Article(id=1276262903686755154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276262756814815737, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.08.022, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1687795200000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-27, revisedDate=1692115200000, revisedDateStr=2023-08-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782214388057, onlineDateStr=2026-06-23, pubDate=1724515200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782214388057, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782214388057, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782214388057, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276262756814815737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2024', volume='45', issue='8', pageStart='1521', pageEnd='1760', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1724515200000', pubDateStr='2024-08-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782214353040, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782214460949, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276263209816420382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276262756814815737, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276263209816420383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276262756814815737, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1727, endPage=1741, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276262903959384916, articleId=1276262903686755154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=GC-MS Analysis of Agarwood from Six Different Germplasms of Aquilaria sinensis, columnId=1236286112713470633, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Post-harvest Treatment & Quality Safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The purpose of this study was to provide a scientific basis for the classification, breed selection and targeted development and utilization of different germplasm of Aquilaria sinensis. The samples of agarwood from six different germplasms were studied: Aquilaria sinensis ‘Haixiang 1’, A. sinensis ‘Haixiang 2’, A. sinensis ‘Haixiang 3’, Piyou type, Big leaf type and Nangpao type. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to study the composition of the agarwood samples extracted by ultrasonic ether method. The volatile components of agarwood produced by the above six germplasms were higher in sesquiterpenoids and lower in chromones, The volatile components of six germplasms were quite different, except two components in common, namely butylated hydroxytoluene and 2,2'-methylenebis[6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methyl-phenol]. The number of sesquiterpenoids (10-26 kinds) and the total relative percentage content (25.39%-87.50%) were higher, and the main component was baimuxinal, among which A. sinensis ‘Haixiang 3’ had the highest amount and content. The quantity (1-3 species) and total relative percentage content (4.66%-37.32%) of chromones were low, mainly 2-(2-phenylethyl) chromones, among which A. sinensis ‘Haixiang 1’had the highest quantity and content, while A. sinensis ‘Haixiang 3’, Big leaf type and Nangpao type were not detected. The agarwood from A. sinensis ‘Haixiang 1’, A. sinensis ‘Haixiang 2’, A. sinensis ‘Haixiang 3’, Piyou type, had relatively rich aromatic components (baimuxinal,7α-H-9(10)-ene-11,12-epoxy-8-oxoeremophilane, karanone and so on). The agarwood produced by A. sinensis ‘Haixiang 2’, A. sinensis ‘Haixiang 3’, Piyou type and Nangpao type contained many sesquiterpenoids, such as agarospirol and (-) jinkoh-eremol. The content of benzylacetone in A. sinensis ‘Haixiang 1’, A. sinensis ‘Haixiang 2’ agarwood was high. 7α-H-9(10)-ene-11,12-epoxy-8-oxoeremophilane and 6,7-dimethoxy-2-(2-phenylethyl) chromone in the agarwood produced by A. sinensis ‘Haixiang 1’, A. sinensis ‘Haixiang 3’ and Big leaf type were high. The types and contents of volatile components of agarwood derived from the six different germplasms showed great difference, which could be developed according to the difference of active components.

, authors=null, authorsList=Huiting LI, Lulu WANG, Yali WANG, Jun WANG, Shitao XU, Si LI, Zhaojian YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jun WANG, Shitao XU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276262905154761564, articleId=1276262903686755154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=白木香6个不同种质所结沉香的GC-MS分析, columnId=1236286112877048492, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=采后处理与质量安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究旨在为区分白木香不同种质、品种选育及有针对性地开发利用等方面提供科学依据,以白木香6个不同种质的结香样品为研究对象,分别为海香1号(Aquilaria sinensis ‘Haixiang 1’)、海香2号(A. sinensis ‘Haixiang 2’)、海香3号(A. sinensis ‘Haixiang 3’)、皮油种、大叶种和囊泡种。采用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)法对乙醚法超声提取的结香样品成分进行分析研究。结果表明:6个不同种质所结沉香的挥发性成分中倍半萜类较高,而色酮类较低;种质间差异较大,共有成分仅有2个,即叔丁基对甲酚和2,2ʹ-亚甲基双-(4-甲基-6-叔丁基苯酚)。倍半萜类成分的数量(10~26种)和总相对含量(25.39%~87.50%)较高,以白木香醛为主,其中海香3号中的倍半萜类数量和含量最高。色酮类的数量(1~3种)和总相对含量(4.66%~37.32%)较低,以2-(2-苯乙基)色酮为主,其中海香1号中的色酮类数量和含量最高,而海香3号、大叶种和囊泡种中均未检出。海香1号、海香2号、海香3号和皮油种所结沉香具有较丰富的致香成分,如白木香醛、7α-H-9(10)-烯-11,12-环氧-8-氧艾里莫芬烷和卡拉酮等;海香2号、海香3号、皮油种和囊泡种所结沉香中含有多种倍半萜成分,如沉香螺旋醇和沉香雅槛蓝醇等;海香1号和海香2号所结沉香中的苄基丙酮成分含量较高;海香1号、海香3号和大叶种所结沉香中的7α-H-9(10)-烯-11,12-环氧-8-氧艾里莫芬烷和6,7-二甲氧基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮等成分含量较高。白木香6个不同种质所结沉香的挥发性成分在种类及含量上具有较大差异,可根据活性成分的差异进行有针对性地开发。

, authors=

李慧婷(1997—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:珍贵树种。

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* 王军(WANG Jun),E-mail:
徐诗涛(XU Shitao),E-mail:
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李慧婷(1997—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:珍贵树种。

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李慧婷(1997—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:珍贵树种。

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A: A. sinensis ‘Haixiang 1’; B: A. sinensis ‘Haixiang 2’; C: A. sinensis ‘Haixiang 3’; D: Piyou type; E: Big leaf type; F: Nangpao type.

