Article(id=1276529969190801698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276529901037548535, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.06.004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1737043200000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1739289600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-02-12, onlineDate=1782278061434, onlineDateStr=2026-06-24, pubDate=1750780800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782278061434, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782278061434, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782278061434, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276529901037548535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2025', volume='46', issue='6', pageStart='1279', pageEnd='1532', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1750780800000', pubDateStr='2025-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782278045186, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782298980105, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276617708544328532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276529901037548535, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276617708544328533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276529901037548535, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1307, endPage=1321, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276529969476014372, articleId=1276529969190801698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Identification and Expression Analysis of the PG Gene Family in Cassava, columnId=1236256430337085821, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Omics & Biotechnology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Polygalacturonase (PG) plays a crucial role in plant growth and development, and in stress responses, by participating in the degradation of pectin and altering cell wall structure. Although studies on PG genes have been conducted in various plants, there is a lack of research on the identification and functional characterization of the PG gene family in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). This study identified a total of 89 members of the MePG family in the cassava genome, encoding proteins with 183 to 808 amino acids, molecular weights ranging from 19.75 to 87.07 kDa, and theoretical pI values between 4.64 and 9.71. Most of the family members are predicted to be localized in the cell membrane. Chromosome mapping analysis revealed that MePG family members were unevenly distributed across 17 chromosomes. Based on evolutionary relationships, MePGs were classified into seven subgroups (A to G), with similar gene structures within subgroups and evidence of tandem duplication. Comparative analysis indicated that the PG family genes in cassava were more closely related to rubber than to Arabidopsis. The promoter regions of MePG genes were enriched with elements responsive to light, hormones, and stress. MePG genes exhibit tissue specificity and were associated with cassava growth and development. During postharvest deterioration of cassava, MePGs displayed similar expression patterns, particularly MePG20, MePG21, MePG25, MePG64 and MePG72, which showed an initial increase followed by a decrease in expression, suggesting that the genes may initially respond to stress, upregulate to break down pectin, and then downregulate as cell wall hydrolysis is completed. This implies a significant role for PG in stress responses. Collectively, the findings suggest that MePG gene family members may have evolved through segmental duplication and intron loss and may perform different functions by sensing various types of signals, leading to diverse expression patterns. This would study provide a foundation for further exploration of the role of MePGs in the postharvest deterioration mechanism of cassava roots.

, authors=null, authorsList=Xiangning TANG, Xiaotong WANG, Luhua WANG, Ruimei Li, Yuan Yao, Yajie WANG, Jianchun GUO, Jiao LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jianchun GUO, Jiao LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276529974383350075, articleId=1276529969190801698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=木薯PG基因家族鉴定及表达分析, columnId=1236256430517440904, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=组学与生物技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(polygalacturonase,PG)在果胶的分解过程中起着关键作用,从而导致细胞壁结构的变化,参与植物的生长发育和应对逆境胁迫等多个阶段。尽管PG基因在其他植物中已有研究,但在木薯中尚未见对该基因家族成员鉴定和功能研究的报道。本研究从木薯基因组中鉴定出89个MePGs,编码的氨基酸数量在183~808之间,分子量介于19.75~87.07 kDa之间,理论等电点(pI)在4.64~9.71之间,大部分成员预测定位于细胞膜。染色体定位分析显示MePGs不均匀地分布于17条染色体上。基于进化关系,MePGs被分为A~G共7个亚组,亚组成员基因结构相似,且存在明显的串联重复现象;共线性分析结果表示,相比拟南芥,木薯PG家族基因的亲缘性与橡胶更接近。MePGs启动子区域富含光响应、激素响应与逆境响应元件。MePGs基因具有组织特异性,与木薯生长发育有关。在木薯采后变质过程中,MePGs表现出相似的表达模式,特别是MePG20MePG21MePG25MePG64MePG72,均呈现先上升后下降的表达趋势,表明这些基因可能在木薯块根采后变质过程中先响应逆境胁迫,高表达以分解果胶,随后随着细胞壁的水解完成而降低表达,这表明PG基因在逆境胁迫中发挥重要作用。综上所述,MePG基因家族成员可能通过片段复制和内含子减少的方式进化,并可能通过感知不同种类的信号而行使不同的功能,从而形成多样化的表达模式。本研究为进一步探索MePGs在木薯块根采后变质机制中的作用提供基础。

, authors=

唐湘宁(1999—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:木薯分子育种。

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* 郭建春(GUO Jianchun),E-mail:
刘姣(LIU Jiao),E-mail:
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2.Institute of Tropical Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences / National Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Breeding, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China
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唐湘宁(1999—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:木薯分子育种。

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唐湘宁(1999—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:木薯分子育种。

