Article(id=1276262757771117049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276262756814815737, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.08.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1698768000000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-01, revisedDate=1702224000000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782214353268, onlineDateStr=2026-06-23, pubDate=1724515200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782214353268, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782214353268, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782214353268, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276262756814815737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2024', volume='45', issue='8', pageStart='1521', pageEnd='1760', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1724515200000', pubDateStr='2024-08-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782214353040, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782214460949, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276263209816420382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276262756814815737, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276263209816420383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276262756814815737, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1572, endPage=1584, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276262758421234171, articleId=1276262757771117049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Species and Geographical Distribution of Paphiopedilum, columnId=1236256430060261740, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Germplasm Resources, Genetics & Breeding, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Paphiopedilum is one of the most valuable orchid groups with its unique shape, rich flower colors and long flowering period. The shape of the lip of Paphiopedilum is peculiar, and it is specialized as a pouch or helmet, it looks like a lady’s slippers, so it is also known as the slipper orchid. However, due to the low seed germination rate of Paphiopedilum, low propagation rate of traditional division propagation, immature tissue culture propagation technology, and relatively difficult to cultivate, it is difficult to meet the market demand through artificial breeding. Resulting in the serious exploitation of wild resources and the destruction of its living environment, wild resources continue to decrease, Paphiopedilum is now one of the most endangered species in the world. In this paper, the geographical distribution and habitat of Paphiopedilum in the world and China were analyzed by means of literature retrieval, with special attention to the new species published in recent years, which can provide reference for the conservation and utilization of wild Paphiopedilum germplasm resources. Understanding the geographical distribution characteristics of Paphiopedilum is of great significance for in situ and ex situ conservation of Paphiopedilum germplasm resources. At present, there are about 109 species and 26 varieties of Paphiopedilum in the world. Since the English edition of the Flora of China in 2009, 7 new species of Paphiopedilum have been discovered in China, on the basis of the original 27 species of Paphiopedilum, and 30 new species have been discovered in the world during this period. Paphiopedilum mostly distributed in tropical and subtropical transition areas, originated in southwest China and Southeast Asia, and then spread to Southeast Asian islands, Indonesia (Sulawesi, Java etc.) and China (Yunnan, Guangxi etc.) are the distribution centers of Paphiopedilum. The main factors affecting the distribution of Paphiopedilum are climate, topography, soil, symbiotic microorganisms, pollinators and so on. The distribution pattern of Paphiopedilum is influenced by both large scale (climate factor) and small scale (small habitat, such as landform, soil, etc.). Paphiopedilum may gradually spread and migrate to areas within its temperature tolerance range. In the past 50 years, the high latitude area has warmed more, and the suitable area for the growth of Paphiopedilum has expanded, resulting in its distribution range spreading or migrating to high latitudes and high altitudes. The seasonal temperature changes may cause the distribution of Paphiopedilum plants (Paph. subgenus Brachypetalum) to shift to higher or lower latitudes. The phenology, morphology and genes of Paphiopedilum plants may also undergo certain changes, and the number of species that do not adapt to environmental changes will gradually decrease until extinction, and new species will continue to emerge. The distribution of Paphiopedilum is also affected by topography, soil physical and chemical properties, soil microorganisms and other factors. Microorganisms in soil, especially fungi, can promote the germination of Paphiopedilum seeds. If fungi that are mutually beneficial to Paphiopedilum are lacking in the new habitat, the seeds of Paphiopedilum may not germinate smoothly, and the population of Paphiopedilum may be restricted to a specific area. The distribution of Paphiopedilum is also closely related to pollinators, and the species, quantity and distribution of pollinators affect the distribution pattern of the corresponding Paphiopedilum. Pollinating insects of Paphiopedilum are abundant, mainly belonging to the family of Syrphidae, and insects of Apidae, Halictidae, Colletidae and Megachilidae can also be used as pollinators for Paphiopedilum. There is usually more than one effective pollinator of each Paphiopedilum species. The study on the geographical distribution pattern of Paphiopedilum would provide reliable evidence for the species evolution between genera and within genera. The more primitive Paphiopedilum was mostly terrestrial, while the more evolved Paphiopedilum evolve into semi-epiphytic or epiphytic orchids due to environmental adaptation and competitive pressure, growing on cliffs or between rocks.

, authors=null, authorsList=Jiarui ZHANG, Lin FANG, Jingjue ZENG, Lin LI, Kunlin WU, Songjun ZENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Songjun ZENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276262759738245629, articleId=1276262757771117049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=兜兰属植物种类及地理分布, columnId=1236256430219645304, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=种质资源与遗传育种, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

兜兰花形独特、花色丰富、花期长,具有极高观赏价值,是兰科植物最具观赏价值的类群之一。由于野生资源盗挖严重和其生存环境的破坏,野生资源不断减少,兜兰现成为世界上最濒危的物种之一。本研究通过文献检索法对兜兰属植物在世界和中国的地理分布及生境进行分析,特别关注近年来发表的新种,能为野生兜兰种质资源的保护和利用提供参考。目前全世界约有109种兜兰属植物,26个变种,中国自2009年《中国植物志》英文版后,在原有27种兜兰属植物的基础上,又发现了7个新种,该时期全世界发现的新种有30个。兜兰属植物大多分布在热带和亚热带过渡地区,起源于中国西南部和东南亚,随后向东南亚群岛扩散,印度尼西亚(苏拉威西、爪哇等)和中国(云南、广西等)是兜兰属植物的分布中心区。影响兜兰属分布的因素主要有气候、地形地貌、土壤、共生微生物、传粉昆虫等。

, authors=

张佳瑞(1999—),女,硕士,研究方向:观赏园艺。

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* 曾宋君(ZENG Songjun),E-mail:
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张佳瑞(1999—),女,硕士,研究方向:观赏园艺。

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张佳瑞(1999—),女,硕士,研究方向:观赏园艺。

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Species and distribution of Paphiopedilum in the world