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A:海香1号;B:海香2号;C:海香3号;D:皮油种;E:大叶种;F:囊泡种。

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Test samples information

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样品Sample种源地Provenance location采样时间Sampling date结香时间Agarwood formation time/a
海香1号文昌市下山陈2021.113.5
海香2号文昌市龙山村2021.113.5
海香3号文昌市土苑镇石井崛村2022.043.5
皮油种广东省揭阳市2021.113.5
大叶种定安县永丰镇2022.043.5
囊泡种文昌市土苑镇石井崛村2021.113.5
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试验样品信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品Sample种源地Provenance location采样时间Sampling date结香时间Agarwood formation time/a
海香1号文昌市下山陈2021.113.5
海香2号文昌市龙山村2021.113.5
海香3号文昌市土苑镇石井崛村2022.043.5
皮油种广东省揭阳市2021.113.5
大叶种定安县永丰镇2022.043.5
囊泡种文昌市土苑镇石井崛村2021.113.5
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Composition analysis of agarwood samples from different germplasms of A. sinensis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
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不同白木香种质所结沉香的成分分析

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白木香6个不同种质所结沉香的GC-MS分析
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李慧婷 1, 2 , 王露露 1, 3 , 王雅丽 1, 3 , 王军 1, 3, * , 徐诗涛 2, * , 李思 2 , 杨照剑 4
热带作物学报 | 采后处理与质量安全 2024,45(8): 1727-1741
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热带作物学报 |采后处理与质量安全 2024 , 45 (8) : 1727 -1741
白木香6个不同种质所结沉香的GC-MS分析
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李慧婷1, 2, 王露露1, 3, 王雅丽1, 3, 王军1, 3, * , 徐诗涛2, * , 李思2, 杨照剑4
作者信息
  • 1.中国热带农业科学院热带生物技术研究所,海南海口 571101
  • 2.海南大学园艺学院,海南海口 570228
  • 3.海南热带农业资源研究院,海南海口 571101
  • 4.文昌琼香神韵沉香专业合作社,海南文昌 571300
通讯作者:
* 王军(WANG Jun),E-mail:
徐诗涛(XU Shitao),E-mail:
GC-MS Analysis of Agarwood from Six Different Germplasms of Aquilaria sinensis
Huiting LI1, 2, Lulu WANG1, 3, Yali WANG1, 3, Jun WANG1, 3, * , Shitao XU2, * , Si LI2, Zhaojian YANG4
Affiliations
  • 1.Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China
  • 2.School of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
  • 3.Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China
  • 4.Qiongxiangshenyun Agarwood Professional Cooperative of Wenchang, Wenchang, Hainan 571300, China
出版时间: 2024-08-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.08.022
