Article(id=1276238199961809859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276238094940639467, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.02.021, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1724947200000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-30, revisedDate=1727884800000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782208498230, onlineDateStr=2026-06-23, pubDate=1740412800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782208498230, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782208498230, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782208498230, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276238094940639467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2025', volume='46', issue='2', pageStart='247', pageEnd='489', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1740412800000', pubDateStr='2025-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782208473191, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782208527160, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276238321386909890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276238094940639467, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276238321386909891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276238094940639467, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=460, endPage=473, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276238200247022533, articleId=1276238199961809859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Differences in Soil Fertility under Different Evaluation Methods - A Case Study of Nanchong, Sichuan, China, columnId=1236318328365577171, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Agricultural Ecology & Environmental Protection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The soil nutrient status and comprehensive fertility of agricultural fields in Nanchong were scientifically and objectively evaluated based on 12 nutrient indicators of 872 soil samples, through comprehensive fertility index method, factor analysis method, entropy coefficient method and coefficient of variation method. The soil in Nanchong was alkaline, with low content of organic matter, rich content of phosphorus and iron, high content of copper and zinc, suitable content of potassium and manganese, low content of nitrogen, boron and molybdenum. In the comprehensive fertility index method, the comprehensive fertility index value was 0.75, which was in the third grade, and the overall soil fertility was poor. Only the comprehensive soil fertility of Peng’an County reached the second grade, which was 0.96. In the factor analysis method, the proportion of grade 4 samples was 42.09%, that of grade 3 samples was 34.52%, that of grade 2 samples was close to that of grade 5 samples, that of grade 1-3 samples accounted for 46.68%, that of grade 4-6 samples accounted for 53.52%, and the overall soil fertility was slightly low. In the entropy coefficient method, the comprehensive fertility of soil was 0.082 96, which was between the second and third grade, and the overall fertility of soil was medium. The comprehensive soil fertility value of the coefficient of variation method was 34.09, which was between the first and second grade, and the overall soil fertility was high. Among the four evaluation methods, the coefficient of variation method had the highest soil fertility level, followed by entropy coefficient method and factor analysis method. The comprehensive fertility index method had the lowest fertility level. Through comparative analysis, the result of the factor analysis was more in line with the actual situation of Nanchong. The comprehensive fertility of farmland soil in Nanchong was slightly low. To improve the comprehensive fertility of agricultural land, it is necessary to reduce soil alkalinity, increase organic matter content, and pay attention to the supplementation of fertilizers such as nitrogen, boron, and molybdenum.

, authors=null, authorsList=Chengwei PU, Li ZHOU, Ji ZHANG, Shangling ZHOU, Fa HE, Pinwen CHEN, Guichuan YANG, Xiaoqiu DU, Qianchao LIAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qianchao LIAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276238204881728493, articleId=1276238199961809859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=不同评价方法下土壤肥力的差异性——以南充市为例, columnId=1236292523270918153, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=农业生态与环境保护, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为科学客观评价南充市农用田地土壤养分状况及综合肥力,本研究以872个土壤样品的12个养分指标为依据,采用综合肥力指数法、因子分析法、熵权系数法、变异系数法对南充市农用田地土壤肥力进行分析。结果表明:南充市农用田地土壤呈碱性,有机质含量偏低,磷、铁含量丰富,铜、锌含量偏高,钾、锰含量适宜,氮、硼、钼含量偏低;综合肥力指数法中综合肥力指数值为0.75,处于第3级,土壤整体肥力为贫瘠,仅有蓬安县土壤综合肥力达到第2级,为0.96;因子分析法中第4级的样品占比为42.09%,第3级的样品占比为34.52%,第2级与第5级样品比例接近,1~3级的样品占总体的比例为46.68%,4~6级的样品占总体的比例为53.52%,土壤整体肥力为略偏低;熵权系数法中土壤综合肥力值(IFI)为0.082 96,处于第2级与第3级之间,土壤整体肥力为中等;变异系数法的土壤IFI为34.09,处于第1级与第2级之间,土壤整体肥力为偏高。在4种评价方法中,变异系数法的土壤肥力等级最高,其次为熵权系数法和因子分析法,综合肥力指数法的肥力等级最低。通过对比分析,因子分析法的结果更加符合南充市的实际情况。南充市农田土壤综合肥力为略偏低,提升农用田地综合肥力应降低土壤碱性,提升有机质含量应注重氮、硼、钼等肥料的补充。