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号No.种类Species中文名Chinese name分布国家Distribution country
1Paphiopedilum acmodontum尖齿兜兰菲律宾
2P. adductum棉岛兜兰菲律宾
3P. agusii阿戈斯兜兰印度尼西亚
4P. anitanum安塔兜兰印度尼西亚
5P. appletonianum卷萼兜兰中国、柬埔寨、老挝、泰国、越南
6P. areeanum根茎兜兰中国、缅甸
7P. argus斑瓣兜兰菲律宾
8P. armeniacum杏黄兜兰中国
9P. ayubianum亚雨巴兜兰印度尼西亚
10P. barbatum髯毛兜兰印度尼西亚、马来西亚、缅甸、泰国、新加坡
11P. barbigerum小叶兜兰中国、越南、泰国、老挝、柬埔寨
P. barbigerum var. sulivongii小叶兜兰变种老挝
12P. bellatulum巨瓣兜兰中国、缅甸、泰国、越南、老挝、柬埔寨
13P. braemii布拉姆兜兰印度尼西亚
14P. bullenianum布铃兜兰印度尼西亚、马来西亚、文莱、缅甸、泰国、新加坡
P. bullenianum var. celebesense印尼兜兰印度尼西亚
15P. bungebelangi美花兜兰印度尼西亚
16P. callosum胼胝兜兰柬埔寨、老挝、马来西亚、缅甸、泰国、越南、新加坡
P. callosum var. potentianum胼胝兜兰变种泰国
P. callosum var. sublaeve胼胝兜兰变种泰国
P. callosum var. warnerianum胼胝兜兰变种越南
17P. canhii耿氏兜兰中国、越南
18P. charlesworthii红旗兜兰中国、印度、缅甸、泰国
19P. ciliolare缘毛兜兰菲律宾
20P. coccineum砖色兜兰越南
21P. concolor同色兜兰中国、柬埔寨、老挝、缅甸、泰国、越南
P. concolor var. longipetalum同色兜兰变种缅甸、泰国
22P. cornuatum角凸兜兰中国
23P. dayanum沙巴兜兰文莱、印度尼西亚、马来西亚
24P. delenatii德氏兜兰中国、越南
25P. dianthum长瓣兜兰中国、越南、老挝、柬埔寨
26P. dodyanum多迪兜兰印度尼西亚
27P. druryi南印兜兰印度
28P. emersonii白花兜兰中国、越南
29P. exul边远兜兰泰国
30P. fairrieanum费氏兜兰不丹、印度
31P. fowliei佛氏兜兰菲律宾
32P. gigantifolium巨叶兜兰印度尼西亚
33P. glanduliferum疣点兜兰印度尼西亚
34P. glaucophyllum苍叶兜兰印度尼西亚
35P. godefroyae古德兜兰泰国
P. godefroyae var. ang-thong古德兜兰变种泰国
36P. gratrixianum格力兜兰中国、老挝、越南、柬埔寨
P. gratrixianum var. christensonianum格力兜兰变种柬埔寨、越南
P. gratrixianum var. daoense格力兜兰变种中国、越南
P. gratrixianum var. guangdongense格力兜兰变种中国
37P. hangianum汉氏兜兰(绿叶兜兰)中国、越南
38P. haynaldianum黑氏兜兰菲律宾
39P. helenae巧花兜兰(海伦兜兰)中国、越南
40P. hennisianum恒氏兜兰菲律宾
41P. henryanum亨利兜兰中国、越南
42P. herrmannii郝曼兜兰越南
43P. hirsutissimum带叶兜兰中国、印度、老挝、缅甸、泰国、越南、不丹
44P. hookerae虎克兜兰文莱、印度尼西亚、马来西亚
P. hookerae var.volonteanum卧氏兜兰马来西亚、文莱、印度尼西亚
45P. inamorii稻盛兜兰马来西亚
46P. insigne波瓣兜兰中国、孟加拉国、印度
47P. intaniae苏岛兜兰印度尼西亚
48P. jackii杰克兜兰中国、越南
49P. javanicum爪哇兜兰印度尼西亚、马来西亚、文莱
50P. kolopakingii柯氏兜兰印度尼西亚
51P. lawrenceanum劳氏兜兰马来西亚
52P. leucochilum白唇兜兰泰国
53P. liemianum李氏兜兰印度尼西亚
54P. lowii楼氏兜兰印度尼西亚、马来西亚、缅甸、泰国、新加坡
P. lowii var. lynniae林氏兜兰马来西亚、文莱、印度尼西亚
55P. lunatum月牙兜兰印度尼西亚
56P. malipoense麻栗坡兜兰中国、越南、老挝、柬埔寨
P. malipoense var. angustatum窄瓣兜兰中国
57P. mastersianum马氏兜兰印度尼西亚
P. mastersianum var. mohrianum摩氏兜兰印度尼西亚
58P. micranthum硬叶兜兰中国、越南
59P. moquetteanum魔葵兜兰印度尼西亚
60P. myanmaricum缅甸兜兰缅甸
61P. nataschae那塔兜兰印度尼西亚
62P. niveum雪白兜兰马来西亚、缅甸、泰国、新加坡、印度尼西亚
63P. notatisepalum紫斑兜兰中国
64P. ooii皱瓣兜兰马来西亚
65P. papilio-laoticus蝶目兜兰老挝
66P. papuanum巴布亚兜兰印度尼西亚、巴布亚新几内亚
67P. parishii飘带兜兰中国、缅甸、泰国、老挝、印度
68P. parnatanum帕氏兜兰菲律宾
69P. philippinense菲律宾兜兰菲律宾、马来西亚、文莱、印度尼西亚
P. philippinense var. roebbelenii菲律宾兜兰变种菲律宾
70P. platyphyllum阔叶兜兰马来西亚
71P. primulinum报春兜兰(黄花兜兰)印度尼西亚
P. primulinum var. purpurascens报春兜兰变种印度尼西亚
72P. purpuratum紫纹兜兰中国、越南
73P. qingyongii清涌兜兰中国
74P. randsii然氏兜兰菲律宾
75P. richardianum理查德兜兰印度尼西亚
76P. robinsonianum罗宾森兜兰印度尼西亚
77P. rohmanii拉曼兜兰印度尼西亚
78P. rothschildianum若氏兜兰(国王兜兰)马来西亚
79P. rungsuriyanum郎鲁安兜兰老挝
80P. sanderianum长须兜兰(皇后兜兰)印度尼西亚、马来西亚
81P. sangii桑氏兜兰印度尼西亚
82P. schoseri休氏兜兰印度尼西亚
83P. spicerianum白旗兜兰中国、印度、缅甸、不丹
84P. stenolomum狭边兜兰中国
85P. stonei斯通兜兰文莱、印度尼西亚、马来西亚
86P. sugiyamanum苏吉兜兰马来西亚
87P. sukhakulii苏氏兜兰缅甸、泰国
88P. supardii曲蕊兜兰印度尼西亚
89P. superbiens华丽兜兰印度尼西亚
90P. thaianum泰国兜兰泰国
91P. tigrinum虎斑兜兰中国、缅甸
92P. tonsum洁净兜兰印度尼西亚
93P. tranlienianum天伦兜兰中国、越南
94P. trungkienii忠坚兜兰越南
95P. urbanianum民岛兜兰菲律宾
96P. vejvarutianum维珍瓦特兜兰泰国、越南
97P. venustum秀丽兜兰中国、孟加拉国、不丹、印度、尼泊尔
98P. victoria-mariae玛丽兜兰印度尼西亚
99P. victoria-regina多花兜兰印度尼西亚
100P. vietnamense越南兜兰越南
101P. villosum紫毛兜兰中国、印度、老挝、缅甸、泰国、马来西亚、文莱、印度尼西亚、越南、柬埔寨
P. villosum var. annamense安南兜兰(白边兜兰)中国、老挝、越南
P. villosum var. boxallii包氏兜兰中国、缅甸、越南
P. villosum var. densissimum密毛兜兰中国
P. villosum var. laichaunum紫毛兜兰变种越南
P. villosum var. villosum紫毛兜兰原变种中国、印度、越南、柬埔寨、老挝
102P. viniferum葡色兜兰缅甸
103P. violascens青紫兜兰印度尼西亚、巴布亚新几内亚、所罗门群岛
P. violascens var. bougainvilleanum青紫兜兰变种所罗门群岛
P. violascens var. saskianum青紫兜兰变种所罗门群岛
P. violascens var. violascens青紫兜兰变种巴布亚新几内亚
104P. wardii彩云兜兰中国、缅甸
105P. wenshanense文山兜兰中国
106P. wentworthianum所罗门兜兰巴布亚新几内亚、所罗门群岛
107P. wilhelminae威氏兜兰印度尼西亚、巴布亚新几内亚
108P. xichouense西畴兜兰中国
109P. zulhermanianum苏荷曼兜兰印度尼西亚
), ArticleFig(id=1276269237584917480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276262757771117049, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