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本研究旨在为区分白木香不同种质、品种选育及有针对性地开发利用等方面提供科学依据,以白木香6个不同种质的结香样品为研究对象,分别为海香1号(Aquilaria sinensis ‘Haixiang 1’)、海香2号(A. sinensis ‘Haixiang 2’)、海香3号(A. sinensis ‘Haixiang 3’)、皮油种、大叶种和囊泡种。采用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)法对乙醚法超声提取的结香样品成分进行分析研究。结果表明:6个不同种质所结沉香的挥发性成分中倍半萜类较高,而色酮类较低;种质间差异较大,共有成分仅有2个,即叔丁基对甲酚和2,2ʹ-亚甲基双-(4-甲基-6-叔丁基苯酚)。倍半萜类成分的数量(10~26种)和总相对含量(25.39%~87.50%)较高,以白木香醛为主,其中海香3号中的倍半萜类数量和含量最高。色酮类的数量(1~3种)和总相对含量(4.66%~37.32%)较低,以2-(2-苯乙基)色酮为主,其中海香1号中的色酮类数量和含量最高,而海香3号、大叶种和囊泡种中均未检出。海香1号、海香2号、海香3号和皮油种所结沉香具有较丰富的致香成分,如白木香醛、7α-H-9(10)-烯-11,12-环氧-8-氧艾里莫芬烷和卡拉酮等;海香2号、海香3号、皮油种和囊泡种所结沉香中含有多种倍半萜成分,如沉香螺旋醇和沉香雅槛蓝醇等;海香1号和海香2号所结沉香中的苄基丙酮成分含量较高;海香1号、海香3号和大叶种所结沉香中的7α-H-9(10)-烯-11,12-环氧-8-氧艾里莫芬烷和6,7-二甲氧基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮等成分含量较高。白木香6个不同种质所结沉香的挥发性成分在种类及含量上具有较大差异,可根据活性成分的差异进行有针对性地开发。

白木香  /  种质  /  沉香  /  成分  /  GC-MS

The purpose of this study was to provide a scientific basis for the classification, breed selection and targeted development and utilization of different germplasm of Aquilaria sinensis. The samples of agarwood from six different germplasms were studied: Aquilaria sinensis ‘Haixiang 1’, A. sinensis ‘Haixiang 2’, A. sinensis ‘Haixiang 3’, Piyou type, Big leaf type and Nangpao type. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to study the composition of the agarwood samples extracted by ultrasonic ether method. The volatile components of agarwood produced by the above six germplasms were higher in sesquiterpenoids and lower in chromones, The volatile components of six germplasms were quite different, except two components in common, namely butylated hydroxytoluene and 2,2'-methylenebis[6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methyl-phenol]. The number of sesquiterpenoids (10-26 kinds) and the total relative percentage content (25.39%-87.50%) were higher, and the main component was baimuxinal, among which A. sinensis ‘Haixiang 3’ had the highest amount and content. The quantity (1-3 species) and total relative percentage content (4.66%-37.32%) of chromones were low, mainly 2-(2-phenylethyl) chromones, among which A. sinensis ‘Haixiang 1’had the highest quantity and content, while A. sinensis ‘Haixiang 3’, Big leaf type and Nangpao type were not detected. The agarwood from A. sinensis ‘Haixiang 1’, A. sinensis ‘Haixiang 2’, A. sinensis ‘Haixiang 3’, Piyou type, had relatively rich aromatic components (baimuxinal,7α-H-9(10)-ene-11,12-epoxy-8-oxoeremophilane, karanone and so on). The agarwood produced by A. sinensis ‘Haixiang 2’, A. sinensis ‘Haixiang 3’, Piyou type and Nangpao type contained many sesquiterpenoids, such as agarospirol and (-) jinkoh-eremol. The content of benzylacetone in A. sinensis ‘Haixiang 1’, A. sinensis ‘Haixiang 2’ agarwood