Article(id=1276262803367400310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276262756814815737, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.08.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1703174400000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-22, revisedDate=1706025600000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782214364138, onlineDateStr=2026-06-23, pubDate=1724515200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782214364138, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782214364138, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782214364138, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276262756814815737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2024', volume='45', issue='8', pageStart='1521', pageEnd='1760', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1724515200000', pubDateStr='2024-08-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782214353040, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782214460949, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276263209816420382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276262756814815737, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276263209816420383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276262756814815737, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1596, endPage=1604, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276262807016444792, articleId=1276262803367400310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Phenotypic Variation of Tectona grandis Provenances/Families Seeds and the Correlation with Environmental Factors., columnId=1236256430060261740, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Germplasm Resources, Genetics & Breeding, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Through the examination of the phenotypic traits of teak (Tectona grandis L. F.) seeds from diverse provenances and pedigrees, this study elucidated the genetic variability patterns of teak seeds and the mechanisms of response to environmental factor fluctuations, thereby fostering the conservation and genetic improvement of teak germplasm resources. Using seeds from 81 teak pedigrees representing 13 provenances across four provinces (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, and Yunnan) as the experimental material, five traits, namely seed length, width, length-width ratio, length-width product, and hundred-seed weight, were quantified. Significant differences (P<0.01) existed among the five phenotypic traits of teak seeds across provenances and pedigrees, with trait variation coefficients ranging from 10.27% to 23.88% among different pedigrees and from 4.21% to 20.32% among different provenances. Substantial correlations prevailed among various phenotypic traits, with varying degrees of influence on seed traits from different environmental factors. Latitude, altitude, and annual precipitation were the primary determinants affecting teak seed traits, followed by annual average temperature, while the impact of annual average relative humidity was relatively minor. Distinct seed traits also exhibited heterogeneous responses to environmental changes, with seed length, seed width, and length-width product being particularly sensitive to annual precipitation, whereas length-width ratio and hundred-seed weight manifested heightened sensitivity to latitude. Cluster analysis categorized the 13 provenances into three classes. Teak seeds manifest prolific phenotypic variation across provenances and pedigrees, with seed traits being influenced by various factors, including maternal inheritance and geographical climate. The research would provide a theoretical foundation and scientific basis for the conservation and utilization of diverse teak.

, authors=null, authorsList=Kunliang LI, Guihua HUANG, Xiqiang SONG, Kunnan LIANG, Xianbang WANG, Dongkang PAN, Wenlong ZHOU, Qiang HAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qiang HAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276262807972746112, articleId=1276262803367400310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=柚木种源/家系种子表型变异及其与环境因子的相关性, columnId=1236256430219645304, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=种质资源与遗传育种, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

通过研究柚木(Tectona grandis L. F.)不同种源、家系种子的表型性状,揭示柚木种子遗传变异规律及其对环境因子变化的响应机制,促进柚木种质资源保护和遗传改良。以广东、广西、海南和云南4个省(区)13个种源81个柚木家系种子为材料,测定种子长度、宽度、长宽比、长宽积和百粒重5个性状。结果显示:(1)柚木种子的5个表型性状在种源及家系间均存在极显著差异(P<0.01),不同家系各性状变异系数为10.27%~23.88%,不同种源各性状变异系数为4.21%~20.32%。(2)各表型性状间呈极显著相关关系,不同环境因子对种子性状的影响程度不同,经纬度、海拔、年降水量是影响柚木种子性状的主要因子,其次是年均温,年均相对湿度的影响相对较小。不同的种子性状对环境因子变化的响应也不相同,种长、种宽和长宽积对年降水量的响应最为敏感,而长宽比和百粒重则对纬度的响应最为敏感。(3)聚类分析将13个种源分为3类。柚木种子在种源和家系间均存在丰富的表型变异,种子性状受母本遗传和地理气候因子等多因素影响。研究结果为柚木多样性种质资源保护和利用提供理论基础和科学依据。

, authors=

李昆亮(1995—),男,硕士,研究方向:热带特色珍稀林木种质创新应用。

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* 韩强(HAN Qiang),E-mail:
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李昆亮(1995—),男,硕士,研究方向:热带特色珍稀林木种质创新应用。

