Article(id=1276262943801086758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276262756814815737, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.08.024, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1678032000000, receivedDateStr=2023-03-06, revisedDate=1684771200000, revisedDateStr=2023-05-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782214397620, onlineDateStr=2026-06-23, pubDate=1724515200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782214397620, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782214397620, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782214397620, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276262756814815737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2024', volume='45', issue='8', pageStart='1521', pageEnd='1760', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1724515200000', pubDateStr='2024-08-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782214353040, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782214460949, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276263209816420382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276262756814815737, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276263209816420383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276262756814815737, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1751, endPage=1760, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276262945575277352, articleId=1276262943801086758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Effects of Tomato Bacterial Wilt on Fertility Indicators of Different Textural Latosol in Hainan Province, columnId=1236318328365577171, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Agricultural Ecology & Environmental Protection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The effect of bacterial wilt on the fertility of different textures of latosol in Hainan province (sand from Wencheng town, Wenchang city; loam from Dacheng town, Danzhou city; clay from Yongfa town, Chengmai county) was investigated. After the occurrence of bacterial wilt, the disease incidence, physicochemical indicators including pH, organic matter (OM), available nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), available potassium (AK), soil porosity (SP), bulk density (BD), mass water content (MWC) as well as enzyme activity indicators including catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), sucrase (SC), urease (UE) and acid phosphatase (ACP) of the soil inoculated with Ralstonia solanacearum and blank control were compared to analyze the effects of bacterial wilt on various fertility indicators. Spearman correlation analysis and redundancy analysis (RDA) were used to determine the significant indicators affected by bacterial wilt in different soil textures. The results showed that the disease incidence and severity disease index in clay were the highest among the three soil textures, while those of loam were the lowest. In the inoculation treatments, pH, AP, SP and POD of the three soil textures were lower than those of the control, while AN, AK, MWC and UE of clay inoculation treatment were higher than those of the clay control. CAT, ACP, MWC and BD of loam inoculation treatment were higher than those of the loam control. Spearman correlation analysis results showed that OM content, AP content, SP and POD of the three texture soils were negatively correlated with disease incidence; ACP, pH and disease incidence in WCS were significantly negatively correlated (P<0.05) with disease incidence; CAT and UE were significantly positively correlated (P<0.05) with disease incidence. In loam, pH, OM, POD and UE was significantly negatively correlated with disease incidence (P<0.05); while CAT and ACP were significantly positively correlated with disease incidence (P<0.05); SP and POD in clay were significantly negatively correlated with disease incidence (P<0.05); however, AK content in clay was significantly positively correlated with disease incidence (P<0.05). RDA results showed that the SP, OM content and AN content in the control and inoculation treatments were highly correlated with UE, while both SP and AK content in the control and inoculation treatments were highly correlated with ACP and CAT respectively. After the occurrence of bacterial wilt, most fertility indicators of control and inoculation treatment of sand and loam were lower than those in clay. However, soil fertility level was not a sufficient condition for bacterial wilt, but most soil fertility indicators were reduced due to the outbreak of bacterial wilt. The lower disease incidence and disease index of tomato bacterial wilt in sand than in clay may be due to the higher AP content. The reason why disease incidence and disease index of tomato bacterial wilt in loam is lower is perhaps that low pH conditions are unsuitable for the survival of bacterial wilt. Clay with the most severe bacterial wilt disease situation including pH, nitrogen level and mass water content was suitable for the growth and reproduction of bacterial wilt. The relative abundance of potential beneficial microbial communities in clay may also be lower than sand and loam. Therefore, the control measures of bacterial wilt in different soil textures should be adapted to local conditions. Meanwhile, the relevant conclusions of this study would provide a theoretical basis for establishing the control system of bacterial wilt in Hainan province in the future.

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本研究以海南不同质地砖红壤(文昌市文城镇砂土、儋州市大成镇壤土、澄迈县永发镇黏土)为试验对象,探究番茄青枯病对海南不同质地砖红壤肥力的影响。青枯病发生后,比较处理组和对照组植株发病情况,以及比较处理组和对照组根系土壤的理化性质(pH、有机质-OM、有效氮-AN、有效磷-AP、有效钾-AK、孔隙度-SP、容重-BD、质量含水量-MWC)与酶活力(过氧化氢酶-CAT、过氧化物酶-POD、蔗糖酶-SC、脲酶-UE、酸性磷酸酶-ACP),分析青枯病发生与各指标的关系;通过Spearman相关性分析与冗余分析(RDA)确定土壤受番茄青枯病显著影响的肥力指标。结果表明:在3种质地土壤中,黏土青枯病发病率、病情指数最高,而壤土最低;3种质地土壤处理组的pH、AP、SP、POD均低于对照组,黏土处理组的AN、AK、MWC、UE均高于黏土对照组,而壤土处理组的CAT、ACP、MWC、BD高于对照组;Spearman相关性分析结果显示3种质地土壤的OM含量、AP含量、SP、POD活力均与发病率呈负相关,其中砂土的pH、ACP与发病率呈显著负相关(P<0.05),CAT、UE与青枯病发病率呈显著正相关(P<0.05);壤土的pH、OM、POD、UE与发病率呈显著负相关(P<0.05),CAT、ACP与发病率呈显著正相关(P<0.05);黏土的SP、POD活力与发病率呈显著负相关(P<0.05),AK含量与DI呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。RDA结果表明对照组与处理组的SP、OM与AN含量与UE相关性高,对照组与处理组的SP、AK分别与ACP、CAT相关性较高。青枯病发生后,砂土与壤土的对照组、处理组大部分肥力指标均低于黏土,但土壤肥力水平并不是青枯病发生的充分条件;尽管如此,土壤大部分肥力指标会因青枯病爆发而降低。砂土中青枯病发病率、病情指数低于黏土的可能原因是砂土的AP含量较高,壤土的青枯病发病率、病情指数最低主要由于较低的pH条件不适宜青枯菌生存。黏土青枯病病害情况最严重,其pH、氮素水平、质量含水量均适宜青枯菌的生长繁殖,而且潜在的有益微生物群落相对丰度也可能低于砂土与壤土。因此,不同质地土壤的青枯病防治措施应当因地制宜。本研究相关结论可为今后海南青枯病防治体系的建立提供理论依据。