was high. 7α-H-9(10)-ene-11,12-epoxy-8-oxoeremophilane and 6,7-dimethoxy-2-(2-phenylethyl) chromone in the agarwood produced by A. sinensis ‘Haixiang 1’, A. sinensis ‘Haixiang 3’ and Big leaf type were high. The types and contents of volatile components of agarwood derived from the six different germplasms showed great difference, which could be developed according to the difference of active components.

Aquilaria sinensis  /  germplasm  /  agarwood  /  composition  /  GC-MS
李慧婷, 王露露, 王雅丽, 王军, 徐诗涛, 李思, 杨照剑. 白木香6个不同种质所结沉香的GC-MS分析. 热带作物学报, 2024 , 45 (8) : 1727 -1741 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.08.022
Huiting LI, Lulu WANG, Yali WANG, Jun WANG, Shitao XU, Si LI, Zhaojian YANG. GC-MS Analysis of Agarwood from Six Different Germplasms of Aquilaria sinensis[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2024 , 45 (8) : 1727 -1741 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.08.022
白木香[Aquilaria sinensis(Lour.)Spreng.]为瑞香科(Thymelaeaceae)沉香属(Aquilaria Lam.)常绿乔木,是中药沉香的正品来源,也是国产沉香最主要的植物资源,为我国特有的珍贵药用植物[1]。沉香是瑞香科沉香属或拟沉香属(Gyrinops Gaertn.)植物受到外界伤害后产生含有树脂的木材,因置水中沉且气香而得名。沉香是我国及其他东南亚国家沿用历史悠久的珍贵传统药材、天然香料,其药用价值极高,被誉为“药中黄金”和“众香之首”,在药材、临床、保健品、工艺品以及宗教文化等领域具有广阔的应用前景。还具有镇静、镇痛、麻醉、止痛、抗抑郁、抗焦虑、止咳、抗肿瘤、抗菌、抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶活性、抗炎、降压、神经保护活性、治疗过敏以及改善慢性肾衰竭等作用[2-4]
经过多年研究,对沉香成分已有较为深入的了解,并发现沉香中的特征性成分主要是倍半萜和2-(2-苯乙基)色酮两大类[4-5]。截至2021年,从沉香中分离鉴定出182个倍半萜物质,240个2-(2-苯乙基)色酮类化合物[4-7]。倍半萜是沉香中的主要特征性成分,也是沉香的主要药效物质,从数目上看,倍半萜是萜类化合物中最多的一支[8]。而2-(2-苯乙基)色酮类化合物具有显著的抗炎活性,国内外已有研究表明,普通沉香的2-(2-苯乙基)色酮类化合物含量在0.25%~53.11%之间,其含量还可以用来判断沉香的形成时间或质量[7,9-11]。目前从沉香中分离到的除倍半萜和2-(2-苯乙基)色酮两大类主要成分外,还有一些其他类型的化合物,如2-(2-苯乙基)色酮与倍半萜的聚合物、单萜、二萜、三萜、甾体及一些小分子芳香性成分等[7]。在挥发性成分研究方面,已有利用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)、固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用(SPME-GC-MS)、基质固相分散-气相色谱-质谱联用(MSPD-GC-MS)、气相色谱-串联三重四级杆质谱(GC-MS/MS)结合自动解卷积技术、静态顶空进样-气相色谱-质谱(SHS-GC-MS)技术建立了沉香GC-MS指纹图谱,分析了不同等级、不同产区、不同种类、不同结香方式、不同提取方式以及白木香不同种质所结沉香的挥发性成分[12-17],对比了天然沉香和人工沉香的差异性,并对沉香树不同种类和种质的叶片挥发性成分及叶片毒性进行了研究[18-19]。结果表明,沉香的挥发性成分主要包括倍半萜类、2-(2-苯乙基)色酮类、芳香族化合物和脂肪酸类等,在同一提取工艺下不同种类和种质所结沉香的挥发油差异较大,如奇楠种质的挥发性成分中的2-(2-苯乙基)色酮和2-[2-(4-甲氧基)苯乙基]色酮含量显著高于普通沉香,因此对挥发性成分的GC-MS分析可作为评价沉香树种质、沉香品质、真伪鉴定的重要依据[9,11,20-34]。另外,对沉香的GC-MS分析还能找到栽培种与野生树种所结沉香的差异性,如栽培种的倍半萜和色酮种类均较多,而野生树种则较少[12]