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2.Institute of Tropical Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences / National Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Breeding, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China
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2.中国热带农业科学院热带生物技术研究所/热带作物生物育种全国重点实验室,海南海口 571101
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Problems and solutions of energy cassava germplasm resources[J]. Biotechnology & Business, 2008(5): 25-30. (in Chineses), articleTitle=Problems and solutions of energy cassava germplasm resources, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276530001545662902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276529969190801698, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=94, issue=1/2, pageStart=185, pageEnd=195, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=14, authorNames=LIU S, ZAINUDDIN I M, VANDERSCHUREN H, JAMES D, BEECHING J R, journalName=Plant Molecular Biology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU S, ZAINUDDIN I M, VANDERSCHUREN H, JAMES D, BEECHING J R. RNAi inhibition of feruloyl CoA 6′-hydroxylase reduces scopoletin biosynthesis and post-harvest physiological deterioration in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) storage roots[J]. 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Identification of PG gene family in durian and pectin changes during fruit dehiscence[D]. Heifei: Anhui Agricultural University, 2022. (in Chineses), articleTitle=Identification of PG gene family in durian and pectin changes during fruit dehiscence, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276530002061562297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276529969190801698, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=23, issue=1, pageStart=300, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=17, authorNames=HE P, ZHANG J, LV Z, CUI P, XU X M, GEORGE M S, LU G Q, journalName=BMC Plant Biology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HE P, ZHANG J, LV Z, CUI P, XU X M, GEORGE M S, LU G Q. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the polygalacturonase gene family in sweetpotato[J]. 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Genomic identification of PLL and PG gene families and functional analysis in rice[D]. Wuhan: Wuhan University, 2018. (in Chineses), articleTitle=Genomic identification of PLL and PG gene families and functional analysis in rice, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276530005014352322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276529969190801698, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=21, issue=16, pageStart=5706, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=26, authorNames=LYU M, IFTIKHAR J, GUO R, WU B H, CAO J S, journalName=International Journal of Molecular Sciences, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LYU M, IFTIKHAR J, GUO R, WU B H, CAO J S. Patterns of expansion and expression divergence of the polygalacturonase gene family in Brassica oleracea[J]. 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Planta, 2020, 252(2): 31-48., articleTitle=Comprehensive analysis of polygalacturonase gene family highlights candidate genes related to pollen development and male fertility in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276530005769327045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276529969190801698, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=39, issue=4, pageStart=548, pageEnd=563, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=28, authorNames=陈迪飞, 魏秀清, 许玲, 许家辉, 曾黎辉, journalName=果树学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈迪飞, 魏秀清, 许玲, 许家辉, 曾黎辉. 莲雾PG基因家族全基因组鉴定及表达分析[J]. 果树学报, 2022, 39(4): 548-563., articleTitle=莲雾PG基因家族全基因组鉴定及表达分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276530006171980230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276529969190801698, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=39, issue=4, pageStart=548, pageEnd=563, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=29, authorNames=CHEN D F, WEI X Q, XU L, XU J H, ZENG L H, journalName=Journal of Fruit Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHEN D F, WEI X Q, XU L, XU J H, ZENG L H. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of PG gene family in wax apple [Syzygium samarangense (Bl.) Merr. et Perry][J]. Journal of Fruit Science, 2022, 39(4): 548-563. (in Chineses), articleTitle=Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of PG gene family in wax apple [Syzygium samarangense (Bl.) Merr. et Perry], refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276530006230700487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276529969190801698, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2004, volume=4, issue=1, pageStart=4, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=30, authorNames=CANNON S B, MITRA A, BAUMGARTEN A, YOUNG N D, MAY G, journalName=BMC Plant Biology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CANNON S B, MITRA A, BAUMGARTEN A, YOUNG N D, MAY G. The roles of segmental and tandem gene duplication in the evolution of large gene families in Arabidopsis thaliana[J]. 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Variations in cell wall microstructure and components and activities of their degradation enzymes in grapes with soft or hard textures[J]. Journal of Fruit Science, 2023, 40(4): 690-698. 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571737, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276529975968797002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276529969190801698, companyId=1276529975662612808, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.海南大学热带农林学院,海南儋州 571737)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1276529990237819273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276529969190801698, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Multiple sequence alignment of PG amino acid in cassava, figureFileSmall=KXcTzmbAP+IRef8mgHfydA==, figureFileBig=jzWnYGFnnTF5S6tHinh+Bw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276529991252840843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276529969190801698, language=CN, label=图1, caption=木薯PG氨基酸的多序列比对, figureFileSmall=KXcTzmbAP+IRef8mgHfydA==, figureFileBig=jzWnYGFnnTF5S6tHinh+Bw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276529991441584524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276529969190801698, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Phylogenetic tree of the PG gene family in cassava and Arabidopsis, figureFileSmall=OE2k0be3rpp6xaqoo575eg==, figureFileBig=FmTv6Lh/5PQyrEkylz0Dww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276529991504499085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276529969190801698, language=CN, label=图2, caption=木薯和拟南芥PG蛋白的系统进化树, figureFileSmall=OE2k0be3rpp6xaqoo575eg==, figureFileBig=FmTv6Lh/5PQyrEkylz0Dww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276529991605162384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276529969190801698, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Analysis of the gene structure and conserved motifs of MePG genes, figureFileSmall=dTW9SNLkGmCY+48zFIxrjg==, figureFileBig=pZBEsROBfKQ0b3cGbEJfqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276529991894569361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276529969190801698, language=CN, label=图3, caption=MePG基因的基因结构和保守基序分析

A:MePGs系统发育树;B:MePGs保守基序分布;C:MePGs基因结构。

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蓝色线条代表木薯和拟南芥、橡胶的共线性PG基因对,灰色线条表示木薯和拟南芥、橡胶的同源基因。

, figureFileSmall=NPjBBkseszzRyeLKmOx9IQ==, figureFileBig=+TxtubxhdhpSkobVgJ7jGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276529992376914326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276529969190801698, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Analysis of Cis-acting elements in promoter region of cassava PG family genes, figureFileSmall=zq2N/zraSaOuqWnE9qN/Mw==, figureFileBig=6ubswnpR6hckhySW4jdGXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276529992435634583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276529969190801698, language=CN, label=图6, caption=木薯PG家族基因启动子区顺式作用元件分析, figureFileSmall=zq2N/zraSaOuqWnE9qN/Mw==, figureFileBig=6ubswnpR6hckhySW4jdGXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276529992523714968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276529969190801698, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Expression patterns of cassava PG genes in different tissues, figureFileSmall=XoDMpjUczc+8ic9/lRM/Gw==, figureFileBig=Yx7shT8Swwhi9tCyBgKr6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276529992733430169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276529969190801698, language=CN, label=图7, caption=木薯PG基因在不同组织中的表达模式, figureFileSmall=XoDMpjUczc+8ic9/lRM/Gw==, figureFileBig=Yx7shT8Swwhi9tCyBgKr6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276529992834093466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276529969190801698, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=PG gene expression patterns in cassava storage roots of SC8 at 0 and 21 days post-harvest, figureFileSmall=9lNFJZn4ScVXZtfPRYvBzA==, figureFileBig=c8Mn8/t7ShnrgXoHQxJKrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276529992905396635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276529969190801698, language=CN, label=图8, caption=SC8木薯块根在采后0 d和21 d的PG基因表达模式

图中标注值为FPKM原始数据。

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Primer sequences of MePG and reference genes in Cassava

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因名称Gene name上游引物序列(5′-3′)Forward primer sequence (5′-3′)下游引物序列(5′-3′)Reverse primer sequence (5′-3′)
MePG20CCCCAAATCTCCCTACACCGATGCCATATTCGTCCCAGCC
MePG21GAGTCCCCTGTTTCTCCAGCCGGAAGTGTCGTCTGTGGAA
MePG25CTATGACCCAAATGCGCTGCTCTTCTTGGCCTTAGCTGCC
MePG64TGCTTGCATGGCTAGGAGAGGTCTTCTTTTGGTGGCGGTG
MePG72TACAGCCGGCCTCATCTAGTGCCGATGGTGTAAGGGGATT
TublinATGCGGTTCTTGATGTTGTTCTCGGTGAAGGGAATACAGAGA
), ArticleFig(id=1276529993702314401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276529969190801698, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

