Article(id=1276530105967051010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276529901037548535, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.06.017, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734019200000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1739980800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-02-20, onlineDate=1782278094045, onlineDateStr=2026-06-24, pubDate=1750780800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782278094045, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782278094044, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782278094044, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276529901037548535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2025', volume='46', issue='6', pageStart='1279', pageEnd='1532', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1750780800000', pubDateStr='2025-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782278045186, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782298980105, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276617708544328532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276529901037548535, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276617708544328533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276529901037548535, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1449, endPage=1460, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276530106260652292, articleId=1276530105967051010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Effects of Different Carbon and Nitrogen Sources on Physicochemical Properties and Volatile Components of Pineapple Vinegar, columnId=1236286112713470633, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Post-harvest Treatment & Quality Safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Considering the deficiencies such as low substrate utilization rate, prone to lose typical flavor, and weak taste in liquid fermentation process of pineapple vinegar, the paper intended to explore the effects of different carbon sources (sucrose, inulin) and nitrogen sources (chromium-rich yeast, soybean protein) on the physicochemical indexes (total acid, reducing sugar, total polyphenols and total acid), antioxidant activity (DPPH free radical and ABTS+ clearance rate) and volatile components in the fermentation process of pineapple vinegar, which was aimed to improve substrate utilization and vinegar quality. The results showed that not only different carbon sources and but also nitrogen sources could significantly increase the acid production of acetic acid bacteria, and the abilities of nitrogen sources to promote the utilization of reducing sugar and acid production of acetic acid bacteria were better than that of carbon sources. The nitrogen source had higher effects on the contents of total polyphenols, total flavonoids and the ability of scavenging DPPH and ABTS free radicals than carbon source. Besides, a total of 37 volatile components were detected in pineapple vinegar under four treatments, mainly included esters, alcohols, acids, phenols, ketones and so on. The total concentration of volatile components of pineapple vinegar in nitrogen source treatments was higher than that in carbon source treatments. The concentrations of esters and acids were the highest with value of 3712.37 μg/L and 972.97 μg/L, and were 6.39 times and 8.76 times of those in the sucrose treatment, respectively. Compared with sucrose treatment, the total concentration of volatile components in other treatments increased by 3.78-5.19 times. There were two key volatile compounds in the sucrose treatment (ethyl decanoate and phenylethanol), ethyl caproate, isoamyl acetate, ethyl decanoate and phenyl ethyl) were key volatile compounds in the inulin treatment, and five key volatile compounds in the nitrogen source group were isoamyl acetate, ethyl caproate, ethyl decanoate, linalool and phenylethanol. Appropriate addition of organic nitrogen source could promote acetic acid fermentation process, maximize the fermentation potential of acetobacter, enhance antioxidant activity of pineapple vinegar, to improve the content of total phenol and total flavone, and pineapple vinegar flavor.