世界兜兰种类与分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号No.种类Species中文名Chinese name分布国家Distribution country
1Paphiopedilum acmodontum尖齿兜兰菲律宾
2P. adductum棉岛兜兰菲律宾
3P. agusii阿戈斯兜兰印度尼西亚
4P. anitanum安塔兜兰印度尼西亚
5P. appletonianum卷萼兜兰中国、柬埔寨、老挝、泰国、越南
6P. areeanum根茎兜兰中国、缅甸
7P. argus斑瓣兜兰菲律宾
8P. armeniacum杏黄兜兰中国
9P. ayubianum亚雨巴兜兰印度尼西亚
10P. barbatum髯毛兜兰印度尼西亚、马来西亚、缅甸、泰国、新加坡
11P. barbigerum小叶兜兰中国、越南、泰国、老挝、柬埔寨
P. barbigerum var. sulivongii小叶兜兰变种老挝
12P. bellatulum巨瓣兜兰中国、缅甸、泰国、越南、老挝、柬埔寨
13P. braemii布拉姆兜兰印度尼西亚
14P. bullenianum布铃兜兰印度尼西亚、马来西亚、文莱、缅甸、泰国、新加坡
P. bullenianum var. celebesense印尼兜兰印度尼西亚
15P. bungebelangi美花兜兰印度尼西亚
16P. callosum胼胝兜兰柬埔寨、老挝、马来西亚、缅甸、泰国、越南、新加坡
P. callosum var. potentianum胼胝兜兰变种泰国
P. callosum var. sublaeve胼胝兜兰变种泰国
P. callosum var. warnerianum胼胝兜兰变种越南
17P. canhii耿氏兜兰中国、越南
18P. charlesworthii红旗兜兰中国、印度、缅甸、泰国
19P. ciliolare缘毛兜兰菲律宾
20P. coccineum砖色兜兰越南
21P. concolor同色兜兰中国、柬埔寨、老挝、缅甸、泰国、越南
P. concolor var. longipetalum同色兜兰变种缅甸、泰国
22P. cornuatum角凸兜兰中国
23P. dayanum沙巴兜兰文莱、印度尼西亚、马来西亚
24P. delenatii德氏兜兰中国、越南
25P. dianthum长瓣兜兰中国、越南、老挝、柬埔寨
26P. dodyanum多迪兜兰印度尼西亚
27P. druryi南印兜兰印度
28P. emersonii白花兜兰中国、越南
29P. exul边远兜兰泰国
30P. fairrieanum费氏兜兰不丹、印度
31P. fowliei佛氏兜兰菲律宾
32P. gigantifolium巨叶兜兰印度尼西亚
33P. glanduliferum疣点兜兰印度尼西亚
34P. glaucophyllum苍叶兜兰印度尼西亚
35P. godefroyae古德兜兰泰国
P. godefroyae var. ang-thong古德兜兰变种泰国
36P. gratrixianum格力兜兰中国、老挝、越南、柬埔寨
P. gratrixianum var. christensonianum格力兜兰变种柬埔寨、越南
P. gratrixianum var. daoense格力兜兰变种中国、越南
P. gratrixianum var. guangdongense格力兜兰变种中国
37P. hangianum汉氏兜兰(绿叶兜兰)中国、越南
38P. haynaldianum黑氏兜兰菲律宾
39P. helenae巧花兜兰(海伦兜兰)中国、越南
40P. hennisianum恒氏兜兰菲律宾
41P. henryanum亨利兜兰中国、越南
42P. herrmannii郝曼兜兰越南
43P. hirsutissimum带叶兜兰中国、印度、老挝、缅甸、泰国、越南、不丹
44P. hookerae虎克兜兰文莱、印度尼西亚、马来西亚
P. hookerae var.volonteanum卧氏兜兰马来西亚、文莱、印度尼西亚
45P. inamorii稻盛兜兰马来西亚
46P. insigne波瓣兜兰中国、孟加拉国、印度
47P. intaniae苏岛兜兰印度尼西亚
48P. jackii杰克兜兰中国、越南
49P. javanicum爪哇兜兰印度尼西亚、马来西亚、文莱
50P. kolopakingii柯氏兜兰印度尼西亚
51P. lawrenceanum劳氏兜兰马来西亚
52P. leucochilum白唇兜兰泰国
53P. liemianum李氏兜兰印度尼西亚
54P. lowii楼氏兜兰印度尼西亚、马来西亚、缅甸、泰国、新加坡
P. lowii var. lynniae林氏兜兰马来西亚、文莱、印度尼西亚
55P. lunatum月牙兜兰印度尼西亚
56P. malipoense麻栗坡兜兰中国、越南、老挝、柬埔寨
P. malipoense var. angustatum窄瓣兜兰中国
57P. mastersianum马氏兜兰印度尼西亚
P. mastersianum var. mohrianum摩氏兜兰印度尼西亚
58P. micranthum硬叶兜兰中国、越南
59P. moquetteanum魔葵兜兰印度尼西亚
60P. myanmaricum缅甸兜兰缅甸
61P. nataschae那塔兜兰印度尼西亚
62P. niveum雪白兜兰马来西亚、缅甸、泰国、新加坡、印度尼西亚
63P. notatisepalum紫斑兜兰中国
64P. ooii皱瓣兜兰马来西亚
65P. papilio-laoticus蝶目兜兰老挝
66P. papuanum巴布亚兜兰印度尼西亚、巴布亚新几内亚
67P. parishii飘带兜兰中国、缅甸、泰国、老挝、印度
68P. parnatanum帕氏兜兰菲律宾
69P. philippinense菲律宾兜兰菲律宾、马来西亚、文莱、印度尼西亚
P. philippinense var. roebbelenii菲律宾兜兰变种菲律宾
70P. platyphyllum阔叶兜兰马来西亚
71P. primulinum报春兜兰(黄花兜兰)印度尼西亚
P. primulinum var. purpurascens报春兜兰变种印度尼西亚
72P. purpuratum紫纹兜兰中国、越南
73P. qingyongii清涌兜兰中国
74P. randsii然氏兜兰菲律宾
75P. richardianum理查德兜兰印度尼西亚
76P. robinsonianum罗宾森兜兰印度尼西亚
77P. rohmanii拉曼兜兰印度尼西亚
78P. rothschildianum若氏兜兰(国王兜兰)马来西亚
79P. rungsuriyanum郎鲁安兜兰老挝
80P. sanderianum长须兜兰(皇后兜兰)印度尼西亚、马来西亚
81P. sangii桑氏兜兰印度尼西亚
82P. schoseri休氏兜兰印度尼西亚
83P. spicerianum白旗兜兰中国、印度、缅甸、不丹
84P. stenolomum狭边兜兰中国
85P. stonei斯通兜兰文莱、印度尼西亚、马来西亚
86P. sugiyamanum苏吉兜兰马来西亚
87P. sukhakulii苏氏兜兰缅甸、泰国
88P. supardii曲蕊兜兰印度尼西亚
89P. superbiens华丽兜兰印度尼西亚
90P. thaianum泰国兜兰泰国
91P. tigrinum虎斑兜兰中国、缅甸
92P. tonsum洁净兜兰印度尼西亚
93P. tranlienianum天伦兜兰中国、越南
94P. trungkienii忠坚兜兰越南
95P. urbanianum民岛兜兰菲律宾
96P. vejvarutianum维珍瓦特兜兰泰国、越南
97P. venustum秀丽兜兰中国、孟加拉国、不丹、印度、尼泊尔
98P. victoria-mariae玛丽兜兰印度尼西亚
99P. victoria-regina多花兜兰印度尼西亚
100P. vietnamense越南兜兰越南
101P. villosum紫毛兜兰中国、印度、老挝、缅甸、泰国、马来西亚、文莱、印度尼西亚、越南、柬埔寨
P. villosum var. annamense安南兜兰(白边兜兰)中国、老挝、越南
P. villosum var. boxallii包氏兜兰中国、缅甸、越南
P. villosum var. densissimum密毛兜兰中国
P. villosum var. laichaunum紫毛兜兰变种越南
P. villosum var. villosum紫毛兜兰原变种中国、印度、越南、柬埔寨、老挝
102P. viniferum葡色兜兰缅甸
103P. violascens青紫兜兰印度尼西亚、巴布亚新几内亚、所罗门群岛
P. violascens var. bougainvilleanum青紫兜兰变种所罗门群岛
P. violascens var. saskianum青紫兜兰变种所罗门群岛
P. violascens var. violascens青紫兜兰变种巴布亚新几内亚
104P. wardii彩云兜兰中国、缅甸
105P. wenshanense文山兜兰中国
106P. wentworthianum所罗门兜兰巴布亚新几内亚、所罗门群岛
107P. wilhelminae威氏兜兰印度尼西亚、巴布亚新几内亚
108P. xichouense西畴兜兰中国
109P. zulhermanianum苏荷曼兜兰印度尼西亚
), ArticleFig(id=1276269237664609257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276262757771117049, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Countries and species of Paphiopedilum in the world

