Article(id=1276529993379349073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276529901037548535, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.06.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1737820800000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1741968000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-03-15, onlineDate=1782278067202, onlineDateStr=2026-06-24, pubDate=1750780800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782278067202, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782278067202, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782278067202, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276529901037548535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2025', volume='46', issue='6', pageStart='1279', pageEnd='1532', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1750780800000', pubDateStr='2025-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782278045186, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782298980105, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276617708544328532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276529901037548535, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276617708544328533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276529901037548535, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1386, endPage=1396, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276529993622618707, articleId=1276529993379349073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Relationship Between Stress-induced Responses and Browning in Litchi under Different Stress Treatments, columnId=1236256434120348225, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Plant Cultivation, Physiology & Biochemistry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The browning of the fruit pericarp is one of the most significant quality deterioration characteristics of litchi during storage, transportation, and circulation after harvest, which seriously affects its commercial value. In this study, three stress treatments were applied to litchi, mild dehydration treatment (DT), heat shock treatment (HT), and cold shock treatment (CT). We analyzed the changes in appearance quality, browning index, physiological indices, and the activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) after treatment to explore a new approach to delay pericarp browning by inducing resistance in litchi. The results indicated that after the three stress treatments, the browning of the litchi pericarp was exacerbated, accompanied by a decrease in pericarp brightness, water content, and increased membrane permeability at room temperature. The browning in the DT group was the most rapid, reaching a browning index of 4.99 on the 6th day. In contrast, HT and CT significantly delayed the browning of the litchi pericarp. The completely browned pericarp in the DT group was dry, yellow, and brittle, with the lowest water content (27.76%), which was significantly lower than that in the HT and CT groups (45.20% and 42.99%, respectively). The order of respiration rates was CT>HT>DT, and the relative electrical conductivity was DT>HT>CT. The activity of PPO and POD in the HT and CT groups was inhibited during the early part of storage, while the activity of SOD significantly increased at the later stage. Transmission electron microscopy results showed that the cell structure of the brown peel was destroyed and the contents were largely degraded in the DT and CT groups, whereas the brown pericarp cells in the HT group remained structurally intact and contained a large amount of coalesced sediments. Correlation analysis results showed that the browning index of the litchi pericarp under the three stress treatments was positively correlated with relative conductivity and negatively correlated with L* (brightness), water content in the pericarp, and anthocyanin content (P<0.05). In conclusion, mild dehydration treatment led to rapid browning of litchi, while heat shock and cold shock stress treatments maintained higher water content in the pericarp and respiratory intensity of the litchi fruit. The treatments inhibited the increase of relative electrical conductivity and the activities of PPO and POD enzymes and increased the activity of SOD in the later storage period by stimulating the litchi’s self-resistance, thereby inhibiting the browning of litchi fruits and delaying the decline in fruit quality.