, authors=

蒲成伟(1992—),男,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:土壤与作物营养。

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* 廖前超(LIAO Qianchao),E-mail:
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蒲成伟(1992—),男,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:土壤与作物营养。

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蒲成伟(1992—),男,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:土壤与作物营养。

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Advances in research and application of saline soil amendments, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1276238221914796091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238199961809859, awardId=2024YFD2300803, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFD2300803), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1276238221969322044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238199961809859, awardId=sccxtd-2024-04, language=CN, fundingSource=国家产业技术体系四川省水果创新团队项目(sccxtd-2024-04), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1276238222040625213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238199961809859, awardId=QJYB2504, language=CN, fundingSource=南充市农业科学院青年基金项目(QJYB2504), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1276238205137581039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238199961809859, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276238205145969648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238199961809859, companyId=1276238205137581039, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Nanchong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276238205154358257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238199961809859, companyId=1276238205137581039, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.南充市农业科学院,四川南充 637000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1276238206613976050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238199961809859, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276238206639141875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238199961809859, companyId=1276238206613976050, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Nanchong Soil and Fertilizer Station, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276238206651724788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238199961809859, companyId=1276238206613976050, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.南充市土壤肥料站,四川南充 637000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1276238220207714349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238199961809859, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Distribution map of soil sampling points, figureFileSmall=4F8WPjzQNsV8xhzwZZAAOA==, figureFileBig=KmGhi8zBYDWUmvbY6SP63A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276238220316766254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238199961809859, language=CN, label=图1, caption=土壤采样点分布, figureFileSmall=4F8WPjzQNsV8xhzwZZAAOA==, figureFileBig=KmGhi8zBYDWUmvbY6SP63A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276238220673282095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238199961809859, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Classification criterion for soil fertility indicators

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
等级Grade含量Content
有机质SOM/(g·kg–1)全氮TN/(g·kg–1)碱解氮AN/(mg·kg–1)有效磷AP/(mg·kg–1)速效钾AK/(mg·kg–1)有效铜ACu/(mg·kg–1)有效锌AZn/(mg·kg–1)有效铁AFe/(mg·kg–1)有效锰AMn/(mg·kg–1)有效硼AB/(mg·kg–1)有效钼AMo/(mg·kg–1)
第1级≥40≥2.0≥150≥40≥200≥1.8≥3.0≥20≥30≥2.0≥0.3
第2级30~401.5~2.0120~15020~40150~2001.0~1.81.0~3.010~2015~301.0~2.00.2~0.3
第3级20~301.0~1.590~12010~20100~1500.6~1.00.75~1.08~1010~150.75~1.00.15~0.2
第4级10~200.75~1.060~905~1050~1000.2~0.60.5~0.754.5~85~100.5~0.750.1~0.15
第5级6~100.5~0.7530~603~530~500.1~0.20.3~0.52~4.51~50.2~0.50.05~0.1
第6级<6<0.5<30<3<30<0.1<0.3<2<1<0.2<0.05
), ArticleFig(id=1276238220773945392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238199961809859, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

土壤肥力指标分级标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
等级Grade含量Content
有机质SOM/(g·kg–1)全氮TN/(g·kg–1)碱解氮AN/(mg·kg–1)有效磷AP/(mg·kg–1)速效钾AK/(mg·kg–1)有效铜ACu/(mg·kg–1)有效锌AZn/(mg·kg–1)有效铁AFe/(mg·kg–1)有效锰AMn/(mg·kg–1)有效硼AB/(mg·kg–1)有效钼AMo/(mg·kg–1)
第1级≥40≥2.0≥150≥40≥200≥1.8≥3.0≥20≥30≥2.0≥0.3
第2级30~401.5~2.0120~15020~40150~2001.0~1.81.0~3.010~2015~301.0~2.00.2~0.3
第3级20~301.0~1.590~12010~20100~1500.6~1.00.75~1.08~1010~150.75~1.00.15~0.2
第4级10~200.75~1.060~905~1050~1000.2~0.60.5~0.754.5~85~100.5~0.750.1~0.15
第5级6~100.5~0.7530~603~530~500.1~0.20.3~0.52~4.51~50.2~0.50.05~0.1
第6级<6<0.5<30<3<30<0.1<0.3<2<1<0.2<0.05
), ArticleFig(id=1276238220987854897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238199961809859, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Analysis of soil pH and nutrient content in agricultural fields in Nanchong