, authors=null, authorsList=Xiaofang WANG, Jiayuan HE, Xiao GONG, Yuan YUAN, Wuhai CHEN, Fei LIU, Li ZHANG, Wei ZHOU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wei ZHOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276530109595123986, articleId=1276530105967051010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=不同碳源、氮源对菠萝果醋品质及风味的影响研究, columnId=1236286112877048492, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=采后处理与质量安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对菠萝果醋在液态发酵过程中底物利用率低,易失去典型风味,且滋味寡淡等不足之处,本研究拟探究添加不同碳源(蔗糖、菊粉)、氮源(富铬酵母、大豆蛋白)对菠萝果醋发酵过程中理化指标(总酸、还原糖、总多酚、总黄酮)、抗氧化性(DPPH自由基清除率及ABTS+清除率)以及挥发性成分的影响,以期提高菠萝果醋发酵过程底物利用率和最终果醋品质。结果表明:不同碳源、氮源均可显著提高醋酸菌的产酸量,并且添加氮源促进醋酸菌利用还原糖、产酸的能力优于碳源。氮源对菠萝果醋总多酚、总黄酮含量以及清除DPPH、ABTS自由基的能力均高于碳源。4组处理的菠萝果醋中共检出37种挥发性成分,主要为酯类、醇类、酸类、酚类、酮类等。添加氮源组的菠萝果醋挥发性成分总浓度高于碳源组,其中,添加富铬酵母的果醋中酯类、酸类化合物的质量浓度最高,分别为3712.37、972.97 μg/L,分别是蔗糖组的6.39倍、8.76倍;与蔗糖处理相比,其他处理组的菠萝果醋中各类挥发性成分总浓度增加了3.78~5.19倍。蔗糖处理组的关键挥发性化合物有2种(癸酸乙酯、苯乙醇),菊粉处理组关键挥发性化合物有4种(己酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯、癸酸乙酯、苯乙醇),氮源处理组关键挥发性化合物有5种(乙酸异戊酯、己酸乙酯、癸酸乙酯、芳樟醇、苯乙醇)。适量添加有机氮源可促进醋酸发酵过程,最大限度发挥醋酸杆菌的发酵潜力,增强菠萝果醋的抗氧化性,提升总酚、总黄酮含量和菠萝果醋风味。

, authors=

王晓芳(1982—),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:果蔬发酵。

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* 周伟(ZHOU Wei),E-mail:
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王晓芳(1982—),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:果蔬发酵。

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王晓芳(1982—),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:果蔬发酵。

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Studies on the relation of total phenols content to the antioxidant activity of fruits and vegetables, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1276530122526163294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530105967051010, awardId=323MS092, language=CN, fundingSource=海南省自然科学基金项目(323MS092), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1276530122681352543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530105967051010, awardId=ZDYF2023XDNY031, language=CN, fundingSource=海南省科技专项(ZDYF2023XDNY031), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1276530122761044320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530105967051010, awardId=1630012025202, language=CN, fundingSource=中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(1630012025202), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1276530109842587924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530105967051010, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276530109863559445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530105967051010, companyId=1276530109842587924, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Agricultural Products Processing Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276530109871948054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530105967051010, companyId=1276530109842587924, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.中国热带农业科学院农产品加工研究所,广东湛江 524001)]), AuthorCompany(id=1276530109951639831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530105967051010, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276530109960028440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530105967051010, companyId=1276530109951639831, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing Quality and Safety Risk Evaluation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276530109968417049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530105967051010, companyId=1276530109951639831, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.农业农村部农产品加工质量安全风险评估实验室(湛江),广东湛江 524001)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1276530119325909328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530105967051010, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Effects of different carbon and nitrogen sources on content of total acid and reducing sugar in pineapple vinegar, figureFileSmall=MytVa4CN9nQgyJYMEGtInA==, figureFileBig=IbCDPIo57kBn81ji4r2aUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276530119686619473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530105967051010, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同碳源、氮源对菠萝果醋总酸、还原糖含量的影响, figureFileSmall=MytVa4CN9nQgyJYMEGtInA==, figureFileBig=IbCDPIo57kBn81ji4r2aUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276530121397895506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530105967051010, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Reducing sugar content in pineapple vinegar during fermentation after adding different carbon and nitrogen sources, figureFileSmall=z3p2Rg9leWMigxbGqxQAMQ==, figureFileBig=KTCmyng4HP+Jf6G+NKt0xA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276530121485975891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530105967051010, language=CN, label=图2, caption=添加不同碳源、氮源后菠萝果醋还原糖含量的变化