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国家(种类数)Country (number)种类名称Species name
印度尼西亚(42)Paphiopedilum agusii、P. anitanum、P. ayubianum、P. barbatum、P. braemii、P. bullenianum、P. bungebelangi、P. dayanum、P. dodyanum、P. gigantifolium、P. glanduliferum、P. glaucophyllum、P. hookerae、P. intaniae、P.javanicum、P. kolopakingii、P. liemianum、P. lowii、P. lunatum、P. mastersianum、P. moquetteanum、P. nataschae、P. niveum、P. papuanum、P. philippinense、P. primulinum、P. richardianum、P. robinsonianum、P. rohmanii、P.sanderianum、P. sangii、P. schoseri、P. stonei、P. supardii、P. superbiens、P. tonsum、P. victoria-mariae、P.victoria-regina、P. villosum、P. violascens、P. wilhelminae、P. zulhermanianum
中国(34)Paphiopedilum appletonianum、P. areeanum、P. armeniacum、P. barbigerum、P. bellatulum、P. canhii、P.charlesworthii、P. concolor、P. cornuatum、P. delenatii、P. dianthum、P. emersonii、P. gratrixianum、P. hangianum、P. helenae、P. henryanum、P. hirsutissimum、P. insigne、P. jackii、P. malipoense、P. micranthum、P. notatisepalum、P. parishii、P. purpuratum、P. qingyongii、P. spicerianum、P. stenolomum、P. tigrinum、P. tranlienianum、P. venustum、P. villosum、P. wardii、P. wenshanense、P. xichouense
越南(25)Paphiopedilum appletonianum、P. barbigerum、P. bellatulum、P. callosum、P. canhii、P. coccineum、P. concolor、P. delenatii、P. dianthum、P. emersonii、P. gratrixianum、P. hangianum、P. helenae、P. henryanum、P. herrmannii、P. hirsutissimum、P. jackii、P. malipoense、P. micranthum、P. purpuratum、P. tranlienianum、P. trungkienii、P.vejvarutianum、P. vietnamense、P. villosum
泰国(19)Paphiopedilum appletonianum、P. barbatum、P. barbigerum、P. bellatulum、P. bullenianum、P. callosum、P.charlesworthii、P. concolor、P. exul、P. godefroyae、P. hirsutissimum、P. leucochilum、P. lowii、P. niveum、P. parishii、P. sukhakulii、P. thaianum、P. vejvarutianum、P. villosum
缅甸(18)Paphiopedilum areeanum、P. barbatum、P. bellatulum、P. bullenianum、P. callosum、P. charlesworthii、P. concolor、P. hirsutissimum、P. lowii、P. myanmaricum、P. niveum、P. parishii、P. spicerianum、P. sukhakulii、P. tigrinum、P. villosum、P. viniferum、P. wardii
马来西亚(17)Paphiopedilum barbatum、P. bullenianum、P. callosum、P. dayanum、P. hookerae、P. inamorii、P. javanicum、P.lawrenceanum、P. lowii、P. niveum、P. ooii、P. philippinense、P. platyphyllum、P. rothschildianum、P. sanderianum、P. stonei、P. sugiyamanum、P. villosum
老挝(13)Paphiopedilum appletonianum、P. barbigerum、P. bellatulum、P. callosum、P. concolor、P. dianthum、P. gratrixianum、P. hirsutissimum、P. malipoense、P. papilio-laoticus、P. parishii、P. rungsuriyanum、P. villosum
菲律宾(11)Paphiopedilum acmodontum、P. adductum、P. argus、P. ciliolare、P. fowliei、P. haynaldianum、P. hennisianum、P. parnatanum、P. philippinense、P. randsii、P. urbanianum
柬埔寨(9)Paphiopedilum appletonianum、P. barbigerum、P. bellatulum、P. callosum、P. concolor、P. dianthum、P. gratrixianum、P. malipoense、P. villosum
印度(9)Paphiopedilum charlesworthii、P. druryi、P. fairrieanum、P. hirsutissimum、P. insigne、P. parishii、P. spicerianum、P. venustum、P. villosum
文莱(7)Paphiopedilum bullenianum、P. dayanum、P. hookerae、P. javanicum、P. philippinense、P. stonei、P. villosum
新加坡(5)Paphiopedilum barbatum、P. bullenianum、P. callosum、P. lowii、P. niveum
不丹(4)Paphiopedilum fairrieanum、P. hirsutissimum、P. spicerianum、P. venustum
巴布亚新几内亚(4)Paphiopedilum papuanum、P. violascens、P. wentworthianum、P. wilhelminae
孟加拉国(2)Paphiopedilum insigne、P. venustum
所罗门群岛(2)Paphiopedilum violascens、P. wentworthianum
尼泊尔(1)Paphiopedilum venustum
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兜兰属植物在世界的分布

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国家(种类数)Country (number)种类名称Species name
印度尼西亚(42)Paphiopedilum agusii、P. anitanum、P. ayubianum、P. barbatum、P. braemii、P. bullenianum、P. bungebelangi、P. dayanum、P. dodyanum、P. gigantifolium、P. glanduliferum、P. glaucophyllum、P. hookerae、P. intaniae、P.javanicum、P. kolopakingii、P. liemianum、P. lowii、P. lunatum、P. mastersianum、P. moquetteanum、P. nataschae、P. niveum、P. papuanum、P. philippinense、P. primulinum、P. richardianum、P. robinsonianum、P. rohmanii、P.sanderianum、P. sangii、P. schoseri、P. stonei、P. supardii、P. superbiens、P. tonsum、P. victoria-mariae、P.victoria-regina、P. villosum、P. violascens、P. wilhelminae、P. zulhermanianum
中国(34)Paphiopedilum appletonianum、P. areeanum、P. armeniacum、P. barbigerum、P. bellatulum、P. canhii、P.charlesworthii、P. concolor、P. cornuatum、P. delenatii、P. dianthum、P. emersonii、P. gratrixianum、P. hangianum、P. helenae、P. henryanum、P. hirsutissimum、P. insigne、P. jackii、P. malipoense、P. micranthum、P. notatisepalum、P. parishii、P. purpuratum、P. qingyongii、P. spicerianum、P. stenolomum、P. tigrinum、P. tranlienianum、P. venustum、P. villosum、P. wardii、P. wenshanense、P. xichouense
越南(25)Paphiopedilum appletonianum、P. barbigerum、P. bellatulum、P. callosum、P. canhii、P. coccineum、P. concolor、P. delenatii、P. dianthum、P. emersonii、P. gratrixianum、P. hangianum、P. helenae、P. henryanum、P. herrmannii、P. hirsutissimum、P. jackii、P. malipoense、P. micranthum、P. purpuratum、P. tranlienianum、P. trungkienii、P.vejvarutianum、P. vietnamense、P. villosum
泰国(19)Paphiopedilum appletonianum、P. barbatum、P. barbigerum、P. bellatulum、P. bullenianum、P. callosum、P.charlesworthii、P. concolor、P. exul、P. godefroyae、P. hirsutissimum、P. leucochilum、P. lowii、P. niveum、P. parishii、P. sukhakulii、P. thaianum、P. vejvarutianum、P. villosum
缅甸(18)Paphiopedilum areeanum、P. barbatum、P. bellatulum、P. bullenianum、P. callosum、P. charlesworthii、P. concolor、P. hirsutissimum、P. lowii、P. myanmaricum、P. niveum、P. parishii、P. spicerianum、P. sukhakulii、P. tigrinum、P. villosum、P. viniferum、P. wardii
马来西亚(17)Paphiopedilum barbatum、P. bullenianum、P. callosum、P. dayanum、P. hookerae、P. inamorii、P. javanicum、P.lawrenceanum、P. lowii、P. niveum、P. ooii、P. philippinense、P. platyphyllum、P. rothschildianum、P. sanderianum、P. stonei、P. sugiyamanum、P. villosum
老挝(13)Paphiopedilum appletonianum、P. barbigerum、P. bellatulum、P. callosum、P. concolor、P. dianthum、P. gratrixianum、P. hirsutissimum、P. malipoense、P. papilio-laoticus、P. parishii、P. rungsuriyanum、P. villosum
菲律宾(11)Paphiopedilum acmodontum、P. adductum、P. argus、P. ciliolare、P. fowliei、P. haynaldianum、P. hennisianum、P. parnatanum、P. philippinense、P. randsii、P. urbanianum
柬埔寨(9)Paphiopedilum appletonianum、P. barbigerum、P. bellatulum、P. callosum、P. concolor、P. dianthum、P. gratrixianum、P. malipoense、P. villosum
印度(9)Paphiopedilum charlesworthii、P. druryi、P. fairrieanum、P. hirsutissimum、P. insigne、P. parishii、P. spicerianum、P. venustum、P. villosum
文莱(7)Paphiopedilum bullenianum、P. dayanum、P. hookerae、P. javanicum、P. philippinense、P. stonei、P. villosum
新加坡(5)Paphiopedilum barbatum、P. bullenianum、P. callosum、P. lowii、P. niveum
不丹(4)Paphiopedilum fairrieanum、P. hirsutissimum、P. spicerianum、P. venustum
巴布亚新几内亚(4)Paphiopedilum papuanum、P. violascens、P. wentworthianum、P. wilhelminae
孟加拉国(2)Paphiopedilum insigne、P. venustum
所罗门群岛(2)Paphiopedilum violascens、P. wentworthianum
尼泊尔(1)Paphiopedilum venustum
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Provinces and species of Paphiopedilum in China