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标Index含量Content
pH有机质SOM/(g·kg–1)全氮TN/(g·kg–1)碱解氮AN/(mg·kg–1)有效磷AP/(mg·kg–1)速效钾AK/(mg·kg–1)有效铜ACu/(mg·kg–1)有效锌AZn/(mg·kg–1)有效铁AFe/(mg·kg–1)有效锰AMn/(mg·kg–1)有效硼AB/(mg·kg–1)有效钼AMo/(mg·kg–1)
最小值4.602.400.1712.000.3021.000.100.105.001.200.030.01
最大值9.1046.503.42286.00348.50350.007.285.00393.20140.003.091.31
平均值7.6117.051.1585.9557.68138.541.401.1443.9612.180.520.13
变异系数/%11.5646.3941.7446.04174.6949.8875.0075.44127.4197.3798.0846.39
), ArticleFig(id=1276238221101101106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238199961809859, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

南充市农用田地土壤酸碱度以及养分含量分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标Index含量Content
pH有机质SOM/(g·kg–1)全氮TN/(g·kg–1)碱解氮AN/(mg·kg–1)有效磷AP/(mg·kg–1)速效钾AK/(mg·kg–1)有效铜ACu/(mg·kg–1)有效锌AZn/(mg·kg–1)有效铁AFe/(mg·kg–1)有效锰AMn/(mg·kg–1)有效硼AB/(mg·kg–1)有效钼AMo/(mg·kg–1)
最小值4.602.400.1712.000.3021.000.100.105.001.200.030.01
最大值9.1046.503.42286.00348.50350.007.285.00393.20140.003.091.31
平均值7.6117.051.1585.9557.68138.541.401.1443.9612.180.520.13
变异系数/%11.5646.3941.7446.04174.6949.8875.0075.44127.4197.3798.0846.39
), ArticleFig(id=1276238221168209971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238199961809859, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Fertility index of in agricultural fields in Nanchong

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区RegionpHPiP
有机质SOM全氮TN碱解氮AN有效磷AP速效钾AK有效铜ACu有效锌AZn有效铁AFe有效锰AMn有效硼AB有效钼AMo
顺庆2.390.991.040.826.671.570.820.621.300.351.330.840.71
高坪2.541.011.050.838.351.650.840.611.270.351.260.850.66
嘉陵2.400.991.040.817.041.590.780.610.950.301.400.810.81
西充2.290.981.040.825.971.550.820.631.280.361.440.850.74
南部2.350.991.040.826.331.560.830.621.340.361.360.860.69
阆中2.260.971.050.825.781.540.820.631.250.351.480.870.76
仪陇2.300.981.040.815.981.550.820.621.290.351.430.850.75
营山2.290.981.040.815.941.540.810.621.270.351.430.850.69
蓬安2.280.971.050.825.821.540.820.631.200.341.480.870.96
平均值2.340.981.040.826.431.570.820.621.240.351.400.850.75
), ArticleFig(id=1276238221260484660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238199961809859, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

南充市农用田地土壤肥力指数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区RegionpHPiP
有机质SOM全氮TN碱解氮AN有效磷AP速效钾AK有效铜ACu有效锌AZn有效铁AFe有效锰AMn有效硼AB有效钼AMo
顺庆2.390.991.040.826.671.570.820.621.300.351.330.840.71
高坪2.541.011.050.838.351.650.840.611.270.351.260.850.66
嘉陵2.400.991.040.817.041.590.780.610.950.301.400.810.81
西充2.290.981.040.825.971.550.820.631.280.361.440.850.74
南部2.350.991.040.826.331.560.830.621.340.361.360.860.69
阆中2.260.971.050.825.781.540.820.631.250.351.480.870.76
仪陇2.300.981.040.815.981.550.820.621.290.351.430.850.75
营山2.290.981.040.815.941.540.810.621.270.351.430.850.69
蓬安2.280.971.050.825.821.540.820.631.200.341.480.870.96
平均值2.340.981.040.826.431.570.820.621.240.351.400.850.75
), ArticleFig(id=1276238221331787829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238199961809859, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Eigenvalues, variance contribution rates, and cumulative contribution rates of four principal components

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主成分Principal component特征值Eigenvalue方差贡献率Variance contribution rate/%累积贡献率Accumulated contribution rate/%
F13.88832.4032.40
F21.79514.9647.36
F31.50112.5159.87
F41.0118.4368.26
), ArticleFig(id=1276238221415673910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238199961809859, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