折线为菠萝果醋还原糖的平均含量;不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=z3p2Rg9leWMigxbGqxQAMQ==, figureFileBig=KTCmyng4HP+Jf6G+NKt0xA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276530121557279060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530105967051010, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Effects of different carbon and nitrogen sources on antioxidant activity in pineapple vinegar, figureFileSmall=xKGWbbHnJyP1n0uZ/A6xpA==, figureFileBig=Fo/Gc/QXSnwpN0HBg/F0Tw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276530121779577173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530105967051010, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同碳源、氮源对菠萝果醋抗氧化活性的影响, figureFileSmall=xKGWbbHnJyP1n0uZ/A6xpA==, figureFileBig=Fo/Gc/QXSnwpN0HBg/F0Tw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276530121846686038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530105967051010, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Effects of different carbon and nitrogen sources on the contents of total phenol and total flavone in pineapple vinegar, figureFileSmall=YX7lqZMk8CDZmJtXWaC9tg==, figureFileBig=4/YnDkKg+iHHN5rSQFtdlg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276530121934766423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530105967051010, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同碳源、氮源对菠萝果醋总酚、总黄酮含量的影响, figureFileSmall=YX7lqZMk8CDZmJtXWaC9tg==, figureFileBig=4/YnDkKg+iHHN5rSQFtdlg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276530122006069592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530105967051010, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Types and concentrations of volatile substances of pineapple vinegar under different treatments, figureFileSmall=pABlsYrTi563Vvk7VuV93A==, figureFileBig=fyaOdROLChPLJgfvGP642g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276530122073178457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530105967051010, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同处理菠萝果醋中挥发性物质种类和浓度

不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=pABlsYrTi563Vvk7VuV93A==, figureFileBig=fyaOdROLChPLJgfvGP642g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276530122211590490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530105967051010, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Organic acid content of pineapple vinegar under different treatments, figureFileSmall=sF3s67TFtCmjfuFA0Lbf3w==, figureFileBig=fsgWF7u0ETERdImc0VNsOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276530122287087963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530105967051010, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同处理菠萝果醋的有机酸含量

不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=sF3s67TFtCmjfuFA0Lbf3w==, figureFileBig=fsgWF7u0ETERdImc0VNsOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276530122358391132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530105967051010, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Volatile compounds and contents of pineapple vinegar under different treatments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号No.英文名称English name中文名称Chinese nameCAS No.阈值Threshold/(μg·kg-1)含量Content/(μg·L–1)
蔗糖Sucrose菊粉Inulin富铬酵母Chromium rich yeast大豆蛋白Soybean protein
1isoamyl acetate乙酸异戊酯123-92-2100091.99±3.851395.82±38.421256.83±35.141583.9±32.67
2amyl acetate乙酸戊酯628-63-7160041.30±2.73ND55.88±2.52ND
3ethyl hexanoate己酸乙酯123-66-015022.32±1.62221.76±10.03352.99±9.68340.41±19.80
4ethyl heptanoate庚酸乙酯106-30-94000.95±0.10NDNDND
5ethyl lactate乳酸乙酯97-64-310 0004.63±0.7276.16±3.7414.88±2.0313.92±1.84
6ethyl caprylate辛酸乙酯106-32-11300156.01±8.33811.60±263.721489.31±50.921234.88±30.26
7ethyl 3-methylthiopropionate3-(甲硫基)丙酸乙酯13327-56-530021.37±0.8922.45±1.5039.57±4.4664.46±4.44
8ethyl caprate癸酸乙酯110-38-32026.88±1.9735.66±1.8141.78±2.4647.97±2.21
9isopentyl octanoate辛酸异戊酯2035-99-620001.76±0.029.52±1.471.13±0.053.46±0.05
10ethyl 3-hydroxyhexanoate3-羟基己酸乙酯2305-25-1635.24±0.19NDNDND
