Article(id=1276262757662069409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276262756814815737, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.08.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1697904000000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-22, revisedDate=1698681600000, revisedDateStr=2023-10-31, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782214353242, onlineDateStr=2026-06-23, pubDate=1724515200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782214353242, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782214353242, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782214353242, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276262756814815737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2024', volume='45', issue='8', pageStart='1521', pageEnd='1760', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1724515200000', pubDateStr='2024-08-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782214353040, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782214460949, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276263209816420382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276262756814815737, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276263209816420383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276262756814815737, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1521, endPage=1527, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276262757892756131, articleId=1276262757662069409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Mutant Threshold Capable of Inducing Expected Phenotype in Rubber Tree CRISPR/Cas9 Edited Seedlings, columnId=1236256430337085821, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Omics & Biotechnology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Previously, we achieved gene editing using CRISPR/Cas9-RNP and plasmid in the PEG-mediated protoplasts transient transformation of rubber tree, and by targeting the HbPDS gene, callus with albino phenotype were obtained, but no edited plants were regenerated because the technology of embryogenesis from callus is not yet mature. In order to obtain gene edited seedlings, we used the same HbPDS target as previous in the callus editing, but used somatic embryos as the transformation receptor instead of callus. After hygromycin resistance screening, 116 positive T0 generation embryos were selected through Cas9 gene PCR detection, following by next generation sequencing, five embryos were found to be edited at the target, accounting for 4.3% of PCR positive embryos. At last, two regenerated plants were obtained, both were chimeric because only partial albino leaves appeared in the plantlet. Sequencing of both albino and green parts revealed that gene editing had occurred in all samples, besides a homozygous biallelic mutation in one albino leaf, all other leaves exhibited chimeric mutations, with mutant sequences in albino parts accounting for 86% to 100% ratio, while green parts accounting for 66% to 69% ratio. This indicates that the mutation threshold inducing the expected phenotype in rubber tree CRISPR/Cas9 editing plants is higher than 69%, ranging from 70% to 85%, providing theoretical guidance for obtaining gene editing seedlings with expected phenotype in the future. Meanwhile, it is proven that nearly all the regenerated plantlets obtained from T0 generation somatic embryos are chimeric, thus T0 generation embryos are not suitable as regenerated materials, but also providing insights to improve the regeneration procedure by using T1 embryo to get homozygous seedlings in the future. This is the first report about gene editing plants in rubber tree, although they are chimeric, it still enhances the understanding of the function of CRISPR/Cas9 in rubber tree, laying the foundation for improving and applying gene editing technology in rubber tree.

, authors=null, authorsList=Xianfeng YANG, Qiufei LIN, Udayabhanu JINU, Ji LI, Zunchao QIAN, Yuting DENG, Tiandai HUANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Tiandai HUANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276262759285265073, articleId=1276262757662069409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=橡胶树CRISPR/Cas9编辑植株出现预期表型的突变阈值, columnId=1236256430517440904, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=组学与生物技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本课题组前期在橡胶树原生质体中分别实现了基于CRISPR/Cas9-RNP及质粒介导的瞬时转化基因编辑,并以HbPDS基因为靶标,在橡胶树愈伤组织中实现了农杆菌介导的稳定转化基因编辑,并获得了出现白化表型的愈伤组织,但由于橡胶树愈伤诱导体胚的技术还不稳定,导致未能获得基因编辑植株。为了获得橡胶树基因编辑幼苗,本研究继续以HbPDS基因为靶标,改用橡胶树体胚为侵染受体,开展农杆菌介导的遗传转化,经潮霉素抗性筛选获得增殖的T0代抗性体胚,通过Cas9基因分子检测共挑选出116个阳性转化体胚,通过对靶点处的测序检测发现有5个胚块发生了基因编辑,编辑效率为4.3%。通过植株再生程序,获得了2株再生植株,表型观测均是嵌合体,表现为同一编辑植株上同时存在绿色及白化叶片。同时取白化叶片和绿色叶片进行高通量测序,发现二者均已发生了基因编辑,除了1个白化叶片发生了纯合双等位突变之外,其余叶片均为嵌合突变。其中,白化叶片编辑细胞的占比介于86%~100%之间,而绿色部位编辑细胞所占比例介于66%~69%之间,说明橡胶树CRISPR/Cas9编辑植株出现预期表型的突变阈值高于69%,介于70%~85%之间,为今后创制有表型的橡胶树基因编辑幼苗提供理论指导。同时,本研究证明了T0代转化体胚及其获得的再生植株嵌合比例太高,不宜作为植株再生的材料,为今后通过对T0代阳性体胚进行继代获得T1代纯合体胚,并以T1代体胚为转化受体获得纯合基因编辑植株提供思路。本研究首次公开报道获得了橡胶树基因编辑植株,尽管是嵌合植株,但也增进了对CRISPR/Cas9在橡胶树中作用的理解,为下一步在橡胶树中改进并应用基因编辑技术奠定基础。