4个主成分的特征值、方差贡献率及累积贡献率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主成分Principal component特征值Eigenvalue方差贡献率Variance contribution rate/%累积贡献率Accumulated contribution rate/%
F13.88832.4032.40
F21.79514.9647.36
F31.50112.5159.87
F41.0118.4368.26
), ArticleFig(id=1276238221491171383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238199961809859, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Factor load matrix after maximum variance orthogonal rotation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标IndexF1F2F3F4
pH–0.016–0.875–0.0820.148
有机质0.901–0.013–0.0080.115
全氮0.898–0.0390.1130.199
碱解氮0.7430.1700.3070.259
有效磷–0.1060.0760.870–0.180
速效钾0.315–0.0490.7690.153
有效铜0.7620.276–0.0390.192
有效锌0.1530.165–0.0250.716
有效铁0.4910.656–0.315–0.101
有效锰0.0520.7260.0920.389
有效硼0.167–0.209–0.0130.677
有效钼0.3170.285–0.014–0.092
), ArticleFig(id=1276238221591834680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238199961809859, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

方差极大正交旋转后的因子载荷矩阵

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标IndexF1F2F3F4
pH–0.016–0.875–0.0820.148
有机质0.901–0.013–0.0080.115
全氮0.898–0.0390.1130.199
碱解氮0.7430.1700.3070.259
有效磷–0.1060.0760.870–0.180
速效钾0.315–0.0490.7690.153
有效铜0.7620.276–0.0390.192
有效锌0.1530.165–0.0250.716
有效铁0.4910.656–0.315–0.101
有效锰0.0520.7260.0920.389
有效硼0.167–0.209–0.0130.677
有效钼0.3170.285–0.014–0.092
), ArticleFig(id=1276238221671526457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238199961809859, language=EN, label=Tab. 6, caption=

Principal component score coefficient matrix

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标IndexF1F2F3F4
pH0.081–0.474–0.0740.098
有机质0.339–0.124–0.061–0.113
全氮0.314–0.1310.017–0.041
碱解氮0.1970.0120.1570.056
有效磷–0.0630.0700.572–0.132
速效钾0.051–0.0440.4760.054
有效铜0.2280.056–0.065–0.001
有效锌–0.1280.098–0.0240.594
有效铁0.1530.283–0.217–0.176
有效锰–0.1740.4100.0730.355
有效硼–0.063–0.110–0.0270.541
有效钼0.1120.110–0.021–0.143
), ArticleFig(id=1276238221780578362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238199961809859, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

主成分得分系数矩阵

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标IndexF1F2F3F4
pH0.081–0.474–0.0740.098
有机质0.339–0.124–0.061–0.113
全氮0.314–0.1310.017–0.041
碱解氮0.1970.0120.1570.056
有效磷–0.0630.0700.572–0.132
速效钾0.051–0.0440.4760.054
有效铜0.2280.056–0.065–0.001
有效锌–0.1280.098–0.0240.594
有效铁0.1530.283–0.217–0.176
有效锰–0.1740.4100.0730.355
有效硼–0.063–0.110–0.0270.541
有效钼0.1120.110–0.021–0.143
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不同评价方法下土壤肥力的差异性——以南充市为例
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蒲成伟 1 , 周立 1 , 张绩 1 , 周上铃 1 , 何发 1 , 陈品文 1 , 杨贵川 1 , 杜晓秋 1 , 廖前超 2, *
热带作物学报 | 农业生态与环境保护 2025,46(2): 460-473
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热带作物学报 |农业生态与环境保护 2025 , 46 (2) : 460 -473
不同评价方法下土壤肥力的差异性——以南充市为例
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蒲成伟1, 周立1, 张绩1, 周上铃1, 何发1, 陈品文1, 杨贵川1, 杜晓秋1, 廖前超2, *
作者信息
  • 1.南充市农业科学院,四川南充 637000
  • 2.南充市土壤肥料站,四川南充 637000
通讯作者:
* 廖前超(LIAO Qianchao),E-mail:
Differences in Soil Fertility under Different Evaluation Methods - A Case Study of Nanchong, Sichuan, China
Chengwei PU1, Li ZHOU1, Ji ZHANG1, Shangling ZHOU1, Fa HE1, Pinwen CHEN1, Guichuan YANG1, Xiaoqiu DU1, Qianchao LIAO2, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Nanchong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China
  • 2.Nanchong Soil and Fertilizer Station, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China
出版时间: 2025-02-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.02.021
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为科学客观评价南充市农用田地土壤养分状况及综合肥力,本研究以872个土壤样品的12个养分指标为依据,采用综合肥力指数法、因子分析法、熵权系数法、变异系数法对南充市农用田地土壤肥力进行分析。结果表明:南充市农用田地土壤呈碱性,有机质含量偏低,磷、铁含量丰富,铜、锌含量偏高,钾、锰含量适宜,氮、硼、钼含量偏低;综合肥力指数法中综合肥力指数值为0.75,处于第3级,土壤整体肥力为贫瘠,仅有蓬安县土壤综合肥力达到第2级,为0.96;因子分析法中第4级的样品占比为42.09%,第3级的样品占比为34.52%,第2级与第5级样品比例接近,1~3级的样品占总体的比例为46.68%,4~6级的样品占总体的比例为53.52%,土壤整体肥力为略偏低;熵权系数法中土壤综合肥力值(IFI)为0.082 96,处于第2级与第3级之间,土壤整体肥力为中等;变异系数法的土壤IFI为34.09,处于第1级与第2级之间,土壤整体肥力为偏高。在4种评价方法中,变异系数法的土壤肥力等级最高,其次为熵权系数法和因子分析法,综合肥力指数法的肥力等级最低。通过对比分析,因子分析法的结果更加符合南充市的实际情况。南充市农田土壤综合肥力为略偏低,提升农用田地综合肥力应降低土壤碱性,提升有机质含量应注重氮、硼、钼等肥料的补充。