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Journal of Experimental Botany, 2022, 13: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.985572., articleTitle=Precipitation and local environment shape the geographic variation of seed size across sand rice (Agriophyllum squarrosum) natural populations, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1276269207822144445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276262803367400310, awardId=2020133113, language=CN, fundingSource=林业和草原科技成果国家级推广项目(2020133113), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1276269207897641918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276262803367400310, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=广东省林业局项目“柚木适生耐寒种质资源收集保存与扩繁利用”, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1276269193146274679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276262803367400310, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276269193158857592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276262803367400310, companyId=1276269193146274679, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Key Laboratory of Biology of Flower Resources of Hainan Province / College of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276269193163051897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276262803367400310, companyId=1276269193146274679, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.海南省热带特色花木资源生物学重点实验室/海南大学热带农林学院,海南海口 570228)]), AuthorCompany(id=1276269193234355066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276262803367400310, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276269193242743675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276262803367400310, companyId=1276269193234355066, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510520, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276269193255326588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276262803367400310, companyId=1276269193234355066, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中国林业科学研究院热带林业研究所,广东广州 510520)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1276269206656127921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276262803367400310, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Clustering analysis of seed characters of teak from different provenances, figureFileSmall=kER4mIs9bP7COZuL/1fDUQ==, figureFileBig=dLLZAv/IKtAt2Bzrvfo4jw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276269206891008946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276262803367400310, language=CN, label=图1, caption=柚木不同种源种子性状聚类分析, figureFileSmall=kER4mIs9bP7COZuL/1fDUQ==, figureFileBig=dLLZAv/IKtAt2Bzrvfo4jw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276269206979089331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276262803367400310, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Geographic information and environmental factors of teak provenance

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种源编号Provenance code种源名称Provenance name家系数Amounts of families纬度Latitude经度Longitude海拔Altitude/m年均温Mean annual temperature/℃年均相对湿度Mean annual humidit/%年降水量Mean annual rainfall/mm
YNBS云南保山424°56′N98°50′E102916.273992
YNYJ云南盈江324°39′N97°51′E81919.7791545
YNLC云南陇川224°21′N97°58′E97118.8811618
YNRL云南瑞丽1224°20′N97°56′E83321.0761385
YNMS云南芒市124°11′N98°11′E79919.8791639
YNJH云南景洪222°00′N100°47′E54822.4801155
YNJD云南景东324°26′N100°51′E103718.3761154
YNYX云南玉溪424°30′N102°12′E110416.373909
YNLINC云南临沧323°38′N99°90′E46717.8701149
GDJY广东揭阳523°31′N116°30′E4622.3781740
GDPY广东平远424°33′N115°53′E20420.9771678
GXPX广西凭祥2221°57′N106°39′E15021.8801335
HNJF海南尖峰1618°23'N108°49' E9523.0801150
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柚木种源的地理信息及其环境因子

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种源编号Provenance code种源名称Provenance name家系数Amounts of families纬度Latitude经度Longitude海拔Altitude/m年均温Mean annual temperature/℃年均相对湿度Mean annual humidit/%年降水量Mean annual rainfall/mm
YNBS云南保山424°56′N98°50′E102916.273992
YNYJ云南盈江324°39′N97°51′E81919.7791545
YNLC云南陇川224°21′N97°58′E97118.8811618
YNRL云南瑞丽1224°20′N97°56′E83321.0761385
YNMS云南芒市124°11′N98°11′E79919.8791639
YNJH云南景洪222°00′N100°47′E54822.4801155
YNJD云南景东324°26′N100°51′E103718.3761154
YNYX云南玉溪424°30′N102°12′E110416.373909
YNLINC云南临沧323°38′N99°90′E46717.8701149
GDJY广东揭阳523°31′N116°30′E4622.3781740
GDPY广东平远424°33′N115°53′E20420.9771678
GXPX广西凭祥2221°57′N106°39′E15021.8801335
HNJF海南尖峰1618°23'N108°49' E9523.0801150
), ArticleFig(id=1276269207125889973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276262803367400310, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Variance analysis of seed characters of teak from different provenances and families

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变异来源Sources of variations性状Traits平方和SS自由度DF均方MSFF value显著性Significance
种源种长2.185120.1817.80**
种宽1.390120.1212.27**
长宽比0.245120.024.01**
长宽积14.048121.1719.67**
百粒重44 998.005123749.831631.43**
家系种长6.483800.087.92**
种宽4.443800.065.88**
长宽比1.580800.023.88**
长宽积38.779800.498.15**
百粒重78 589.01980982.36427.39**
), ArticleFig(id=1276269207192998838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276262803367400310, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