11ethyl isopentyl succinate乙基异戊基琥珀酸酯28024-16-08.67±1.862.19±0.22NDND
12ethyl trans-4-octenoate反式-4-辛烯酸乙酯78989-37-45.01±0.183.25±0.068.26±0.0510.47±1.77
13diethyl succinate丁二酸二乙酯123-25-11 045 00015.88±1.951.72±0.0333.22±2.022.50±0.00
14ethyl nonanoate壬酸乙酯123-29-512 000ND2.53±0.017.61±0.235.64±0.19
159-decenoic acid, ethyl ester9-癸烯酸乙酯67233-91-431.51±1.411.64±0.01219.91±6.016.33±0.01
164-hexanolideγ-己内酯695-06-780004.42±0.023.57±0.052.98±0.042.49±0.02
17ethyl phenylacetate苯乙酸乙酯101-97-310001.59±0.010.65±0.00NDND
18phenethyl acetate乙酸苯乙酯103-45-720122.63±13.32123.55±9.69135.04±9.72152.35±15.40
19ethyl laurate月桂酸乙酯106-33-2330NDND17.15±1.6222.83±1.43
20ethyl-(E)-cinnamate, ethyl-trans-cinnamate肉桂酸乙酯4192-77-2382.09±0.080.66±0.011.33±0.011.17±0.01
22palmitic acid ethyl ester棕榈酸乙酯628-97-7150010.86±0.441.94±0.015.86±0.044.76±0.06
23diethyl phthalate邻苯二甲酸二乙酯84-66-25.58±0.164.64±0.1728.64±1.434.04±1.74
合计酯类580.69±39.852719.31±93.503712.37±128.433501.58±111.90
242-nonanol2-壬基醇628-99-92806.52±0.37NDNDND
25linalool芳樟醇78-70-62716.63±1.1423.63±2.2179.40±4.5753.49±2.75
26alpha-terpineolα-松油醇98-55-52000NDND2.51±0.012.33±0.02
271-octanol辛醇111-87-59005.13±0.054.87±0.119.01±0.0312.59±1.27
28phenethyl alcohol苯乙醇60-12-845105.84±4.52123.70±6.45160.89±6.23155.03±6.88
29citronellol香茅醇106-22-910042.65±2.4346.28±2.5968.11±2.9752.08±2.63
30nerol橙花醇106-25-25001.39±0.020.93±0.059.94±0.1112.73±0.06
合计醇类178.16±8.53199.41±11.41329.86±13.91288.25±13.59
31isovaleric acid异戊酸503-74-2150016.58±0.92105.52±2.54117.96±2.73115.11±2.95
32octanoic acid辛酸124-07-2400043.77±2.66731.45±41.92855.01±43.84706.95±45.16
33hexanoic acid己酸142-62-180 00050.67±2.45NDND26.33±1.69
合计酸类111.02±6.03836.97±44.46972.97±46.57848.39±49.80
34eugenol丁香酚97-53-01007.77±1.246.45±0.8936.51±2.2725.60±1.82
354-vinylguaiacol4-乙烯基愈创木酚7786-61-04402.08±0.045.48±0.0853.99±1.9427.40±0.25
364-allylphenol对烯丙基苯酚501-92-885.71±3.0161.05±3.64270.07±18.2763.78±1.28
合计酚类95.56±4.2972.98±4.61360.57±22.48116.78±3.35
37acetoin3-羟基-2-丁酮513-86-017 00073.24±2.3595.34±4.7516.52±2.5918.13±2.21
合计酮类73.24±2.3595.34±4.7516.52±2.5918.13±2.21
), ArticleFig(id=1276530122433888605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530105967051010, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同处理菠萝果醋的挥发性物质及其含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号No.英文名称English name中文名称Chinese nameCAS No.阈值Threshold/(μg·kg-1)含量Content/(μg·L–1)
蔗糖Sucrose菊粉Inulin富铬酵母Chromium rich yeast大豆蛋白Soybean protein
1isoamyl acetate乙酸异戊酯123-92-2100091.99±3.851395.82±38.421256.83±35.141583.9±32.67
2amyl acetate乙酸戊酯628-63-7160041.30±2.73ND55.88±2.52ND
3ethyl hexanoate己酸乙酯123-66-015022.32±1.62221.76±10.03352.99±9.68340.41±19.80
4ethyl heptanoate庚酸乙酯106-30-94000.95±0.10NDNDND
5ethyl lactate乳酸乙酯97-64-310 0004.63±0.7276.16±3.7414.88±2.0313.92±1.84
6ethyl caprylate辛酸乙酯106-32-11300156.01±8.33811.60±263.721489.31±50.921234.88±30.26
7ethyl 3-methylthiopropionate3-(甲硫基)丙酸乙酯13327-56-530021.37±0.8922.45±1.5039.57±4.4664.46±4.44
8ethyl caprate癸酸乙酯110-38-32026.88±1.9735.66±1.8141.78±2.4647.97±2.21
9isopentyl octanoate辛酸异戊酯2035-99-620001.76±0.029.52±1.471.13±0.053.46±0.05
10ethyl 3-hydroxyhexanoate3-羟基己酸乙酯2305-25-1635.24±0.19NDNDND
11ethyl isopentyl succinate乙基异戊基琥珀酸酯28024-16-08.67±1.862.19±0.22NDND
12ethyl trans-4-octenoate反式-4-辛烯酸乙酯78989-37-45.01±0.183.25±0.068.26±0.0510.47±1.77
13diethyl succinate丁二酸二乙酯123-25-11 045 00015.88±1.951.72±0.0333.22±2.022.50±0.00
14ethyl nonanoate壬酸乙酯123-29-512 000ND2.53±0.017.61±0.235.64±0.19
159-decenoic acid, ethyl ester9-癸烯酸乙酯67233-91-431.51±1.411.64±0.01219.91±6.016.33±0.01
164-hexanolideγ-己内酯695-06-780004.42±0.023.57±0.052.98±0.042.49±0.02
17ethyl phenylacetate苯乙酸乙酯101-97-310001.59±0.010.65±0.00NDND
18phenethyl acetate乙酸苯乙酯103-45-720122.63±13.32123.55±9.69135.04±9.72152.35±15.40
19ethyl laurate月桂酸乙酯106-33-2330NDND17.15±1.6222.83±1.43
20ethyl-(E)-cinnamate, ethyl-trans-cinnamate肉桂酸乙酯4192-77-2382.09±0.080.66±0.011.33±0.011.17±0.01
22palmitic acid ethyl ester棕榈酸乙酯628-97-7150010.86±0.441.94±0.015.86±0.044.76±0.06
23diethyl phthalate邻苯二甲酸二乙酯84-66-25.58±0.164.64±0.1728.64±1.434.04±1.74
合计酯类580.69±39.852719.31±93.503712.37±128.433501.58±111.90
242-nonanol2-壬基醇628-99-92806.52±0.37NDNDND
25linalool芳樟醇78-70-62716.63±1.1423.63±2.2179.40±4.5753.49±2.75
26alpha-terpineolα-松油醇98-55-52000NDND2.51±0.012.33±0.02
271-octanol辛醇111-87-59005.13±0.054.87±0.119.01±0.0312.59±1.27
28phenethyl alcohol苯乙醇60-12-845105.84±4.52123.70±6.45160.89±6.23155.03±6.88