在生理指标研究方面,如LÓPEZ[35]研究了澳大利亚栽培的厚叶沉香(Aquilaria crassna Pierre ex Lecomte)的生长生理和叶的形态特征,以及沉香属不同植物的形态特征,表明树干生理和叶片形态性状是预测不同沉香树生产力的重要指标。而近年来逐步开展对白木香的研究,如研究发现白木香不同种质的木材在pH、淀粉含量、可溶性糖含量、纤维素含量等生理指标上具有显著性差异,另外,还有学者发现白木香不同种质叶片的生理指标也具有显著性差异[36-37]。在木材解剖学方面,已有比较白木香良种热科1号(A. sinensis ‘Reke 1’)和普通白木香所产沉香的组织构造异同[38];对比不同栽培奇楠树所结沉香与普通沉香的显微结构特征[39];还对比了世界不同产区沉香木材的宏观和微观构造,发现在管孔形态、内涵韧皮部数量、射线长度和沉香分泌物的分布等方面存在一定差异[40]。在分子生物学方面,学者们对比了沉香属不同植物的叶绿体全基因组,利用不同DNA条形码、ISSR及SSR分子标记的差异性,对沉香属不同物种[如白木香良种热科2号(A. sinensis ‘Reke 2’)、马来沉香(A. malaccensis Lam.)、厚叶沉香]进行分子鉴定[41-45]。学者们还发现白木香不同种质在叶片、果实、花粉、重量、发芽率、地径、苗高等质量性状和数量性状上具有显著的表型差异性[46-49],其结香的表现及成分也同样具有显著差异性,如白木香良种热科1号与普通白木香相比,其对创伤的修复能力较弱,结香体积更大[37],同时热科1号、热科2号所产沉香均以2-(2-苯乙基)色酮类成分为主,而倍半萜类的相对含量较低[31]
以上研究结果表明,已有从形态学、化学、分子生物学、生理学等多个学科对世界各国沉香树及其种质开展了广泛的研究,特别是近年来对白木香不同种质及其所结沉香的研究,而白木香不同种质在表型、结香表现、香型等方面较为相似,但也有一定差异,因此,亟待针对白木香不同种质开展从表型到结香物质成分的研究,全面系统地开展不同种质间的对比分析,深入挖掘白木香不同种质的特异性,为白木香新品种选育提供支撑。
以白木香6个不同种质的结香样品为研究对象,其中3个种质是已知具有稳定的形态特征和结香特性的白木香良种(于2019年获批)——海香1号、海香2号和海香3号[50],3个待审品种——皮油种、大叶种和囊泡种。选取不同白木香种质均种植于海南省文昌市迈号镇下山陈村沉香基地(110°45′36.19″E,19°32′17.11″N)。种植地的环境条件、水肥管理、结香方式等相同。试验样品信息见表1,样品见图1
Agilent 7820A-Agilent 5977E型气相色谱-质谱联用仪,美国安捷伦科技有限公司;色谱柱为HP-5MS 5% Phenyl Methyl Siloxane(30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm)弹性石英毛细管柱;BGM-150E通风柜,广州华盈实验室家具设备公司;ME204/02万分之一电子秤,梅特勒-托利多仪器上海有限公司;超声仪;5 mL锥形瓶;生物冰袋;滤膜;注射器;1.5 mL质谱瓶;乙醚(分析纯),四川西陇科学有限公司。
分别称取0.04 g结香样品,样品切碎后,乙醚超声提取3次,每次20 min(长时间超声需加入冰袋),静置30 min,过滤,得到乙醚提取液,合并提取液,待乙醚挥发完全后,得到沉香油状乙醚提取物,再溶于2 mL乙醚中,使用滤膜、注射器将沉香油状乙醚提取物转移至质谱瓶中待测。
气相色谱条件:采用HP-5MS 5% Phenyl Methyl Siloxane弹性石英毛细管柱(30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm);升温程序:柱温为50 ℃,以5 ℃/min升温至310 ℃,保持10 min;汽化室温度为250 ℃;载气为高纯He(99.999%);柱前压为43 kPa,载气(He)流速为1.0 mL/min;进样量为1.0 μL,不分流进样,溶剂延迟时间为4.0 min。
质谱条件:电子轰击(EI)离子源,电子能量为70 eV,接口温度为280 ℃,离子源温度为230 ℃,四级杆温度为150 ℃,调谐方式为标准调谐,电子倍增电压为1718 kV,质量扫描范围为40~800 m/z
通过Date Analysis化学工作站,进行GC-MS检测,结合Nist2005和Wiley275质谱库,借鉴前人鉴定方法对检测到的色谱峰进行检索,并结合相关文献进行解析。6份沉香样品的总离子流色谱图如图2所示。利用峰面积归一化法测定其成分的相对含量,6份沉香的成分及相对含量如表2所示。
从海香1号、海香2号、海香3号、皮油种、大叶种和囊泡种所结沉香样品中分别鉴定出29、16、33、18、20、18种成分,已检出并解析的成分相对含量由高到低为:海香3号(94.74%)>囊泡种(90.41%)>海香1号(87.71%)>大叶种(86.08%)>皮油种(82.04%)>海香2号(74.33%)。
海香1号、海香2号、海香3号、皮油种、大叶种和囊泡种所结沉香中含有的倍半萜成分分别有12、10、26、14、12、16种,倍半萜类的总相对含量占比由高到低为:海香3号(87.50%)>囊泡种(84.82%)>皮油种(63.41%)>海香2号(40.69%)>大叶种(33.61%)>海香1号(25.39%);海香1号、海香2号、皮油种所结沉香中含有的2-(2-苯乙基)色酮类成分分别有3、1、1种,2-(2-苯乙基)色酮类的总相对含量占比由高到低为:海香1号(37.32%)>海香2号(15.63%)>皮油种(4.66%);海香3号、大叶种和囊泡种所结沉香中未检测到2-(2-苯乙基)色酮类成分。
供试白木香结香样品中的倍半萜类化合物以白木香醛为主,2-(2-苯乙基)色酮类化合物以2-(2-苯乙基)色酮为主,其次为6-甲氧基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮、6,7-二甲氧基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮。在已解析成分中白木香醛的相对含量占比由高到低为:囊泡种沉香(25.20%)>海香3号沉香(18.06%)>皮油种沉香(13.72%)>海香2号沉香(10.24%)>大叶种沉香(9.66%)>海香1号沉香(0%);2-(2-苯乙基)色酮的相对含量占比由高到低为:海香1号(21.13%)>海香2号(15.63%)>皮油种(4.66%)。6-甲氧基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮、6,7-二甲氧基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮仅在海香1号中检出,其相对含量分别为10.23%和5.96%。
