Landsat 8卫星遥感影像数据和通量塔所观测的气象数据,运用SEBS模型反演得到橡胶林蒸散发,并利用涡度相关法对模型结果进行验证,探究SEBS模型在橡胶林蒸散发反演中的适用性,并揭示橡胶林不同季节蒸散发的时空变化特征。本研究的技术路线如图2所示。
SEBS模型是单层地表能量平衡系统模型,该模型结合了由卫星遥感技术提取的地表信息以及地面观测气象数据,以此来估算地表通量,进而推算出区域的实际蒸散发量。其模型方程和基本通量的表达式如下,具体参数的计算方法参考文献[26]。
Rn=G0+H+λE,式中,Rn为地表净辐射通量(W/m2);G0为土壤热通量(W/m2);H为显热通量(W/m2);λ为水的汽化潜热系数,通常取2.49×106 J/kg;E为蒸散率[kg/(m2·s)];λE为潜热通量(W/m2)。
净辐射通量为地面吸收与射出辐射的差值,其计算公式如下:,式中,α为地表反照率;Rswd为太阳下行短波辐射(W/m2);εa为大气比辐射率;εs为地表比辐射率,σ为斯蒂芬-波尔兹曼(Stefan-Boltzmann)常数,取值为5.67×10–8 W/(m2·K4);Ta为大气温度(K);T0为地表温度(K)。
土壤热通量指地表能量在交换传输的过程中,单位面积土壤在单位时间内的热交换量,是由于传输导致的储存植被和土壤中的热量的比率,取决于地表特征和土壤含水量等,其计算公式如下:,式中,ƒc为植被覆盖度,在全植被覆盖下,ƒc=1,土壤热通量与净辐射通量的比值Γc=0.05;在裸地情况下,ƒc=0,土壤热通量与净辐射通量的比值Γs=0.315。
显热通量是指单位时间内通过单位面积的热量传递,且这种热量传递导致温度的变化,使大气与下垫面间发生湍流形式的热交换,在辐射交换过程中散失到空气中的能量称为显热通量,其计算公式如下:H=ρCpθ0-θa)/γa,式中,ρ为空气密度,取值为1.293 kg/m3Cp为空气定压比热,取值为1005 J/(kg·K);θ0θa分别为地表和参考高度的虚温(K);γa为空气动力学阻抗(s/m)。
潜热通量(λE)指单位时间内通过单位面积的热量交换,这部分热量并不导致物体温度的变化,而是用于引起水的相变,地表和植被以及大气之间因为水的相变而交换的热量被称为潜热通量。基于表面能量平衡方程可得:λE=Rn-G0-H
利用SEBS模型可以估算卫星过境瞬间的蒸散发量,然而在实际应用中,将通过遥感反演得到的瞬时蒸散扩展到长时间尺度的蒸散量更具有实际意义和研究价值。因此,本研究采用蒸发比不变法获得日蒸散量,即假设在一天内蒸发比保持不变,此时卫星过境瞬间的蒸散比等同于日均蒸发比。因此日蒸散量的计算公式如下:
式中,Λ为蒸发比;ET24为日实际蒸散发量(mm);Rn24为日净辐射通量(W/m2);G024为日土壤热通量(W/m2),ρw为水的密度,取值为1000 kg/m3
为评价SEBS模型在橡胶林中的适用性,本研究采用研究区橡胶林内安装的涡度相关系统监测所得2022年1月至2022年12月的蒸散发实测数据进行日尺度验证,验证结果如表2所示。结果表明,SEBS模型模拟蒸散发与涡度相关实测蒸散发在年内的季节性变化趋势基本保持一致,且模型反演出的日均蒸散发均低于实测蒸散发。总体而言,SEBS模型对橡胶林蒸散发具有较高的预测精度,其平均均方根误差(RMSE)为0.43,平均相对误差(RE)为14.78%。其中对9月1日的蒸散发估算精度最高(RMSE=0.09,RE=2.65%),对1月28日、3月9日、4月10日、5月28日和7月31日的蒸散发同样具有较好的预测精度(RMSE≤0.39,RE≤12.27%),对11月28日的蒸散发估算精度最低(RMSE=1.05,RE=35.38%)。如图3所示,SEBS模型模拟的蒸散发与涡度相关实测蒸散发具有较好的相关性(R2=0.88,RMSE=0.55,RE=18.95%),模拟值与实测值的拟合直线接近1∶1线,研究结果表明SEBS模型在橡胶蒸散发反演中具有较好的适用性。