29citronellol香茅醇106-22-910042.65±2.4346.28±2.5968.11±2.9752.08±2.63
30nerol橙花醇106-25-25001.39±0.020.93±0.059.94±0.1112.73±0.06
合计醇类178.16±8.53199.41±11.41329.86±13.91288.25±13.59
31isovaleric acid异戊酸503-74-2150016.58±0.92105.52±2.54117.96±2.73115.11±2.95
32octanoic acid辛酸124-07-2400043.77±2.66731.45±41.92855.01±43.84706.95±45.16
33hexanoic acid己酸142-62-180 00050.67±2.45NDND26.33±1.69
合计酸类111.02±6.03836.97±44.46972.97±46.57848.39±49.80
34eugenol丁香酚97-53-01007.77±1.246.45±0.8936.51±2.2725.60±1.82
354-vinylguaiacol4-乙烯基愈创木酚7786-61-04402.08±0.045.48±0.0853.99±1.9427.40±0.25
364-allylphenol对烯丙基苯酚501-92-885.71±3.0161.05±3.64270.07±18.2763.78±1.28
合计酚类95.56±4.2972.98±4.61360.57±22.48116.78±3.35
37acetoin3-羟基-2-丁酮513-86-017 00073.24±2.3595.34±4.7516.52±2.5918.13±2.21
合计酮类73.24±2.3595.34±4.7516.52±2.5918.13±2.21
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不同碳源、氮源对菠萝果醋品质及风味的影响研究
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王晓芳 1 , 何家媛 2 , 龚霄 1 , 袁源 1 , 陈吴海 2 , 刘飞 1 , 张利 1 , 周伟 1, *
热带作物学报 | 采后处理与质量安全 2025,46(6): 1449-1460
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热带作物学报 |采后处理与质量安全 2025 , 46 (6) : 1449 -1460
不同碳源、氮源对菠萝果醋品质及风味的影响研究
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王晓芳(1982—),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:果蔬发酵。

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postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.中国热带农业科学院农产品加工研究所,广东湛江 524001)])])]
王晓芳1, 何家媛2, 龚霄1, 袁源1, 陈吴海2, 刘飞1, 张利1, 周伟1, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国热带农业科学院农产品加工研究所,广东湛江 524001
  • 2.农业农村部农产品加工质量安全风险评估实验室(湛江),广东湛江 524001
通讯作者:
* 周伟(ZHOU Wei),E-mail:
Effects of Different Carbon and Nitrogen Sources on Physicochemical Properties and Volatile Components of Pineapple Vinegar
Xiaofang WANG1, Jiayuan HE2, Xiao GONG1, Yuan YUAN1, Wuhai CHEN2, Fei LIU1, Li ZHANG1, Wei ZHOU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Agricultural Products Processing Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, China
  • 2.Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing Quality and Safety Risk Evaluation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, China
出版时间: 2025-06-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.06.017
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针对菠萝果醋在液态发酵过程中底物利用率低,易失去典型风味,且滋味寡淡等不足之处,本研究拟探究添加不同碳源(蔗糖、菊粉)、氮源(富铬酵母、大豆蛋白)对菠萝果醋发酵过程中理化指标(总酸、还原糖、总多酚、总黄酮)、抗氧化性(DPPH自由基清除率及ABTS+清除率)以及挥发性成分的影响,以期提高菠萝果醋发酵过程底物利用率和最终果醋品质。结果表明:不同碳源、氮源均可显著提高醋酸菌的产酸量,并且添加氮源促进醋酸菌利用还原糖、产酸的能力优于碳源。氮源对菠萝果醋总多酚、总黄酮含量以及清除DPPH、ABTS自由基的能力均高于碳源。4组处理的菠萝果醋中共检出37种挥发性成分,主要为酯类、醇类、酸类、酚类、酮类等。添加氮源组的菠萝果醋挥发性成分总浓度高于碳源组,其中,添加富铬酵母的果醋中酯类、酸类化合物的质量浓度最高,分别为3712.37、972.97 μg/L,分别是蔗糖组的6.39倍、8.76倍;与蔗糖处理相比,其他处理组的菠萝果醋中各类挥发性成分总浓度增加了3.78~5.19倍。蔗糖处理组的关键挥发性化合物有2种(癸酸乙酯、苯乙醇),菊粉处理组关键挥发性化合物有4种(己酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯、癸酸乙酯、苯乙醇),氮源处理组关键挥发性化合物有5种(乙酸异戊酯、己酸乙酯、癸酸乙酯、芳樟醇、苯乙醇)。适量添加有机氮源可促进醋酸发酵过程,最大限度发挥醋酸杆菌的发酵潜力,增强菠萝果醋的抗氧化性,提升总酚、总黄酮含量和菠萝果醋风味。

菠萝果醋  /  碳氮源  /  发酵  /  理化指标  /  风味物质

Considering the deficiencies such as low substrate utilization rate, prone to lose typical flavor, and weak taste in liquid fermentation process of pineapple vinegar, the paper intended to explore the effects of different carbon sources (sucrose, inulin) and nitrogen sources (chromium-rich yeast, soybean protein) on the physicochemical indexes (total acid, reducing sugar, total polyphenols and total acid), antioxidant activity (DPPH free radical and ABTS+ clearance rate) and volatile components in the fermentation process of pineapple vinegar, which was aimed to improve substrate utilization and vinegar quality. The results showed that not only different carbon sources and but also nitrogen sources could significantly increase the acid production of acetic acid bacteria, and the abilities of nitrogen sources to promote the utilization of reducing sugar and acid production of acetic acid bacteria were better than that of carbon sources. The nitrogen source had higher effects on the contents of total polyphenols, total flavonoids and the ability of scavenging DPPH and ABTS free radicals than carbon source. Besides, a total of 37 volatile components were detected in pineapple vinegar under four treatments, mainly included esters, alcohols, acids, phenols, ketones and so on. The total concentration of volatile components of pineapple vinegar in nitrogen source treatments was higher than that in carbon source treatments. The