柚木不同种源、家系种子性状方差分析

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变异来源Sources of variations性状Traits平方和SS自由度DF均方MSFF value显著性Significance
种源种长2.185120.1817.80**
种宽1.390120.1212.27**
长宽比0.245120.024.01**
长宽积14.048121.1719.67**
百粒重44 998.005123749.831631.43**
家系种长6.483800.087.92**
种宽4.443800.065.88**
长宽比1.580800.023.88**
长宽积38.779800.498.15**
百粒重78 589.01980982.36427.39**
), ArticleFig(id=1276269207264302007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276262803367400310, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Variation parameters of seed characters of teak from different provenances and families

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
统计量Statistic家系Family种源Provenance
种长Seed length/cm种宽Seed width/cm长宽比Lengthwidth ratio长宽积Lengthwidth product百粒重Weight of 100 seeds/g种长Seed length/cm种宽Seed width/cm长宽比Lengthwidth ratio长宽积Lengthwidth product百粒重Weight of 100 seeds/g
均值1.381.460.952.0275.631.381.460.952.0275.63
SD0.170.150.100.4018.060.090.070.040.2115.37
变幅0.95~1.941.01~2.000.58~1.581.01~3.3548.23~122.641.24~1.501.33~1.560.91~1.031.65~2.3355.36~116.85
CV/%12.3210.2710.5319.8023.886.524.794.2110.4020.32
), ArticleFig(id=1276269207352382392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276262803367400310, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

柚木不同种源、家系种子性状变异参数

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统计量Statistic家系Family种源Provenance
种长Seed length/cm种宽Seed width/cm长宽比Lengthwidth ratio长宽积Lengthwidth product百粒重Weight of 100 seeds/g种长Seed length/cm种宽Seed width/cm长宽比Lengthwidth ratio长宽积Lengthwidth product百粒重Weight of 100 seeds/g
均值1.381.460.952.0275.631.381.460.952.0275.63
SD0.170.150.100.4018.060.090.070.040.2115.37
变幅0.95~1.941.01~2.000.58~1.581.01~3.3548.23~122.641.24~1.501.33~1.560.91~1.031.65~2.3355.36~116.85
CV/%12.3210.2710.5319.8023.886.524.794.2110.4020.32
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Results of multiple comparison of phenotypic characters of teak seeds from different provenances

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种源Provenance种长Seed length/cm种宽Seed width/cm长宽比Length-width ratio长宽积Length-width product百粒重Weight of 100 seeds/g
YNBS1.38±0.14c1.43±0.13c0.97±0.11cde1.98±0.29e74.04±9.25de
YNYJ1.47±0.16ab1.53±0.10ab0.96±0.09def2.26±0.35ab77.04±12.39cde
YNLC1.49±0.13a1.45±0.11c1.03±0.09a2.18±0.29bc77.28±0.97cde
YNRL1.49±0.15a1.56±0.16a0.96±0.09def2.33±0.40a93.19±13.14b
YNMS1.43±0.13b1.41±0.19c1.02±0.08ab2.03±0.37de81.19±2.02bcd
YNJH1.36±0.13cd1.44±0.08c0.95±0.07efg1.96±0.26e77.16±5.53cde
YNJD1.50±0.14a1.51±0.15b1.00±0.08bc2.28±0.40ab116.85±6.20a
YNYX1.24±0.12e1.33±0.10d0.93±0.08ghi1.65±0.25f55.36±6.65f
YNLINC1.27±0.09e1.36±0.11d0.94±0.07fgh1.73±0.23f65.19±14.94ef
GDJY1.37±0.19cd1.51±0.18b0.91±0.08i2.09±0.51cd88.50±16.91bc
GDPY1.46±0.16ab1.50±0.15b0.99±0.14cd2.19±0.30bc84.95±6.05bcd
GXPX1.35±0.15cd1.41±0.15c0.96±0.10def1.92±0.38e65.66±12.07ef
HNJF1.33±0.15d1.45±0.12c0.92±0.09hi1.94±0.33e68.50±13.94e
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柚木不同种源种子表型性状多重比较结果