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省份(种类数)Province (number)种类名称Species name
云南(30)Paphiopedilum appletonianum、P. areeanum、P. armeniacum、P. barbigerum、P. bellatulum、P. canhii、P. charlesworthii、P. concolor、P. cornuatum、P. delenatii、P. dianthum、P. gratrixianum、P. hangianum、P. henryanum、P. hirsutissimum、P. insigne、P. jackii、P. malipoense、P. micranthum、P. notatisepalum、P. parishii、P. purpuratum、P. spicerianum、P. stenolomum、P. tigrinum、P. tranlienianum、P. villosum、P. wardii、P. wenshanense、P. xichouense
广西(15)Paphiopedilum appletonianum、P. barbigerum、P. bellatulum、P. concolor、P. delenatii、P. dianthum、P. emersonii、P. hangianum、P. helenae、P. henryanum、P. hirsutissimum、P. malipoense、P. micranthum、P. purpuratum、P. villosum
贵州(8)Paphiopedilum barbigerum、P. bellatulum、P. concolor、P. dianthum、P. emersonii、P. hirsutissimum、P. malipoense、P. micranthum
广东(4)Paphiopedilum barbigerum、P. purpuratum、P. gratrixianum var. guangdongense、P. micranthum
重庆(2)Paphiopedilum malipoense、P. micranthum
海南(2)Paphiopedilum appletonianum、P. purpuratum
西藏(2)Paphiopedilum qingyongii、Paphiopedilum venustum
四川(1)Paphiopedilum delenatii
湖南(1)Paphiopedilum micranthum
福建(1)Paphiopedilum purpuratum
香港(1)Paphiopedilum purpuratum
), ArticleFig(id=1276269237891101676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276262757771117049, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

兜兰属植物在中国的分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
省份(种类数)Province (number)种类名称Species name
云南(30)Paphiopedilum appletonianum、P. areeanum、P. armeniacum、P. barbigerum、P. bellatulum、P. canhii、P. charlesworthii、P. concolor、P. cornuatum、P. delenatii、P. dianthum、P. gratrixianum、P. hangianum、P. henryanum、P. hirsutissimum、P. insigne、P. jackii、P. malipoense、P. micranthum、P. notatisepalum、P. parishii、P. purpuratum、P. spicerianum、P. stenolomum、P. tigrinum、P. tranlienianum、P. villosum、P. wardii、P. wenshanense、P. xichouense
广西(15)Paphiopedilum appletonianum、P. barbigerum、P. bellatulum、P. concolor、P. delenatii、P. dianthum、P. emersonii、P. hangianum、P. helenae、P. henryanum、P. hirsutissimum、P. malipoense、P. micranthum、P. purpuratum、P. villosum
贵州(8)Paphiopedilum barbigerum、P. bellatulum、P. concolor、P. dianthum、P. emersonii、P. hirsutissimum、P. malipoense、P. micranthum
广东(4)Paphiopedilum barbigerum、P. purpuratum、P. gratrixianum var. guangdongense、P. micranthum
重庆(2)Paphiopedilum malipoense、P. micranthum
海南(2)Paphiopedilum appletonianum、P. purpuratum
西藏(2)Paphiopedilum qingyongii、Paphiopedilum venustum
四川(1)Paphiopedilum delenatii
湖南(1)Paphiopedilum micranthum
福建(1)Paphiopedilum purpuratum
香港(1)Paphiopedilum purpuratum
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兜兰属植物种类及地理分布
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张佳瑞 1, 2 , 房林 1 , 曾晶珏 1 , 李琳 1 , 吴坤林 1 , 曾宋君 1, 3, *
热带作物学报 | 种质资源与遗传育种 2024,45(8): 1572-1584
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热带作物学报 |种质资源与遗传育种 2024 , 45 (8) : 1572 -1584
兜兰属植物种类及地理分布
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张佳瑞1, 2, 房林1, 曾晶珏1, 李琳1, 吴坤林1, 曾宋君1, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国科学院华南植物园华南农业植物分子分析和遗传改良重点实验室,广东广州 510650
  • 2.中国科学院大学,北京 100049
  • 3.中国科学院华南植物园广东省应用植物学重点实验室,广东广州 510650
通讯作者:
* 曾宋君(ZENG Songjun),E-mail:
Species and Geographical Distribution of Paphiopedilum
Jiarui ZHANG1, 2, Lin FANG1, Jingjue ZENG1, Lin LI1, Kunlin WU1, Songjun ZENG1, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510650, China
  • 2.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • 3.Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510650, China
出版时间: 2024-08-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.08.006
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兜兰花形独特、花色丰富、花期长,具有极高观赏价值,是兰科植物最具观赏价值的类群之一。由于野生资源盗挖严重和其生存环境的破坏,野生资源不断减少,兜兰现成为世界上最濒危的物种之一。本研究通过文献检索法对兜兰属植物在世界和中国的地理分布及生境进行分析,特别关注近年来发表的新种,能为野生兜兰种质资源的保护和利用提供参考。目前全世界约有109种兜兰属植物,26个变种,中国自2009年《中国植物志》英文版后,在原有27种兜兰属植物的基础上,又发现了7个新种,该时期全世界发现的新种有30个。兜兰属植物大多分布在热带和亚热带过渡地区,起源于中国西南部和东南亚,随后向东南亚群岛扩散,印度尼西亚(苏拉威西、爪哇等)和中国(云南、广西等)是兜兰属植物的分布中心区。影响兜兰属分布的因素主要有气候、地形地貌、土壤、共生微生物、传粉昆虫等。

兜兰  /  地理分布  /  新种类  /  保护

Paphiopedilum is one of the most valuable orchid groups with its unique shape, rich flower colors and long flowering period. The shape of the lip of Paphiopedilum is peculiar, and it is specialized as a pouch or helmet, it looks like a lady’s slippers, so it is also known as the slipper orchid. However, due to the low seed germination rate of Paphiopedilum, low propagation rate of traditional division propagation, immature tissue culture propagation technology, and relatively difficult to cultivate, it is difficult to meet the market demand through artificial breeding. Resulting in the serious exploitation of wild resources and the destruction of its living environment, wild resources continue to decrease, Paphiopedilum is now one of the most endangered species in the world. In this paper, the geographical distribution and habitat of Paphiopedilum in the world and China were analyzed by means of literature retrieval, with special attention to the new species published in recent years, which can provide reference for the conservation and utilization of wild Paphiopedilum germplasm resources. Understanding the geographical distribution characteristics of Paphiopedilum is of great significance for in situ and ex situ conservation of Paphiopedilum germplasm resources. At present, there are about 109 species and 26 varieties of Paphiopedilum in the world. Since the English edition of the Flora of China in 2009, 7 new species of Paphiopedilum have been discovered in China, on the basis of the original 27 species of Paphiopedilum, and 30 new species have been discovered in the world during this period. Paphiopedilum mostly distributed in tropical and subtropical transition areas, originated in southwest China and Southeast Asia, and then spread to Southeast Asian islands, Indonesia (Sulawesi, Java etc.) and China (Yunnan, Guangxi etc.) are the distribution centers of Paphiopedilum. The main factors affecting the distribution of Paphiopedilum are climate, topography, soil, symbiotic microorganisms, pollinators and so on. The distribution pattern of Paphiopedilum is influenced by both large scale (climate factor) and small scale (small habitat, such as landform, soil, etc.). Paphiopedilum may gradually spread and migrate to areas within its temperature tolerance range. In the past 50 years, the high latitude area has warmed more, and the suitable area for the growth of Paphiopedilum has expanded, resulting in its distribution range spreading or migrating to high latitudes and high altitudes. The seasonal temperature changes may cause the distribution of Paphiopedilum plants (Paph. subgenus Brachypetalum) to shift to higher or lower latitudes. The phenology, morphology and genes of Paphiopedilum plants may also undergo certain changes, and the number of species that do not adapt to environmental changes will gradually decrease until extinction, and new species will continue to emerge. The distribution of Paphiopedilum is also affected by topography, soil physical and chemical properties, soil microorganisms and other factors. Microorganisms in soil, especially fungi, can promote the germination of Paphiopedilum seeds. If fungi that are mutually beneficial to Paphiopedilum are lacking in the new habitat, the seeds of Paphiopedilum may not germinate smoothly, and the population of Paphiopedilum may be restricted to a specific area. The distribution of Paphiopedilum is also closely related to pollinators, and the species, quantity and distribution of pollinators affect the distribution pattern of the corresponding Paphiopedilum. Pollinating insects of Paphiopedilum are abundant, mainly belonging to the family of Syrphidae, and insects of Apidae, Halictidae, Colletidae and Megachilidae can also be used as pollinators for Paphiopedilum. There is usually more than one effective pollinator of each Paphiopedilum species. The study on the geographical distribution pattern of Paphiopedilum would provide reliable evidence for the species evolution between genera and within genera. The more primitive Paphiopedilum was mostly terrestrial, while the more evolved Paphiopedilum evolve into semi-epiphytic or epiphytic orchids due to environmental adaptation and competitive pressure, growing on cliffs or between rocks.