concentrations of esters and acids were the highest with value of 3712.37 μg/L and 972.97 μg/L, and were 6.39 times and 8.76 times of those in the sucrose treatment, respectively. Compared with sucrose treatment, the total concentration of volatile components in other treatments increased by 3.78-5.19 times. There were two key volatile compounds in the sucrose treatment (ethyl decanoate and phenylethanol), ethyl caproate, isoamyl acetate, ethyl decanoate and phenyl ethyl) were key volatile compounds in the inulin treatment, and five key volatile compounds in the nitrogen source group were isoamyl acetate, ethyl caproate, ethyl decanoate, linalool and phenylethanol. Appropriate addition of organic nitrogen source could promote acetic acid fermentation process, maximize the fermentation potential of acetobacter, enhance antioxidant activity of pineapple vinegar, to improve the content of total phenol and total flavone, and pineapple vinegar flavor.

pineapple vinegar  /  carbon and nitrogen sources  /  ferment  /  physicochemical indicators  /  flavor substance
王晓芳, 何家媛, 龚霄, 袁源, 陈吴海, 刘飞, 张利, 周伟. 不同碳源、氮源对菠萝果醋品质及风味的影响研究. 热带作物学报, 2025 , 46 (6) : 1449 -1460 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.06.017
Xiaofang WANG, Jiayuan HE, Xiao GONG, Yuan YUAN, Wuhai CHEN, Fei LIU, Li ZHANG, Wei ZHOU. Effects of Different Carbon and Nitrogen Sources on Physicochemical Properties and Volatile Components of Pineapple Vinegar[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2025 , 46 (6) : 1449 -1460 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.06.017
菠萝是我国重要的热带经济作物,口感酸甜适宜,含有丰富的维生素和可以分解蛋白质的“菠萝朊酶”,具有促进消化等作用,深受消费者喜爱[1]。但成熟的菠萝果实不耐贮存,目前我国菠萝加工产品主要是果汁、果干、果酱及罐头等,附加值较低,且加工率低,不足总产量的10%,产业发展不均衡[2]。用新鲜菠萝经微生物发酵制备果醋,是其产业化发展的可行之路。
关于果醋生产工艺与技术的研究是当前的研究热点。果醋的加工工艺主要有发酵法、蒸馏法和萃取法等,其中,发酵法因其能够较好地保留水果的风味和营养成分,被广泛应用于果醋生产[3]。果醋发酵是以果品为原料酿制果醋,发酵过程需经过2个阶段,即酒精发酵和醋酸发酵[4]。目前普遍采用液态两段发酵法,但尚无针对果醋的专门酵母菌。其中,酒精发酵多选用葡萄酒酵母,而醋酸发酵大多采用醋酸菌。氮源、糖度、温度、接种量、初始pH及发酵时间等是影响酒精发酵的主要因素,而影响醋酸发酵的主控因子有温度、接种量、初始酒精度、装液量、通风量、初始pH等[5]。若以果酒为原料,则只需进行醋酸发酵。醋酸菌的生长代谢需要特定的环境,包含氮源、碳源、水、生长因子等底物成分。醋酸菌在不同生长时期,对底物成分的要求也有差异[6]。已有研究表明,醋酸发酵过程中,碳源的含量和种类与醋酸菌的生长、繁殖能力有极大关系,有机氮源是醋酸发酵的限制因素[7-8]。发酵液中添加不同碳源、氮源,可以直接影响发酵菌群动态,从而影响发酵产品品质[9]
果醋风味是衡量果醋品质的重要指标,其主要包含酯类、醇类、醛类、酚类、有机酸等,其中有机酸是主要呈酸物质;酸类、酯类和芳香醇类是果醋的主要风味物质[10]。如何提高或保持果醋品质及风味是当前果醋加工的研究热点,发酵工艺技术或措施的优化是提高或保持果醋品质及风味的有效途径。目前,研究果醋发酵工艺优化主要选取2~3个变量,主要是酒精发酵阶段的接种量、糖度、温度和时间,以及醋酸发酵阶段的接种量、酒精度、温度和时间[11]。而关于发酵过程中营养源对果醋品质及风味影响的研究相对匮乏。菠萝因自身香气特点,导致菠萝果醋发酵过程中的底物利用率低,且易失去典型香气和风味[12]。ANTIKA等[13]尝试将菠萝果肉、果皮和火龙果汁混合进行表面培养发酵,以期提高菠萝果醋品质,发现菠萝果肉、果皮和火龙果汁混合发酵果醋的抗氧化活性最高,但其特征性香气成分乙酸异丁酯和2,3-丁二醇含量不理想,且整个发酵周期长达20 d,不利于工业化生产[14]。鉴于此,本研究拟通过向菠萝果醋发酵液中添加不同碳源(蔗糖、菊粉)、氮源(富铬酵母、大豆蛋白),探究发酵过程中菠萝果醋还原糖、总酸、总多酚、总黄酮和抗氧化性等的变化规律,及最终发酵液的风味物质成分含量特征,阐明不同碳源、氮源对菠萝果醋最终品质及风味的影响,以期提高底物利用率,确定菠萝果醋发酵的最佳工艺流程,进一步提高菠萝果醋的品质和风味,为菠萝果醋产业化发展提供参考依据。
巴氏醋酸菌(Acetobacter pasteurianus)购自中国工业微生物菌种保藏管理中心。
菠萝果酒由中国热带农业科学院农产品加工研究所提供,酒精度为10%。富铬酵母抽提物、菊粉、大豆蛋白均购自江苏佰业生物科技有限公司;50%高粱酒购自云南易门大龙口酒业有限公司。
乳酸、酒石酸、抗坏血酸、苹果酸、富马酸、马来酸、柠檬酸、琥珀酸均为色谱纯,购自上海阿拉丁生化科技股份公司;氢氧化钠标准液、过硫酸钾均为分析纯,购自上海阿拉丁生化科技股份公司;α-淀粉酶(食品级)购自上海源叶生物科技有限公司;2-辛醇(色谱纯)购自美国Sigma公司;儿茶素、没食子酸、福林酚、2,2′-联氮-双-(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)、DPPH等购自上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司。
ZQTY-50ES全温震荡培养箱(上海知楚生物科技有限公司);DNM-9606酶标仪(北京普朗新技术有限公司);M8型紫外分光光度计(上海美谱达仪器有限公司);气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS-QP 2010 plus,AOC-5000顶空、固相微萃取头,日本岛津公司);超高分辨四级杆组合静电场轨道肼液质联用仪(QTOF-LC-MS,Q Exactive Focus,赛默飞世尔科技有限公司)。
(1)发酵液制备。蔗糖发酵液:用蔗糖调节菠萝果酒的含糖量为8%,用50%高粱酒调节酒精度为10%,备用。
菊粉发酵液:菊粉加热糊化后添加α-淀粉酶酶解,添加至菠萝果酒中,调节可溶性固形物含量为8%,酒精度为10%,备用。
富铬酵母发酵液:在蔗糖发酵液中添加2%体积分数富铬酵母粉,备用。
大豆蛋白发酵液:在蔗糖发酵液中添加2%体积分数大豆蛋白,备用。
(2)接种及发酵。将活化后的醋酸菌种按2%体积分数接种至发酵液中,置于三角瓶中,于32 ℃,200 r/min振荡培养7 d,每隔24 h于超净台中取样,置于–20 ℃保存,备用。
总酸:采用GB 12456—2021中的酸碱指示剂滴定法测定总酸,以乙酸计。
酒精度:采用GB 5009.225—2023中的蒸馏比重法测酒精度。
还原糖:采用费林试剂法测定还原糖含量。
总酚:参照王华[14]的Folin-Ciocalteu法测定总酚含量。拟合没食子酸标准品含量(x,mg)与765 nm波长处吸光度(y)的曲线为:y=0.0124xR2=0.9992)。
总黄酮:参照杭书扬等[15]的方法,采用比色法测定总黄酮含量。儿茶素标准品含量(x,mg)与510 nm波长处吸光度(y)的曲线为:y=3.4367x+0.0315(R2=0.9974)。
参照CHEN等[16]的方法,略作修改,采用HS-SPME-GC-MS及2-辛醇内标法测定挥发性物质含量。样品前处理:取8.00 mL样品置于15 mL顶空瓶中,加入10.00 μL浓度为0.16 g/L的2-辛醇溶液,置于进样器中检测。注意内标随加随测,避免时间太久,内标物和样品反应。每组重复3次。顶空固相微萃取:于250 ℃老化60 min,采用CAR/PDMS萃取纤维头,于50 ℃顶空吸附25 min,于250 ℃解析3 min。GC-MS条件:柱箱温度为45.0 ℃,进样温度为250.00 ℃,进样时间为1.00 min,柱流量为1.08 mL/min,为不分流进样模式,离子源温度为230.00 ℃,色谱柱为AgilentHP-5MS。应用GC-MS内置的NIST11s.lib谱库对检测到的挥发性成分进行定性分析,选取匹配度≥80%的数据,以2-辛醇(色谱纯)为内标,采用内标峰面积归一法计算各挥发性成分的相对含量。