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种源Provenance种长Seed length/cm种宽Seed width/cm长宽比Length-width ratio长宽积Length-width product百粒重Weight of 100 seeds/g
YNBS1.38±0.14c1.43±0.13c0.97±0.11cde1.98±0.29e74.04±9.25de
YNYJ1.47±0.16ab1.53±0.10ab0.96±0.09def2.26±0.35ab77.04±12.39cde
YNLC1.49±0.13a1.45±0.11c1.03±0.09a2.18±0.29bc77.28±0.97cde
YNRL1.49±0.15a1.56±0.16a0.96±0.09def2.33±0.40a93.19±13.14b
YNMS1.43±0.13b1.41±0.19c1.02±0.08ab2.03±0.37de81.19±2.02bcd
YNJH1.36±0.13cd1.44±0.08c0.95±0.07efg1.96±0.26e77.16±5.53cde
YNJD1.50±0.14a1.51±0.15b1.00±0.08bc2.28±0.40ab116.85±6.20a
YNYX1.24±0.12e1.33±0.10d0.93±0.08ghi1.65±0.25f55.36±6.65f
YNLINC1.27±0.09e1.36±0.11d0.94±0.07fgh1.73±0.23f65.19±14.94ef
GDJY1.37±0.19cd1.51±0.18b0.91±0.08i2.09±0.51cd88.50±16.91bc
GDPY1.46±0.16ab1.50±0.15b0.99±0.14cd2.19±0.30bc84.95±6.05bcd
GXPX1.35±0.15cd1.41±0.15c0.96±0.10def1.92±0.38e65.66±12.07ef
HNJF1.33±0.15d1.45±0.12c0.92±0.09hi1.94±0.33e68.50±13.94e
), ArticleFig(id=1276269207587263419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276262803367400310, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Analysis of correlation between teak seed traits and environmental factors

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性状Trait种长Seed length种宽Seed width长宽比Length-width ratio长宽积Length-width product百粒重Weight of 100 seeds
种长1.000
种宽0.579**1.000
长宽比0.571**–0.330**1.000
长宽积0.902**0.870**0.167**1.000
百粒重0.621**0.549**0.209**0.653**1.000
纬度0.240**0.098**0.185**0.198**0.366**
经度–0.173**–0.063**–0.133**–0.138**–0.201**
海拔0.185**0.075**0.135**0.153**0.307**
年均温–0.0090.109**–0.120**0.050*–0.054
年均相对湿度0.0000.023–0.0240.008–0.161*
年降水量0.250**0.213**0.082**0.261**0.301**
), ArticleFig(id=1276269207658566588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276262803367400310, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

柚木种子性状与环境因子相关性分析

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性状Trait种长Seed length种宽Seed width长宽比Length-width ratio长宽积Length-width product百粒重Weight of 100 seeds
种长1.000
种宽0.579**1.000
长宽比0.571**–0.330**1.000
长宽积0.902**0.870**0.167**1.000
百粒重0.621**0.549**0.209**0.653**1.000
纬度0.240**0.098**0.185**0.198**0.366**
经度–0.173**–0.063**–0.133**–0.138**–0.201**
海拔0.185**0.075**0.135**0.153**0.307**
年均温–0.0090.109**–0.120**0.050*–0.054
年均相对湿度0.0000.023–0.0240.008–0.161*
年降水量0.250**0.213**0.082**0.261**0.301**
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柚木种源/家系种子表型变异及其与环境因子的相关性
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李昆亮 1, 2 , 黄桂华 2 , 宋希强 1 , 梁坤南 2 , 王先棒 2 , 潘栋康 2 , 周文龙 2 , 韩强 2, *
热带作物学报 | 种质资源与遗传育种 2024,45(8): 1596-1604
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热带作物学报 |种质资源与遗传育种 2024 , 45 (8) : 1596 -1604
柚木种源/家系种子表型变异及其与环境因子的相关性
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李昆亮1, 2, 黄桂华2, 宋希强1, 梁坤南2, 王先棒2, 潘栋康2, 周文龙2, 韩强2, *
作者信息
  • 1.海南省热带特色花木资源生物学重点实验室/海南大学热带农林学院,海南海口 570228
  • 2.中国林业科学研究院热带林业研究所,广东广州 510520
通讯作者:
* 韩强(HAN Qiang),E-mail:
Phenotypic Variation of Tectona grandis Provenances/Families Seeds and the Correlation with Environmental Factors.
Kunliang LI1, 2, Guihua HUANG2, Xiqiang SONG1, Kunnan LIANG2, Xianbang WANG2, Dongkang PAN2, Wenlong ZHOU2, Qiang HAN2, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Biology of Flower Resources of Hainan Province / College of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
  • 2.Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510520, China
出版时间: 2024-08-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.08.008
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通过研究柚木(Tectona grandis L. F.)不同种源、家系种子的表型性状,揭示柚木种子遗传变异规律及其对环境因子变化的响应机制,促进柚木种质资源保护和遗传改良。以广东、广西、海南和云南4个省(区)13个种源81个柚木家系种子为材料,测定种子长度、宽度、长宽比、长宽积和百粒重5个性状。结果显示:(1)柚木种子的5个表型性状在种源及家系间均存在极显著差异(P<0.01),不同家系各性状变异系数为10.27%~23.88%,不同种源各性状变异系数为4.21%~20.32%。(2)各表型性状间呈极显著相关关系,不同环境因子对种子性状的影响程度不同,经纬度、海拔、年降水量是影响柚木种子性状的主要因子,其次是年均温,年均相对湿度的影响相对较小。不同的种子性状对环境因子变化的响应也不相同,种长、种宽和长宽积对年降水量的响应最为敏感,而长宽比和百粒重则对纬度的响应最为敏感。(3)聚类分析将13个种源分为3类。柚木种子在种源和家系间均存在丰富的表型变异,种子性状受母本遗传和地理气候因子等多因素影响。研究结果为柚木多样性种质资源保护和利用提供理论基础和科学依据。