, authors=

杨先锋(1986—),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向:橡胶树基因编辑与转基因。

, authorsList=杨先锋, 林秋飞, JINU Udayabhanu, 李季, 钱遵超, 邓玉婷, 黄天带, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=黄天带, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 黄天带(HUANG Tiandai),E-mail:
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2.Haikou Key Laboratory of Innovative Tropical Plant Seedlings, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China
3.Sanya Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, Hainan 572025, China
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杨先锋(1986—),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向:橡胶树基因编辑与转基因。

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杨先锋(1986—),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向:橡胶树基因编辑与转基因。

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figureFileBig=z4actpmgI0oCCoYDcEwFhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276269163702252317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276262757662069409, language=CN, label=图4, caption=转化胚块Cas9基因PCR检测

M: DL2000 DNA marker.

, figureFileSmall=QYlD/sGYkcbMYQL3Lio1uA==, figureFileBig=z4actpmgI0oCCoYDcEwFhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276269164058768158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276262757662069409, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Phenotype and genotype of edited embryo

A: Transformed embryo (The resistant embryo was pointed by red arrow); B: Cotyledon sprout; C: The edited genotypes and corresponding ration of the Cotyledon sprout.

, figureFileSmall=rpWyG2JM6RBS1Rojgo1niA==, figureFileBig=8pRgy7CXHhI39zXB1KIMMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276269164448838431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276262757662069409, language=CN, label=图5, caption=编辑体胚的表型及基因型

A:转化体胚(红色箭头处为抗性体胚);B:子叶型萌芽;C:绿色萌芽的编辑类型及比例。

, figureFileSmall=rpWyG2JM6RBS1Rojgo1niA==, figureFileBig=8pRgy7CXHhI39zXB1KIMMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276269164524335904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276262757662069409, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Phenotype and genotype of edited seedlings

A: The phenotype of edited seedlings; B: The genotype of a homozygous site; C: The genotypes of chimeric sites.

, figureFileSmall=6FXWE4p7xSYUdD5HJp//Yg==, figureFileBig=Rvo2lOuxYPyeq6Fop9TO5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276269164973126433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276262757662069409, language=CN, label=图6, caption=编辑植株的表型及基因型

A:编辑植株的表型;B:纯合部位的基因型;C:嵌合部位的基因型。

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橡胶树CRISPR/Cas9编辑植株出现预期表型的突变阈值
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杨先锋 1, 2, 3, 4 , 林秋飞 1, 2 , JINU Udayabhanu 1, 2, 3, 4 , 李季 1, 2 , 钱遵超 5 , 邓玉婷 1, 2 , 黄天带 1, 2, 3, 4, *
热带作物学报 | 组学与生物技术 2024,45(8): 1521-1527
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热带作物学报 |组学与生物技术 2024 , 45 (8) : 1521 -1527
橡胶树CRISPR/Cas9编辑植株出现预期表型的突变阈值
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杨先锋(1986—),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向:橡胶树基因编辑与转基因。

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杨先锋(1986—),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向:橡胶树基因编辑与转基因。