, authors=null, authorsList=Xiaoqing XUE, Xiaowei LIAN, Yan SUN, Zhuolin XIAO, Tao LUO, Zhenxian WU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhenxian WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276529997695287911, articleId=1276529993379349073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=不同胁迫处理诱导荔枝应激与褐变的关系, columnId=1236256434313286224, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=作物栽培与生理生化, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

果皮褐变是荔枝在采后贮运流通环节最显著的品质劣变特征之一,严重影响其商品价值。本研究以糯米糍荔枝为材料,设置轻度失水(dehydration treatment,DT)、热激(heat-shock treatment,HT)和冷激(cold-shock treatment,CT)3种逆境胁迫处理,通过研究荔枝果实经胁迫处理后果皮外观、褐变指数、褐变相关生理指标及多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性的应激变化,探究不同胁迫所诱导荔枝褐变的内在差异。结果表明:3种胁迫处理后,常温下果皮褐变加剧,亮度下降,含水量降低,膜透性增加,其中DT处理组果实褐变最迅速,褐变指数第6天即达到4.99,HT和CT处理组诱导果皮褐变的速度较DT处理组慢;DT处理组荔枝完全褐变后果皮呈干黄色,脆性高,含水量最低,仅为27.76%,明显低于HT和CT处理组的45.20%和42.99%。果实呼吸速率高低处理组表现为CT>HT>DT,相对电导率高低处理组顺序则是DT>HT>CT;贮藏前期HT和CT处理组果实的PPO、POD活性受到抑制,SOD活性则在后期明显提高。透射电镜结果显示,失水和冷激胁迫引起褐变的果皮细胞结构被破坏,内含物基本降解消失;热激胁迫的褐变果皮细胞保持结构完整,含有大量聚结的沉积物。相关性分析结果表明,3种胁迫处理的荔枝果皮褐变指数均与相对电导率呈显著正相关,与L*、果皮含水量和花色素苷含量呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。综上,失水胁迫处理导致荔枝快速褐变,热激和冷激胁迫可以通过诱导荔枝自身应激提高果皮含水量和果实呼吸强度,抑制果皮相对电导率升高,抑制PPO和POD活性,提高贮藏后期SOD活性,从而延缓果皮褐变。

, authors=

薛晓清(1988—),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:农产品加工及贮藏工程。

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* 吴振先(WU Zhenxian),E-mail:
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2.华南农业大学园艺学院/广东省果蔬保鲜重点实验室/南方园艺产品保鲜教育部工程中心,广东广州 510642, bio={"content":"

薛晓清(1988—),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:农产品加工及贮藏工程。

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薛晓清(1988—),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:农产品加工及贮藏工程。

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Effects of blanching pretreatment on fresh corn quality during storage period[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2018, 39(12): 279-283. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Effects of blanching pretreatment on fresh corn quality during storage period, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276530019082044137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276529993379349073, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=13, issue=5, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=57, authorNames=FANG F, LIU B, FU L Y, TANG H Y, LI Y L, PANG X Q, ZHANG Z Q, journalName=Foods, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FANG F, LIU B, FU L Y, TANG H Y, LI Y L, PANG X Q, ZHANG Z Q. Water supply via pedicel reduces postharvest pericarp browning of litchi (Litchi chinensis) fruit[J]. 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Identification and stability analysis of anthocyanins from rambutan pericarp[J]. Non-wood Forest Research, 2022, 40(3): 200-207. 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Effect of low temperature stress on the fruit morphology and antioxidant enzyme system of chili peppers[J]. Science and Technology of Qinghai Agriculture and Forestry, 2023(4): 53-57. 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caption=不同胁迫处理对荔枝贮藏相关指标的影响, figureFileSmall=858Fi9cGA7o2cOfKl0V0uQ==, figureFileBig=+hWMNePbplElLxrCLr3B0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276530010894762665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276529993379349073, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Effect of different stress treatment on PPO, POD and SOD activity of litchi pericarp, figureFileSmall=eWGYCeOJBurHLi1fuSPULQ==, figureFileBig=oENttdjiEwG9Ni/as9G9MA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276530010961871530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276529993379349073, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同胁迫处理对荔枝果皮PPO、POD和SOD活性的影响, figureFileSmall=eWGYCeOJBurHLi1fuSPULQ==, figureFileBig=oENttdjiEwG9Ni/as9G9MA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276530011075117739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276529993379349073, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Correlation analysis of browning related index in three different treatment fruits, figureFileSmall=XU8+Fp2XVQsilg7N9WUv+g==, figureFileBig=b1rHl97H1nd3y3hLv/277A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276530011146420908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276529993379349073, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同处理荔枝果皮褐变指标的相关性分析

*表示显著相关(P<0.05),**表示极显著相关(P<0.01)。

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不同胁迫处理诱导荔枝应激与褐变的关系
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薛晓清 1, 2 , 连晓蔚 1 , 孙岩 1 , 肖卓霖 1 , 罗焘 2, 3 , 吴振先 2, 3, *
热带作物学报 | 作物栽培与生理生化 2025,46(6): 1386-1396