, authors=

* 易伟鹏(1989—),男,硕士,农艺师,研究方向:农业生态与资源保护。

李海鹏(1996—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:资源利用与植物保护

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** 曹启民(CAO Qimin),E-mail:
黄月华(HUANG Yuehua),E-mail:
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李海鹏(1996—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:资源利用与植物保护

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李海鹏(1996—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:资源利用与植物保护

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Research on extraction technology and enzyme quality of invertase from yeast, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1276269143678648829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276262943801086758, awardId=Jscx202005, language=CN, fundingSource=海南省省属科研院所技术创新专项项目(Jscx202005), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1276269143846420990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276262943801086758, awardId=YSPTZX202212, language=CN, fundingSource=海南省院士创新平台科研项目(YSPTZX202212), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1276269124598759856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276262943801086758, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276269124607148465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276262943801086758, companyId=1276269124598759856, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, 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remark=5.海南省农业生态与资源保护总站/海南省农业农村厅GEF项目工作领导小组办公室,海南海口 570203)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1276269140449034735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276262943801086758, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Spearman correlation analysis of bacterial wilt disease incidence in three textural soils and soil fertility indicators

A: Sand; B: Loam; C: Clay; * indicates significant correlation (P<0.05); ** indicates extremely significant correlation (P<0.01).

, figureFileSmall=ZyK0Ec+AGqR7gzvoDivYqg==, figureFileBig=qmArD7k4QvvY5NMec2+eig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276269140532920816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276262943801086758, language=CN, label=图1, caption=3种质地土壤青枯病发病率与土壤肥力指标的Spearman相关性分析

A:砂土;B:壤土;C:黏土;*表示显著相关(P<0.05);**表示极显著相关(P<0.01)。

, figureFileSmall=ZyK0Ec+AGqR7gzvoDivYqg==, figureFileBig=qmArD7k4QvvY5NMec2+eig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276269140629389809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276262943801086758, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Redundancy analysis of enzyme activity and physicochemical properties between the control and inoculation treatments of three textural soils

A: Control; B: Inoculation treatments; Solid arrow: Physicochemical property indicators; Hollow arrow: Enzyme activity indicators.

, figureFileSmall=pK5UgswelEyP7BNDoOoVWQ==, figureFileBig=+QTKW5ecSvAPZp2OA8jdEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276269140910408178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276262943801086758, language=CN, label=图2, caption=3种质地土壤对照组与接种青枯菌处理组酶活力与理化性质的冗余分析

A:对照组;B:接种组;实心箭头:理化性质指标;空心箭头:酶活力指标。

, figureFileSmall=pK5UgswelEyP7BNDoOoVWQ==, figureFileBig=+QTKW5ecSvAPZp2OA8jdEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276269140956545523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276262943801086758, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Environmental indicators of the study plots

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土壤质地Soil texture日均降雨量Average daily rainfall/mm日均气温Average daily temperature/℃气候Climate经纬度Latitude and longitude
砂土2.7519.70热带季风气候19°32′25″N,110°46′12″E
壤土1.6419.5019°30′12″N,109°30′14″E
黏土2.5620.0019°45′45″N,110°12′35″E
), ArticleFig(id=1276269141015265780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276262943801086758, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试验地区的环境指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土壤质地Soil texture日均降雨量Average daily rainfall/mm日均气温Average daily temperature/℃气候Climate经纬度Latitude and longitude
砂土2.7519.70热带季风气候19°32′25″N,110°46′12″E
壤土1.6419.5019°30′12″N,109°30′14″E
黏土2.5620.0019°45′45″N,110°12′35″E
), ArticleFig(id=1276269141099151861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276262943801086758, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Grading standard for disease degree of tomato bacterial wilt

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
病情分级Disease grade分级标准Grading standard
0健康植株
11~2个枝条出现萎蔫症状
23~5个枝条出现萎蔫症状
31~2片叶干枯、退绿、变黄
4所有叶片萎蔫、茎秆干枯退绿、植株茎部无法正常挺直
), ArticleFig(id=1276269141292089846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276262943801086758, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

番茄青枯病病情分级标准[24]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
病情分级Disease grade分级标准Grading standard
0健康植株
11~2个枝条出现萎蔫症状
23~5个枝条出现萎蔫症状
31~2片叶干枯、退绿、变黄
4所有叶片萎蔫、茎秆干枯退绿、植株茎部无法正常挺直
), ArticleFig(id=1276269141359198711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276262943801086758, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Disease incidence and disease index of three different textural soil inoculated with R. solanacearum