南充市  /  农用田地  /  养分含量  /  综合肥力  /  评价方法

The soil nutrient status and comprehensive fertility of agricultural fields in Nanchong were scientifically and objectively evaluated based on 12 nutrient indicators of 872 soil samples, through comprehensive fertility index method, factor analysis method, entropy coefficient method and coefficient of variation method. The soil in Nanchong was alkaline, with low content of organic matter, rich content of phosphorus and iron, high content of copper and zinc, suitable content of potassium and manganese, low content of nitrogen, boron and molybdenum. In the comprehensive fertility index method, the comprehensive fertility index value was 0.75, which was in the third grade, and the overall soil fertility was poor. Only the comprehensive soil fertility of Peng’an County reached the second grade, which was 0.96. In the factor analysis method, the proportion of grade 4 samples was 42.09%, that of grade 3 samples was 34.52%, that of grade 2 samples was close to that of grade 5 samples, that of grade 1-3 samples accounted for 46.68%, that of grade 4-6 samples accounted for 53.52%, and the overall soil fertility was slightly low. In the entropy coefficient method, the comprehensive fertility of soil was 0.082 96, which was between the second and third grade, and the overall fertility of soil was medium. The comprehensive soil fertility value of the coefficient of variation method was 34.09, which was between the first and second grade, and the overall soil fertility was high. Among the four evaluation methods, the coefficient of variation method had the highest soil fertility level, followed by entropy coefficient method and factor analysis method. The comprehensive fertility index method had the lowest fertility level. Through comparative analysis, the result of the factor analysis was more in line with the actual situation of Nanchong. The comprehensive fertility of farmland soil in Nanchong was slightly low. To improve the comprehensive fertility of agricultural land, it is necessary to reduce soil alkalinity, increase organic matter content, and pay attention to the supplementation of fertilizers such as nitrogen, boron, and molybdenum.