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热带作物学报 |作物栽培与生理生化 2025 , 46 (6) : 1386 -1396
不同胁迫处理诱导荔枝应激与褐变的关系
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薛晓清1, 2, 连晓蔚1, 孙岩1, 肖卓霖1, 罗焘2, 3, 吴振先2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1.清远职业技术学院食品药品学院,广东清远 511510
  • 2.华南农业大学园艺学院/广东省果蔬保鲜重点实验室/南方园艺产品保鲜教育部工程中心,广东广州 510642
  • 3.广东省荔枝工程技术中心,广东广州 510642
通讯作者:
* 吴振先(WU Zhenxian),E-mail:
Relationship Between Stress-induced Responses and Browning in Litchi under Different Stress Treatments
Xiaoqing XUE1, 2, Xiaowei LIAN1, Yan SUN1, Zhuolin XIAO1, Tao LUO2, 3, Zhenxian WU2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Food and Medicine, Qingyuan Polytechnic College, Qingyuan, Guangdong 511510, China
  • 2.College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University / Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables / Engineering Research Center of Southern Horticultural Products Preservation, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
  • 3.Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
出版时间: 2025-06-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.06.011
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果皮褐变是荔枝在采后贮运流通环节最显著的品质劣变特征之一,严重影响其商品价值。本研究以糯米糍荔枝为材料,设置轻度失水(dehydration treatment,DT)、热激(heat-shock treatment,HT)和冷激(cold-shock treatment,CT)3种逆境胁迫处理,通过研究荔枝果实经胁迫处理后果皮外观、褐变指数、褐变相关生理指标及多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性的应激变化,探究不同胁迫所诱导荔枝褐变的内在差异。结果表明:3种胁迫处理后,常温下果皮褐变加剧,亮度下降,含水量降低,膜透性增加,其中DT处理组果实褐变最迅速,褐变指数第6天即达到4.99,HT和CT处理组诱导果皮褐变的速度较DT处理组慢;DT处理组荔枝完全褐变后果皮呈干黄色,脆性高,含水量最低,仅为27.76%,明显低于HT和CT处理组的45.20%和42.99%。果实呼吸速率高低处理组表现为CT>HT>DT,相对电导率高低处理组顺序则是DT>HT>CT;贮藏前期HT和CT处理组果实的PPO、POD活性受到抑制,SOD活性则在后期明显提高。透射电镜结果显示,失水和冷激胁迫引起褐变的果皮细胞结构被破坏,内含物基本降解消失;热激胁迫的褐变果皮细胞保持结构完整,含有大量聚结的沉积物。相关性分析结果表明,3种胁迫处理的荔枝果皮褐变指数均与相对电导率呈显著正相关,与L*、果皮含水量和花色素苷含量呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。综上,失水胁迫处理导致荔枝快速褐变,热激和冷激胁迫可以通过诱导荔枝自身应激提高果皮含水量和果实呼吸强度,抑制果皮相对电导率升高,抑制PPO和POD活性,提高贮藏后期SOD活性,从而延缓果皮褐变。

糯米糍  /  胁迫应激  /  果皮褐变  /  抗氧化

The browning of the fruit pericarp is one of the most significant quality deterioration characteristics of litchi during storage, transportation, and circulation after harvest, which seriously affects its commercial value. In this study, three stress treatments were applied to litchi, mild dehydration treatment (DT), heat shock treatment (HT), and cold shock treatment (CT). We analyzed the changes in appearance quality, browning index, physiological indices, and the activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) after treatment to explore a new approach to delay pericarp browning by inducing resistance in litchi. The results indicated that after the three stress treatments, the browning of the litchi pericarp was exacerbated, accompanied by a decrease in pericarp brightness, water content, and increased membrane permeability at room temperature. The browning in the DT group was the most rapid, reaching a browning index of 4.99 on the 6th day. In contrast, HT and CT significantly delayed the browning of the litchi pericarp. The completely browned pericarp in the DT group was dry, yellow, and brittle, with the lowest water content (27.76%), which was significantly lower than that in the HT and CT groups (45.20% and 42.99%, respectively). The order of respiration rates was CT>HT>DT, and the relative electrical conductivity was DT>HT>CT. The activity of PPO and POD in the HT and CT groups was inhibited during the early part of storage, while the activity of SOD significantly increased at the later stage. Transmission electron microscopy results showed that the cell structure of the brown peel was destroyed and the contents were largely degraded in the DT and CT groups, whereas the brown pericarp cells in the HT group remained structurally intact and contained a large amount of coalesced sediments. Correlation analysis results showed that the browning index of the litchi pericarp under the three stress treatments was positively correlated with relative conductivity and negatively correlated with L* (brightness), water content in the pericarp, and anthocyanin content (P<0.05). In conclusion, mild dehydration treatment led to rapid browning of litchi, while heat shock and cold shock stress treatments maintained higher water content in the pericarp and respiratory intensity of the litchi fruit. The treatments inhibited the increase of relative electrical conductivity and the activities of PPO and POD enzymes and increased the activity of SOD in the later storage period by stimulating the litchi’s self-resistance, thereby inhibiting the browning of litchi fruits and delaying the decline in fruit quality.