样品前处理:参照郑海宏等[17]的方法,吸取1.00 mL发酵液,稀释100倍,用0.45 μm水系针头过滤器过滤后待检测。
高效液质联用仪:色谱柱为ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18(150 mm×3.0 mm,2.6 μm),流动相A为0.1%甲酸水,B为乙腈,流速为0.40 mL/min,柱温为35 ℃,进样量为5.00 μL,分析时间为15 min。梯度洗脱程序:0~2 min,2%~5% B;2~5 min,5%~20% B;5~8 min,20%~80% B;8~9 min,80%~100% B;9~13 min,100% B;13~14 min,100%~2% B;14~15 min,2% B。
在HESI源、负离子模式下分别进行检测。质谱条件:离子源温度为320 ℃,传输金属毛细管温度为400 ℃,S-lens RF水平为50,喷雾电压为3200 V,扫描范围为50~400(m/z),一级质谱全扫描分辨率为70 000,C-trap最大注入时间为200 ms。二级子离子全扫描(ddms2)分辨率为17 500,碰撞能(stepped NCE)为80 V,C-trap最大容量(AGCtarget)为2×105,C-trap最大注入时间为60 ms,动态排除时间为8 s。
DPPH自由基(DPPH·)清除能力测定。参考王彦兵等[18]的方法测定DPPH·清除能力,略作改动。2.00 mL不同浓度的样品溶液与2.00 mL DPPH乙醇溶液(0.10 mmol/L)混合,室温避光反应30 min,在517 nm处测定样品的吸光值(A);空白组反应体系为2.00 mL超纯水与2.00 mL DPPH溶液混合,室温避光反应30 min,测得其吸光值(A0)。按以下公式计算DPPH·清除能力:DPPH·清除率=(A0A)/A0×100%。
ABTS+清除能力测定。将1.92 g ABTS和0.33 g过硫酸钾溶于水中,定容至500 mL,于黑暗中放置12~16 h,使二者充分反应得到ABTS+母液(4 ℃下可长期保存)。使用前将ABTS+母液稀释至使其734 nm处的吸光值为0.70±0.05。测定时,将0.60 mL样品与3.40 mL ABTS+溶液混合,于25 ℃条件下反应6 min,在734 nm处测定其吸光值(A1),空白组反应体系为0.60 mL超纯水与3.40 mL ABTS+溶液混合,相同条件下反应后,测定其吸光值(A2)。按以下公式计算ABTS+的清除能力:ABTS+清除率=(A2A1)/A2×100%。
利用Microsoft Excel 2016软件进行数据统计,通过IBM SPSS Statistics 22.0软件进行显著性分析(P<0.05)。利用Origin 2022软件绘制柱状图和折线图。试验设置3次重复,结果用平均值±标准差表示。
不同碳源(蔗糖、菊粉)、氮源(富铬酵母、大豆蛋白)对菠萝果醋总酸含量的影响如图1所示。由图1A图1B可知,随着发酵时间的延长,菠萝果醋的总酸含量逐渐增加。第7天发酵结束时,各处理组菠萝果醋的总酸含量增加了23.4~35.5倍,表明在菠萝发酵果醋过程中,添加不同碳源、氮源可显著提高醋酸菌的产酸量。进一步利用线性方程对菠萝果醋总酸含量与发酵时间的关系进行拟合,结果表明,添加蔗糖、菊粉、富铬酵母、大豆蛋白后菠萝果醋的总酸含量与发酵时间呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。由图1A图1B中拟合的线性方程斜率可以看出,不同碳源、氮源促进醋酸菌产酸的顺序为大豆蛋白(1.01)>富铬酵母(0.87)>蔗糖(0.83)>菊粉(0.67),表明在菠萝果醋发酵过程中添加氮源促进醋酸菌产酸的能力优于碳源。这与前人的研究结果[11]一致。添加大豆蛋白的总酸含量高于富铬酵母,这可能是由于大豆蛋白含有的氨基酸种类更丰富,更能满足醋酸菌生长的需求,在发酵过程中促进醋酸菌代谢效果更加明显。
在发酵过程中,还原糖是微生物可利用的底物,测定发酵过程中的还原糖含量,即可表征发酵过程中菌群对底物的利用情况。如图1图2所示,随着发酵时间的延长,菠萝果醋中的还原糖含量逐渐降低;至发酵结束,菠萝果醋中的还原糖的含量为发酵初期的24.7%~38.9%,表明添加不同碳源、氮源可促进醋酸菌对底物的利用。其中,添加不同碳源、氮源后,菠萝发酵果醋中的还原糖含量存在显著差异,即添加富铬酵母和菊粉后菠萝果醋中的还原糖含量显著高于添加蔗糖和大豆蛋白。同时,利用线性方程拟合菠萝果醋中的还原糖含量与发酵时间的关系,结果表明,添加蔗糖、菊粉、富铬酵母、大豆蛋白后菠萝果醋中的还原糖含量与发酵时间呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。由图1C图1D线性方程斜率可以看出,不同碳源、氮源促进醋酸菌利用还原糖的顺序为菊粉(–0.74)>蔗糖(–0.82)>富铬酵母(–0.85)>大豆蛋白(–0.85),表明在菠萝发酵果醋过程中添加氮源后促进醋酸菌利用还原糖的能力优于碳源,这与前人的研究结果[19]一致。进一步分析发现,在菠萝果醋发酵过程中,总酸与还原糖含量呈极显著负相关关系(P<0.01)。
综上,菠萝果醋发酵过程中添加碳源、氮源可以促进醋酸菌对底物的利用进而提高产酸量,并且氮源对醋酸菌的促进作用优于碳源,其中大豆蛋白对底物的利用率最高,产酸量最大,菊粉对底物的利用率最低,产酸量最小。
不同碳源、氮源对菠萝果醋的生物活性也会产生一定影响(图3)。结果表明,随着发酵时间的延长,添加菊粉、大豆蛋白后菠萝果醋DPPH自由基清除率呈逐渐上升的趋势,并且大豆蛋白处理对DPPH自由基的清除率极显著高于菊粉(P<0.01);添加蔗糖、富铬酵母后菠萝果醋DPPH自由基清除率呈先升后降的趋势,发酵至第6天时蔗糖处理对DPPH自由基的清除率显著低于发酵第1天的(P<0.05)。与蔗糖处理相比,菊粉、大豆蛋白、富铬酵母处理的菠萝果醋DPPH自由基清除率提高了15.3%~41.6%。由此可知,不同碳源、氮源对菠萝果醋清除DPPH自由基能力顺序为:大豆蛋白>富铬酵母>菊粉>蔗糖(P<0.01),同时也表明氮源对菠萝果醋清除DPPH自由基的能力优于碳源,其中添加大豆蛋白对菠萝果醋DPPH自由基清除率最高。随着发酵时间的延长,添加大豆蛋白后菠萝果醋ABTS+清除率呈先升后降的趋势,至发酵结束时大豆蛋白对ABTS+清除率在4个处理组中仍为最高;添加菊粉、富铬酵母后菠萝果醋ABTS+清除率呈持续上升的趋势,并且富铬酵母处理的ABTS+清除率高于菊粉;添加蔗糖后菠萝果醋ABTS+清除率则呈持续下降的趋势。至发酵结束时,蔗糖处理的ABTS+清除率降低了42.9%,而大豆蛋白、富铬酵母、菊粉处理的ABTS+清除率提高了8.74%~39.8%。据此可知,不同碳源、氮源对菠萝果醋清除ABTS自由基能力顺序为:大豆蛋白>富铬酵母>菊粉>蔗糖(P<0.01),这与不同处理后菠萝果醋DPPH自由基清除率结果一致。与碳源(尤其是蔗糖)相比,添加氮源可持续稳定地提高菠萝果醋清除ABTS自由基的能力,工业生产菠萝果醋时可将其作为优质的辅料添加到发酵液中以提高菠萝果醋的品质。
图4A可知,添加碳源后,随着发酵时间的延长,菠萝果醋的总酚含量呈先增后降的趋势,发酵至第3、4天时其含量达最大值,其中,添加菊粉的总酚含量为179.65 mg/L,添加蔗糖的总酚含量为160.66 mg/L;而添加氮源富铬酵母和大豆蛋白后,菠萝果醋的总酚含量呈持续增加的趋势,至发酵结束时其含量达最大值,添加富铬酵母的总酚含量为203.68 mg/L,添加大豆蛋白的总酚含量为236 mg/L。就总黄酮含量而言(图4B),随着发酵时间的延长,添加不同碳源、氮源后其浓度变化波动较大,除蔗糖处理组以外,其他处理的总黄酮含量总体均呈逐渐增加趋势。至发酵结束时,蔗糖、菊粉、富铬酵母、大豆蛋白处理的菠萝果醋总黄酮含量分别增加了-8.78%、2.93%、32.5%、21.3%。添加不同碳源、氮源的菠萝果醋最终发酵液中总酚、总黄酮含量顺序为:大豆蛋白>富铬酵母>菊粉>蔗糖。由此表明,菠萝果醋的总酚、总黄酮含量与DPPH自由基、ABTS+清除率均存在极显著正相关关系(P<0.01),这与WANG等[20]的研究结果一致。
采用固相微萃取技术提取进样后,经过气相色谱-质谱(SPME-GC-MS/MS)分析,对添加不同碳源、氮源处理的4种菠萝果醋的挥发性物质与NIST14s.lib谱库进行比较,相似度高于80%予以保留,鉴定出的挥发性物质种类的数量、质量浓度以及相关阈值结果见表1。表中相关化合物阈值参考《化合物香味阈值汇编》[21]
表1图5可知,在4种处理的菠萝果醋最终发酵液中共检测出37种挥发性化合物,在蔗糖、菊粉、富铬酵母、大豆蛋白处理的菠萝果醋中分别检出33、29、30、30种挥发性成分,主要是醇类、酯类、酸类、酚类、酮类。其中酯类的数量极显著高于其他挥发性组分(P<0.01),是重要的挥发性物质。碳源处理的菠萝果醋中酯类的数量高于氮源处理,但是碳源处理的酯类成分总浓度低于氮源组。OAV值为感官阈值与挥发性组分浓度的比值。由于化合物含量的多少并不能代表其对整体香气贡献,通过OAV值能更准确地判断物质的贡献大小,一般认为OAV≥1的化合物对整体风味具有贡献,定为关键化合物;0.1≤OAV<1,说明该物质对总体风味有修饰作用[22]。蔗糖处理中OAV>1的关键化合物有2种,为癸酸乙酯和苯乙醇;菊粉处理的的关键化合物有4种,为己酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯、癸酸乙酯、苯乙醇;氮源处理的关键化合物有5种,为己酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯、癸酸乙酯、芳樟醇、苯乙醇。
图5可知,添加富铬酵母的发酵液酯类、酸类化合物的质量浓度最高,分别为(3712.37±128.43)、(972.97±46.57)μg/L,分别是添加蔗糖发酵液的6.39倍、8.76倍。与蔗糖处理相比,其他处理的菠萝果醋中各类挥发性成分总浓度增加了3.78~5.19倍。