木薯MePG及内参基因引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因名称Gene name上游引物序列(5′-3′)Forward primer sequence (5′-3′)下游引物序列(5′-3′)Reverse primer sequence (5′-3′)
MePG20CCCCAAATCTCCCTACACCGATGCCATATTCGTCCCAGCC
MePG21GAGTCCCCTGTTTCTCCAGCCGGAAGTGTCGTCTGTGGAA
MePG25CTATGACCCAAATGCGCTGCTCTTCTTGGCCTTAGCTGCC
MePG64TGCTTGCATGGCTAGGAGAGGTCTTCTTTTGGTGGCGGTG
MePG72TACAGCCGGCCTCATCTAGTGCCGATGGTGTAAGGGGATT
TublinATGCGGTTCTTGATGTTGTTCTCGGTGAAGGGAATACAGAGA
), ArticleFig(id=1276529993761034658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276529969190801698, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Basic informations of PG genes in cassava

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因名称Gene name基因ID Gene ID氨基酸数量Number of amino acids分子量Molecular weight/kDa等电点pI外显子数Number of exons亚细胞定位Subcellular localization
MePG1LOC11062977439341.48 6988.824细胞膜
MePG2LOC11063051239241.39 7968.824
MePG3LOC11063121140042.01 5649.024
MePG4LOC11063000638440.54 2948.914
MePG5LOC11060727644748.93 0467.705
MePG6LOC11061971846850.84 8484.856
MePG7LOC11061389538941.50 6879.244
MePG8LOC11061299239442.24 0338.924
MePG9LOC11061453439041.48 7468.924
MePG10LOC11063019946751.35 5306.296
MePG11LOC11061727346651.48 1775.526
MePG12LOC11060913644948.51 3136.415
MePG13LOC11060865048253.12 1195.106
MePG14LOC11060490439042.35 6689.384
MePG15LOC11061095738741.72 7224.707
MePG16LOC11061189249355.19 6419.005
MePG17LOC11061117149253.61 5934.933叶绿体/细胞质
MePG18LOC11061115849753.31 3235.874细胞膜/细胞壁/细胞质
MePG19LOC11061040741144.43 8418.815细胞膜
MePG20LOC11061059645449.53 7015.377
MePG21LOC11061096148352.21 5564.646
MePG22LOC11061266180887.07 6026.9616
MePG23LOC11061593050154.91 0855.316
MePG24LOC11061619746651.30 8655.566
MePG25LOC11061538049654.22 8025.966
MePG26LOC11061537238840.72 2968.954
MePG27LOC11061425339241.88 3699.104
MePG28LOC11061516939441.19 0045.505
MePG29LOC11061625339241.51 9078.904
MePG30LOC11061634339042.08 5089.144
MePG31LOC11061634631433.05 3549.354
MePG32LOC11061454339141.78 5949.714
MePG33LOC11061537339342.02 9988.614
MePG34LOC11061735634036.07 2844.985细胞膜
MePG35LOC11060736139241.58 5536.114
MePG36LOC11061916943748.09 0099.289
MePG37LOC11061842039241.65 0429.034
MePG38LOC11061872438340.21 4708.744
MePG39LOC11061976239441.39 8305.624
MePG40LOC11061899539241.26 2768.894
MePG41LOC11061975239441.13 6935.374
MePG42LOC12272399532935.71 9868.413
MePG43LOC12272400234437.27 0578.855
MePG44LOC11062120446652.02 4876.423
MePG45LOC11062178146551.36 7166.149
MePG46LOC11062165747451.37 4886.806
MePG47LOC11062245245350.32 5485.149
MePG48LOC11060736234237.23 9808.605
MePG49LOC12272461938741.11 9115.765
MePG50LOC11062323139241.57 1516.324
MePG51LOC11062324659865.50 0028.786
MePG52LOC12272463039441.91 5535.715
MePG53LOC12272463128530.54 9895.853
MePG54LOC11062325937940.56 9985.355
MePG55LOC12272463839241.56 0526.604
MePG56LOC11060843750855.12 7577.466
MePG57LOC11062328846950.19 4117.075
MePG58LOC12272498349753.53 6498.727
MePG59LOC11062553045249.36 0668.8310
MePG60LOC11062555478784.47 7485.2118
MePG61LOC12272499756661.42 2985.2714
MePG62LOC11062549231233.93 0086.598
MePG63LOC11062858549153.31 9595.159
MePG64LOC11062769351956.49 2248.427
MePG65LOC11062726650955.87 2348.395
MePG66LOC11063054246551.30 4748.928
MePG67LOC11063040248252.58 2195.4011细胞膜/细胞壁
MePG68LOC11062970151556.27 0616.427细胞膜
MePG69LOC11059977149354.18 1745.406
MePG70LOC11063126447452.19 3449.116
MePG71LOC11059977247752.25 1148.624
MePG72LOC11060249445449.47 6865.266
MePG73LOC11060148940543.89 3329.525
MePG74LOC11060149347350.55 7946.457
MePG75LOC11060400418319.75 0719.592
MePG76LOC12272206739241.59 9606.334
MePG77LOC11060353350654.85 6716.833叶绿体
MePG78LOC11060413749152.64 9415.524细胞膜/细胞质
MePG79LOC11060302249255.42 6569.255细胞膜
MePG80LOC11060546239542.59 8809.277
MePG81LOC12272220236640.12 1099.043
MePG82LOC12272221539041.87 3059.264
MePG83LOC11060562248051.99 3436.007
MePG84LOC12272242839342.32 8338.794
MePG85LOC12272234939542.58 3889.084
MePG86LOC12272243734637.66 1078.603细胞膜/细胞壁
MePG87LOC12272243976783.84 5719.0910细胞膜
MePG88LOC11062326039241.55 9586.604
MePG89LOC11060840973379.40 3459.199
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木薯PG基因基本信息