柚木  /  种子  /  表型变异  /  环境因子  /  相关性

Through the examination of the phenotypic traits of teak (Tectona grandis L. F.) seeds from diverse provenances and pedigrees, this study elucidated the genetic variability patterns of teak seeds and the mechanisms of response to environmental factor fluctuations, thereby fostering the conservation and genetic improvement of teak germplasm resources. Using seeds from 81 teak pedigrees representing 13 provenances across four provinces (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, and Yunnan) as the experimental material, five traits, namely seed length, width, length-width ratio, length-width product, and hundred-seed weight, were quantified. Significant differences (P<0.01) existed among the five phenotypic traits of teak seeds across provenances and pedigrees, with trait variation coefficients ranging from 10.27% to 23.88% among different pedigrees and from 4.21% to 20.32% among different provenances. Substantial correlations prevailed among various phenotypic traits, with varying degrees of influence on seed traits from different environmental factors. Latitude, altitude, and annual precipitation were the primary determinants affecting teak seed traits, followed by annual average temperature, while the impact of annual average relative humidity was relatively minor. Distinct seed traits also exhibited heterogeneous responses to environmental changes, with seed length, seed width, and length-width product being particularly sensitive to annual precipitation, whereas length-width ratio and hundred-seed weight manifested heightened sensitivity to latitude. Cluster analysis categorized the 13 provenances into three classes. Teak seeds manifest prolific phenotypic variation across provenances and pedigrees, with seed traits being influenced by various factors, including maternal inheritance and geographical climate. The research would provide a theoretical foundation and scientific basis for the conservation and utilization of diverse teak.