litchi cv. Nuomici  /  stress treatment  /  stress-induced response  /  pericarp browning
薛晓清, 连晓蔚, 孙岩, 肖卓霖, 罗焘, 吴振先. 不同胁迫处理诱导荔枝应激与褐变的关系. 热带作物学报, 2025 , 46 (6) : 1386 -1396 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.06.011
Xiaoqing XUE, Xiaowei LIAN, Yan SUN, Zhuolin XIAO, Tao LUO, Zhenxian WU. Relationship Between Stress-induced Responses and Browning in Litchi under Different Stress Treatments[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2025 , 46 (6) : 1386 -1396 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.06.011
荔枝是广东省产量最大的水果之一,味道鲜美,营养丰富,备受消费者欢迎。在夏季,荔枝集中上市以鲜食为主,常温销售荔枝极易出现果皮褐变现象,迅速失去商品价值,容易出现“果贱伤农”的现象,进而影响其经济价值,制约产业健康发展。因此,研究采后荔枝保鲜防褐变技术具有重要意义。
失水、热、冷等逆境胁迫会打破细胞内活性氧产生和清除的动态平衡,大量活性氧物质累积会使脂类、蛋白质、核酸等物质遭受破坏,导致细胞凋亡,引起果皮褐变,果实衰老。因此,为了确保自身正常的生理活动,植物会激活自身生理及抗氧化机能,产生多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)等防御性抗氧化酶,帮助细胞消除这些活性氧物质造成的伤害,从而应对逆境胁迫。
失水胁迫是影响荔枝采后褐变的主要不利因素,大量失水会破坏果皮细胞完整性,导致细胞内物质大量外渗,氧气、酶类与外渗出的酚类物质、花色素苷接触发生聚合反应,导致褐变[1-2]。李奕星等[3]的研究表明,荔枝采收后不进行包装处理,在常温放置12~24 h,果实即出现褐变症状,果皮失水加剧,褐变指数迅速升高,二者呈显著正相关;但轻度失水可以保持软枣猕猴桃果实品质,降低腐烂率,保持高活性氧清除能力,抑制成熟进程,缓解采后运输机械伤[4]。因此推测轻度失水胁迫可能对荔枝保鲜品质也产生重要影响。
采后热激处理是指用一定的高温对果蔬进行短时间胁迫处理,通过抑制病原菌,改变酶活性调节果实生理生化代谢,诱导果实产生抗逆性以消减或消除胁迫带来的不利影响,从而达到贮藏保鲜的目的[5]。热激处理使用方便,简洁高效,能延迟果蔬褐变、同时保持质地,REHMAN等[6]研究发现,热激处理后,甜椒可以显著提高抗氧化酶活性,失重率、活性氧和丙二醛(MDA)含量明显降低,降低冷害程度。李彦丽等[7]的研究也表明,热激能有效抑制PPO、POD活力,减缓相对电导率升高,降低百合褐变度和腐烂率。鲜切大白菜经55 ℃热水处理3 s贮藏10 d后仍能保持良好的色泽,感官品质明显高于对照组[8]
冷激处理是指将果蔬置于不会造成冷害和冻害的低温条件进行短时间胁迫处理,通过冷激胁迫诱导果蔬提高自身生理抗性,从而达到延长贮藏期和提高品质的目的[9]。李冰茹等[10]的研究表明,冷激处理可以缓解胁迫引起的氧化过程,抑制鲜切火龙果果肉的褐变。通过维持细胞结构完整性,降低过氧化程度,调控活性氧代谢,冷激还可维持鲜切桃子[11]、木瓜[12]的贮藏品质,延长货架期。
现阶段,热激、冷激等保鲜技术因生产损耗大、品种差异大等原因,未能在实际生产中得到大规模推广应用,利用荔枝自身在胁迫条件下产生的应激反应来探究褐变的研究也较少。因此,本研究用糯米糍荔枝为研究材料,选择3种不同胁迫处理荔枝,以荔枝果皮外观、褐变指数、细胞微观结构、生理指标、抗氧化指标等为评价依据,探讨不同胁迫诱导荔枝抗逆性与褐变相关物质的变化,研究荔枝在采后生理生化水平对失水、热激和冷激胁迫的响应与褐变的关系,旨在为开发绿色环保、成本适中、适于大规模商业化生产的保鲜技术提供参考依据。