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基因名称Gene name基因ID Gene ID氨基酸数量Number of amino acids分子量Molecular weight/kDa等电点pI外显子数Number of exons亚细胞定位Subcellular localization
MePG1LOC11062977439341.48 6988.824细胞膜
MePG2LOC11063051239241.39 7968.824
MePG3LOC11063121140042.01 5649.024
MePG4LOC11063000638440.54 2948.914
MePG5LOC11060727644748.93 0467.705
MePG6LOC11061971846850.84 8484.856
MePG7LOC11061389538941.50 6879.244
MePG8LOC11061299239442.24 0338.924
MePG9LOC11061453439041.48 7468.924
MePG10LOC11063019946751.35 5306.296
MePG11LOC11061727346651.48 1775.526
MePG12LOC11060913644948.51 3136.415
MePG13LOC11060865048253.12 1195.106
MePG14LOC11060490439042.35 6689.384
MePG15LOC11061095738741.72 7224.707
MePG16LOC11061189249355.19 6419.005
MePG17LOC11061117149253.61 5934.933叶绿体/细胞质
MePG18LOC11061115849753.31 3235.874细胞膜/细胞壁/细胞质
MePG19LOC11061040741144.43 8418.815细胞膜
MePG20LOC11061059645449.53 7015.377
MePG21LOC11061096148352.21 5564.646
MePG22LOC11061266180887.07 6026.9616
MePG23LOC11061593050154.91 0855.316
MePG24LOC11061619746651.30 8655.566
MePG25LOC11061538049654.22 8025.966
MePG26LOC11061537238840.72 2968.954
MePG27LOC11061425339241.88 3699.104
MePG28LOC11061516939441.19 0045.505
MePG29LOC11061625339241.51 9078.904
MePG30LOC11061634339042.08 5089.144
MePG31LOC11061634631433.05 3549.354
MePG32LOC11061454339141.78 5949.714
MePG33LOC11061537339342.02 9988.614
MePG34LOC11061735634036.07 2844.985细胞膜
MePG35LOC11060736139241.58 5536.114
MePG36LOC11061916943748.09 0099.289
MePG37LOC11061842039241.65 0429.034
MePG38LOC11061872438340.21 4708.744
MePG39LOC11061976239441.39 8305.624
MePG40LOC11061899539241.26 2768.894
MePG41LOC11061975239441.13 6935.374
MePG42LOC12272399532935.71 9868.413
MePG43LOC12272400234437.27 0578.855
MePG44LOC11062120446652.02 4876.423
MePG45LOC11062178146551.36 7166.149
MePG46LOC11062165747451.37 4886.806
MePG47LOC11062245245350.32 5485.149
MePG48LOC11060736234237.23 9808.605
MePG49LOC12272461938741.11 9115.765
MePG50LOC11062323139241.57 1516.324
MePG51LOC11062324659865.50 0028.786
MePG52LOC12272463039441.91 5535.715
MePG53LOC12272463128530.54 9895.853
MePG54LOC11062325937940.56 9985.355
MePG55LOC12272463839241.56 0526.604
MePG56LOC11060843750855.12 7577.466
MePG57LOC11062328846950.19 4117.075
MePG58LOC12272498349753.53 6498.727
MePG59LOC11062553045249.36 0668.8310
MePG60LOC11062555478784.47 7485.2118
MePG61LOC12272499756661.42 2985.2714
MePG62LOC11062549231233.93 0086.598
MePG63LOC11062858549153.31 9595.159
MePG64LOC11062769351956.49 2248.427
MePG65LOC11062726650955.87 2348.395
MePG66LOC11063054246551.30 4748.928
MePG67LOC11063040248252.58 2195.4011细胞膜/细胞壁
MePG68LOC11062970151556.27 0616.427细胞膜
MePG69LOC11059977149354.18 1745.406
MePG70LOC11063126447452.19 3449.116
MePG71LOC11059977247752.25 1148.624
MePG72LOC11060249445449.47 6865.266
MePG73LOC11060148940543.89 3329.525
MePG74LOC11060149347350.55 7946.457
MePG75LOC11060400418319.75 0719.592
MePG76LOC12272206739241.59 9606.334
MePG77LOC11060353350654.85 6716.833叶绿体
MePG78LOC11060413749152.64 9415.524细胞膜/细胞质
MePG79LOC11060302249255.42 6569.255细胞膜
MePG80LOC11060546239542.59 8809.277
MePG81LOC12272220236640.12 1099.043
MePG82LOC12272221539041.87 3059.264
MePG83LOC11060562248051.99 3436.007
MePG84LOC12272242839342.32 8338.794
MePG85LOC12272234939542.58 3889.084
MePG86LOC12272243734637.66 1078.603细胞膜/细胞壁
MePG87LOC12272243976783.84 5719.0910细胞膜
MePG88LOC11062326039241.55 9586.604
MePG89LOC11060840973379.40 3459.199
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木薯PG基因家族鉴定及表达分析
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唐湘宁 1, 2, 3 , 王晓彤 1, 2, 3 , 汪路花 2, 3, 4 , 李瑞梅 2, 3 , 姚远 2, 3 , 王亚杰 2, 3 , 郭建春 2, 3, * , 刘姣 2, 3, *
热带作物学报 | 组学与生物技术 2025,46(6): 1307-1321
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热带作物学报 |组学与生物技术 2025 , 46 (6) : 1307 -1321
木薯PG基因家族鉴定及表达分析
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2.Institute of Tropical Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences / National Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Breeding, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China
3.Sanya Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, Hainan 572025, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1276529977722016084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276529969190801698, authorId=1276529977369694541, language=CN, stringName=唐湘宁, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, address=1.海南大学生命健康学院,海南海口 570228
2.中国热带农业科学院热带生物技术研究所/热带作物生物育种全国重点实验室,海南海口 571101
3.中国热带农业科学院三亚研究院,海南三亚 572025, bio={"content":"

唐湘宁(1999—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:木薯分子育种。

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唐湘宁(1999—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:木薯分子育种。