teak (Tectona grandis L. F.)  /  seed  /  phenotypic variation  /  environmental factors  /  correlation
李昆亮, 黄桂华, 宋希强, 梁坤南, 王先棒, 潘栋康, 周文龙, 韩强. 柚木种源/家系种子表型变异及其与环境因子的相关性. 热带作物学报, 2024 , 45 (8) : 1596 -1604 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.08.008
Kunliang LI, Guihua HUANG, Xiqiang SONG, Kunnan LIANG, Xianbang WANG, Dongkang PAN, Wenlong ZHOU, Qiang HAN. Phenotypic Variation of Tectona grandis Provenances/Families Seeds and the Correlation with Environmental Factors.[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2024 , 45 (8) : 1596 -1604 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.08.008
种子是植物有性生殖最重要的器官,植物主要通过种子的发育生长为生殖成熟的个体。植物在长期的演化过程中,为了适应环境,植物组织器官也相应发生形态变异,包括叶、花、种子及树体形态变异等。其中,种子的形态包含了许多相对稳定的可遗传变异[1]。种间种子在大小、形状、颜色、表面纹饰等方面呈现差异,种皮外表面的微观形态与属内的种相对应,可用于物种识别和区分[2]。自20世纪50年代以来,因种子微形态特征在科、属、种等不同层次上具有分类学意义[1],被一些学者应用于植物系统学和分类研究。随着种源试验的发展,学者们开始关注同一树种不同源间表型变异的显著性、变异模式及其与气候、地理等因素之间的关系[3]。蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)11个种源种子的长度、宽度和种形指数等性状差异较大,各种源千粒重之间均有显著差异[4]。闽楠(Phoebe bournei)14个种源种实表型性状的研究表明,种子纵径、种子横径和种子质量等7个性状在种源间和种源内差异均达到极显著水平,平均表型分化系数高达70.83%,表型变异主要来源为种源间[5],从而为闽楠种质资源保存、利用、开发提供参考。表型变异是基因型与环境之间相互作用的结果[1]。天山花楸(Sorbus tianschanica Rupr.)的种子发育过程中受到环境因素的调控,种子长度和千粒重与地理位置(经度)之间存在显著正相关关系,即随地理位置东移(经度增大),种子长度和千粒重逐渐增大[6]。格木(Erythrophleum fordii)种子的周长和荚宽等表型性状与纬度呈正相关,与温度呈负相关,随着温度的降低和位置向北移动(纬度增加),果荚和种子往往呈现增大的趋势。并且在降雨量和气温较高的地区,格木通常表现出小果荚和小种子的特征[7]。海拔梯度的变化对新疆野杏(Prunus armeniaca Lam.)种子性状产生显著影响。种子大小与海拔呈显著负相关,随着海拔升高而逐渐减小[8]
柚木(Tectona grandis L. F.)为世界珍贵的木材树种之一,其材性佳,用途广,经济效益高。主要分布于热带地区,包括亚洲、非洲、中美洲和南美洲等地。早在1820年左右,我国就开始引进柚木,目前已经在国内广泛种植,种植面积达到3.5万hm2,具有很好的经济效益、社会效益和生态效益[9]。关于柚木种子方面的研究主要集中在种子园建设[10]、种子吸水及生活力[11-12]、种子发芽[13-16]和种子生理生化[17-18]等方面,郝海坤等[19]对柚木种子大小变异、小苗生长特征进行了研究,但未分析地理气候因子对柚木种子性状的影响。目前我国柚木存在良种相对缺乏、采种母树未经选择导致生长变异等问题[20],这严重影响了柚木人工林的发展,并导致其产量和质量的不稳定。因此,需要大规模收集和整理柚木种源,研究性状差异和遗传多样性,选育良种,以丰富遗传资源。本研究对柚木13个种源81个家系种子性状进行表型变异分析,探究各性状及其与环境因子之间的相关性,以期为促进柚木选种造林和遗传改良提供理论依据。
2023年1—3月,采集广东、广西、海南和云南13个种源81个家系的柚木种子。在成片分布的柚木林中选择生长健壮、无病虫害、树干通直、结实量大的母树进行采种,同时记录每棵采种母株的地理信息和气象资料(如经纬度、海拔、年均温、年均相对湿度和年降水量)。气象资料来自中国气象数据网(http://data.cma.cn)。不同种源的地理信息和气候因子基本情况见表1