选取荔枝品种糯米糍(Litchi chinensis Sonn. cv. Nuomici)果实为试验材料,采自广东深圳商业果园。果实采收后用泡沫箱加冰袋密封,立即运回实验室,去枝叶,保留果蒂,选取成熟度一致(八成熟),大小均一,无病、虫、伤、褐的果实作为试验材料。
将选取的材料分为3组分别进行如下处理,每个处理约200个果实:(1)轻度失水处理(DT),果实使用0.01 mm厚薄膜封装后在薄膜表面打孔;(2)热激胁迫处理(HT),果实60 ℃热水浸泡2 min,晾干,薄膜封装;(3)冷激胁迫处理(CT),果实-20 ℃冷冻1 h,晾干,薄膜封装。本试验处理方法已经进行多次试验重复、筛选,各处理的方法基于前期试验效果,选取可以对果实形成胁迫,但不会形成彻底的破坏性的处理强度进行后续试验。每个处理取20个小托盘作为重复,每个托盘约10个果实。操作完成后,将果实转移至(25±1)℃,相对湿度为70%~75%的观察室进行贮藏。
在0、1、3、5、6 d分别测定荔枝果实相关指标,同时对果皮取样备用。取样时,用液氮将果皮充分浸泡,彻底冻结后立即用锡箔纸包装,放入自封袋中于-80 ℃冰箱中保存,用于后续试验。
(1)外观品质测定。每组处理选取大小一致、无机械伤的糯米糍,每天取样拍照。
(2)果皮颜色测定。使用Minolta CR-300全自动色差仪对每个荔枝果皮取3个点,测定L*值。
(3)果皮褐变指数测定。参照LIU等[13]的方法,随机选取30个果实进行分级,评定褐变等级后计算褐变指数。
(4)果皮结构透射电镜观察。参照李叶[14]、尚卫娜等[15]的方法,略做修改,制作荔枝果皮透射电镜样品。样品制作完成后利用UCT超薄切片机将样品切成50~70 nm的薄片,用Tecnai 12分析型透射电子显微镜在100 kv下进行观察,拍摄。
(5)果皮细胞膜透性测定。参考LIN等[16]的方法,测定相对电导率。取10个荔枝果实,用打孔器(直径0.5 mm)制取30个圆片(3片/果),蒸馏水漂洗3次,从中随机取出10个小圆片转入含25 mL蒸馏水的试管中静置30 min,然后用DDS-307精密电导率仪测定浸出液的电导率。将试管放入沸水中水浴15 min,流水冷却至室温,测定全透后浸出液的电导率。测定以双蒸水为空白,重复3次。以前后电导率比值作为相对电导率来表示荔枝果皮的膜透性。计算公式:
式中,A表示相对电导率(%);M1表示浸泡30 min后浸出液测定值;M2表示煮沸15 min后冷却的浸出液测定值。
(6)果实呼吸强度测定。取20个果实放入密封罐中,于贮藏温度下密闭2 h后用一次性注射器取密封罐中气体1 mL,用HITACHI G-3900型气相色谱仪测定。
气相色谱工作条件为:色谱柱为Molecular sieve 5 A和Poraoak Q同心双层柱,柱温为50 ℃,载气为He气,热导检测器(TCD)温度为120 ℃,进样口温度为120 ℃,载气流速度为30 mL/min。计算公式:
式中,B表示呼吸强度CO2[mg/(kg·h)];b表示气相色谱检测气样的CO2含量(%);V1表示密封罐体积(L);V2表示荔枝果实体积(L);M表示二氧化碳摩尔质量(44 g/mol);W1表示密封罐中荔枝果实质量(kg);H1表示密封时间(h);T表示果实贮藏温度(℃)。
(7)荔枝果皮含水量测定。从3个荔枝果实上共取果皮1 g,用水分测定仪测定,测定完毕后,直接从仪器上读取数值并记录。每个测定重复3次。
(8)荔枝果皮花色素苷含量测定。(a)花色素苷的提取:取1 g的荔枝果皮样品,装入小烧杯或量程为50 mL的大离心管中,用0.5% HCl浸提液分6、5、4 mL 3次浸泡,每次浸泡时间均为约1 d,直至泡至样品无色,最后将3次的收集液混合,定容至15 mL,过滤。(b)花色素苷含量的测定:取上面所得的浸提液1 mL 2份,分别用KCl-HCl的缓冲液(0.4 mol/L,pH 1.0)和柠檬酸/磷酸氢二钠缓冲液(0.4 mol/L,pH 5.0)稀释定容至5 mL,混匀后,用蒸馏水作对照,分别测定OD510
式中,D表示单位鲜重样品花色素苷含量(mg/mL);△OD510=OD510(pH 1.0)-OD510(pH 5.0)。
(9)果皮PPO活性测定。取适量荔枝果皮混合冻样,液氮冷冻后高速研磨成粉末,准确称取1 g果皮冻粉于离心管中,加入已经预冷的PBS缓冲液(0.05 mol/L、pH 7.0)5 mL,冰浴浸提20 min,期间上下颠倒数次,10 000 r/min,4 ℃离心20 min,上清液即为粗酶液。参考TANG等[17]的方法,以每克果皮在398 nm下吸光值增加0.01为1个酶活性单位(U),酶活性以U/g表示。测定重复3次。