海香1号所结沉香中2-(2-苯乙基)色酮类相对含量最高,其中相对含量排前三的成分为:2-(2-苯乙基)色酮(21.13%)、(3R,3aR,4aS,5R,9aS)-3,5,8-三甲基-3a,4,4a,5,6,7,9,9a-八氢薁[6,5-b]呋喃-2(3H)-酮(12.4%)、6-甲氧基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮(10.23%);海香2号所结沉香中倍半萜类相对含量最高,其中相对含量排前三的成分为:2-(2-苯乙基)色酮(15.63%)、白木香醛(10.24%)、枯树醇(6.99%);海香3号所结沉香中倍半萜类相对含量最高,其中相对含量排前三的成分为:白木香醛(18.06%)、瓦伦-1(10),8-二烯-11-醇(10.82%)、7α-H-9(10)-烯-11,12-环氧-8-氧艾里莫芬烷(11.40%);皮油种所结沉香中倍半萜类相对含量最高,其中相对含量排前三的成分为:白木香醛(13.72%)、卡拉酮(10.30%)、缬草烯醇(9.40%);大叶种所结沉香中其他类成分相对含量最高,其中相对含量排前三的成分为:叔丁基对甲酚(21.29%)、5β,7β-H-12β-羟基-daphnauranol(11.84%)、白木香醛(9.66%);囊泡种所结沉香中倍半萜类相对含量最高,其中相对含量排前三的成分为:白木香醛(25.20%)、缬草烯醇(24.34%)以及异桉油烯醇(5.24%)。
白木香6个不同种质所结沉香的共有成分仅2个:叔丁基对甲酚和2,2'-亚甲基双-(4-甲基-6-叔丁基苯酚)。海香1号所结沉香的独有成分共15个(43.58%),其中倍半萜类成分(16.37%)有3个;2-(2-苯乙基)色酮类成分(16.19%)有2个:6-甲氧基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮(10.23%)和6,7-二甲氧基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮(5.96%)。海香2号所结沉香的独有成分共3个(10.3%),其中倍半萜类成分(5.75%)有1个:4,5,5a,6,6a,6b-六氢- 4,4,6b-三甲基-2-(1-甲基乙烯基)-2H-环丙[g]苯并呋喃(5.75%)。海香3号所结沉香的独有成分共11个(14.35%),其中倍半萜类成分(12.09%)有8个。皮油种所结沉香的独有成分共4个(13.59%),均为倍半萜类成分。大叶种所结沉香的独有成分共6个(19.21%),其中倍半萜类成分有1个:2-(4a,8-二甲基-2,3,4,5,6,8a-六氢-1H-萘-2-基)丙-2-醇(0.26%)。囊泡种所结沉香的独有成分共3个(3.09%),均为倍半萜类成分。
供试沉香样品,已检出并认定的致香成分的相对含量在已解析成分中的占比由高到低为:海香2号(50.37%)>海香1号(44.55%)>皮油种(43.12%)>海香3号(41.11%)>囊泡种(38.22%)>大叶种(20.36%)。
综合前人和本研究结果表明,白木香不同种质所结沉香的成分主要包括倍半萜类和色酮类两大类,按照化学型分类,大致可分为3种类型:一是倍半萜类化合物含量较高,而色酮类化合物含量较低(海香2号、海香3号、皮油种、大叶种、囊泡种);二是倍半萜和色酮类化合物相对含量相当(海香1号);三是倍半萜类化合物含量较低,而色酮类化合物含量较高(热科1号、热科2号、奇楠种质)[23-24,27,31,51]。通过分离、鉴定、解析可知,本研究中的沉香样品,除海香1号所结沉香外,其他种质的倍半萜类化合物的数量和相对含量均高于2-(2-苯乙基)色酮类化合物,均属倍半萜类化合物含量较高,而2-(2-苯乙基)色酮类化合物含量较低的类型。其中海香3号和囊泡种所结沉香中的倍半萜类成分相对含量较高(>80%)及其成分数量较多;而海香1号沉香中2-(2-苯乙基)色酮类成分的相对含量较高(>30%)及其数量较多,如,海香1号沉香中的2-(2-苯乙基)色酮和6-甲氧基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮相对含量分别高达21.13%和10.23%。杨锦玲等[25]发现沉香中倍半萜类化合物以白木香醛为主(相对含量为0.83%~27.20%),色酮类化合物以6,7-二甲氧基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮为主(相对含量为1.40%~31.23%)。本研究的白木香结香样品中的倍半萜类化合物以白木香醛为主,色酮类化合物以2-(2-苯乙基)色酮为主,其次为6-甲氧基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮、6,7-二甲氧基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮,与其研究结果基本一致。