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理Treatment发病率Disease incidence/%病情指数Disease index
砂土77.88±4.89b52.10±5.71b
壤土52.29±11.28c20.25±2.38c
黏土95.09±4.76a83.15±12.18a
), ArticleFig(id=1276269141447279096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276262943801086758, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

3种质地土壤接种青枯菌处理组番茄植株发病率及病情指数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理Treatment发病率Disease incidence/%病情指数Disease index
砂土77.88±4.89b52.10±5.71b
壤土52.29±11.28c20.25±2.38c
黏土95.09±4.76a83.15±12.18a
), ArticleFig(id=1276269141757657593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276262943801086758, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Comparison of chemical properties in different treatments among three textural soils

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标Index处理Treatment砂土Sand壤土Loam黏土Clay
pH对照组5.41±0.04b4.84±0.09c5.79±0.05a
接种组5.05±0.06b4.39±0.04c5.79±0.14a
OM/‰对照组7.20±0.98b15.40±1.48a17.57±1.89a
接种组7.10±1.41b13.70±0.36a16.90±2.36a
AN/(mg·kg–1)对照组68.83±5.60b138.47±12.03a137.43±19.26a
接种组73.83±2.42b128.93±19.35ab147.50±17.14a
AP/(mg·kg–1)对照组55.30±7.84a17.32±3.22b3.83±1.26c
接种组47.13±5.79a14.53±4.56b3.67±0.06b
AK/(mg·kg–1)对照组39.30±8.78c73.04±6.71b129.97±14.40a
接种组27.97±6.16c62.23±9.36b182.93±17.52a
SP/%对照组45.43±2.00b56.13±1.84a59.68±3.61a
接种组43.37±4.04a48.39±7.52a51.90±2.92a
BD/(0.1 g·cm–3)对照组13.43±0.06a9.04±1.19b9.76±1.54b
接种组13.14±1.28a10.35±0.66b9.54±0.62b
MWC/(mg·kg–1)对照组140.02±2.88b98.94±6.05c191.00±25.72a
接种组152.09±22.11b99.72±26.13b229.16±46.01a
), ArticleFig(id=1276269141820572154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276262943801086758, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

3种质地土壤各处理组化学性质比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标Index处理Treatment砂土Sand壤土Loam黏土Clay
pH对照组5.41±0.04b4.84±0.09c5.79±0.05a
接种组5.05±0.06b4.39±0.04c5.79±0.14a
OM/‰对照组7.20±0.98b15.40±1.48a17.57±1.89a
接种组7.10±1.41b13.70±0.36a16.90±2.36a
AN/(mg·kg–1)对照组68.83±5.60b138.47±12.03a137.43±19.26a
接种组73.83±2.42b128.93±19.35ab147.50±17.14a
AP/(mg·kg–1)对照组55.30±7.84a17.32±3.22b3.83±1.26c
接种组47.13±5.79a14.53±4.56b3.67±0.06b
AK/(mg·kg–1)对照组39.30±8.78c73.04±6.71b129.97±14.40a
接种组27.97±6.16c62.23±9.36b182.93±17.52a
SP/%对照组45.43±2.00b56.13±1.84a59.68±3.61a
接种组43.37±4.04a48.39±7.52a51.90±2.92a
BD/(0.1 g·cm–3)对照组13.43±0.06a9.04±1.19b9.76±1.54b
接种组13.14±1.28a10.35±0.66b9.54±0.62b
MWC/(mg·kg–1)对照组140.02±2.88b98.94±6.05c191.00±25.72a
接种组152.09±22.11b99.72±26.13b229.16±46.01a
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Comparison of enzyme activity in different treatments among three textural soils

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指标Index处理Treatment砂土Sand壤土Loam黏土Clay
CAT/(mmol·g–1·d–1)对照组3.52±0.49c6.68±0.13b20.58±0.96a
接种组4.88±0.77c8.04±0.64b16.50±0.02a
POD/(μmol·g–1·d–1)对照组1.34±0.06c1.54±0.04b2.22±0.09a
接种组1.28±0.08b1.23±0.04b1.78±0.02a
SC/(mg·g–1·d–1)对照组4.73±1.27a4.72±0.21a5.64±1.48a
接种组4.42±0.40a4.85±0.12a4.55±0.16a
UE/(10µg·g–1·d–1)对照组9.94±0.57c28.18±1.37b32.36±1.78a
接种组13.70±1.04c24.15±3.09b35.27±1.62a
ACP/(μmol·g–1·d–1)对照组13.93±0.62c27.34±2.13b39.99±4.25a
接种组12.86±0.87b37.64±4.65a35.97±4.60a
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3种质地土壤各处理组酶活力比较