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2.Haikou Key Laboratory of Innovative Tropical Plant Seedlings, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China
3.Sanya Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, Hainan 572025, China
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2.海口市热带植物种苗创新重点实验室,海南海口 571101
3.中国热带农业科学院三亚研究院,海南三亚 572025
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杨先锋1, 2, 3, 4, 林秋飞1, 2, JINU Udayabhanu1, 2, 3, 4, 李季1, 2, 钱遵超5, 邓玉婷1, 2, 黄天带1, 2, 3, 4, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国热带农业科学院橡胶研究所/农业农村部橡胶树生物学与遗传资源利用重点实验室,海南海口 571101
  • 2.海口市热带植物种苗创新重点实验室,海南海口 571101
  • 3.中国热带农业科学院三亚研究院,海南三亚 572025
  • 4.热带作物生物育种全国重点实验室,海南三亚 572025
  • 5.云南农业大学热带作物学院,云南普洱 665000
通讯作者:
* 黄天带(HUANG Tiandai),E-mail:
Mutant Threshold Capable of Inducing Expected Phenotype in Rubber Tree CRISPR/Cas9 Edited Seedlings
Xianfeng YANG1, 2, 3, 4, Qiufei LIN1, 2, Udayabhanu JINU1, 2, 3, 4, Ji LI1, 2, Zunchao QIAN5, Yuting DENG1, 2, Tiandai HUANG1, 2, 3, 4, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China
  • 2.Haikou Key Laboratory of Innovative Tropical Plant Seedlings, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China
  • 3.Sanya Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, Hainan 572025, China
  • 4.National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Sanya, Hainan 572025, China
  • 5.College of Tropical Crops, Yunnan Agricultural University, Pu’er, Yunan 665000, China
出版时间: 2024-08-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.08.001
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本课题组前期在橡胶树原生质体中分别实现了基于CRISPR/Cas9-RNP及质粒介导的瞬时转化基因编辑,并以HbPDS基因为靶标,在橡胶树愈伤组织中实现了农杆菌介导的稳定转化基因编辑,并获得了出现白化表型的愈伤组织,但由于橡胶树愈伤诱导体胚的技术还不稳定,导致未能获得基因编辑植株。为了获得橡胶树基因编辑幼苗,本研究继续以HbPDS基因为靶标,改用橡胶树体胚为侵染受体,开展农杆菌介导的遗传转化,经潮霉素抗性筛选获得增殖的T0代抗性体胚,通过Cas9基因分子检测共挑选出116个阳性转化体胚,通过对靶点处的测序检测发现有5个胚块发生了基因编辑,编辑效率为4.3%。通过植株再生程序,获得了2株再生植株,表型观测均是嵌合体,表现为同一编辑植株上同时存在绿色及白化叶片。同时取白化叶片和绿色叶片进行高通量测序,发现二者均已发生了基因编辑,除了1个白化叶片发生了纯合双等位突变之外,其余叶片均为嵌合突变。其中,白化叶片编辑细胞的占比介于86%~100%之间,而绿色部位编辑细胞所占比例介于66%~69%之间,说明橡胶树CRISPR/Cas9编辑植株出现预期表型的突变阈值高于69%,介于70%~85%之间,为今后创制有表型的橡胶树基因编辑幼苗提供理论指导。同时,本研究证明了T0代转化体胚及其获得的再生植株嵌合比例太高,不宜作为植株再生的材料,为今后通过对T0代阳性体胚进行继代获得T1代纯合体胚,并以T1代体胚为转化受体获得纯合基因编辑植株提供思路。本研究首次公开报道获得了橡胶树基因编辑植株,尽管是嵌合植株,但也增进了对CRISPR/Cas9在橡胶树中作用的理解,为下一步在橡胶树中改进并应用基因编辑技术奠定基础。