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唐湘宁1, 2, 3, 王晓彤1, 2, 3, 汪路花2, 3, 4, 李瑞梅2, 3, 姚远2, 3, 王亚杰2, 3, 郭建春2, 3, * , 刘姣2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1.海南大学生命健康学院,海南海口 570228
  • 2.中国热带农业科学院热带生物技术研究所/热带作物生物育种全国重点实验室,海南海口 571101
  • 3.中国热带农业科学院三亚研究院,海南三亚 572025
  • 4.海南大学热带农林学院,海南儋州 571737
通讯作者:
* 郭建春(GUO Jianchun),E-mail:
刘姣(LIU Jiao),E-mail:
Identification and Expression Analysis of the PG Gene Family in Cassava
Xiangning TANG1, 2, 3, Xiaotong WANG1, 2, 3, Luhua WANG2, 3, 4, Ruimei Li2, 3, Yuan Yao2, 3, Yajie WANG2, 3, Jianchun GUO2, 3, * , Jiao LIU2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Life and Health Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
  • 2.Institute of Tropical Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences / National Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Breeding, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China
  • 3.Sanya Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, Hainan 572025, China
  • 4.School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Danzhou, Hainan 571737, China
出版时间: 2025-06-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.06.004
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多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(polygalacturonase,PG)在果胶的分解过程中起着关键作用,从而导致细胞壁结构的变化,参与植物的生长发育和应对逆境胁迫等多个阶段。尽管PG基因在其他植物中已有研究,但在木薯中尚未见对该基因家族成员鉴定和功能研究的报道。本研究从木薯基因组中鉴定出89个MePGs,编码的氨基酸数量在183~808之间,分子量介于19.75~87.07 kDa之间,理论等电点(pI)在4.64~9.71之间,大部分成员预测定位于细胞膜。染色体定位分析显示MePGs不均匀地分布于17条染色体上。基于进化关系,MePGs被分为A~G共7个亚组,亚组成员基因结构相似,且存在明显的串联重复现象;共线性分析结果表示,相比拟南芥,木薯PG家族基因的亲缘性与橡胶更接近。MePGs启动子区域富含光响应、激素响应与逆境响应元件。MePGs基因具有组织特异性,与木薯生长发育有关。在木薯采后变质过程中,MePGs表现出相似的表达模式,特别是MePG20MePG21MePG25MePG64MePG72,均呈现先上升后下降的表达趋势,表明这些基因可能在木薯块根采后变质过程中先响应逆境胁迫,高表达以分解果胶,随后随着细胞壁的水解完成而降低表达,这表明PG基因在逆境胁迫中发挥重要作用。综上所述,MePG基因家族成员可能通过片段复制和内含子减少的方式进化,并可能通过感知不同种类的信号而行使不同的功能,从而形成多样化的表达模式。本研究为进一步探索MePGs在木薯块根采后变质机制中的作用提供基础。

木薯  /  PG基因家族  /  表达分析

Polygalacturonase (PG) plays a crucial role in plant growth and development, and in stress responses, by participating in the degradation of pectin and altering cell wall structure. Although studies on PG genes have been conducted in various plants, there is a lack of research on the identification and functional characterization of the PG gene family in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). This study identified a total of 89 members of the MePG family in the cassava genome, encoding proteins with 183 to 808 amino acids, molecular weights ranging from 19.75 to 87.07 kDa, and theoretical pI values between 4.64 and 9.71. Most of the family members are predicted to be localized in the cell membrane. Chromosome mapping analysis revealed that MePG family members were unevenly distributed across 17 chromosomes. Based on evolutionary relationships, MePGs were classified into seven subgroups (A to G), with similar gene structures within subgroups and evidence of tandem duplication. Comparative analysis indicated that the PG family genes in cassava were more closely related to rubber than to Arabidopsis. The promoter regions of MePG genes were enriched with elements responsive to light, hormones, and stress. MePG genes exhibit tissue specificity and were associated with cassava growth and development. During postharvest deterioration of cassava, MePGs displayed similar expression patterns, particularly MePG20, MePG21, MePG25, MePG64 and MePG72, which showed an initial increase followed by a decrease in expression, suggesting that the genes may initially respond to stress, upregulate to break down pectin, and then downregulate as cell wall hydrolysis is completed. This implies a significant role for PG in stress responses. Collectively, the findings suggest that MePG gene family members may have evolved through segmental duplication and intron loss and may perform different functions by sensing various types of signals, leading to diverse expression patterns. This would study provide a foundation for further exploration of the role of MePGs in the postharvest deterioration mechanism of cassava roots.