(10)果皮POD活性测定。粗酶液提取同PPO。参照JAYACHANDRAN等[18]的方法,以每克果皮在470 nm下吸光值增加0.01为1个酶活性单位(U),酶活性以U/g表示。测定重复3次。
(11)果皮SOD活性测定。取适量荔枝果皮液氮冷冻后高速研磨成粉,准确称取1 g粉末,加入预冷的5.0 mL PBS缓冲液(0.05 mol/L、pH 7.8)和0.1%聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP),快速震荡混匀。1000 r/min,4 ℃离心30 min,上清液用于试验的测定。测定方法依照南京建成的试剂盒说明书进行。
使用SPSS 26.0软件进行数据统计分析,用Origin 2021软件作图,Adobe Photoshop CS 3软件进行图片编辑。相关分析的统计量用样本相关系数R表示,当|R|≥R0.05临界值时,若R>0,则认为变量之间存在正相关关系;若R<0,可认为变量之间呈负相关关系。
荔枝果皮色泽是判断其商品价值的重要因素,是消费者购买商品的直接衡量标准[19],刚采收的荔枝果皮颜色鲜红,但短时间内果皮颜色即迅速由鲜红色变成棕褐色,失去商品价值。
图1显示,0 d时果实表皮完整,颜色鲜红饱满。随着贮藏时间延长,各处理果实果皮逐渐褐变,失去其鲜艳色泽,6 d时DT处理组果实已经完全褐变,果皮干黄色,失去商品价值。HT及CT处理组果实贮藏末期也失去果实鲜红色,出现了大面积褐变,但尚未达到全果褐变。
果蔬褐变程度可以通过采后色泽变化体现,由图2A可知,3个胁迫处理组果皮的L*值随着贮藏时间的延长出现了明显下降,即荔枝果皮的亮度变暗,这与果实褐变加重及红色褪去有关。HT处理组荔枝果皮的L*值明显低于其他处理,说明热激胁迫使荔枝果皮亮度明显降低,而CT处理组的数值在贮藏后期较高,认为冷激处理在贮藏后期维持果皮亮度效果较好,对维持果实感官品质有一定的作用。
褐变直接影响荔枝果实的商品价值,褐变指数可以直观评价果皮褐变程度。由图2B可知,不同胁迫处理的荔枝果皮褐变指数在贮藏期间均呈上升趋势。6 d时,DT处理组果实褐变指数达到4.99,HT和CT处理组果实分别4.47和3.89,CT处理组褐变程度明显较低,可见冷激胁迫处理延缓果皮褐变程度较好,这与本研究中对荔枝果皮色泽的观察结果相印证。
果皮组织结构与果实采后生理、耐贮性和抗病性密切相关[20-21],本研究中,荔枝鲜果果皮细胞排列紧密,结构完整,细胞间隙小,细胞膜紧贴在细胞壁上,有发达的大液泡和丰富的细胞器(图3)。DT和CT处理组褐变果皮细胞排列疏松,细胞壁结构逐渐分解,部分细胞解体融合,导致失水和透气能力增加,果实衰老生理活动加剧,内容物基本消失,最终走向腐烂。HT处理组褐变果皮细胞结构基本完整,排列较整齐,细胞内含有大量聚结成块的内容物。
相对电导率是衡量胁迫处理下果皮膜透性的重要指标,通常相对电导率越大,细胞衰老和破坏程度越重。由图4A可知,相对电导率随贮藏时间的延长逐渐增大,说明随着贮藏时间的延长,荔枝果皮细胞膜受损加剧。6 d时,DT处理组果皮的相对电导率为初始值的3.73倍,表明果皮完全褐变后果皮膜透性大幅增加,细胞失去活性。HT和CT处理组果实处理完成后,相对电导率分别为18.79%和27.23%,是由于HT和CT过程对组织造成了一定的损伤,但果实仍可进行一定的修复,常温1 d后其值有明显下降,随后随着果实的衰老,相对电导率开始持续上升,但后期贮藏期间二者持续低于DT组。
呼吸作用是果蔬采后仍具有生命力的重要表现,呼吸强度越高,果蔬受损程度越高[22]。呼吸强度通常是通过CO2呼出量或O2吸入量进行衡量,如图4B所示,贮藏初期荔枝果实呼吸强度迅速下降,随着贮藏时间延长,3个胁迫处理的荔枝果实呼吸强度继续缓慢下降。HT和CT处理果实的呼吸强度稍高,认为冷激和热激胁迫处理对果实造成了一定的损伤,因此荔枝果实通过加速呼吸应对,从而减缓品质劣变。
荔枝果皮失水与褐变密切相关,果皮含水量的变化对褐变的进程有一定影响,伴随着含水量的下降,荔枝果皮迅速褐变。图4C表明,DT处理组果实含水量迅速下降,低于其他处理组,果实含水量由最初的72.72%迅速降低为27.76%。HT和CT处理组果实的含水量贮藏期间明显较高,表明热激和冷激胁迫处理均可以有效抑制水分散失,从而在一定程度上延缓果皮褐变。