橡胶树  /  CRISPR/Cas9  /  HbPDS基因  /  基因编辑  /  突变阈值

Previously, we achieved gene editing using CRISPR/Cas9-RNP and plasmid in the PEG-mediated protoplasts transient transformation of rubber tree, and by targeting the HbPDS gene, callus with albino phenotype were obtained, but no edited plants were regenerated because the technology of embryogenesis from callus is not yet mature. In order to obtain gene edited seedlings, we used the same HbPDS target as previous in the callus editing, but used somatic embryos as the transformation receptor instead of callus. After hygromycin resistance screening, 116 positive T0 generation embryos were selected through Cas9 gene PCR detection, following by next generation sequencing, five embryos were found to be edited at the target, accounting for 4.3% of PCR positive embryos. At last, two regenerated plants were obtained, both were chimeric because only partial albino leaves appeared in the plantlet. Sequencing of both albino and green parts revealed that gene editing had occurred in all samples, besides a homozygous biallelic mutation in one albino leaf, all other leaves exhibited chimeric mutations, with mutant sequences in albino parts accounting for 86% to 100% ratio, while green parts accounting for 66% to 69% ratio. This indicates that the mutation threshold inducing the expected phenotype in rubber tree CRISPR/Cas9 editing plants is higher than 69%, ranging from 70% to 85%, providing theoretical guidance for obtaining gene editing seedlings with expected phenotype in the future. Meanwhile, it is proven that nearly all the regenerated plantlets obtained from T0 generation somatic embryos are chimeric, thus T0 generation embryos are not suitable as regenerated materials, but also providing insights to improve the regeneration procedure by using T1 embryo to get homozygous seedlings in the future. This is the first report about gene editing plants in rubber tree, although they are chimeric, it still enhances the understanding of the function of CRISPR/Cas9 in rubber tree, laying the foundation for improving and applying gene editing technology in rubber tree.