Paphiopedilum  /  geographical distribution  /  new species  /  conservation
张佳瑞, 房林, 曾晶珏, 李琳, 吴坤林, 曾宋君. 兜兰属植物种类及地理分布. 热带作物学报, 2024 , 45 (8) : 1572 -1584 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.08.006
Jiarui ZHANG, Lin FANG, Jingjue ZENG, Lin LI, Kunlin WU, Songjun ZENG. Species and Geographical Distribution of Paphiopedilum[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2024 , 45 (8) : 1572 -1584 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.08.006
兜兰(Paphiopedilum)是兰科植物最具观赏价值的类群之一。主要分布在亚洲热带地区至太平洋岛屿[1]。其唇瓣造型奇特,特化为囊状或盔状,外形酷似女士的拖鞋,故又名拖鞋兰。兜兰的属名“Paphiopedilum”中的“Paphio”在希腊文中是指爱神Venus,而“pedilum”是拖鞋的意思[2]。兜兰属植物花色丰富,有自然界少见的鲜黄色的杏黄兜兰(P. armeniacum),也有自然界少见的黄绿色花并带香味的麻栗坡兜兰(P. malipoense),除了花色、花型外,兜兰花瓣上的条纹、斑点也极为丰富,如皇后兜兰(P. sanderianum)的花瓣株高只有几十厘米,花瓣长度可达1 m,报春兜兰(P. primulinum,又称黄花兜兰)一花序上有7~8朵花,连续开花,每朵可持续1个月左右,整个花序的花期超过半年。自从兜兰属植物在自然界中被发现以来,一直是国际花卉市场上的明星花卉,拥有众多的爱好者。但由于目前兜兰种子萌发率低、传统的分株繁殖速度慢、组培繁殖技术还不成熟、栽培难度较大等原因,难以通过人工繁育来满足市场需要,导致野生兜兰被大量盗挖,加之由于人类活动加剧使兜兰的生存环境遭到破坏,目前兜兰属植物所有野生种均被列入《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》(CITES)附录I而被禁止交易[3]。但近年来全球加强了对珍稀植物的保护,加大了对野生种质资源的调查,有不少兜兰新种被发现,了解兜兰属植物地理分布特点,对兜兰种质资源的就地和迁地保护、产业化生产均具有重要意义。
兜兰属隶属于兰科2雄蕊亚科,同亚科的还有杓兰属(Cypripedium)、美洲兜兰属(Phragmipedium)2个属,其中兜兰属与杓兰属亲缘关系更近,可能是杓兰属向热带地区的一个进化支[1-4]。根据The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families(WCSP)(2023年10月)最新数据统计,目前全世界约有109种兜兰属植物,26个变种(表1[5]。而中国自2009年《中国植物志》英文版后,在原有27种兜兰属植物的基础上,又发现了7个新种,该时期全世界发现的新种有30个。
兜兰属主要分布在热带及亚热带林下,从亚洲热带至太平洋岛屿均有分布[1],兜兰属大部分物种分布在海拔1000~1500 m的山林中,斑叶种喜温,绿叶种喜凉,绝大多数为地生兰,极少数为附生兰或石生兰[2],石生兜兰喜石灰岩生境,是适应能力强、更新替代快的类群,若地理隔离,很有可能进一步产生生殖隔离,分化成不同亚种、物种或更高阶元的分类群[6]
世界上有兜兰分布的国家共17个,包括印度尼西亚(42种)、中国(34种)、越南(25种)、泰国(19种)、缅甸(18种)、马来西亚(17种)、老挝(13种)、菲律宾(11种)、柬埔寨(9种)、印度(9种)、文莱(7种)、新加坡(5种)、不丹(4种)、巴布亚新几内亚(4种)、孟加拉国(2种)、所罗门群岛(2种)和尼泊尔(1种),其中印度尼西亚和中国兜兰属植物种类最为丰富,超过30种(表2)。
印度尼西亚是世界上兜兰属植物分布最多的国家,共有兜兰42种(表2),主要分布在印度尼西亚的西南部和中部,苏门答腊、苏拉威西和爪哇是印尼兜兰属植物分布最多的区域。印度尼西亚近20年发现的新种约有10个:阿戈斯兜兰(P. agusii[7]、安塔兜兰(P. anitanum[8]、亚雨巴兜兰(P. ayubianum[9]、美花兜兰(P. bungebelangi[10]、多迪兜兰(P. dodyanum[11]、月牙兜兰(P. lunatum[10]、那塔兜兰(P. nataschae[12]、罗宾森兜兰(P. robinsonianum[13]、拉曼兜兰(P. rohmanii[14]、苏荷曼兜兰(P. zulhermanianum[15]。阿戈斯兜兰和安塔兜兰是METUSALA等[7]2017年发表的2个新种,前者发现于爪哇中部,2018年CAVESTRO等[16]还发现阿戈斯兜兰的绿白变型——P. agusii forma alboviride;后者发现于苏拉威西中部[8]。亚雨巴兜兰和美花兜兰均分布在苏拉威西Aceh省中部地区,前者生长在海拔1300~1600 m林下的落叶层中,在Aceh省内形成几个小种群,后者仅生长在海拔1550~1650 m的林下石灰岩斜坡上的落叶层中,分布范围小[9-10]。多迪兜兰分布在Aceh省Gayo地区,具体分布位置未见报道[11]。月牙兜兰也分布在Aceh省,生长在海拔1300~1600 m林下[10]。那塔兜兰、罗宾森兜兰、拉曼兜兰和苏荷曼兜兰也分布在苏拉威西[12-15]
越南的兜兰属植物集中分布在越南北部,有25种(表2),近20年发现的新种有3种:耿氏兜兰(P. canhii[17]、砖色兜兰(P. coccineum[18]、忠坚兜兰(P. trungkienii[19]。耿氏兜兰是2010年在越南西北部发现的新种,且为地方特有种,生于海拔1500 m左右的石灰岩峭壁上[17],但VERYANOV等[20]4年后在老挝Phou Phachao山背阴面的悬崖岩壁也发现此种兜兰,而Checklist中未记载老挝分布有耿氏兜兰。砖色兜兰分布在越南中部,生长在海拔600~1000 m的石灰岩缝中[18]。忠坚兜兰分布在越南北部Thai Nguyen省,生长在海拔500~600 m常绿阔叶林林下的石灰岩上[19]。随后,耿氏兜兰和砖色兜兰在中国发现也有分布。
泰国有兜兰19种(表2),在《中国植物志》英文版收录外,发现有2个新种泰国兜兰(P. thaianum)和维珍瓦特兜兰(P. vejvarutianum),前者生长在泰国海拔350~450 m的石灰岩峭壁或林下腐殖质中[21];后者生长在泰国海拔500~750 m林下[22]
马来西亚的兜兰属植物主要分布在沙巴和砂拉越,有兜兰17种(表2),近20年新种有2种:稻盛兜兰(P. inamorii)、阔叶兜兰(P. platyphyllum),前者发现于沙巴州海拔1600 m左右的林下[23],后者发现于砂拉越海拔800 m的Bukit Kana山顶附近[24]