花色素苷是荔枝褐变过程中的重要物质,在贮藏过程中容易降解,因此果皮呈色发生变化。在PPO和POD作用下,花色素苷进一步降解,加速褐变[23]图4D表明,在整个贮藏期间,3组胁迫处理的荔枝在贮藏过程中花色素苷含量总体呈现逐渐下降趋势,说明随着花色素苷逐渐被降解,褐变加剧。其中,HT处理组果实果皮的花色素苷含量低于其他2个处理组,可能与花色素苷耐热性差,热激胁迫处理使花色素苷迅速降解有关。
多种现象表明PPO与植物抵御外界胁迫相关,但其中关联机制并未解开,通常PPO可以在有氧条件下引起酚类物质的酶促褐变,活性越高则褐变越快[24]。由图5A可知,贮藏期间3种胁迫处理果实的PPO活性均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,在1 d时达到峰值,随后下降,伴随着荔枝果实褐变逐渐加重。HT和CT处理组果实在处理结束后PPO活性大幅提高,在1 d时达到峰值后即迅速下降,推测荔枝果实在经过热激和冷激胁迫后,细胞受到一定的损伤,通过提高PPO的活性缓解初期损伤。通常认为70~90 ℃能破坏PPO催化活性,但所需时间取决于原料[25],本研究中的HT处理温度较低,时间短,不足以灭活PPO活性,因此荔枝果实依然继续褐变。
POD是可以引起酚类物质酶促褐变的重要物质之一[26]图5B显示,3个胁迫处理的荔枝果皮中POD活性呈先升后降趋势,DT处理组果实在1 d时即达到峰值884.00 U/g。HT和CT处理组果实的POD活性峰值推迟至3 d时,且峰值低于DT处理组果实,认为热激和冷激胁迫都能抑制POD活性,从而延缓褐变。TH和CT处理组果实处理完成后,POD活性立刻降低,认为POD对温度敏感,高温和低温都抑制其活性。
3个处理组果皮SOD活性整体呈先降后升趋势(图5C),PPO和POD呈现先上升后下降的趋势,认为SOD活性是在抗氧化作用的后期才逐渐占据主导。热激和冷激胁迫处理完成后,二者的SOD活性立刻上升,表明荔枝果实可以通过提高SOD活性缓解初期热激和冷激对果实的损伤。
荔枝褐变指数与相关生理生化指标之间的相关性分析如图6所示,3个胁迫处理的荔枝果皮褐变指数均与相对电导率呈显著正相关;与果皮L*值、含水量和花色素苷含量呈显著负相关,表明在荔枝经失水、热激和冷激胁迫逆境下,这些显著相关指标均可对褐变产生直接影响。
荔枝果皮色泽、亮度、褐变指数等果实外在品质形状可以直接影响果实商品价值,本研究中3个胁迫处理均导致荔枝果皮迅速褐变,但HT和CT处理组果实的褐变速度明显低于DT处理组,表明热激和冷激胁迫处理对抑制果皮褐变有积极作用,马钰晴[27]的研究也证实冷激处理可以减轻桃果实褐变,保持良好的果实品质。其中,热激胁迫导致荔枝果皮亮度降低,这与其在卷心菜[28]、大白菜[29]、花椒芽[30]上的表现一致,热激处理虽然对褐变有作用,但对果实外观有一定的影响,这可能与热激温度有关,后续可以通过设置多组热激温度比较来探究。
已有研究表明,热激处理可以钝化细胞壁降解酶,降低细胞壁降解速率,从而保持细胞结构完整,维持贮藏期间莴笋[31]、百合鳞茎片[32]的硬度,黄瓜[33]和蜜柚[34]在热激处理后,细胞壁降解也出现显著减缓,这与本研究中HT处理组褐变果皮细胞结构基本完整,排列较整齐结果一致。细胞膜完整性可以通过相对电导率衡量,本研究中热激和冷激处理均明显抑制了荔枝果皮相对电导率的增加,有助于维持细胞膜完整性,这与热激和冷激在黄瓜[35]、桃[27]、火龙果[10]中的研究结果相符。
荔枝果皮褐变与果实呼吸速率、果皮含水量及花色素苷含量密切相关。通常认为较低呼吸速率能延缓营养成分的损耗,有利于果实的长期保存[36],但本研究结果与其有差异。CT处理组果实呼吸强度在3 d和6 d时呼吸强度分别为21.29 mg/(kg·h)和18.25 mg/(kg·h),高于DT处理组果实1.75 mg/(kg·h)和4.8 mg/(kg·h),但褐变程度CT处理组低于DT处理组,因此认为轻微的刺激荔枝呼吸反而延缓了果实衰老,这与高兆银等[37]的研究结果一致,认为贮藏后期适当提高荔枝果实呼吸强度,使EC(energy charge)保持在较高水平,可能对抑制果皮衰老更有利。如何有效刺激并控制荔枝呼吸速率在一定范围内达到延缓褐变和衰老的目的,需要在后续实验中继续展开研究,为今后的保鲜工作提供更科学的基础支持。