Hevea brasiliens  /  CRISPR/Cas9  /  HbPDS gene  /  gene editing  /  mutation threshold
杨先锋, 林秋飞, JINU Udayabhanu, 李季, 钱遵超, 邓玉婷, 黄天带. 橡胶树CRISPR/Cas9编辑植株出现预期表型的突变阈值. 热带作物学报, 2024 , 45 (8) : 1521 -1527 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.08.001
Xianfeng YANG, Qiufei LIN, Udayabhanu JINU, Ji LI, Zunchao QIAN, Yuting DENG, Tiandai HUANG. Mutant Threshold Capable of Inducing Expected Phenotype in Rubber Tree CRISPR/Cas9 Edited Seedlings[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2024 , 45 (8) : 1521 -1527 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.08.001
橡胶树原产于亚马逊河流域的热带高大乔木,目前我国生产上的主栽品种均是从国外直接引进,或是用国外引进的少数骨干亲本杂交后选育而成,品种间遗传背景狭窄。另外,橡胶树基因组高度杂合,且开花前营养生长周期长达5~6 a,所以常规杂交育种只能从F1代中选择优良单株进行初级系比、高级系比、区域试种,整个育种周期长达30 a以上,造成品种更新换代缓慢,品种老化严重[1]。所以,通过生物工程手段开展分子育种,是用超常规手段打赢橡胶树新品种培育翻身仗的必由之路。2013年出现的以CRISPR/Cas9为代表的基因编辑系统是生命科学中的革命性技术,因该系统成本低廉、操作简单,可以对基因组DNA特定靶点实现特异、高效突变,并且在T0代即可产生纯合突变编辑植株,是对橡胶树这种基因组高度杂合、同源基因家族众多的物种进行遗传改良的理想技术。目前多种植物已建立了CRISPR/Cas9基因组编辑体系并得到了广泛应用。相比于模式作物和大田作物,橡胶树高质量基因组测序于2016年才完成[2],且没有成熟的转化体系。在本课题组建立较为高效的橡胶树原生质体瞬时转化体系后,直到2020年和2021年才率先分别建立了基于CRISPR/Cas9-RNP和质粒的橡胶树基因编辑体系[3-4],证明了橡胶树活体细胞也可以发生基因编辑,且为快速鉴定候选基因编辑靶点的效率提供了筛选体系。八氢番茄红素脱氢酶基因(Phytoene desaturase,PDS)是最早被分离与鉴定的类胡萝卜素生物合成关键酶基因之一,它可以催化无色的八氢番茄红素生成多种色素物质[5]。在植物中,此基因的突变会导致叶绿素合成受阻,从而表现出白化表型,因此在多种植物中作为建立基因编辑体系的标记基因[6-8]。为了获得橡胶树基因编辑植株,本课题组构建了以HbPDS基因为靶标,基于pCAMBIA1300的稳定转化编辑载体,并对橡胶树愈伤进行农杆菌介导的遗传转化,但由于愈伤诱导体胚形成技术不稳定,没有得到抗性阳性体胚,因而并未得到再生编辑植株。为了获得橡胶树基因编辑植株,本研究直接以橡胶树体细胞胚为转化受体,跳过了由愈伤诱导体胚的障碍,大大提高了获得基因编辑植株的概率,最终首次获得了橡胶树基因编辑植株,并对编辑植株的绿色及白化部位进行了分子检测,从而得到了橡胶树编辑植株基因型与表型的对应关系,确定了橡胶树CRISPR/Cas9编辑植株出现预期表型的突变阈值范围,为下一步改进橡胶树基因编辑技术及利用基因编辑技术提供借鉴。
实验转化用的受体材料。橡胶树品种Reyan73397成熟的子叶胚由中国热带农业科学院橡胶研究所的天然橡胶新型种植材料创新基地提供。初始体胚由橡胶树花药愈伤组织诱导形成,并将体胚放在基于MS[9]的体胚发生培养基(MSE)上进行继代,培养基中含有4.44 µmol/L 6-苄基腺嘌呤、13.9 µmol/L Kinetin(KT)(下同)、1.44 µmol/L Gibberellic酸、0.27 µmol/L 2,4-二氯苯氧基乙酸(2,4-D)、70 g/L蔗糖、50 ml/L椰子水、1 g/L木炭和2.2 g/L植酸酶。为了减少体胚继代产生的随机突变,所有体胚均传代不超过5代。
基因编辑载体由本课题组基于pCAMBIA1300载体构建。其中Cas9基因用2×35S启动子驱动,sgRNA由本课题组克隆的pHbU6.2启动子驱动,命名为pCAMBIA1300-2× 35SCas9-HbU6.2,该载体含有双Aar Ⅰ酶切位点,用于插入靶标序列。将基因编辑载体转入农杆菌EHA105菌株(上海唯地生物技术有限公司)后备用。