在沉香品质评价中,根据目前国内外已有报道的沉香GC-MS指纹图谱分析,白木香不同种质(如奇楠、热科1号、热科2号等)的成分分析可知:普通沉香中的2-(2-苯乙基)色酮类化合物相对含量在0.25%~53.11%之间[10-11],但其中的特征性成分2-(2-苯乙基)色酮和2-[2-(4-甲氧基)苯乙基]色酮的相对含量之和仅为1.3%~9.7%,而在奇楠种质所结沉香中以上2个特征性成分的总相对含量很高,在37.30%~84.71%之间[23];热科1号、热科2号的2-(2-苯乙基)色酮类成分相对含量较高,其质量与产量相对普通白木香均较高,热科2号的倍半萜类化合物相对含量较低,与奇楠种质所结沉香的成分相似[24,27,31]。因此2-(2-苯乙基)色酮和2-[2-(4-甲氧基)苯乙基]色酮的相对含量为沉香品质评价中的2个重要参考指标,在国家林业和草原局发布的国家林业行业标准LYT 3223—2020[52]中,依据2-(2-苯乙基)色酮和2-[2-(4-甲氧基)苯乙基]色酮的总含量划分为特级、一级、二级、三级。本研究供试样品中海香1号、海香2号、皮油种所结沉香的2-(2-苯乙基)色酮相对含量分别为21.13%、15.63%、4.66%,按LYT 3223—2020分级标准,海香1号所结沉香可分为一级/二级,海香2号和皮油种所结沉香可分为二级/三级。
沉香之所以有多种复杂的香味,是因为沉香中含有多种致香成分,其致香成分多为倍半萜类化合物[33],倍半萜类、芳香族类化合物的含量造成不同质量等级天然沉香香气的差异[53]。戴好富等[7]在对沉香的成分研究过程中也发现了一些致香成分,其中包括倍半萜类、芳香类和2-(2-苯乙基)色酮类。同时结合前人对沉香的香味成分的研究[23,51],对本研究中的致香成分进行了总结,其中倍半萜类致香成分有:沉香螺旋醇、新紫蜂斗菜烯、二氢卡拉酮、白木香醛、呋喃白木香醇、7α-H-9(10)-烯-11,12-环氧-8-氧艾里莫芬烷、(-)-愈创木-1(10),11-二烯-15-醛、卡拉酮、(+)-9-羟基-芹子-4,11-二烯-14-醛、(-)-10-表-γ-桉叶醇、(S)-4a-甲基-2-(1-甲基乙基)-3,4,4a,5,6,7-六氢萘、α-檀香醇;芳香族化合物致香成分有:苯甲醛、苄基丙酮;2-(2-苯乙基)色酮类致香成分有2-(2-苯乙基)色酮。常温下倍半萜类致香成分呈油状,挥发缓慢,沉香未加热时的香味主要由其中的倍半萜的香味混合而成[23,51]。而在沉香被加热时,2-(2-苯乙基)色酮类化合物加热时产生大量的芳香性的裂解产物,连同沉香中的其他挥发性成分如倍半萜类化合物等,共同促成了沉香持久的令人愉悦的香味。本研究中的海香1号、海香2号、海香3号、皮油种所结沉香含致香成分的相对含量较多,达40%以上,适合为香料生产提供原料。
另外,2-(2-苯乙基)色酮类化合物也是沉香的一类特征性化合物,香味经久不散,常作为名贵香水的定香剂。日本学者发现沉香中的2个2-(2-苯乙基)色酮类成分,即2-(2-苯乙基)色酮和2-[2-4-(甲氧基)苯乙基]色酮。2-(2-苯乙基)色酮类化合物是沉香中高沸点香气成份,这些成份可显著提高沉香香气的沉稳性,在加热裂解时,会分别产生大量芳香族化合物,如苯甲醛和对甲氧基苯甲醛,产生持久香味[54],其对沉香在受热时的发香时间持续长短、香气组成、香气变化具有重大贡献[5]。因此,海香1号所结沉香因2-(2-苯乙基)色酮(21.13%)和6-甲氧基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮(10.23%)含量高,相比其他种质所结沉香在作为香料方面具有独特性,适合为定香剂的开发提供原材料。
沉香中的倍半萜类化合物具有镇静、镇痛、麻醉等作用,在抗焦虑和抗抑郁等方面也有诸多用途[7]。1996年OKUGAWA等[55]报道证实是沉香提取物中的成分沉香螺旋醇和沉香雅槛蓝醇能作用于小鼠神经中枢,使环己巴比妥引起的小鼠睡眠时间延长,具有良好的镇静和镇痛作用。沉香螺旋醇具有与氣丙嗪相似的安定作用[56]。沉香螺旋醇存在于海香1号(0.80%)、海香2号(1.27%)、皮油种(1.94%)、囊泡种(0.68%)所结沉香中。沉香雅槛蓝醇存在于海香3号(1.19%)、大叶种(0.35%)、囊泡种(1.68%)所结沉香中。因此,本研究中的海香2号、海香3号、皮油种、囊泡种等所结沉香含有沉香螺旋醇和沉香雅槛蓝醇,适合为开发新型镇静、镇痛、抗抑郁、抗焦虑药物提供候选原材料。
LI等[57]发现另2种倍半萜类成分的药用价值,如(+)-9-羟基-芹子-4,11-二烯-14-醛对金黄色葡萄球菌具有抑制活性,(+)-9-羟基-芹子-4,11-二烯-14-醛存在于海香3号(0.68%)、大叶种(3.08%)、囊泡种(4.31%)所结沉香中;12,15-二氧-α-芹子烯对金黄色葡萄球菌和青枯雷尔氏菌具有抑制活性,其存在于海香1号(3.39%)所结沉香中。因此海香1号、大叶种、囊泡种所结沉香可为开发金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制药物提供原材料,海香1号所结沉香还可为开发青枯雷尔氏菌的抑制药物提供原材料。
4个倍半萜类化合物[呋喃白木香醇、12,15-二氧-α-芹子烯、7α-H-9(10)-烯-11,12-环氧-8-氧艾里莫芬烷、新紫蜂斗菜烯]和1个2-(2-苯乙基)色酮类化合物[6,7-二甲氧基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮]具有一定程度的乙酰胆碱酯酶活性抑制作用[7]。呋喃白木香醇存在于海香3号(0.60%)、囊泡种(1.86%)所结沉香中;12,15-二氧-α-芹子烯存在于海香1号(3.39%)所结沉香中;7α-H-9(10)-烯-11,12-环氧-8-氧艾里莫芬烷存在于海香3号(11.40%)、皮油种(2.95%)、大叶种(6.08%)和囊泡种(4.71%)所结沉香中;新紫蜂斗菜烯存在于海香1号(0.50%)、海香3号(3.06%)、大叶种(1.54%)所结沉香中;6,7-二甲氧基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮存在于海香1号(5.96%)所结沉香中。这些化合物的发现为开发新的乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂提供了候选化合物。因此,海香1号、海香3号、大叶种所结沉香等可为开发新的乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂提供原材料。