用游标卡尺分别测量柚木种子的长和宽,以种子纵轴最大距离为其长度,以腹面横向最大距离为其宽度,测定单位精确到0.01 cm,每个家系测定30粒种子。采用百粒法测定各家系柚木种子的百粒重,每个家系重复3次[21]。基于所测定的表型性状,计算种子的长宽乘积和长宽比,作为种子的大小指数和形态指数。
采用方差分析线性模型对柚木各种源、家系的表型性状进行方差分析。用变异系数(CV)表示表型性状的离散程度。计算公式分别为:
式中,µ为总体平均值、Pi为种源效应、Fj为家系效应、eijk为环境误差、i代表第i个种源、j代表第j个家系,δ为标准差(standard deviation,SD)、为种源/家系平均值(Mean)。
采用SPSS 22软件对各项指标进行单因素方差分析(One-wayAnova)分析和Duncan’s多重比较,其中,采用Pearson相关分析双变量相关性,并根据各性状在种源间的欧氏距离进行聚类分析。
方差分析表明(表2),柚木不同种源/家系种子表型性状差异均达极显著水平(P<0.01),表明柚木种子性状具有丰富的遗传变异。
种子性状变异参数见表3。不同种源间,种长平均值是1.38 cm,变幅为1.24~1.50 cm;种宽平均值是1.46 cm,变幅为1.33~1.56 cm;种子长宽比平均值是0.95,变幅0.91~1.03;种子长宽积平均值是2.02,变幅为1.65~2.33;种子百粒重平均值是75.63 g,变幅为55.36~116.85 g。不同表型性状变异系数在4.21%~20.32%之间,其中,种子百粒重的变异系数最高,达到20.32%。
不同家系间,种长平均值是1.38 cm,变幅为0.95~1.94 cm;种宽平均值是1.46 cm,变幅为1.01~2.00 cm;种子长宽比平均值是0.95,变幅为0.58~1.58;种子长宽积平均值是2.02,变幅为1.01~3.35;种子百粒重平均值是75.63 g,变幅为48.23~122.64 g。各表型性状变异系数为10.27%~ 23.88%,其中,百粒重的表型变异系数最高,达到23.88%。
柚木不同种源种长、种宽、长宽比、长宽积和百粒重邓肯多重比较结果见表4。云南玉溪种子的长度、宽度、长宽积和百粒重,均表现出最小的平均值,分别为1.24 cm、1.33 cm、1.65和55.36 g。另外,广东揭阳种子的长宽比平均值最小,为0.91。相比之下,云南景东种子的长度和百粒重均表现出最大的平均值,分别为1.50 cm和116.85 g。云南瑞丽种子的宽度和长宽积均表现出最大的平均值,分别为1.56 cm和2.33。而云南陇川种子的长宽比平均值最大,为1.03。
表5可知,种长、种宽、长宽比、长宽积及百粒重5个种子性状之间存在极显著正相关或负相关关系,说明其中任一性状的变化均会引起其余性状的变化。
种子的长度、宽度、长宽比、长宽积以及百粒重均与纬度、海拔、年降水量呈极显著正相关,而与经度呈极显著负相关。种子的宽度和长宽积与年均温呈极显著或显著正相关,而种子的长宽比与年均温呈极显著负相关。此外,百粒重与年均相对湿度呈显著负相关。
在6个环境因子(经度、纬度、海拔、年均温、年均相对湿度和年降水量)中,经度、纬度、海拔和年降水量对5个种子性状均产生了显著的影响,这种影响是极其显著的。其次是年均温,对种宽、长宽比和长宽积的影响也达到了显著水平或极显著水平。然而,年均相对湿度仅对种子百粒重产生了显著影响。
5个种子性状与6个环境因子的相关系数在–0.201~0.366之间。种子的长度、宽度和长宽积与年降水量之间的相关系数,分别为0.250、0.213和0.261。而种子的长宽比和百粒重与纬度之间的相关系数,分别为0.185和0.366。
利用欧氏平方距离对柚木种源进行聚类,阈值为12.5时,将13个柚木种源划分为三大类(图1),第1类包括云南保山、云南景洪、广西凭祥、海南尖峰和广东揭阳种源,第2类包括云南玉溪和云南临沧种源,第3类包括云南陇川、云南芒市、云南盈江、广东平远、云南瑞丽和云南景东种源。除了第3类中云南陇川、云南芒市、云南盈江和云南瑞丽之间地理距离较近,其他相邻种源聚类结果较为分散,说明本研究中地理距离的远近和聚类分析没有明显的相关性。
表型变异是生物遗传变异的直接显现,也是研究遗传多样性的重要组成部分[22]。通常分布范围广泛的树种具有丰富的表型变异,本研究以柚木不同种源、家系种子为研究对象,对表型性状变异进行分析,从而在一定程度上反映其种源遗传多样性水平。
柚木种子的种长、种宽、长宽比、长宽积及百粒重等5个性状指标在种源及家系间均存在着极显著差异,说明其种子在家系间、种源间均存在着丰富的遗传变异,这与秦岭冷杉(Abies chensiensis[23]、蒙古栎[24]和铁橡栎(Quercus cocciferoides Hand)[25]等树种研究结果相似。个体差异是由于家系间遗传差异所引起的,而种源间差异是个体差异与气候、地理等环境因素相互作用的综合产物[25]。5个种子性状在种源和家系间的变异幅度及趋势有所不同,种源间的变异要小于家系间的变异,这表明种子形态受到遗传特性和环境因素的共同影响。不同家系间各性状变异系数由小到大的变化趋势为种宽、长宽比、种长、长宽积和百粒重,比常恩福等[25]对铁橡栎的研究结果偏低。不同种源间种长、种宽及长宽比的变异系数较低,不足10%,而百粒重的变异系数较高,超过20%,比井振华等[26]对苦槠(Castanopsis sclerophylla)种子性状的研究结果偏低,无论是种源或家系间种长、种宽及长宽比的变异系数仍然最小,表明种子外在形状稳定性较高[27]