橡胶林10个不同时期的SEBS模型反演的日蒸散发统计值如图4所示,在年内存在明显的时间差异性,总体表现为先增后降的趋势。其中7月31日的日均蒸散发最大,为4.40 mm;1月28日和3月9日的日均蒸散发最小,均为1.38 mm;此外,3月9日、4月10日、6月29日和10月11日的日最小蒸散发值最低,均为0 mm;9月1日的日最大蒸散发值最高,为11.67 mm。海南岛干湿季分明,橡胶林日均蒸散发同样存在明显的干湿季差异特征。其中日均蒸散发较高值主要集中于5—10月的湿季,该时期处于研究区的主要降水期,且为橡胶林的主要生长发育期,该时期7月31日的日均蒸散发最大,10月11日的日均蒸散发最小,仅为1.88 mm。而1—4月和11—12月为干季,该时期橡胶林日均蒸散发普遍较低,该时期4月10日的日均蒸散发最大,为2.01 mm,1月28和3月9日的日均蒸散发最小,均为1.38 mm。
所选研究区域为距离通量塔3.0 km区域面积,即覆盖海南省儋州市中国热带农业科学院试验农场三队所有橡胶林的区域面积,然而受当地种植模式、环境条件及人类活动等因素的影响,橡胶林并未完全覆盖,这对模型反演橡胶林蒸散发精度造成一定影响。因此,通过区域调查,再选取距离通量塔1.5 km橡胶林完全覆盖的区域面积以及距离通量塔1.0 km通量塔理论覆盖面积分别进行日蒸散发精度验证,验证结果如表3所示。结果表明,除7月31日的SEBS模型反演距离通量塔1.0 km的区域蒸散发精度(RMSE=0.25,RE=5.20%)高于距离通量塔1.5 km的区域蒸散发精度(RMSE=0.40,RE=8.32%),其余9期的SEBS模型反演距离通量塔1.5 km的区域蒸散发精度均高于距离通量塔1.0 km的区域蒸散发精度。在距离通量塔1.0 km区域内,SEBS模型对3月9日的日均蒸散发反演精度最高(RMSE=0.05,RE=3.33%),5月28日次之(RMSE=0.06,RE=1.56%);对6月29日的日均蒸散发反演精度最低(RMSE=1.25,RE=33.61%)。在距离通量塔1.5 km区域内,SEBS模型对5月28日的蒸散发反演精度最高(RMSE=0.01,RE=0.32%),3月9日次之(RMSE=0.04,RE=2.49%);对11月28日的日均蒸散发反演精度最低(RMSE=1.00,RE=33.74%)。总体而言,SEBS模型对距离通量塔1.5 km区域内橡胶林的蒸散发反演精度较高。
随着卫星遥感技术的快速发展,利用遥感影像分析地表信息,并与物理模型相结合估算区域蒸散发已成为研究热点。如ISLAM等[27]利用Landsat 8和Sentinel 2卫星影像,结合SEBAL模型确定了小麦的实际蒸散量。BABOLI等[28]通过采用GEE(Google Earth Engine)的SEBAL算法结合Landsat 8卫星影像反演了小麦的蒸散发,其结果与溶出仪数据相比具有较高的一致性(R2=0.94,RMSE=0.98)。王冉冉等[29]基于Landsat遥感影像与SEBS模型分析了绿洲地区2010—2022年蒸散发的时空变化,并分别用蒸发皿和彭曼模型实测数据进行了精度验证,结果表明,蒸散发的SEBS模拟值与蒸发皿观测值和彭曼公式观测值的相关系数分别达到0.93和0.90,均方根误差分别为0.96和0.64,具有较高的可靠性。以上研究均表明模型结合遥感信息估算蒸散发具有较高的反演精度。因此本研究利用研究区内Landsat 8遥感影像、DEM数据、通量塔监测的气象数据等,结合SEBS模型反演2022年海南省儋州市橡胶林蒸散发,并通过涡度相关法进行验证,结果表明,SEBS模型反演蒸散发具有较高的可靠性(R2=0.88,RMSE=0.55),与前人研究结果[30]一致。然而,前人研究中大多利用MODIS数据和Landsat卫星数据估算农田作物的蒸散发,例如ZORATIPOUR等[31]利用SEBS和SEBAL模型准确估算了小麦的日蒸散量,与彭曼公式相比SEBS模型和SEBAL模型的R2分别达到0.87和0.79。蒋博武等[32]研究表明,利用Landsat 8卫星数据,采用SEBS模型可以准确估算冬小麦不同生育期的日蒸散量。张文发[33]基于Landsat 8遥感影像结合SEBS模型反演了研究区域不同农作物的蒸散发,研究结果同样表明基于遥感数据和SEBS模型能够准确反演不同农作物的空间尺度的日蒸散发量。然而将该方法应用于冠层高大的林木中的研究仍较少。