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指标Index处理Treatment砂土Sand壤土Loam黏土Clay
CAT/(mmol·g–1·d–1)对照组3.52±0.49c6.68±0.13b20.58±0.96a
接种组4.88±0.77c8.04±0.64b16.50±0.02a
POD/(μmol·g–1·d–1)对照组1.34±0.06c1.54±0.04b2.22±0.09a
接种组1.28±0.08b1.23±0.04b1.78±0.02a
SC/(mg·g–1·d–1)对照组4.73±1.27a4.72±0.21a5.64±1.48a
接种组4.42±0.40a4.85±0.12a4.55±0.16a
UE/(10µg·g–1·d–1)对照组9.94±0.57c28.18±1.37b32.36±1.78a
接种组13.70±1.04c24.15±3.09b35.27±1.62a
ACP/(μmol·g–1·d–1)对照组13.93±0.62c27.34±2.13b39.99±4.25a
接种组12.86±0.87b37.64±4.65a35.97±4.60a
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番茄青枯病对海南不同质地砖红壤肥力的影响
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李海鹏 1, 2, 3 , 易伟鹏 5 , 孙晓东 4 , 曹启民 2, ** , 黄月华 1, 3, ** , 孙楚涵 1
热带作物学报 | 农业生态与环境保护 2024,45(8): 1751-1760
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热带作物学报 |农业生态与环境保护 2024 , 45 (8) : 1751 -1760
番茄青枯病对海南不同质地砖红壤肥力的影响
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李海鹏1, 2, 3, 易伟鹏5, 孙晓东4, 曹启民2, ** , 黄月华1, 3, ** , 孙楚涵1
作者信息
  • 1.海南大学生态与环境学院,海南海口 570228
  • 2.海南省农业科学院农业环境与土壤研究所,海南海口 571100
  • 3.海南省农林环境过程与生态调控重点实验室,海南海口 570228
  • 4.海南省农业科学院蔬菜研究所,海南海口 571100
  • 5.海南省农业生态与资源保护总站/海南省农业农村厅GEF项目工作领导小组办公室,海南海口 570203
通讯作者:
** 曹启民(CAO Qimin),E-mail:
黄月华(HUANG Yuehua),E-mail:
Effects of Tomato Bacterial Wilt on Fertility Indicators of Different Textural Latosol in Hainan Province
Haipeng LI1, 2, 3, Weipeng YI5, Xiaodong SUN4, Qimin CAO2, ** , Yuehua HUANG1, 3, ** , Chuhan SUN1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
  • 2.Institute of Agricultural Environment and Soil, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571100, China
  • 3.Key Laboratory of Agro-forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
  • 4.Institute of Vegetables, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571100, China
  • 5.Hainan Agricultural Ecology and Resources conservation Station / The GEF Project Work Leadership Office of the Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Hainan Province, Haikou, Hainan 570203, China
出版时间: 2024-08-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.08.024
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本研究以海南不同质地砖红壤(文昌市文城镇砂土、儋州市大成镇壤土、澄迈县永发镇黏土)为试验对象,探究番茄青枯病对海南不同质地砖红壤肥力的影响。青枯病发生后,比较处理组和对照组植株发病情况,以及比较处理组和对照组根系土壤的理化性质(pH、有机质-OM、有效氮-AN、有效磷-AP、有效钾-AK、孔隙度-SP、容重-BD、质量含水量-MWC)与酶活力(过氧化氢酶-CAT、过氧化物酶-POD、蔗糖酶-SC、脲酶-UE、酸性磷酸酶-ACP),分析青枯病发生与各指标的关系;通过Spearman相关性分析与冗余分析(RDA)确定土壤受番茄青枯病显著影响的肥力指标。结果表明:在3种质地土壤中,黏土青枯病发病率、病情指数最高,而壤土最低;3种质地土壤处理组的pH、AP、SP、POD均低于对照组,黏土处理组的AN、AK、MWC、UE均高于黏土对照组,而壤土处理组的CAT、ACP、MWC、BD高于对照组;Spearman相关性分析结果显示3种质地土壤的OM含量、AP含量、SP、POD活力均与发病率呈负相关,其中砂土的pH、ACP与发病率呈显著负相关(P<0.05),CAT、UE与青枯病发病率呈显著正相关(P<0.05);壤土的pH、OM、POD、UE与发病率呈显著负相关(P<0.05),CAT、ACP与发病率呈显著正相关(P<0.05);黏土的SP、POD活力与发病率呈显著负相关(P<0.05),AK含量与DI呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。RDA结果表明对照组与处理组的SP、OM与AN含量与UE相关性高,对照组与处理组的SP、AK分别与ACP、CAT相关性较高。青枯病发生后,砂土与壤土的对照组、处理组大部分肥力指标均低于黏土,但土壤肥力水平并不是青枯病发生的充分条件;尽管如此,土壤大部分肥力指标会因青枯病爆发而降低。砂土中青枯病发病率、病情指数低于黏土的可能原因是砂土的AP含量较高,壤土的青枯病发病率、病情指数最低主要由于较低的pH条件不适宜青枯菌生存。黏土青枯病病害情况最严重,其pH、氮素水平、质量含水量均适宜青枯菌的生长繁殖,而且潜在的有益微生物群落相对丰度也可能低于砂土与壤土。因此,不同质地土壤的青枯病防治措施应当因地制宜。本研究相关结论可为今后海南青枯病防治体系的建立提供理论依据。