老挝有兜兰13种(表2),近20年新种有2种:蝶目兜兰(P. papilio-laoticus)和郎鲁安兜兰(P. rungsuriyanum),前者的分布与老挝的石灰岩地区联系紧密,老挝的石灰岩岩溶地区范围广,未来有可能会发现更多兜兰新种,蝶目兜兰种名“papilio”来源于拉丁语,意为蝴蝶,指蝶目兜兰巨大华丽的中萼片似蝴蝶翅膀,“laoticus”则指老挝[25];郎鲁安兜兰亦是石生种,喜生于石灰岩上[2628]
缅甸的兜兰属植物主要分布在缅甸北部,有兜兰18种(表2),近20年新种有1种:缅甸兜兰(P. myanmaricum),分布在缅甸南部,具体位置不详,生于林下和石灰岩峭壁上[29]。葡色兜兰(P. viniferum)发现于2000年,生于缅甸潮湿热带雨林林下,现为P. callosum var. callosum的异名[30]
除菲律宾有11种兜兰外,柬埔寨、印度、文莱、新加坡、不丹、巴布亚新几内亚、孟加拉国、所罗门群岛、尼泊尔的兜兰属植物均少于10种(表2),近年均无新种发现。
中国是兜兰属植物的中心分布区之一[31],也是兜兰属生态多样性中心[32],中国现有兜兰属植物约34种,兜兰属植物集中分布在中国西南部至南部省、市或自治区等:其中云南(30种)、广西(15种)、贵州(8种)、广东(4种,硬叶兜兰最近在阳春被发现)、海南(2种)、重庆(2种)、西藏(2种),福建、香港、湖南和四川均只有1种(表3)。其中云南(南部及西南部)、广西(西部)和贵州(西南部)三省(区)的兜兰物种最为丰富。
云南省是我国生物多样性的中心,也是兜兰属植物的分布中心,在我国分布的34个种中,除分布于广西的白花兜兰(P. emersonii)和巧花兜兰(P. helenae,又称海伦兜兰)、分布于西藏的秀丽兜兰(P. venustum)和清涌兜兰(P. qingyongii[33]外,在云南均有分布。兜兰在云南主要分布于西部和东南部,横断山脉河谷至东南丘陵地带分布集中[34],其中文山壮族苗族自治州分布的种类最多,分布于云南的30种兜兰植物(表3),有一半以上在文山有分布。文山为典型喀斯特地貌(石灰岩溶地貌),兜兰属植物喜欢在这种石灰岩山坡林、灌草丛中或石壁之上生长[35]。云南省近20年在《中国植物志》英文版发表后,新发现当时未记录的兜兰有5种,包括耿氏兜兰、角凸兜兰(P. cornuatum)、紫斑兜兰(P. notatisepalum)、狭边兜兰(P. stenolomum)、西畴兜兰(P. xichouense)。WCSP中报道耿氏兜兰在中国云南到越南北部均有分布[17]。角凸兜兰发现于云南中南部,普洱市无量山小景谷海拔约1500 m的地方[36]。紫斑兜兰发现于云南麻栗坡石灰岩缝隙或峭壁上,它与亨利兜兰(P. henryanum)有些相似,但形态学和DNA证据都证明紫斑兜兰有别于其他兜兰属植物,可作为新种处理[37]。狭边兜兰在云南具体分布地不详[38]。西畴兜兰在云南东南部西畴县、麻栗坡县,广西北部(柳州以北)也有分布,生于海拔1000~1300 m的石灰岩地区[39]
广西壮族自治区是我国兜兰分布第二多的省份,有15种,主要分布在广西西北部、西部和西南部,其中白花兜兰和巧花兜兰是我国地区特有种,而我国唯一的国家级兰花自然保护区广西雅长兰科植物国家级自然保护区中有3种兜兰,包括带叶兜兰(P. hirsutissimum)、硬叶兜兰(P. micranthum)和长瓣兜兰(P. dianthum),其中带叶兜兰是世界上最大的野生兜兰居群,而广西木论国家级自然保护区有兜兰属植物小叶兜兰、硬叶兜兰、白花兜兰、麻栗坡兜兰和带叶兜兰5种(表3)。广西的兜兰属植物如巧花兜兰、小叶兜兰、白花兜兰、带叶兜兰等多生长在腐殖质丰富的石缝间,为半附生兰[40]
贵州省的兜兰属植物主要分布在贵州南部及西南部,有长瓣兜兰、小叶兜兰、带叶兜兰等8种(表3)。不同种类的兜兰在贵州分布面积不同,自然分布点不均匀,分布点保护率不高,兜兰属植物仍面临威胁,除人为因素外,自然因素也是兜兰濒危的重要原因,如干旱、生境退化、破碎化[41]和生境高度依赖等。某些兜兰种类局限生长在无霜期长、喀斯特地貌明显、小生境复杂的地区,在通风透气、水热条件好的山脊和陡崖上容易生长,海拔高、水热条件差的贵州西北部和非喀斯特地貌的东南部低山丘陵基本无兜兰分布[41-42]。施金竹等[41]2019年7月至2020年11月对贵州省兜兰属植物种类、分布等进行调查,在贵州盘州未发现文献中记载的杏黄兜兰和贵州兴义记载的文山兜兰,在查询资料时也未发现贵州省有这2种兜兰的分布,杏黄兜兰主要分布在云南,沿怒江分布,南至施甸县,北至福贡县北部和维西县西南部),Checklist中显示越南北部也有可能分布。施甸县位于云南西部的保山市,福贡县和维西县分别在云南西北部的怒江傈傈族自治州和迪庆藏族自治州,盘州市位于贵州西南部,盘州与杏黄兜兰在云南的分布地跨越了云南中部和东部,施金竹等[41]的研究在贵州未发现杏黄兜兰可能是因为杏黄兜兰在贵州已野外灭绝,也有可能是文献记载有误。前文提到文山兜兰则生长在云南文山壮族苗族自治州,文献记载的兴义市位于贵州西南部,与广西和云南曲靖市交界,距离文山壮族苗族自治州亦有一定距离,施金竹等[41]在野外也未找到文山兜兰可能同样是因为其在贵州野外灭绝,或是由于文山兜兰与巨瓣兜兰2个相近种难区分,邓朝义等[43]将巨瓣兜兰误认为是文山兜兰,发表了文山兜兰新分布记录。故本文仍按贵州有8个种处理。
广东省的兜兰属植物主要分布在广东西南部,作者确定的有紫纹兜兰(P. purpuratum)、小叶兜兰和广东兜兰(P. guangdongense)及近年在阳春发现的硬叶兜兰4种,而某些文献报道中还有白花兜兰分布[44-45],但多数文献提及白花兜兰仅分布于广西环江县和贵州荔波县[46-47],笔者团队在广东省兰科植物的调查中未见有其分布,标本馆中也未找到分布于广东的白花兜兰标本。紫纹兜兰是一个广布种,在广东分布于其西南部、东部和南部,在阳春市、茂名市、深圳市、河源市、龙门县和阳西县等均有分布[48],常生长在山体东南坡,群居生长,喜生长在腐殖质丰富、湿度大、通风排水良好的林下或石缝间。小叶兜兰是广东新纪录种,生长在阳春市海拔较低的石灰岩上[49]。广东兜兰是2010年发表的新种[50],与格力兜兰(P. gratrixianum)的亲缘关系较近,Plants of the World Online将其定为格力兜兰的变种P. gratrixianum var. guangdongense[51]
西藏的兜兰属植物有秀丽兜兰和清涌兜兰2种,主要分布于西藏的东南部至西南部。秀丽兜兰早在1888年就被发现,在尼泊尔东部至东北部,孟加拉国、不丹等国家也有分布,在中国主要分布于西藏的墨脱和定洁[52];清涌兜兰是2010年在墨脱海拔1250 m的地方发现并被发表的新种,它与秀丽兜兰相似,但二者花瓣形态不同,秀丽兜兰花瓣平展,清涌兜兰花瓣向下弯曲[33]
中国其他省份分布的兜兰较少,通常只有1~2种,如海南有卷萼兜兰(P. appletonianum)和紫纹兜兰;重庆分别有麻栗坡兜兰和硬叶兜兰;福建、香港、湖南和四川均只有1种兜兰(表3)。
兜兰属植物大多分布在热带和亚热带过渡地区,起源于中国西南部和东南亚,随后向东南亚群岛扩散,印度尼西亚的苏拉威西和爪哇、中国云南、广西等地是兜兰属植物的分布中心区[34]。影响兜兰属分布的因素主要有气候、地形地貌、土壤、共生微生物、传粉昆虫等。