在本研究中,将该方法尝试应用于橡胶林中,研究结果表明,利用Landsat 8卫星数据结合SEBS模型对冠层高大的橡胶林蒸散发同样具有较好的估测精度(RMSE≤1.05,RE≤35.38%)。这可能是由于SEBS模型包含一个新的参数剩余阻抗(KB–1),该参数考虑了冠层结构、气候适应性和土地覆盖变化的影响[34],能够更准确地确定热量粗糙长度。此外,SEBS模型有效区分了大气边界层和大气近地面层,可以根据不同尺度选择总体相似理论或者莫宁-奥布霍夫相似性理论对大气的稳定度进行修正,提升了模型在不同区域尺度的适用性[26]。然而,对10—12月海南儋州橡胶林蒸散发的反演,SEBS模型模拟蒸散发与实测蒸散发的精度存在一定误差(RMSE≥0.74,RE ≥20.77)。这可能是由于SEBS模型作为典型的单层能量平衡模型,其适用于量化均一下垫面对地表通量的影响,然而在实际研究中,下垫面并非均匀单一,这会对蒸散发的估测造成影响,从而存在一定程度的误差[35]。此外,SEBS模型在蒸散发反演中的精确度还受限于输入气象数据及地表参数的准确性。同时,研究区内通量塔观测提供的蒸散发实测数据存在一定限制,导致模型反演结果精度验证的不确定性。以上原因均会导致模型反演蒸散发的精度降低。此外,SEBS模型对10—12月橡胶林蒸散发量还存在一定程度的低估,这可能由于在长时间序列分析中,所选取的研究区内遥感影像会被少量云层覆盖,导致净辐射的下降速度变快,因此模型反演的蒸散发结果较小[36]
蒸散发是植被及表层土壤向大气输送的水汽总通量,在地表水分循环和能量平衡中具有重要作用,为区域水资源的合理利用提供了重要参考。研究区内干湿季分明,降水分布不均,雨季为5—10月,旱季为11—4月[37]。利用SEBS模型对橡胶林蒸散发的反演结果表明,雨季日均蒸散量显著高于旱季日均蒸散量。在橡胶树生长发育过程中,水分是制约橡胶树在旱季正常生长的主要因素之一[38],雨季蒸散量显著高于旱季蒸散量的原因可能是由于5—10月处于研究区的主要降水期[39],同时该时期也是橡胶树生长发育的旺盛时期。海南岛全年温度较高,植物生长速度快,地表蒸发和植物蒸腾作用较强[40],在雨季时,降雨可以补充土壤中被蒸散的土壤水分。综上,雨季橡胶林的蒸散发较高,而在旱季,降雨量较少,降雨无法及时补充土壤中被蒸散的土壤水分,橡胶林生长需要从土壤获取水分,使土壤含水量持续下降[41],而蒸腾作用剧烈,当土壤含水量接近土壤残余含水量时,这可能造成土壤实际蒸散量小于土壤潜在蒸散量。此外,该时期研究区橡胶林植被开始枯萎,发生大面积落叶,蒸腾作用减弱[42],研究区空气温度同时降低,整个区域日照时数变短,地表接受净辐射通量较少,因此研究区蒸散发也相应降低[43]。综合以上因素,旱季橡胶林日均蒸散发呈现低值。
涡度相关法可以进行高精度测量大时间尺度的观测,在各类研究中已得到广泛应用。然而当前涡度相关法主要应用于农田、作物等区域,针对林木的蒸散发研究较为缺乏。此外,在当前利用涡度相关法测量蒸散发的研究中,针对源区的评估与研究尚显不足。尽管涡度相关法能够大致确定源区的位置,但对精确描绘通量源区的范围及识别通量贡献峰值点的具体位置仍面临挑战。本研究区域受当地种植模式、环境条件及人类活动等因素的影响,橡胶林生长分布不均。因此,本研究采用SEBS模型反演距离通量塔半径1.0、1.5、3.0 km研究区域的蒸散发,并分别与涡度相关法计算得到的蒸散发进行精度对比。结果表明,距离通量塔1.5 km研究区域的蒸散发与涡度相关实测蒸散发的一致性最好,距离通量塔3.0 km研究区域的蒸散发与涡度相关实测蒸散发的一致性适中,距离通量塔1.0 km研究区域的蒸散发与涡度相关实测蒸散发的一致性最差,这可能与研究区域存在空间异质性有关[44]。首先,橡胶林地表的空间异质性对地表水热通量产生影响[45],从而造成不同区域覆盖范围内橡胶林蒸散发的反演精度不同;其次,橡胶林内部存在空间异质性,如树木密度、生长年龄、冠层结构、土壤特性和水分条件等,这种异质性在不同的空间范围内对通量塔测量的影响程度不同。在1.5 km区域面积内,通量塔能涵盖的橡胶林区域相对均匀,空间异质性相对较低,能够较好地反映橡胶林的主要生态特征与气象条件,模型能够更好地拟合实际蒸散发数据,因此反演精度最高。