理化性质  /  酶活力  /  土壤肥力  /  青枯病

The effect of bacterial wilt on the fertility of different textures of latosol in Hainan province (sand from Wencheng town, Wenchang city; loam from Dacheng town, Danzhou city; clay from Yongfa town, Chengmai county) was investigated. After the occurrence of bacterial wilt, the disease incidence, physicochemical indicators including pH, organic matter (OM), available nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), available potassium (AK), soil porosity (SP), bulk density (BD), mass water content (MWC) as well as enzyme activity indicators including catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), sucrase (SC), urease (UE) and acid phosphatase (ACP) of the soil inoculated with Ralstonia solanacearum and blank control were compared to analyze the effects of bacterial wilt on various fertility indicators. Spearman correlation analysis and redundancy analysis (RDA) were used to determine the significant indicators affected by bacterial wilt in different soil textures. The results showed that the disease incidence and severity disease index in clay were the highest among the three soil textures, while those of loam were the lowest. In the inoculation treatments, pH, AP, SP and POD of the three soil textures were lower than those of the control, while AN, AK, MWC and UE of clay inoculation treatment were higher than those of the clay control. CAT, ACP, MWC and BD of loam inoculation treatment were higher than those of the loam control. Spearman correlation analysis results showed that OM content, AP content, SP and POD of the three texture soils were negatively correlated with disease incidence; ACP, pH and disease incidence in WCS were significantly negatively correlated (P<0.05) with disease incidence; CAT and UE were significantly positively correlated (P<0.05) with disease incidence. In loam, pH, OM, POD and UE was significantly negatively correlated with disease incidence (P<0.05); while CAT and ACP were significantly positively correlated with disease incidence (P<0.05); SP and POD in clay were significantly negatively correlated with disease incidence (P<0.05); however, AK content in clay was significantly positively correlated with disease incidence (P<0.05). RDA results showed that the SP, OM content and AN content in the control and inoculation treatments were highly correlated with UE, while both SP and AK content in the control and inoculation treatments were highly correlated with ACP and CAT respectively. After the occurrence of bacterial wilt, most fertility indicators of control and inoculation treatment of sand and loam were lower than those in clay. However, soil fertility level was not a sufficient condition for bacterial wilt, but most soil fertility indicators were reduced due to the outbreak of bacterial wilt. The lower disease incidence and disease index of tomato bacterial wilt in sand than in clay may be due to the higher AP content. The reason why disease incidence and disease index of tomato bacterial wilt in loam is lower is perhaps that low pH conditions are unsuitable for the survival of bacterial wilt. Clay with the most severe bacterial wilt disease situation including pH, nitrogen level and mass water content was suitable for the growth and reproduction of bacterial wilt. The relative abundance of potential beneficial microbial communities in clay may also be lower than sand and loam. Therefore, the control measures of bacterial wilt in different soil textures should be adapted to local conditions. Meanwhile, the relevant conclusions of this study would provide a theoretical basis for establishing the control system of bacterial wilt in Hainan province in the future.