香蕉、苹果、木薯等多种植物均以PDS基因为靶标建立了各自物种的基因编辑体系,突变植株表现出白化表型[7-8,10],因此PDS基因常被用作植物建立基因编辑技术的标记基因。该基因在不同植物中具有很强保守性,其中木薯与橡胶树同属于大戟科,用以上报道植物中PDS基因的保守序列为参照,对橡胶树基因组进行搜索(http://hevea.catas.cn/home/index),以便预测橡胶树中的HbPDS基因。
首先用Aar I(NEB)酶切pCAMBIA1300-2×35SCas9-HbU6.2质粒,酶切体系如下:质粒1 µg,10×buffer 5 µL,Aar I酶1 µL,50×oligonucleotide 1 µL,补充ddH2O至50 µL,37 ℃酶切5 h。载体酶切后产生如下粘性末端(5′-TAGCTCTG----CAATTGCTACTGC-3′,3′-ATCGAGACTTTG----ACGATGACG-5′)合成靶标序列,添加接头与上述粘性末端互补,合成序列(5′-ATTGATGAGATCCATTCTTCTGC-3′,3′-TACTCTAGGTAAGAAGACGCAAA-5′,阴影部分的4个碱基为与载体酶切后互补的粘性末端)。通过T4 DNA连接酶(NEB),将酶切后的载体与靶标序列连接,从而构建成完整的靶标HbPDS基因的编辑载体(图1),扫描下方二维码(图2),可查看该载体的全序列及结构。
采用超声波辅助的农杆菌介导方法对橡胶树体胚进行遗传转化[11]。先挑取1个农杆菌单斑放入1.5 mL离心管中,22 ℃,160 r/min摇床摇16 h,然后吸取20 uL菌液转入装有200 mL LB的三角瓶中,加入100 µmol/L乙酰丁香酮(AS)摇至OD600=0.45,然后放入体胚侵染8 min,接着在40 kHz的超声波强度下处理50 s,静止10 min,取出体胚放在灭菌滤纸上,置于超净工作台吹干后转入含100 µmol/L AS的MSE培养基上,在黑暗条件下22 ℃共培养84 h。
将侵染后的体胚放入愈伤诱导培养基[12],培养基中添加10 mg/L潮霉素和500 mg/L特美汀,1个月后换到MSE培养基继续培养2个月,取边长2 mm的正方形胚块按照多糖多酚植物基因组DNA提取试剂盒说明书提取基因组DNA,用Cas9基因特异引物(Cas9-F:5′-CCGATCGGCACAGCATCAAG-3′,Cas9-R:5′-TCCACATCGCTATTGTCCGG-3′)做PCR检测阳性转化体胚。扩增使用上海吐露港生物科技有限公司的2×Magic Green Taq SuperMix酶,扩增体系如下:正、反向引物(10 µmol/L)各1 μL,2×Magic Green Taq SuperMix 10 μL,DNA模板1 μL,ddH2O 7 μL。PCR程序如下:95 ℃预变性3 min;95 ℃ 10 s,58 ℃ 10 s,72 ℃ 30 s,35个循环;72 ℃延伸5 min,扩增子大小为433 bp。
挑选1.2.4中分子检测为阳性的体胚,转入植株再生培养基进行植株再生。再生培养基成分为在MS培养基中添加0.23 µmol/L KT、0.11 µmol/L IAA及8.7 µmol/L GA3,植物凝胶添加量为1 g/L,蔗糖用量为50 g/L。培养条件为28 ℃光照16 h,暗培养8 h。
分别剪取同一株再生植株上的白色、褪绿及绿色叶片,按1.2.4中的方法提取基因组DNA,接着用位于靶点两侧的特异引物(T10-F:5′-ggagtgagtacggtgtgcCAGTCTATGCTGGAGTTAG-3′,T10-R:5′-gagttggatgctggatggGCTTTGCTCTGATCTGCAG-3′,小写字母为二代测序接头序列)对靶点区域进行PCR扩增,扩增产物大小170 bp。将PCR产物送往中国水稻研究所高通量测序平台进行二代测序[13]
经同源搜索,橡胶树基因组中只有1个HbPDS基因,全长为23 928 bp,共有14个外显子,开放阅读框(open reading frame,ORF)为1749 bp(图3)。参考香蕉、木薯PDS基因的编辑靶点,在HbPDS基因的第12个外显子上选取编辑靶点,序列为5′-CCTGCAGAAGAATGGATCTCAT-3′,其中前3个阴影碱基为PAM(protospacer adjacent motif)基序。
用300个体胚进行农杆菌侵染,1个月后在新形成的愈伤中长出了小球形胚,将该球形胚转入体胚形成培养基继续培养2个月后,切取2 mm的正方形小胚块提取DNA,然后用Cas9特异引物做PCR扩增,结果共有116个胚块能扩出Cas9特异基因片段(图4),侵染效率为38.7%。
经高通量测序,在116个Cas9分子检测阳性的转化体胚中,仅有5个体胚发生了基因编辑,抗性体胚表现出了白化表型(图5A),对经植株再生获得的萌芽状态的子叶型胚(图5B)进行高通量测序,发现绿色萌芽处和白化子叶均发生了基因编辑,前者编辑细胞的比例约为70%,后者为84%(图5C)。
5个阳性编辑体胚最终获得了2株基因编辑幼苗,2株苗均为嵌合体,表现为同一植株上既有绿色叶片,又有白化叶片(图6A)。采集绿色和白化部位的叶片进行高通量测序,结果发现,即使是绿色叶片也发生了基因编辑,编辑细胞的比例介于66%~69%之间,而白色部位叶片的编辑比例介于86%~100%之间。因此,橡胶树基因编辑植株出现预期表型的编辑比例阈值介于70%~ 85%之间。除了其中1个白化叶片靶点处是纯合双等位突变外(图6B),其余绿色部位和白化部位叶片的细胞均是嵌合状态,编辑类型高达17种(图6C)。