在3.0 km区域面积内,随着半径增大,覆盖区域内的异质性增加,环境和气象条件的变化较大,可能包括不同的土壤类型、植被种类和水分条件,导致蒸散发的测量结果受到更大的干扰,进而导致反演精度降低。而在通常情况下,离通量塔越近的区域,模型精度应该越高,但在本研究中,SEBS模型对距离通量塔1.0 km区域内橡胶林的蒸散发反演精度最低。结合通量塔特征和遥感影像分辨率,造成该现象的原因可能是距离通量塔1.0 km的区域受到通量塔附近微环境的影响较大。例如地形、土壤湿度、植被覆盖等可能具有较高的空间异质性,这些局部因素可能导致蒸散发的空间分布与通量塔观测的气象数据不完全匹配,使得模型难以准确捕捉蒸散发的空间分布规律。此外,SEBS模型依赖于遥感数据,其分辨率可能对结果产生影响,在1.0 km范围内,像元可能包含多种地表类型,如橡胶林、裸土等,导致像元内异质性较高,从而造成模型精度降低。
本研究利用Landsat 8卫星遥感影像数据,结合通量塔观测气象数据,采用SEBS模型对研究区橡胶林的日蒸散发进行反演,并利用涡度相关法对反演结果进行精度验证。结果表明,SEBS模型对橡胶林日蒸散发具有较好的反演精度(R2=0.88,RMSE=0.55,RE=18.95%),对2022年9月1日的蒸散发反演精度最高(RMSE=0.09,RE=2.65%)。此外,研究区日均蒸散量干湿季差异明显,表现为湿季显著高于干季,其中7月31日的日均蒸散发最大为4.40 mm,1月28日和3月9日的日均蒸散发最小均为1.38 mm。由于Landsat 8遥感影像反演的蒸散发受植被覆盖程度及空间异质性等影响,距离通量塔不同距离范围的橡胶林蒸散发具有不同的反演精度结果,总体表现为SEBS模型对距通量塔1.5 km区域面积的橡胶林蒸散发反演精度最高(RMSE=0.53,RE=18.08%),对距通量塔1.0 km区域面积的橡胶林蒸散发反演精度最低(RMSE=0.65,RE=22.26%)。综上,本研究基于卫星遥感数据和气象数据,利用SEBS模型实现了对橡胶林蒸散发的精准估测,在智慧林业中具有可操作性,对优化橡胶林水资源管理及提升产胶量具有重要的指导作用。
  • 海南省科技专项(ZDYF2024XDNY196)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(42167011)
  • 中国热带农业科学院橡胶研究所开放课题(RRI-KLOF202204)
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2025年第46卷第7期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.07.024
  • 接收时间:2024-12-26
  • 首发时间:2026-06-24
  • 出版时间:2025-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-26
  • 录用日期:2025-02-08
基金
海南省科技专项(ZDYF2024XDNY196)
国家自然科学基金项目(42167011)
中国热带农业科学院橡胶研究所开放课题(RRI-KLOF202204)
作者信息
    1.海南大学热带农林学院,海南海口 570228
    2.中国热带农业科学院橡胶研究所,海南海口 571101
    3.海南空天信息研究院海南省地球观测重点实验室,海南三亚 572029
    4.中国科学院空天信息研究院数字地球科学重点实验室,北京 100094
    5.海南省农业科学院热带园艺研究所,海南海口 571100

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* 王晶晶(WANG Jingjing),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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