physicochemical properties  /  enzyme activity  /  soil fertility  /  bacterial wilt
李海鹏, 易伟鹏, 孙晓东, 曹启民, 黄月华, 孙楚涵. 番茄青枯病对海南不同质地砖红壤肥力的影响. 热带作物学报, 2024 , 45 (8) : 1751 -1760 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.08.024
Haipeng LI, Weipeng YI, Xiaodong SUN, Qimin CAO, Yuehua HUANG, Chuhan SUN. Effects of Tomato Bacterial Wilt on Fertility Indicators of Different Textural Latosol in Hainan Province[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2024 , 45 (8) : 1751 -1760 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.08.024
由青枯雷尔氏菌(Ralstonia solanacearum)引起的青枯病是一种细菌性土传病害,对全球多种植物造成极其严重的危害,其中茄科作物(烟草、茄子、番茄和辣椒等)遭受青枯病害的报道最为广泛[1-2]。青枯雷尔氏菌(以下简称为“青枯菌”)通过植物根系损伤处进入植物体内,在木质部定殖后,攫取用于植物生长代谢的营养物质,大量繁殖,导致植物寄主枯萎死亡[3-4]。根据相关研究,土壤理化、生物指标等是决定土壤肥力的关键因素,而青枯病发病情况与土壤肥力密切相关[5-6]。当植物根系土壤pH达到5.2时,有利于青枯菌侵入[7-8];土壤碳氮比、氮磷比均与青枯病的病情相关,植物从土壤中吸收的磷、钾元素可降低青枯病发病率[9-10]。土壤营养元素含量受到土壤中各种酶的影响,土壤碳循环有蔗糖酶、纤维素酶的参与,脲酶、磷酸酶与土壤氮、磷循环相关[11-13]。相较于感染青枯病的桑树根际土壤,健康桑树根际土壤的磷酸二脂酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶活性更高[14];脲酶与土壤营养物质提升可降低烟草青枯病的发病率,增强土壤肥力[15]
我国南方大多数地区农业生产都面临着青枯病的持续性干扰[16]。海南岛的气候环境条件有利于青枯菌繁殖,岛上多种作物均遭受青枯病的侵害[17-19];砖红壤是海南岛面积最大的土壤类型,青枯病爆发对海南岛不同质地砖红壤肥力的影响却鲜有报道,本研究通过对比未发病植株砖红壤与感染青枯病植株砖红壤(砂土、壤土、黏土)的理化性质和酶活力,解析与青枯病紧密关联的环境指标,以期为构建海南岛青枯病防治体系提供理论依据。
分别选取海南省文昌市文城镇的砂土试验地、儋州市大成镇的壤土试验地及澄迈县永发镇的黏土试验地进行大田试验,3处试验地纬度接近、气候条件相同,种植前均无植被覆盖、无前作。试验期间,各地区日均温、降水量等背景值见表1
选取番茄(Solanum lycopersicum)作为模式作物,供试番茄品种Ailsa Craig LA2838A(AC LA2838A)为青枯病易感品种,由中国热带农业科学院提供。试验期间,3种质地土壤所施肥料为狮马牌固体复合肥(生产商:欧洲化学安特卫普公司),养分组成为N∶P∶K=15∶15∶15,总养分>45%。青枯病病原菌Ralstonia solanacearum FJAT 1303由本实验室分离纯化后获得。
2021年10月中旬,当番茄苗长至4~5片真叶时,将番茄苗分别移栽至3种质地土壤中(行株距:100 cm×50 cm);2021年12月下旬,经实地调查,各地番茄均处于健康生长状态。分别将各地种植区域划分为6个小区,其中3个小区作为空白对照组区域,分别是砂土对照组、壤土对照组、黏土对照组;另3个小区作为接种处理组区,分别是砂土接种处理组、壤土接种处理组、黏土接种处理组;对照组与接种处理组试验小区相距50 m,分隔在道路两旁。将备好的浓度为1×106 CFU/mL青枯菌LB培养液以伤根接种法接种至各地处理组番茄根系土壤中,接种量为100 mL/株[20]。同时以相同方法和用量向各地对照组区域番茄根系土壤接种无菌LB培养液。2022年2月上旬,分别计算砂土、壤土、黏土的番茄植株发病率与病情指数。用五点采样法确定采样点位,采集土样时,除测定物理性质的土样用环刀直接采取外,用于测定化学性质与酶活力的土样用抖根法采集[21-22]。试验期间施肥与浇水量次数相同,未做任何杀菌处理。在试验结束后对各质地土壤接种处理组试验小区反复消毒。
完成采样后,将各质地土壤对照组与接种处理组的样品分别混合为复合土样。按《森林土壤水分-物理性质的测定LY/T 1215—1999》标准[22]测定土壤物理性质,指标包括土壤孔隙度(soil porosity,SP)、容重(bulk density,BD)、质量含水量(mass water content,MWC)。其余土壤样品在室温下风干后,按鲍士旦[23]的方法测定土壤化学性质,指标包括土壤pH、有机质(organic matter,OM)、有效氮(available nitrogen,AN)、有效磷(available phosphorus,AP)和有效钾(available potassium,AK)。按购自北京索莱宝科技有限公司的试剂盒说明书中步骤测定土壤酶活强度,指标包括土壤过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)、酸性磷酸酶(acid phosphatase,ACP)、蔗糖酶(sucrase,SC)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)、脲酶(urease,UE)。
各指标数据采用SPSS 26.0软件进行单因素方差分析(Anova),通过最小显著差法进行多重比较(least significant difference,LSD),采用Spearman相关性分析、冗余分析(redundancy analysis,RDA)明晰土壤各环境指标与青枯病发病情况的关系;使用Graphpad Prism 9.0软件、Canoco 5.0软件与https://www.chiplot.online/在线工具绘制图像、配色。用ROBERTS[24]的方法进行病情指数分级(表2),发病率与病情指数计算公式如下:发病率=(植株发病数量/植株总数)×100%;病情指数=Σ(病情等级×植株发病数量)×100%/(最高病情等级×植株总数)。