成熟的菠萝果实中主要特征挥发性化合物为己酸甲酯、己酸乙酯、3-甲基硫丙酸乙酯和1-(E,Z)-3,5-十一丁烯[23]。在本研究的4种处理菠萝果醋中未检测出己酸甲酯和1-(E,Z)-3,5-十一丁烯,3-甲基硫丙酸乙酯在碳源处理中OAV<0.1,氮源处理中OAV>0.1,远低于鲜果中的含量。推测可能是由于己酸甲酯、1-(E,Z)-3,5-十一丁烯类化合物较活泼,在发酵过程中易散失,从而使菠萝果醋易失去典型风味。
表1图5可知,4种处理的菠萝果醋主要挥发性物质为酯类、高级醇类。氮源处理的乙酸酯类和乙酯类成分含量较高,是重要的呈味挥发性物质。乙酸异戊酯和己酸乙酯呈现典型的香蕉、梨风味,癸酸乙酯具有花香、水果香[24],这些物质共同赋予菠萝果醋柔和的花、果香。研究认为乙酯类物质和脂肪酸(异戊酸、己酸、辛酸)是由发酵过程中酶促产生的[25],但是4种处理的菠萝果醋中脂肪酸含量远低于其气味阈值,因此不同处理可能对感官特征无影响。苯乙醇由发酵过程中产生的支醇和芳香化合物反应生成,具有花香和甜香的味道,对菠萝果醋风味具有积极贡献[26]。已有研究表明,成熟的菠萝鲜果中含有少量芳樟醇[27],但是酿酒酵母等微生物也可以代谢生成芳樟醇[28]。菠萝果醋中的芳樟醇是来源于果实、酿酒酵母还是巴氏醋酸菌?还需进一步从起始的菠萝果酒发酵过程中跟踪观测。
结合2.1中的总酸含量结果,可以确定菠萝果醋中的主要挥发性风味物质为乙酸、乙酸异戊酯、己酸乙酯、癸酸乙酯、芳樟醇、苯乙醇。也表明在菠萝发酵果醋过程中适量添加富铬酵母、大豆蛋白等有机氮源,可以增加发酵液中的酯类物质含量。
综上,就菠萝果醋中酯类的数量而言,碳源处理显著高于氮源处理;但就果醋中酯类、酸类的含量而言,其他处理高于蔗糖处理。从OAV值分析来看,适当添加其他碳源或者有机氮源,可有效增加菠萝果醋挥发性风味物质含量。
有机酸类是评价发酵果醋品质的重要指标。4种处理菠萝果醋中,琥珀酸、柠檬酸、酒石酸、苹果酸是有机酸的主要成分(占比为90.2%~94.2%),含量最高可达4.35 g/L;并且碳源处理菠萝果醋中的有机酸总含量(11.8~14.9 g/L)高于氮源处理(8.15~8.19 g/L,图6)。单因素方差分析结果表明,添加蔗糖、菊粉、大豆蛋白、富铬酵母后菠萝果醋中的8种有机酸含量均存在极显著差异(P<0.01)。不同处理菠萝果醋的乳酸含量顺序为富铬酵母>蔗糖>菊粉>大豆蛋白,而其他7种有机酸含量在菠萝果醋中均表现为碳源>氮源。这与总酸含量的变化趋势相反,其原因可能是添加氮源后提高了菠萝果醋的酸类含量,并进一步促进有机酸与醇类反应进而增加酯类的含量,其他处理的菠萝果醋中酯类和酸类含量高于蔗糖处理,而醇类含量低于蔗糖处理佐证了上述推论。为进一步证实上述差异的原因,后期应动态监测菠萝果醋发酵过程中的有机酸的日变化特征。
果醋因其具有抗氧化、抗疲劳、提高免疫力、促进消化等功能,越来越受到人们的关注[29],菠萝在加工、发酵过程中会损失部分风味物质,导致菠萝果醋滋味寡淡[30]。风味成分是评价菠萝果醋品质的重要指标之一,也是当前的研究热点[31]。为了提升菠萝果醋的风味,颜韶波等[32]采用菠萝和菠萝蜜复合发酵。为了提高醋酸菌的发酵效率,张晓辉等[33]在发酵过程中添加营养盐,但是添加营养盐不仅成本高,而且不能满足市场需求。本研究通过改变发酵液的营养源种类,添加不同的且易于获得的有机碳源、氮源以促进醋酸菌生长代谢,提升底物利用率,从而提升菠萝果醋的品质与风味。结果表明,在菠萝果醋发酵过程中,随着发酵时间的延长(0~7 d),添加不同碳源(蔗糖、菊粉)、氮源(富铬酵母、大豆蛋白)后菠萝果醋的总酸含量逐渐上升,而还原糖含量则逐渐降低。HU等[34]研究表明,菠萝果醋发酵过程中,总酸含量在发酵初期(0~4 d)快速增加,之后增加速度逐渐减缓。还原糖含量降低的原因可能是还原糖是发酵的主要底物,随着发酵的进行,醋酸菌将大部分还原糖转化为酒精,因此还原糖的含量会逐渐减少[4]
就菠萝果醋抗氧化活性而言,添加菊粉、大豆蛋白后菠萝果醋的DPPH自由基清除率呈上升趋势,而添加蔗糖、富铬酵母后菠萝果醋的DPPH自由基清除率则呈先升后降的趋势;添加菊粉、富铬酵母后菠萝果醋ABTS+清除率呈持续上升的趋势,而添加蔗糖后菠萝果醋ABTS+清除率则持续下降。进一步研究发现,添加碳源后,菠萝果醋的总酚含量呈先增加后降低的趋势,发酵3~4 d时其含量到达最高;添加氮源后,菠萝果醋的总酚含量呈持续增加的趋势。添加不同碳源、氮源后总黄酮含量的变化波动较大,除蔗糖处理外,其他处理的总黄酮含量总体均呈增加的趋势;碳源处理后菠萝果醋的有机酸总含量高于氮源处理。HU等[34]研究表明,在菠萝果醋发酵的初期(0~4 d),抗氧化活性显著增强;并且在发酵后期,菠萝果醋的抗氧化活性继续缓慢上升。这主要归功于总酚、总黄酮含量的上升,这些物质具有较强的抗氧化能力,能够有效清除DPPH自由基和ABTS+[35]。并且总酚含量与果醋的抗氧化能力呈正相关关系。在菠萝果醋的发酵过程中,总酚含量的变化直接影响果醋的抗氧化活性[36]。其次,有机酸(特别是乙酸)也能显著影响果醋的抗氧化活性,在菠萝果醋发酵过程中,乙酸含量的上升有助于提高果醋的抗氧化能力[34]。此外,乙基- 2-甲基丁酸酯的OAV值显著增加,为菠萝果醋带来甜味同时也增强其抗氧化活性。
进一步研究发现,不同碳源、氮源均可显著提高醋酸菌的产酸量,降低还原糖含量。不同碳源、氮源促进醋酸菌产酸的顺序为大豆蛋白>富铬酵母>蔗糖>菊粉,表明菠萝果醋中添加氮源能促进醋酸菌利用还原糖,其产酸能力优于碳源;添加有机氮源可以提高醋酸菌底物利用率,促进总酸生成。菠萝果醋发酵过程中总酚和总黄酮含量变化与DPPH、ABTS自由基清除率的变化趋势一致,碳源处理的总酚、总黄酮含量、DPPH、ABTS自由基清除率在发酵第4天均达到最大值,之后逐渐降低。氮源处理的总酚、总黄酮含量、DPPH、ABTS自由基清除率持续升高。氮源处理的总酚、总黄酮含量以及对菠萝果醋清除DPPH、ABTS自由基的能力优于碳源组,其中添加大豆蛋白的菠萝果醋生物活性最优。而菠萝果醋中有机酸含量与总酸含量的变化趋势相反,琥珀酸、柠檬酸、酒石酸、苹果酸是果醋中有机酸的主要成分。碳源处理的菠萝果醋有机酸含量总体高于氮源处理,但富铬酵母处理的菠萝果醋苹果酸和乳酸含量高于蔗糖处理,苹果酸和乳酸使果醋口感更加柔和,有利于减少乙酸刺激性,说明添加富铬酵母氮源后,有助于提升菠萝果醋口感。与发酵初始阶段相比,菠萝果醋酸味明显,同时伴有咸味和鲜味,且后味、苦味和涩味较弱。在发酵过程中,菠萝果醋的苦味降低,而酸度和收敛性增加[34]
果醋含有丰富的有机酸、醋酸、糖、各类氨基酸、维生素、矿物质等人体必需的营养物质等[3]。在4种不同处理菠萝果醋最终发酵液中共检测出37种挥发性化合物,主要是醇类、酯类、酸类、酚类、酮类。碳源处理的菠萝果醋中挥发性成分数量高于氮源处理,但其浓度低于氮源处理。前人研究表明,在发酵的前4 d,菠萝果醋的挥发性化合物特征发生了明显变化,而后趋于稳定[34]。蔗糖处理的关键挥发性化合物有2种(癸酸乙酯,苯乙醇),菊粉处理的关键挥发性化合物有4种(己酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯、癸酸乙酯、苯乙醇),氮源处理的关键挥发性化合物有5种(乙酸异戊酯、己酸乙酯、癸酸乙酯、芳樟醇、苯乙醇)。由此可知菠萝果醋中对风味有影响的挥发性物质为乙酸异戊酯、己酸乙酯、癸酸乙酯、芳樟醇、苯乙醇。在添加菊粉等碳源,或者在蔗糖碳源基础上适量添加有机氮源,有利于菠萝果醋中酸类、醇类浓度的增加,从而有利于醋酸菌酶促反应,提升酯类物质的积累。而前人研究进一步揭示了菠萝果醋发酵过程中风味的变化特征[34]。就香气而言,在发酵初期(0~4 d),菠萝果醋的风味变化显著。作为发酵原材料的菠萝果酒花香逐渐消失,被乙酸和乙基-2-甲基丁酸酯的丰富脂肪和水果香气所取代。随着发酵时间的增加,酒精的相对含量逐渐降低,而萜烯类、芳香类化合物的相对含量显著增加,这表明在发酵过程中,酒精被消耗的同时产生了各种风味物质。在醋酸发酵过程中,菠萝果醋中的酯类化合物含量显著降低,大部分酯类化合物的OAV值呈下降趋势,而有机酸的OAV值则显著增加。如乙基-2-甲基丁酸酯的OAV值显著增加,给菠萝果醋带来了甜味,醇类化合物如乙醇、丙醇等的OAV值较高,对菠萝果醋的香气有重要贡献。
综上所述,适量添加菊粉、富铬酵母、大豆蛋白等有机碳源、氮源,可以促进菠萝果醋的发酵进程,增加总酚、总黄酮类物质含量,提升抗氧化活性以及挥发性成分含量,而且添加有机氮源对整体提升菠萝果醋品质的效果优于添加碳源。本研究结果阐明了菠萝果醋发酵液的风味物质成分含量特征,揭示了不同碳源、氮源对菠萝果醋品质及风味的影响,对进一步提高菠萝果醋的品质和风味,为菠萝果醋工业化生产提供数据支持。
  • 海南省自然科学基金项目(323MS092)
  • 海南省科技专项(ZDYF2023XDNY031)
  • 中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(1630012025202)
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2025年第46卷第6期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.06.017
  • 接收时间:2024-12-13
  • 首发时间:2026-06-24
  • 出版时间:2025-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-13
  • 录用日期:2025-02-20
基金
海南省自然科学基金项目(323MS092)
海南省科技专项(ZDYF2023XDNY031)
中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(1630012025202)
作者信息
    1.中国热带农业科学院农产品加工研究所,广东湛江 524001
    2.农业农村部农产品加工质量安全风险评估实验室(湛江),广东湛江 524001

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* 周伟(ZHOU Wei),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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