cassava  /  PG gene family  /  expression analysis
唐湘宁, 王晓彤, 汪路花, 李瑞梅, 姚远, 王亚杰, 郭建春, 刘姣. 木薯PG基因家族鉴定及表达分析. 热带作物学报, 2025 , 46 (6) : 1307 -1321 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.06.004
Xiangning TANG, Xiaotong WANG, Luhua WANG, Ruimei Li, Yuan Yao, Yajie WANG, Jianchun GUO, Jiao LIU. Identification and Expression Analysis of the PG Gene Family in Cassava[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2025 , 46 (6) : 1307 -1321 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.06.004
植物细胞壁是细胞的外部支撑结构,主要由纤维素、半纤维素和果胶构成,为细胞提供结构支持和保护功能[1]。果胶在植物细胞壁中扮演多重角色,包括维持细胞结构,促进细胞间粘连,增强细胞壁的延展性,提供生长和发育信号以及参与植物的防御响应[2]
果胶的生物合成涉及多种糖基转移酶和蛋白质复合体[3]。果胶由同源半乳糖醛酸(homogalacturonan,HG)、鼠李半乳糖醛酸聚糖Ⅰ(rhamnogalacturonan I,RG-I)、鼠李半乳糖醛酸聚糖Ⅱ(rhamnogalacturonan II,RG-II)、木糖半乳糖醛酸聚糖(xylogalacturonan,XGA)等组成[4-6],其中HG约占果胶总量的65%[7]
多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(polygalacturonase,PG)是一类催化果胶降解的酶,是HG的主要酶之一,参与细胞壁中果胶的降解,影响细胞壁稳定性,在植物各生长阶段以及不同组织中扮演着关键角色[8]
植物中PG蛋白通常包含4个保守的结构域。其中,Ⅰ域和Ⅱ域分别包含核心序列SPNTDG和GDDC,这2个序列中包含3个天冬氨酸残基(D),这些残基参与构成酶的催化活性位点。Ⅲ域由序列CGPGHG组成,其中的组氨酸(H)在催化过程中发挥重要作用。Ⅳ域的序列为RIK,该结构域涉及与底物羧基端的离子相互作用。这些结构域的保守性和功能多样性是PG蛋白在植物细胞壁降解过程中发挥作用的基础[9]。在这4个保守结构域中,半胱氨酸残基(C)均有较好的保守性,推测其可能参与维持蛋白质的三级结构[10]
木薯(Manihot esculenta Crantz)是以富含淀粉的块根为主要利用形式的重要粮食和能源作物,其块根在采收后极易发生生理性变质(postharvest physiological deterioration,PPD)[11]。木薯变质分为初发性变质和次发性变质2个阶段,初发性变质取决于内源酶作用,而次发性变质主要由微生物感染引起。在次发性变质过程中,作为植物细胞第一道屏障的细胞壁结构发生变化,微生物随之侵入引发次级变质,继而发生严重的氧化损伤和细胞死亡,最终导致整个块根腐烂[12]。在这个过程中,细胞壁结构的变化可能与PG家族基因的活性密切相关。
目前PG基因家族在许多物种中都进行了全基因组鉴定及分析,如榴莲[13]、甘薯[14]和苹果[15]等,但在木薯中暂未见报道。本研究旨在木薯基因组数据库中筛选鉴定木薯PG家族成员,对其理化性质、基因结构和启动子序列等进行分析,并且分析其在木薯不同组织部位和块根采后变质过程中的表达情况,以探讨PG基因在木薯块根采后变质过程中的作用。
木薯种植基地位于海南省三亚市南滨农场,年降水量1400~1600 mm,年平均气温24~26℃。选择数棵生长成熟(约150 d)的华南8号(SC8)木薯作为试验材料。将未损伤的木薯块根完整挖出,置于实验室室温存放。每次选择完整的块根在0、1、3、5、7、10、14、21 d进行切片取样,并存放在-80 ℃冰箱中保存备用。
木薯(Manihot esculenta Crantz)基因组及注释数据下载于NCBI数据中心(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/),拟南芥[Arabidopsis thaliana(L.)H-eynh.]和橡胶[Hevea brasiliensis(Willd. ex A. Juss.)Müll. Arg.]PG基因家族序列下载于NCBI(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)和Phytozome(https://phytozome-next.jgi.doe.gov/)数据库。
通过TBtools软件获取木薯蛋白序列,在拟南芥的蛋白序列中搜索与木薯PG蛋白相似的蛋白序列,将这些蛋白放到swissprot(http://www.gpmaw.com/html/swissprot.html)数据库中进行验证,筛选出木薯多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(MePG)家族基因的候选序列。通过InterPro(https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/)在线软件和TBtools软件的Advanced Hmmer Search插件,将候选序列与已知的PG保守结构域(PF00295)进行筛选,以确定最终的MePG基因家族成员,并对筛选出的基因进行重命名。
利用TBtools软件的Protein Parameter Calc插件对MePG蛋白的特性进行预测,包括氨基酸数量、分子量(MW)和等电点(pI)。通过PSORT Prediction(https://psort.hgc.jp/form.html)在线软件进行亚细胞定位的预测。
利用DNAMAN软件对PG蛋白家族进行蛋白多序列比较。
使用TBtools软件的One Step Build a ML Tree插件创建MePG蛋白序列的系统发育树。
利用NCBI batch wab CD-search tool(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/bwrpsb/bwrpsb.cgi)在线软件进行保守结构域分析,通过MEME(https://meme-suite.org/meme/tools/meme)在线软件分析MePG蛋白的保守基序;利用TBtools软件进行可视化处理。
使用TBtools软件确定89个MePG基因的染色体位置。使用TBtools软件的One Step MCScanX插件进行木薯与拟南芥和橡胶中的基因同源性分析。
利用TBtools软件提取MePG基因家族序列上游长度为2000 bp的启动子序列,利用PlantCARE(http://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/plantcare/html/)软件进行预测分析,并通过TBtools软件进行可视化分析。