经调查,3种质地土壤各对照组植株发病率、病情指数均为0,接种处理组植株发病率与病情指数见表3,各质地土壤接种处理组植株发病率、病情指数大小次序为:黏土>砂土>壤土;3种质地土壤接种处理组间番茄植株发病率、病情指数相互之间差异显著(P<0.05)。
3种质地土壤对照组与接种处理组理化性质见表4。对照组中,砂土的AP含量和BD最高,OM、AN、AK含量和SP最低,其中砂土的AP含量显著高于壤土和黏土(P<0.05),而砂土的OM、AN、AK含量和SP均显著低于壤土和黏土(P<0.05),壤土的pH、BD和MWC最低,AN含量最高,壤土的BD、AN仅与砂土差异显著(P< 0.05);黏土的pH、OM、AK含量、SP和MWC最高,AP含量最低,其MWC显著高于砂土和壤土(P<0.05),OM含量和SP显著高于砂土(P<0.05),黏土的pH与砂土差异显著(P<0.05)。接种处理组中,砂土的AN含量最低,BD最高,黏土的AN含量最高,BD最低;砂土的AN含量和B D与黏土相应指标存在显著性差异(P<0.05);相较于对照组,接种处理组中3种质地土壤pH差异显著(P<0.05),而3种质地土壤SP两两之间差异均不显著;3种质地土壤对照组与接种处理组AK含量差异显著(P<0.05)。3种质地土壤接种处理组土壤OM、AP含量与SP均低于对照组,MWC均高于对照组;壤土和黏土接种处理组的AK含量均高于相应对照组,而壤土接种处理组AN含量低于壤土对照组,砂土和黏土的AN含量分别高于各自对照组;黏土接种处理组的pH与对照组持平,砂土和壤土的pH均低于相应对照组。
各质地土壤对照组与接种处理组酶活力见表5,对照组中各质地土壤酶活力SC指标中黏土最高,壤土最低,三者SC活力差异均不显著;除SC外其他酶活力大小次序均为黏土>壤土>砂土(P<0.05),且三者的CAT、POD、UE和ACP指标两两之间差异显著(P<0.05)。接种处理组中,3种质地土壤CAT活力大小次序、显著性差异情况与对照组相同,壤土的SC和ACP活力最高,其中ACP活力显著高于砂土(P<0.05),3种质地土壤SC活力相互之间差异均不显著;黏土的POD和UE活力最高,其POD活力分别与砂土和壤土的POD活力差异显著(P<0.05),但黏土UE活力与另外二者不存在显著差异。砂土接种处理组除CAT活力高于对照组外,其余酶活力都低于对照组,壤土对照组中CAT、ACP与SC活力低于接种处理组,其余土壤酶活力均高于接种处理组;黏土接种处理组除UE外的土壤酶活力均低于对照组。
3种质地土壤对照组与接种处理组青枯病发病率与土壤肥力各指标的Spearman相关性分析结果见图1。各质地土壤OM含量、AP含量、SP、POD活力均与发病率呈负相关,其中壤土中POD活力、OM含量,黏土中SP和POD活力均与发病率呈显著负相关(P<0.05);3种质地土壤MWC都与发病率呈正相关;砂土、壤土中CAT活力与发病率呈显著正相关(P<0.05),砂土中UE和ACP活力分别与发病率呈显著正相关(P<0.05)和显著负相关(P<0.05);砂土与壤土pH和CAT活力分别与发病率呈显著负相关(P<0.05)和显著正相关(P<0.05);黏土中AK含量与发病率呈显著正相关(P<0.05),砂土和壤土中AK含量与发病率呈负相关。
图2A图2B分别为对照组、接种处理组理化性质与酶活力的冗余分析(redundancy analysis,RDA)结果。第1、2序列轴分别解释了对照组总方差的65.24%、24.47%,接种处理组总方差的65.37%、19.32%。对照组中BD、AP与第1序列轴呈正相关,其余指标与第1序列轴呈负相关,接种处理组与对照组相反。对照组中,UE(P=0.002)、ACP(P=0.024)与理化性质呈显著相关,UE与OM、UE、SP相关性高,ACP与AK、SP相关性较高;POD、CAT、SC对理化性质影响不显著,但在第1序列轴仍与各理化指标有一定相关性。接种处理组中,ACP(P=0.022)、CAT(P=0.004)与理化性质显著相关,其中ACP也与AN联系最为紧密,CAT与SP、AK联系最紧密;土壤理化性质与POD、ACP、SC关联不显著。值得一提的是,对照组、接种处理组中SC与第1序列轴关联性在酶活指标中最低。
结合前人研究发现,土壤pH、容重和质量含水量与青枯病的发生关系密切。土壤pH在6.5~ 7.5范围时,适合茄科作物幼苗生长,但在pH为6.4时,番茄青枯病发病率最高[8,25];接种处理组中,较砂土与壤土,黏土的pH对青枯菌的繁殖更“友好”,Spearman相关性分析结果中仅黏土的pH与青枯病发病率呈正相关,这解释了为什么接种处理组中黏土的发病率、病情指数最高。植株根系在土壤中生长一段时间后,生长的侧根填充表层土壤的间隙,根系附近土壤会出现致密化现象,土壤容重降低[26];由于砂土与黏土中大部分番茄植株因青枯病发作根系萎缩,表层土壤间隙未被填充,所以接种处理组中壤土中健康植株比例较砂土与黏土高,壤土接种处理组的容重比对照组高,与砂土、黏土容重差异表现相反;正因如此,降雨与灌溉水才会更易进入砂土和黏土接种处理组表层土壤,导致砂土和黏土接种处理组的质量含水量分别比相应对照组高8.62%和19.98%,土壤维持高质量含水量时间越长,青枯病越易发作,这与刘宪臣[27]的研究结果一致。当青枯病发生时,不同质地土壤的肥力均下降。有机质既是评价土壤肥力的关键因素,也是土壤微生物的养分来源[25],青枯病的爆发致使3种质地土壤有机质流失,土壤有机质含量对植株青枯病发生概率影响显著[13]。Spearman相关性分析结果表明,各质地土壤脲酶活力、有机质含量和有效氮含量均与青枯病发病率呈一定相关性,砂土、黏土的青枯病发病率与有效氮呈正相关;RDA分析结果显示对照组与接种处理组脲酶、有效氮、有机质和孔隙度均存在紧密关联。由此可以得出:由于番茄青枯病植株所在土壤微生物多样性降低[6],其根系具备破坏表面土壤结构的微生物群落相对丰度降低,这可能是接种处理组土壤孔隙度均低于对照组的原因[26]。壤土接种处理组中有机质含量比对照组低11.04%,其下降比例远高于其他2种质地土壤接种处理组,说明壤土的有机质流失较砂土和黏土更严重。这导致壤土接种处理组中能够与有机质结合未被降解的脲酶比例降低[28]。砂土与黏土接种处理组比相应对照组的脲酶活力更高,土壤氮循环加强,土壤大量氮素转化为NH4+,最终导致有效氮含量升高,相比于砂土、和黏土接种处理组对照组不减反增。从高升升[29]的研究结果来看,高氮水平的土壤种植的植株青枯病病害程度更严重[30]