2-(2-苯乙基)色酮类化合物对沉香鉴别,以及镇定、安神、抗菌、抗肿瘤、抗过敏、抗炎等药效有主要贡献[58-60]。在本研究中,海香1号所结沉香因2-(2-苯乙基)色酮、6-甲氧基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮的相对含量较高,可为抗菌、抗过敏、抗炎等药品的开发提供原材料。
沉香中的苄基丙酮(芳香族成分)具有止咳祛痰、平喘的作用[7,61]。苄基丙酮存在于海香1号(1.24%)、海香2号(3.32%)、皮油种(0.93%)所结沉香中。因此海香1号和海香2号所结沉香可为止咳祛痰药品的研发提供原材料。
(1)倍半萜类相对含量占比由高到低为:海香3号(87.50%)>囊泡种(84.82%)>皮油种(63.41%)>海香2号(40.69%)>大叶种(33.61%)>海香1号(25.39%);2-(2-苯乙基)色酮类相对含量占比由高到低为:海香1号(37.32%)>海香2号(15.63%)>皮油种(4.66%)。除海香1号所结沉香外,其余结香样品均属倍半萜类化合物含量较高,而2-(2-苯乙基)色酮类化合物含量较低的类型。
(2)白木香6个不同种质结香样品中,倍半萜类化合物以白木香醛为主,2-(2-苯乙基)色酮类化合物以2-(2-苯乙基)色酮为主,共有成分仅2个:叔丁基对甲酚、2,2'-亚甲基双-(4-甲基-6-叔丁基苯酚)。
(3)海香1号、海香2号、海香3号、皮油种所结沉香具有较丰富的致香成分,如,白木香醛、7α-H-9(10)-烯-11,12-环氧-8-氧艾里莫芬烷、卡拉酮、2-(2-苯乙基)色酮等成分,可发掘其香料价值。
(4)海香2号、海香3号、皮油种、囊泡种所结沉香中的多种倍半萜成分,如,沉香螺旋醇和沉香雅槛蓝醇,具有镇静、麻醉作用,可发掘其在镇静、止痛、抗抑郁方面的价值;海香1号、大叶种、囊泡种所结沉香中的(+)-9-羟基-芹子-4,11-二烯-14-醛等倍半萜类化合物,可为开发金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制药物提供原材料;海香1号所结沉香中的12,15-二氧-α-芹子烯还可用于开发青枯雷尔氏菌的抑制药物。
(5)海香1号和海香2号所结沉香中的苄基丙酮成分含量较高,在止咳、祛痰和平喘方面有开发潜能。
(6)海香1号、海香3号和大叶种所结沉香中的7α-H-9(10)-烯-11,12-环氧-8-氧艾里莫芬烷和6,7-二甲氧基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮等成分含量较高,在开发新的乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂方面具有应用前景。
到目前为止,已经获得审(认)定的白木香品种有10个,包括:热科1号、热科2号[62]和热科3号[50](中国热带农业科学院热带生物技术研究所,热科1号和热科2号已通过审定);海香1号、海香2号、海香3号[50](屯昌海香园香业有限公司);棋香21号和棋香31号[62](中国医学科学院药用植物研究所和海南文笔生香沉香产业发展有限公司);中科1号[62](海南中科奇楠沉香繁育有限公司和中国医学科学院药用植物研究所海南分所);红金猊(海南红金猊沉香科技有限公司)[62]。随着国家和海南省对白木香良种选育工作的不断重视,今后将选育出更多白木香良种。本研究中的海香1号、海香2号、海香3号已经获得良种认定,但要获得审定和进行国家级新品种申报还需要补充和完善大量的研究工作和大规模区域试验,而皮油种、大叶种、囊泡种则尚未获得良种认定。因此,本研究将结合此前的生理生化等方面的研究结果,对白木香不同种质开展全面的研究和对比分析,并结合表型、结香特性、生理生化和成分等数据,进行相关性分析,充分发掘不同种质的特异性,为白木香种质的划分、品种选育、种植产业结构升级调整以及有针对性地开发利用等方面提供科学依据。
  • 2020年中央财政林业科技推广示范资金项目(琼[2020]TG05号)
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2024年第45卷第8期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.08.022
  • 接收时间:2023-06-27
  • 首发时间:2026-06-23
  • 出版时间:2024-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-27
  • 修回日期:2023-08-16
基金
2020年中央财政林业科技推广示范资金项目(琼[2020]TG05号)
作者信息
    1.中国热带农业科学院热带生物技术研究所,海南海口 571101
    2.海南大学园艺学院,海南海口 570228
    3.海南热带农业资源研究院,海南海口 571101
    4.文昌琼香神韵沉香专业合作社,海南文昌 571300

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* 王军(WANG Jun),E-mail:
徐诗涛(XU Shitao),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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