Nanchong  /  agricultural land  /  nutrient content  /  comprehensive fertility  /  evaluation methods
蒲成伟, 周立, 张绩, 周上铃, 何发, 陈品文, 杨贵川, 杜晓秋, 廖前超. 不同评价方法下土壤肥力的差异性——以南充市为例. 热带作物学报, 2025 , 46 (2) : 460 -473 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.02.021
Chengwei PU, Li ZHOU, Ji ZHANG, Shangling ZHOU, Fa HE, Pinwen CHEN, Guichuan YANG, Xiaoqiu DU, Qianchao LIAO. Differences in Soil Fertility under Different Evaluation Methods - A Case Study of Nanchong, Sichuan, China[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2025 , 46 (2) : 460 -473 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.02.021
土壤肥力是土壤生产力的基础,是衡量土壤能够提供给作物各种生长所需养分的能力[1],是土壤物理性质、化学性质、生物性质的综合体现[2],受到成土母质、自然条件以及后期人为因素的影响[3-4]。客观全面地评价土壤肥力对实现土地资源可持续利用具有重要的现实意义[5]。土壤肥力的评价大多是以土壤各类指标为依据,并通过数学模型将各类指标建立联系,从而得出结果,由于土壤系统的复杂性,评价目的和评价指标的差异性,当前对于土壤肥力评价仍未有统一的标准[6]。目前广泛应用于土壤肥力评价的方法有聚类分析、因子分析、主成分分析和模糊综合评判等,如戴士祥等[7]利用层次分析法评价安徽省水稻土的土壤肥力,周伟等[8]利用内梅罗指数法评价哈尔滨城市绿地的土壤肥力,蒋烨林等[9]使用熵权系数法评价新疆干旱区的土壤肥力等。南充市作为四川省最重要的粮食生产基地之一,其粮食耕种面积与产量均居全省首位,在四川省建设新时代“天府粮仓”战略中意义非凡。针对南充市土壤的研究主要集中在城市地表土壤碳、氮、磷分布特征[10-11],个别点位重金属监测[12-13]、不同土壤利用方式对土壤性质的影响[14]以及不同土壤类型间的养分含量差异研究[15]等方面,并未有农用田地养分状况与综合肥力评价的相关研究。鉴于此,本研究以南充市农用田地土壤的12个养分指标为评价依据,分析对比综合肥力指数法、因子分析法、熵权系数法、变异系数法等方法下南充土壤综合肥力的差异性,探讨符合南充市农用田地实际情况的土壤肥力评价方法和评价结果。通过不同评价方法间的对比,了解南充市农用田地土壤综合肥力的真实状况,可以为南充市建设新时代更高水平的“天府粮仓”战略中,在耕地质量保护、高标准农田建设、土壤肥力改良与提升等方面提供科学指导和数据支撑。
于2020年对南充市农用田地的土壤进行采样,共采集872份土壤样品,土壤采样点分布见图1。每个样品均采用多点混合采集法,采集土壤深度0~20 cm,在采样中心约3 m的半径范围内采集4~5个土壤样品,然后以四分法均匀混合形成一个1 kg的土壤样品[16]。将采集到的土壤样品置于通风处自然阴干,剔除杂质后参照相应的国家标准[17-20]进行理化指标分析检测。南充土壤类型主要以紫色土、水稻土为主,其次为黄壤、潮土、新积土等[15];土地利用方式包括旱地(果树、蔬菜、油菜-玉米/红薯/大豆或小麦-玉米/红薯/大豆等)、水旱轮作(水稻-小麦或水稻-油菜轮作)及水田(单季水稻)3类。
参考“全国第二次土壤普查技术规程”相关养分分级标准[21]。酸碱度分级标准如下:强酸性(pH<4.5)、酸性(4.5≤pH<5.5)、微酸性(5.5≤pH<6.5)、中性(6.5≤pH<7.5)、碱性(7.5≤pH<8.5)、强碱性(pH≥8.5)。结合熵权系数法的计算需要,对中微量元素等级略有调整,原等级中第3等级取中位数重新划分为2个等级,如原标准中有效铜第3等级为(0.2~1.0)mg/kg,现调整为(0.2~0.6)、(0.6~1.0)mg/kg两个等级,其余中微量元素亦如此,后续所有等级划分及计算均采用调整后的标准,具体分级情况见表1。土壤肥力指标分别为:有机质(SOM)、全氮(TN)、碱解氮(AN)、有效磷(AP)、速效钾(AK)、有效铜(ACu)、有效锌(AZn)、有效铁(AFe)、有效锰(AMn)、有效硼(AB)、有效钼(AMo)。养分指标第1~6级含义分别为丰富、高量、适宜、偏低、缺乏、极低。