地理大尺度(气候因子)和地理小尺度(小生境,如地形地貌、土壤等)共同影响兜兰属植物的分布格局。兜兰属(宽瓣亚属)的沿经度分布与昼夜温差、最暖季度平均气温、最冷季度平均气温、降水变异系数等气候因子相关,沿纬度分布与最冷季度平均气温、最湿季度降水量、年平均气温变化范围等气候因子相关[34],气候变化可能破坏植物的生境,导致物种群落的重新形成,也有可能导致植物灭绝。全球变暖一定程度上影响植物的分布,促使植物向高海拔、高纬度地区迁移[53],降水量影响生物的生态环境,进而改变其分布格局[54]。兜兰属植物可能逐步扩散、迁移到其代谢温度耐受范围内的区域。近50年内高纬度地区变暖更多,适宜兜兰属植物生长的区域扩大,导致其分布范围向高纬度、高海拔的地方扩散或迁移;不同季度温度变化可能导致兜兰属(宽瓣亚属)植物的分布向高纬度或低纬度偏移。兜兰属植物的物候、形态、基因可能也会发生一定变化,不适应环境变化的物种数量逐渐减少,直至灭绝,新的物种也会不断产生。
除了气候因子,兜兰属植物分布还会受到地形地貌、土壤理化性质、土壤微生物等因素的影响[34],有的兜兰属植物喜生长在石灰岩地区,有的兜兰喜生长在悬崖石缝,有的兜兰喜生长在腐殖质丰富、潮湿的林下;土壤中的微生物,特别是真菌,对兜兰属植物种子的萌发有促进作用,若新的生境中缺少与兜兰互惠互利的真菌,兜兰属植物种子可能难以顺利萌发,种群被限制在特定的区域。
兜兰属植物的分布也与传粉昆虫密切相关,传粉昆虫的种类、数量和分布等影响相应兜兰的分布格局。兜兰属植物的传粉昆虫种类较为丰富,主要为食蚜蝇科的昆虫,蜜蜂科(Apidae)、隧蜂科(Halictidae)、分舌蜂科(Colletidae)、切叶蜂科(Megachilidae)的昆虫亦可为兜兰传粉[55-56],每种兜兰的有效传粉昆虫一般不止一种。兜兰采取欺骗性传粉策略,如杏黄兜兰为食源性欺骗植物,其本身不产花蜜,但其花期与金丝桃科的栽秧花[俗名黄花香(Hypericum beanii)]的花期相近,二者花色、花香相似,杏黄兜兰的花香远距离吸引传粉昆虫(嗅觉吸引),花色吸引传粉昆虫靠近,退化雄蕊、唇瓣上的斑纹、紫褐色的花药吸引传粉昆虫(长尾管蚜蝇Eristalis tenax、莫芦蜂Ceratina morawitzi和领淡脉隧蜂Lasioglossum spinodorsum等昆虫)进入唇瓣(视觉吸引),传粉昆虫通过兜兰精心设计的“逃生通道”时为兜兰授粉,杏黄兜兰的传粉昆虫也会取食其伴生植物栽秧花的花粉[55],若杏黄兜兰的伴生植物栽秧花因气候、土壤、人为砍伐等原因数量减少,杏黄兜兰的传粉也会受到极大的影响。若氏兜兰(P. rothschildianum)主要是产卵地欺骗(或育雏地欺骗)植物,它花瓣上的斑点、疣突与蚜虫若虫、成虫相似,而食蚜蝇的幼虫以蚜虫为食,雌性食蚜蝇更倾向于将卵产在食物充足的地方,利于后代的顺利成长,因此若氏兜兰能顺利吸引传粉昆虫,如雌性斑翅蚜蝇(Dideopsis aegrota[57];飘带兜兰(P. parishii)、胼胝兜兰(P. callosum)、和缘毛兜兰(P. ciliolare)等也通过产卵地欺骗吸引传粉昆虫[56]。有些兜兰可能采取多种欺骗手段,如紫毛兜兰(P. villosum)食源性欺骗和产卵地欺骗兼而有之(前者占主导地位),其主要传粉昆虫是食蚜蝇科(Syrphidae)的雌虫[57]。杏黄兜兰仅分布在中国,若氏兜兰仅分布在马来西亚,这2种兜兰分别侧重其中一种欺骗性策略,紫毛兜兰在中国、印度、老挝、缅甸、泰国、马来西亚、文莱、印度尼西亚、越南、柬埔寨10个国家均有分布,紫毛兜兰比前2种兜兰分布广,说明采取多种欺骗策略的兜兰比依靠单一欺骗策略更有优势,传粉效率更高,能有更多后代和基因变异,适应环境能力更强,分布更广。
兜兰属植物地理分布格局的研究为兜兰属间、属内亚属间物种演化提供可靠证据。兜兰属中最为原始的种类是短瓣亚属的兜兰,主要分布在中国云南和马来西亚半岛,有麻栗坡兜兰、硬叶兜兰、杏黄兜兰、同色兜兰(P. concolor)、巨瓣兜兰(P. bellatulum)等,其中麻栗坡兜兰可能是最为原始的兜兰,是杓兰属向兜兰属演化的中间过渡类型,绝大多数短瓣亚属的兜兰分布在云南自横断山脉河谷至东南低丘陵地带,集中分布在云南、贵州、广西相连的石灰岩地区,较为进化的兜兰亚属的植物则可适应酸性砂质土地区;较为原始的兜兰多为地生兰,较为进化的兜兰因适应环境和竞争压力,多演化为半附生兰或附生兰,生长在悬崖峭壁上或石缝间[1]
植物资源是全球生物多样性和生态系统的核心组成部分,是人类赖以生存和发展的基础,是维系人类社会和经济可持续发展的根本保障。近30年来,随着经济发展及人口增长压力对自然生境的破坏,植物濒危物种数量大幅度增加。据国际植物园保护组织最新统计,全球近30万种高等植物中有1/3受威胁,超过10%的物种处于濒危状态,如果不采取有效的保护措施,预计至本世纪未,将有2/3的物种从地球上消失,因此,加强对珍稀濒危植物的保护是当代人类的一项重要任务[58]。而要对珍稀濒危植物进行保护,需先了解其种类和生存状态。
兜兰是世界上最濒危的物种之一,被誉为珍稀濒危植物保护中的“旗舰”类群,在我国除带叶兜兰和硬叶兜兰外,其余种类均被列入国家一级重点保护野生植物。但世界上包括我国并未对兜兰属植物做全面深入的调查和长期监测,应该定期组织研究学者对适宜兜兰属植物生长的地区做深入探索和考察,记录发现的新物种的地理位置和原有兜兰种类所在生境和种群的变化,为兜兰的保护和可持续利用提供基础。同时,由于兜兰的野外种群普遍较少,做迁地保护时,尽量不要采集野生植株,而是在原生地进行人工授粉获得种子带回实验进行无菌播种或共生萌发以获得大量种苗后再应用于迁地保护、自然回归或商业应用。
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2024年第45卷第8期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.08.006
  • 接收时间:2023-11-01
  • 首发时间:2026-06-23
  • 出版时间:2024-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-01
  • 修回日期:2023-12-11
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广州市科技计划项目(2023E04J0004)
广州市2023年农业科研项目(23105373)
林芝市科技计划项目(2023-QYCX-02)
作者信息
    1.中国科学院华南植物园华南农业植物分子分析和遗传改良重点实验室,广东广州 510650
    2.中国科学院大学,北京 100049
    3.中国科学院华南植物园广东省应用植物学重点实验室,广东广州 510650

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* 曾宋君(ZENG Songjun),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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