环境因子在树木的生长发育过程中起着重要作用,树木生长和结实的差异除了受树种本身遗传特性的控制外,也是与当地生长环境相适应的结果[28]。本研究表明,在6个环境因子中,经纬度、海拔和年降水量对种子性状的影响最大,对所有种子性状都产生了极显著的正相关或负相关影响。这表明经纬度、海拔和年降水量是影响柚木种子性状的主要因素。与乌桕(Triadica sebifera[29]、三桠乌药(Lindera obtusiloba[30]、光皮桦(Betula luminifera[31]和元宝枫(Acer truncatum[32]等树种的研究结果一致,种子性状受经纬度和海拔等地理因子影响。原因在于树木生长在不同海拔、经纬度、地形和土壤等环境中,光照、热量、水分和矿质营养元素等供应的差异,影响了树木光合产物的生成、运输和积累,从而导致种子性状上的差异。不同种子性状对环境因子的响应程度不同,同一种子性状对不同环境因子的响应也不相同。长宽比和百粒重对纬度的响应最为敏感,随纬度的升高,种子变重,种子形状呈“圆形—长圆形”的变化之势。而种长、种宽和长宽积则对年降水量的响应最为敏感,降水量较高的地区柚木种子相对较大,这与ZHAO等[33]的研究结果一致,该研究发现降水变化是沙蓬(Agriophyllum squarrosum)种子大小表型变异的关键驱动力,其中年降雨量与种子大小具有显著的正效应。但李洪果等[7]发现格木种子在降雨量大的地区往往具有小种子的特征,这可能是不同树种的种子表型性状对环境具有不同的响应机制有关。因此,在柚木种子区划和引种中,除了考虑经纬度和海拔外,还要考虑年降水量的影响。在柚木开花结实期间,可以通过适当的灌溉以促进种子生长发育。
根据欧氏距离对13个柚木种源进行了聚类分析,将其划分为三大类。第3类种子的性状表现优于前两类,而第1类次之,第2类的种子平均表型性状指数最低。在第3类中,云南陇川、云南芒市、云南盈江和云南瑞丽的地理距离较近,形态特征也更为相似,这主要是受到当地气候环境的长期影响导致的趋同变异,其中只有广东平远为广东种源,说明最初营建广东平远种源的种子,可能与该类中的云南种源来源相同或相近。而其他相邻种源地的聚类结果相对较为分散,与地域没有明显相关性。我国柚木引种历史悠久,主要通过边民、华侨从缅甸、泰国、老挝等国引进种植[20],本研究中,柚木种子性状的聚类结果并没有完全按照地理距离分类,这可能与地域引种、种植方式等因素有关。另外一种可能是柚木种源的地理变异规律遵循随机变异模式,柚木种质资源的遗传多样性为选育不同性状的品种提供了可能。
本研究针对柚木的采种地各母树的种子表型性状进行研究发现:各表型性状间呈极显著相关关系;柚木种子性状在种源间和家系间都达到了极显著的水平;经纬度、海拔、年降水量是影响柚木种子性状的主要因子,其次是年均温,年均相对湿度的影响相对较小;种长、种宽和长宽积对年降水量的响应最为敏感,而长宽比和百粒重则对纬度的响应最为敏感;通过聚类分析将13个柚木种源划分为三大类,但与各种源的地理位置分布无显著相关性。由此可见,柚木种子的差异与母本遗传和地理气候因素等多种因素有关,研究结果对于柚木种质资源的利用和优良品种选育有一定的指导作用。
  • 林业和草原科技成果国家级推广项目(2020133113)
  • 广东省林业局项目“柚木适生耐寒种质资源收集保存与扩繁利用”
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2024年第45卷第8期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.08.008
  • 接收时间:2023-12-22
  • 首发时间:2026-06-23
  • 出版时间:2024-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-22
  • 修回日期:2024-01-24
基金
林业和草原科技成果国家级推广项目(2020133113)
广东省林业局项目“柚木适生耐寒种质资源收集保存与扩繁利用”
作者信息
    1.海南省热带特色花木资源生物学重点实验室/海南大学热带农林学院,海南海口 570228
    2.中国林业科学研究院热带林业研究所,广东广州 510520

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* 韩强(HAN Qiang),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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