根据本实验室的SC8木薯转录组数据,分析MePG基因在各组织部位以及将SC8木薯采后变质21 d的FPKM值,利用ChiPlot(https://www.chiplot.online/)在线软件绘制MePG基因的表达热图。选取MePG20/21/25/64/72基因,设计qRT-PCR特异性引物(表1),由北京擎科生物科技有限公司(海口)合成引物。使用M5 HiPer Plant RNeasy Complex Mini Kit“繁可简”多糖多酚植物RNA提取试剂盒(北京聚合美生物科技有限公司)提取块根RNA,使用MonScriptTM RTIII All-in-One Mix with dsDNase(莫纳生物科技有限公司)进行逆转录。使用Taq-HS SYBR® Green qPCR Premix(Universal)(江苏愚公生命科技有限公司)和上海力康HealForce的CG-05仪器进行qRT-PCR验证。使用2-ΔΔCt法计算基因的相对表达量。
利用生物信息学方法分析木薯基因组数据库,共鉴定到89个PG基因。根据染色体位置分布,将89个MePG基因依次命名为MePG1~MePG89。氨基酸序列分析表明,MePG蛋白质的氨基酸数目为183(MePG75)~808(MePG22),平均长度为442 aa;分子量为19.75(MePG75)~87.08(MePG22)kDa,平均值为47.79 kDa;理论等电点为4.64(MePG21)~9.71(MePG32)(表2)。亚细胞定位预测结果显示82个MePG家族成员定位于细胞膜,其余成员可能分布在细胞壁、叶绿体、细胞质或细胞核中。
MePG的氨基酸序列比对结果如图1所示,89个MePGs中有33个MePGs的氨基酸序列完整包含了4个典型的PG保守结构域Ⅰ(序列为SPNTDGI)、Ⅱ(序列为GDDC)、Ⅲ(序列为CGPGHG)和Ⅳ(序列为RIK),如MePG1MePG2MePG3MePG4等。部分MePGs的氨基酸序列存在丢失或缺少的现象,其中42个MePGs的氨基酸序列缺少结构域Ⅰ,19个MePGs的氨基酸序列缺少结构域Ⅱ,38个MePGs的氨基酸序列缺少结构域Ⅲ,10个MePGs的氨基酸序列缺少结构域Ⅳ。MePG17MePG18MePG20的氨基酸序列同时缺少4个保守结构域,并伴有氨基酸替换或缺失,推测这些PG基因可能具有更高的进化程度。
为研究木薯PG基因的进化关系,本研究采用邻接法(NJ),构建木薯和拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)的PG基因家族成员蛋白序列(68个AtPG,89个MePG)进化树。如图2所示,2个物种的157个PG蛋白被分为7个亚族(Group A~Group G)。A至G亚族分别包含9、6、21、27、16、5、5个木薯PG。2个物种在A亚族、B亚族和E亚族中的基因数量大致相同,2个物种的PG蛋白在每个亚族中不均匀分布。亚族的划分基于蛋白序列的相似度和进化关系,不同亚族的基因通常具有不同的功能。
在基因家族进化过程中,通常伴有外显子的缺失和增加,为了理解木薯PG基因的特性,通过TBtools软件对木薯89个MePG基因的外显子和内含子结构进行分析,并绘制基因结构图。结果表明(图3A),同一亚族中的PG基因具有相似的基因结构,其内含子的数量接近,而不同亚族(如Group F和Group G)包含基因之间内含子数量差异较大。所有MePG基因中外显子数量最少为3个,而位于Group F中的MePG60外显子的数量最多(18个)。以上结果表明,在木薯PG基因进化过程中,外显子的丢失、获得与PG基因的功能多样密切相关,这是因为基因家族内部的基因在分子功能上是冗余的,它们可能经历了进化选择过程,基因中断由内含子插入是真核基因的特征之一。
木薯PG的保守基序分析结果如图3B所示,亲缘关系越近的成员其基序结构越相似。大部分MePGs都包含有Motif 10和Motif 6,且均以N→C端按序排列。其中Motif 1的序列包含“SPNTDGI”(保守结构域Ⅰ)与“GDDC”(保守结构域Ⅱ),Motif 3和Motif 5的序列分别包含“CGPGHG”(保守结构域Ⅲ)、“RIK”(保守结构域Ⅳ)。保守结构域Ⅰ包含1个天冬氨酸残基(D),该残基参与酶的催化活性位点,直接影响PG酶的催化效率,缺少该结构域的基因可能催化活性较低或功能不同。保守结构域Ⅱ同样包含天冬氨酸残基,参与底物的结合和催化过程,缺少该结构域的基因可能无法有效结合果胶底物,导致酶活性降低。保守结构域Ⅲ中的组氨酸(H)在催化过程中发挥重要作用,尤其是在果胶的水解过程中,缺少该结构域的基因可能在果胶降解过程中效率较低。保守结构域Ⅳ可能与底物羧基端的离子相互作用有关,影响PG酶与果胶的结合能力,缺少该结构域的基因可能无法有效结合果胶,导致酶活性下降。
从进化关系上看,亲缘关系较近的同一亚族的PG基因在基因结构组成和蛋白结构域分布上也具有较高保守性。如图3C所示,68个(76.4%)木薯PG家族成员包含1个共同的结构域PL-6 superfamily,16个(17.9%)木薯PG家族成员包含1个共同的结构域Pgu1 superfamily,4个(4.4%)木薯PG家族成员包含结构域Pectate_lyase_3 superfamily,但MePG17并不包含这3种结构域中的任何一种。
用TBtools软件中的染色体定位工具对89个MePG基因在染色体上的位置分析发现,89个MePG基因不均匀地分布在17条染色体上,其中第1、5和9号染色体上的基因数量最多,各含有11个MePG基因,而第4、6号染色体上的基因数量最少,仅含有1个MePG基因(图4)。这种不均匀的分布可能反映了基因复制事件和染色体重排。MePG88MePG89由于基因组未完全组装,仅定位到基因组的特定区域。MePG基因在染色体上的分布模式表明,这些PG基因可能通过片段复制和串联复制的方式进化,且不同染色体上的基因可能具有不同的功能或表达模式。
为了进一步了解木薯PG基因家族的系统发育机制,本研究分析了木薯与拟南芥、橡胶的种间共线性关系。如图5所示,在木薯与拟南芥共有51对PG同源基因对,木薯与橡胶共有70对PG同源基因对,表明木薯与橡胶的亲缘关系更近。
为了弄清MePG基因的潜在功能和调控机制,本研究截取89个木薯PG基因上游2000 bp的启动子序列,利用PlantCARE软件对MePGs启动子区域的顺式作用元件进行分析。结果(图6)显示,大部分基因都包含与植物激素和非生物胁迫响应相关的作用元件,这些元件与木薯的生长发育息息相关。所含顺式作用元件中,最多的是光响应元件(671个),其次是茉莉酸甲酯响应元件(185个)和脱落酸响应元件(140个),其余作用元件除损伤响应元件(6个)和栅栏叶肉细胞分化响应元件(4个)外,数量分布范围在20~68个之间。不同MePG基因家族成员启动子区域所含的顺式作用元件类型差异较大,大部分MePGs的启动子区域含有光响应元件,表明这些基因可能受到光信号的调控,尤其是在光合作用活跃的组织中。茉莉酸甲酯和脱落酸响应元件在MePGs的启动子区域中非常丰富,表明这些基因可能在木薯逆境响应中发挥重要作用,脱落酸响应元件可能在干旱或盐胁迫条件下调控MePG基因的表达。部分MePG基因(如MePG3MePG20MePG26等)的启动子区域含有损伤响应元件,表明这些基因可能在机械损伤或病原体侵染时被激活,参与细胞壁的修复和防御过程。如赤霉素、生长素等激素响应元件也存在于部分MePG基因的启动子区域,表明这些基因可能在木薯的生长发育过程中发挥调控作用。