本课题组前期分别以CRISPR/Cas9-RNP和质粒的形式实现了橡胶树原生质体瞬时转化基因编辑[3-4],但未获得基因编辑幼苗。究其原因,还是橡胶树遗传转化体系不太成熟。尽管国际上以花药为外植体获得了橡胶树转基因植株[14-16],但橡胶树转基因效率仍然较低。以花药为外植体进行遗传转化存在诸多弊端:一是花药可采集时间短,只有开花期才能获得外植体;二是如遇到阴雨天或白粉病爆发,也难以采集到足量的花药;三是剥花是一个相对技术难度较高又耗时费力的工作,且整个过程容易污染;四是由花药愈伤诱导体胚也是一个挑战,常常难以获得足量的体胚进入下一步的植株再生步骤。
鉴于以上花药作为遗传转化外植体的弊端,本课题组尝试用次生体胚作为转化受体,结果证实能够获得较好的转化效率[11,17]。但以体胚为受体的转化也存在弊端,即再生部位与转化部位往往不一致[18-19],因此推测以体胚为受体再生的常规转基因植株以嵌合体为主,但无法获得证据,因为即使是嵌合体,也能检测到T-DNA的插入及目的基因的表达。而借助对HbPDS基因开展编辑研究,首先可以从表型上观测转化子是否嵌合体,若肉眼区分不开,可以利用二代测序检测转化子细胞中是否含有野生型序列,及区分编辑序列的类型和各类型的比例。本研究证实了直接由侵染体胚→抗性愈伤→抗性体胚(T0)→植株再生过程获得的T0代体胚及再生苗大概率都是嵌合状态。
由本研究可知,要使HbPDS编辑植株出现预期白化表型,编辑细胞的比例至少要达到70%以上。所以,提高编辑细胞的比例至关重要,而只有获得纯合植株才更能保证编辑出现预期表型。编辑植株在局部位置也存在纯合的叶片,因此推断若是T0代阳性体胚不进行植株再生,而是将其分割为多个小胚块,再经历一遍抗性愈伤诱导→抗性体胚诱导(T1)→植株再生的筛选过程,在分割成多个小胚块后,再经过抗性筛选就有可能分离出纯合的转化细胞,通过植株再生最终获得纯合的编辑(转化)植株,从而提高橡胶树转基因或基因编辑植株出现预期表型的概率。
另外,在116个Cas9基因分子检测阳性的转化体胚中,仅有5个体胚发生了基因编辑,编辑效率仅为4.3%,说明当前的基因编辑载体效率不高,需要优化。本研究中Cas9基因的启动子为2×35S,基因序列是根据水稻密码子偏好进行的优化[20]。已有研究证明,多种启动子特别是植物内源强启动子均比35S启动子能获得更高的编辑效率[21-23],下一步,本课题将用橡胶树内源强启动子pHbUbiquitin[24]替换2×35S启动子,并对Cas9基因进行橡胶树密码子优化,以期提高目前编辑载体的编辑效率。
  • 海南省自然科学基金项目(321QN333; 322RC783)
  • 中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(1630022022001)
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2024年第45卷第8期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.08.001
  • 接收时间:2023-10-22
  • 首发时间:2026-06-23
  • 出版时间:2024-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-22
  • 修回日期:2023-10-31
基金
海南省自然科学基金项目(321QN333; 322RC783)
中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(1630022022001)
作者信息
    1.中国热带农业科学院橡胶研究所/农业农村部橡胶树生物学与遗传资源利用重点实验室,海南海口 571101
    2.海口市热带植物种苗创新重点实验室,海南海口 571101
    3.中国热带农业科学院三亚研究院,海南三亚 572025
    4.热带作物生物育种全国重点实验室,海南三亚 572025
    5.云南农业大学热带作物学院,云南普洱 665000

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* 黄天带(HUANG Tiandai),E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rdzwxb/CN/10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.08.001
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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