土壤中的磷是生物体的必需营养元素,而磷酸酶可以将土壤中有机磷酸盐转化为无机磷,供植物吸收[31-32],Spearman相关性分析与RDA分析结果表明,有效磷含量与酸性磷酸酶活力关联不显著,这与WEI等[33]的研究结果相符,其原因可能是各质地土壤中的有效磷主要成分来源于人工施加的无机复合肥。Spearman相关性结果显示各质地土壤有效磷均与发病率呈负相关,其中砂土中有效磷含量与青枯病发病率相关性最高,这可能是由于土壤有效磷含量达到一定水平会间接抑制青枯病的传播。3种质地土壤对照组有效钾含量、酸性磷酸酶活力与孔隙度的大小次序均为砂土<壤土<黏土,可能是由于孔隙度低的土壤质量密度较大,这一定程度上会抑制对酸性磷酸酶活力有积极效应的根系分泌物的产生[34]
一般来说,有效钾含量高的土壤,其酸性磷酸酶活力也较高[35]。在本研究中,对照组RDA分析结果中酸性磷酸酶活力与有效钾含量和孔隙度同样关联紧密;作为预测土传病害的指征的酸性磷酸酶,其活力与3种质地土壤有效钾含量相关性并不一致;说明青枯病爆发后,接种处理组土壤酸性磷酸酶活力与有效钾含量潜在的相互促进规律被打破[13]。接种处理组的RDA结果表明与有效钾和孔隙度相关性较高的酶活指标是过氧化氢酶,过氧化氢酶可表征土壤微生物呼吸代谢强度[36],在本研究中,接种处理组的RDA分析结果表明,与有效钾和孔隙度相关性较高的酶活指标是过氧化氢酶。Spearman相关性结果显示仅黏土的过氧化氢酶活力与发病率呈负相关,可能是由黏土中大量原优势菌群资源被青枯菌“掠夺”导致,而砂土、壤土中可能存在相对丰度较高的生防菌,所以黏土的植株发病率最高;结合HU等[37]的研究结果可推断,青枯菌在接种处理组土壤中大量繁殖,攻占了土壤中的溶钾细菌(potassium solubilizing bacteria)的生存空间,同时导致孔隙度降低,最终导致有效钾含量下降[38];但在黏土中,黏土接种处理组的有效钾含量比对照组高,可能原因是接种处理组的黏土中有效氮含量高,植物吸收有效氮中的NH4+达到一定水平后对K+跨细胞膜运输有单方向拮抗作用,导致有效钾无法被黏土接种处理组番茄植株充分吸收,由于黏土孔隙度较高,未被吸收的有效钾流失较少,这可能是黏土的青枯病发病率、病情指数、有效钾含量与脲酶活力高于砂土和壤土的原因之一[39-40]
一般来说,青枯病病害程度越低,过氧化物酶活力越高,但由于各质地土壤接种处理组有机质流失,过氧化物酶活力随之下降,Spearman相关性结果显示各质地土壤有机质与过氧化物酶呈正相关,接种处理组中,流失更多有机质的壤土和黏土的过氧化物酶活力与青枯病发病率显著相关。蔗糖酶参与碳代谢进程[11],接种处理组中壤土pH更适宜产蔗糖酶的酵母菌生存,所以壤土接种处理组中蔗糖酶活力高于对照组,但因青枯菌的侵入,相关酵母菌可能并不是各质地土壤优势菌群[41]
青枯病与土壤生态系统的关系复杂,根据本研究得出以下结论:
(1)极低的pH是壤土番茄青枯病发病率低于砂土和黏土的主要原因之一。由于有效磷含量较高,砂土番茄青枯病病害程度小于黏土,虽然黏土大部分肥力指标都高于砂土和壤土,但黏土的pH、氮素水平、质量含水量都适宜青枯菌的生长繁殖,因此,黏土潜在生防菌相对丰度也可能低于砂土和壤土。
(2)土壤碳、氮、磷等养分对土壤生态系统极为重要。pH的下降会促进青枯病发生,导致有机质、有效磷流失;不同质地土壤氮素水平阈值不同,发病率最高的黏土的土壤高氮素水平既影响植物对钾的吸收,又促进了青枯病的传播。青枯病发生后,番茄根系土壤的容重受青枯病的影响降低,质量含水量也因此升高,间接促进青枯病的爆发。
(3)3种质地土壤过氧化物酶活力均因青枯菌的侵入随有机质的流失而降低,蔗糖酶活力并未受土壤有机质影响。土壤的孔隙度、碳、氮循环和有效钾含量分别与酸性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶关联紧密,砂土、壤土过氧化氢酶活力与土壤潜在生防菌群有关;无论植株青枯病病害程度如何,土壤酸性磷酸酶均与理化性质关联紧密。
(4)海南3种质地土壤中黏土番茄青枯病发病率最高,壤土最低。肥力指标在青枯病的影响下变化趋势并不一致,土壤肥力水平高低不是青枯病病害程度大小的必要条件。
对于不同质地土壤种植的作物病害防治措施应因地制宜,对症下药,根据土壤肥力情况去建立田间管理模式。本研究为今后海南岛青枯病防治对策提供了一定理论基础,今后可结合不同质地土壤微生物群落特征、土壤肥力与青枯病关联作进一步探究。
  • 海南省省属科研院所技术创新专项项目(Jscx202005)
  • 海南省院士创新平台科研项目(YSPTZX202212)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.08.024
  • 接收时间:2023-03-06
  • 首发时间:2026-06-23
  • 出版时间:2024-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-03-06
  • 修回日期:2023-05-23
基金
海南省省属科研院所技术创新专项项目(Jscx202005)
海南省院士创新平台科研项目(YSPTZX202212)
作者信息
    1.海南大学生态与环境学院,海南海口 570228
    2.海南省农业科学院农业环境与土壤研究所,海南海口 571100
    3.海南省农林环境过程与生态调控重点实验室,海南海口 570228
    4.海南省农业科学院蔬菜研究所,海南海口 571100
    5.海南省农业生态与资源保护总站/海南省农业农村厅GEF项目工作领导小组办公室,海南海口 570203

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** 曹启民(CAO Qimin),E-mail:
黄月华(HUANG Yuehua),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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