本研究分析了69个MePG基因在木薯愈伤组织、体胚、嫩叶、成熟叶、茎、须根、块根、块根韧皮部和木质部等9个组织器官中的表达模式,结果如图7所示。根据MePGs的表达谱可将其分为3个组:A组,21个基因在大多数组织中显示出高表达水平;B组,37个基因在特定组织中高度转录;C组,11个基因在大多数组织中显示出低表达水平。B组中的MePGs基本只在愈伤组织和体胚中表达,而A组中的MePG20MePG72MePG25MePG16MePG21MePG5等基因在块根中表达量较高。此外,MePG15MePG31为愈伤组织特异表达基因,MePG8MePG9MePG32为体胚特异表达基因。
目前研究表明PG参与细胞壁结构分解,木薯块根采后变质中细胞壁结构的变化可能与PG家族基因的活性密切相关。根据本实验室前期对木薯果胶和PG活性的研究,发现同时期PG活性低的木薯细胞壁可以保留更完整的酯化果胶[16]
本研究进一步对SC8木薯块根采后变质过程中MePGs的表达情况进行分析发现:一部分MePGs在采后变质中几乎不表达;一部分MePGs的表达量无明显变化,如MePG16MePG65MePG13MePG12等;MePG20MePG21MePG25MePG64MePG72在木薯块根采后变质21 d的表达量下调(图8)。
图9所示,选择8个时间段的木薯采后块根进行取样,在每颗块根中部选择大小一致位置作为取样点,切片并迅速研磨提取RNA。可以发现,SC8木薯整根块根在采后前3 d的薯块颜色、硬度以及韧皮部形态变化不大,3~5 d开始发生明显褐化、薯块变软等现象。而到14 d,薯块褐变面积明显增大。到21 d时,薯块褐变颜色加深,薯块木质部出现开裂,薯块进一步变软。
进一步验证MePG在块根采后变质过程中的表达模式。选择MePG20MePG21MePG25MePG64MePG72进行qPCR分析,结果如图10所示。在SC8变质21 d的过程中,MePG20基因除第1天有短暂上升外,后面时间段基本呈下调的表达趋势,在第2周(7~14 d)的表达量无显著差异,第21天的表达量最低;MePG21基因在第5天的表达量升高至最高,之后随着变质时间的延长其表达量持续降低;MePG25基因表达量在前3 d短暂降低,在5~7 d升高,7 d后其表达量开始随着变质时间降低;MePG64基因表达量随变质时间的延长出现降低-升高-降低-升高-迅速降低的变化;MePG72基因在第1天的表达量升至最高,3 d后降低,然后在第5天升高,后续随着变质时间持续降低。5个MePG基因的相对表达量变化模式与转录组相符。
作为果胶修饰酶的关键成员,植物PG基因家族的功能已受到广泛关注。PG基因在植物不同发育阶段和组织中的表达模式表明其在细胞壁水解中发挥重要作用。本研究在木薯基因组中鉴定出89个MePG基因家族成员,这些成员在理化性质如肽链长度、相对分子量和等电点等方面表现出显著差异,与甘薯PG基因家族的研究结果相似[14]。多种高等植物中均已鉴定出PG基因家族成员,如拟南芥(68个)、榴莲(57个)[13]、甘薯(103个)[14]、苹果(85个)[15]、桃(84个)[17]、水稻(44个)[18]、甘蓝(99个)[19]、小麦(113个)[20]、莲雾(25个)[21]等。系统进化分析显示,木薯与拟南芥、榴莲、甘薯和桃等的PG基因家族均分为7个亚族,亚族内基因结构和保守基序相似。木薯中PG基因的数量与苹果、桃接近,而与甘薯、水稻、小麦、莲雾等有较大差异,这可能反映了不同植物物种在进化过程中基因复制事件和环境适应性选择的影响。
植物激素如水杨酸、脱落酸、赤霉素、生长素、独脚金内酯、茉莉酸甲酯等在植物逆境响应中起到信号传导作用,介导逆境胁迫下的代谢物质合成[22]。木薯与榴莲中PG基因家族启动子含有相似的激素与逆境响应元件[13],推测多数PG蛋白能够对非生物应激做出反应,特别是脱落酸和茉莉酸甲酯,作为植物逆境生长和发育的重要调控激素,其顺式作用元件在MePG基因家族中非常丰富,表明其可能在调节木薯生长和发育中发挥重要作用,并参与抗病过程[22]。此外,MePG3MePG20MePG26MePG41MePG55MePG63的启动子区域存在损伤响应元件,这可能是研究植物机械损伤和病原体侵染的关键点。本研究关注的几个在木薯采后过程中表达量显著变化的基因如MePG20、MePG21MePG25等,其启动子区域富含光响应元件、茉莉酸甲酯响应元件、脱落酸响应元件、低温响应元件以及损伤响应元件。这些元件的存在表明木薯PG基因可能在光调控的生长发育过程中发挥作用,并在多种逆境胁迫条件下被激活,参与细胞壁降解和防御机制。后续研究应该关注这些基因在逆境胁迫条件下的表达调控机制,以及其在木薯块根采后变质中的具体功能。
PG家族成员在不同组织部位具有不同的表达模式,部分基因在采后变质过程中的表达量呈变化显著,表明这些PG基因可能响应其他生长机制的调控。MePG20MePG21MePG25MePG64MePG72等基因。在采后变质过程中的表达量先上升后下降,表明PG酶活性可能在果实成熟软化的某个阶段达到高峰,随后下降,这与葡萄成熟中的PG活性变化趋势相似[23]。这一过程中涉及到复杂的激素和酶的相互作用,以及细胞壁结构的变化。MePGs的表达变化说明其在植物细胞壁的降解中扮演重要角色,在木薯采后阶段响应逆境胁迫中起到水解果胶改变细胞壁的作用。
MePG20MePG21MePG25MePG64MePG72等基因在采后变质过程中表达量变化显著,表明其可能在木薯块根采后变质中起重要作用。qPCR结果进一步验证了这些基因的表达模式,表明其在木薯块根细胞壁软化和变质过程中发挥关键作用。
综上所述,本研究从木薯全基因组中鉴定出89个MePG基因,并分析其理化性质、保守结构域、保守基序、顺式作用元件等和其在不同组织部位及块根采后变质过程的表达模式。本研究初步认定MePG可能在木薯块根响应采后变质具有重要作用,为进一步研究木薯PG基因对逆境响应机制奠定基础。
  • 海南省自然科学基金项目(323MS087)
  • 中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(1630052024008)
  • 现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-11-HNGJC)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.06.004
  • 接收时间:2025-01-17
  • 首发时间:2026-06-24
  • 出版时间:2025-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-17
  • 录用日期:2025-02-12
基金
海南省自然科学基金项目(323MS087)
中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(1630052024008)
现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-11-HNGJC)
作者信息
    1.海南大学生命健康学院,海南海口 570228
    2.中国热带农业科学院热带生物技术研究所/热带作物生物育种全国重点实验室,海南海口 571101
    3.中国热带农业科学院三亚研究院,海南三亚 572025
    4.海南大学热带农林学院,海南儋州 571737

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* 郭建春(GUO Jianchun),E-mail:
刘姣(LIU Jiao),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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