随着贮藏期延长,荔枝果皮水分逐渐减少,花色素苷逐渐被分解,褐变加剧。马玉芯等[38]指出,热烫可以有效抑制鲜食玉米水分散失,本研究热激和冷激胁迫都能较好保持果皮水分,通过对果皮水分的保持,进而延缓褐变。FANG等[39]研究证实经果梗给荔枝果实单果供水可以提高果皮含水量,明显抑制果皮褐变,与本研究结果相符。TANG等[17]认为荔枝采后随着花色素苷的不断降解,抗氧化性逐渐减弱,褐变加速,本研究中,HT处理组果实果皮的花色素苷含量低于其他2个处理组,推测可能是花色素苷耐热性差,热激胁迫处理温度使花色素苷迅速降解,李奕星等[40]的研究也指出红毛丹花色素苷在不同贮藏温度下,随着温度升高,保存率大幅下降,与本结果一致。
PPO、POD和SOD是植物抗氧化系统中的重要酶类,通过协同作用来保护细胞膜系统,减少自由基的毒害,降低生物或非生物胁迫引起的氧化损伤。本研究中热激和冷激处理完成后,荔枝果皮的PPO和SOD活性大幅上升,随后迅速下降。NIAN等[12]研究显示冷激处理可以提高SOD活性,邵登魁等[41]、潘翠萍等[42]的研究也证实一定程度的低温处理可以诱导抗氧化物酶活性的提高,从而缓解低温胁迫初期的伤害。本研究中,热激和冷激处理整体上抑制了PPO和POD活性,增强了贮藏后期SOD活性和抗氧化防御系统,从而延缓衰老和褐变。
已有研究指出,荔枝褐变相关指标可以分为褐变指标和抗褐变指标,因此将本研究中与果皮褐变呈显著正相关的果皮L*、含水量和花色素苷含量3个指标归为褐变指标,与果皮褐变呈显著负相关的果皮相对电导率归为抗褐变指标,后续研究中可以通过抑制褐变指标升高,提高抗褐变指标含量方向进行验证实验,探究有效的荔枝防褐方法。
本文研究了3种不同胁迫诱导糯米糍荔枝果实抗逆性与褐变相关物质的变化规律,结果表明:3种胁迫逆境下,荔枝在常温贮藏时均出现亮度下降,果皮褐变加剧现象,其中DT处理组果实褐变最迅速,HT和CT处理组果实通过提高荔枝果皮含水量和果实呼吸强度,抑制果皮相对电导率升高,抑制PPO和POD活性,提高贮藏后期SOD活性,延缓了果皮褐变和果实衰老。与新鲜荔枝果皮细胞结构完整,排列整齐不同,HT处理能保持褐变果皮细胞结构完整,内容物大量沉积,其他处理细胞结构分解,内容物基本消失。此外,HT和CT处理组果实还可以通过激活抗氧化系统来应对处理初期果实造成损伤,从而延缓果实衰老。3种逆境胁迫导致的荔枝褐变均与果皮L*、含水量和花色素苷含量呈显著正相关,与果皮相对电导率呈显著负相关。
  • 国家荔枝龙眼产业技术体系(CARS-32)
  • 广东省2023乡村振兴战略专项科技兴农项目(2023LZ03)
  • 广州市重点领域研发专题(2023B01J2001)
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2025年第46卷第6期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.06.011
  • 接收时间:2025-01-26
  • 首发时间:2026-06-24
  • 出版时间:2025-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-26
  • 录用日期:2025-03-15
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国家荔枝龙眼产业技术体系(CARS-32)
广东省2023乡村振兴战略专项科技兴农项目(2023LZ03)
广州市重点领域研发专题(2023B01J2001)
作者信息
    1.清远职业技术学院食品药品学院,广东清远 511510
    2.华南农业大学园艺学院/广东省果蔬保鲜重点实验室/南方园艺产品保鲜教育部工程中心,广东广州 510642
    3.广东省荔枝工程技术中心,广东广州 510642

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* 吴振先(WU Zhenxian),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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