参考地方标准《南方地区耕地土壤肥力诊断与评价》[22]。评价模式分为土壤肥力单项指数PiPi高低直接反映该肥力指标的丰富程度,越高表明该养分越丰富,土壤肥力越高)和土壤肥力综合指数P。土壤肥力根据综合指数的大小分为Ⅰ(P≥1.7)、Ⅱ(0.9≤P<1.7)、Ⅲ(P<0.9)3个等级。
土壤单项肥力指数计算公式:
式中,Pi为土壤中某指标i的单项肥力指数;Ci为土壤中某项指标i的实测数据;Si为土壤中某项指标i的评价标准值(评价标准值由参考的地方标准给出)。
土壤肥力综合指数计算公式:
式中,P为土壤肥力综合指数;(Ci/Si2min为土壤所有指标中单项肥力指数最小值平方,其中单项肥力指数Pi>3时,该项肥力指数以Pi=3计;(Ci/Si2 ave为土壤所有肥力指数的平均值平方,其中单项肥力指数Pi>3时,该项肥力指数以Pi=3计;N为参与评价的土壤肥力指标个数(要求10项及以上,本研究为12)。
参考杨崛园等[23]、段必挺等[24]的方法,并略有改动,考虑到不同指标数量级的差异,对原参考方法中直接对原始数据进行相关性分析,改为将原始数据进行标准化处理后再进行相关性分析。具体方法为:第一步,对原始数据进行标准化处理后的数据再进行相关性分析,并用Bartlett球度检验法验证该数据是否适用于因子分析法;第二步,用因子分析法确定南充市土壤养分指标的主成分特征值、特征向量和主成分累积贡献率;第三步,根据主成分累积贡献率选择关键主成分,计算各主成分得分,将因子得分系数矩阵与标准化数据相乘得到F值,再利用公式(3)求出各样点的IFI值;第四步,用同样的方法将求出标准样品的IFI值(IFI值可反映土壤的肥力水平,得分越高表示土壤肥力水平越高);第五步,根据标准样品的IFI值,对各样品的综合肥力进行划分,并评价其肥力高低。
IFI计算公式:
式中,IFI代表土壤样品综合肥力;λm代表第m个主成分的权重;Fm代表第m个主成分的得分,本研究中m为4。
参考朱春娆等[25]的方法。设有n个待评价的事物,每个事物有m个评价指标,则可以建立评价模型的判断矩阵R
由于各参评指标中有越大越优型,也有越小越优型,故需要对判断矩阵进行归一化处理,得到归一化判断矩阵B
计算第i个评价指标下第j个待评价事物评价指标特征值比重:
计算第i个指标的熵值:
计算第i个指标的权重:
计算各待评价事物的综合肥力值
由于评价指标体系中的指标量纲不同,因此不宜直接比较其差别程度,为了消除各项评价指标量纲不同的影响,需要用变异系数来衡量各项指标取值的差异程度[26],各指标的变异系数公式:
式中,σi为第i项指标的标准差;n为指标总数;xi为第i项指标数;为第i项指标的平均数;Vi为第i项指标的变异系数;
各项指标的权重为:
土壤综合肥力:
利用WPS Office 2024软件按照上述公式对数据进行常规性运算与处理,利用SPSS 22软件对数据进行标准化处理、相关性分析、Bartlett球度检验与归一化处理等。
根据土壤样品检测结果,再结合1.1.2方法可以发现,南充市农用田地呈碱性,土壤平均pH为7.61;有机质含量为第4级,整体偏低,平均含量为17.05 g/kg;大量元素中全氮、碱解氮含量分别处于第3、4级,整体为适宜和偏低水平,平均分别为1.15 g/kg、85.95 mg/kg;有效磷含量为第1级,整体为丰富水平,平均为57.68 mg/kg;速效钾含量为第2级,整体为适宜水平,平均为138.54 mg/kg;中微量元素中,有效铁含量为第1级,整体为丰富,平均为43.96 mg/kg;有效铜、有效锌含量为第2级,整体为高量,平均分别为1.4、1.14 mg/kg;有效锰含量为第3级,整体为适宜,平均为12.18 mg/kg;有效硼、有效钼含量为第4级,整体为偏低,平均分别为0.52、0.13 mg/kg。由于南充地区成土母质多为紫红色砂岩和页岩的关系,此类成土母质发育而成的紫色土中多含有碳酸钙、并且土层发育慢,这也导致了土壤呈碱性、有机质含量偏低[27-28],同时紫色土中的磷钾含量丰富的特性也和此次结果相匹配,有效氮含量偏低的原因也与土壤的碱性程度有关[29]。中微量元素的分布与含量主要与成土母质有关[30],但土壤的碱性程度过高也会影响部分元素的有效性[31],从而导致含量降低。同时,南充所处的丘陵山区地形复杂多变,也导致了元素存在离散偏差大的现象,具体情况见表2
根据地方标准《南方地区耕地土壤肥力诊断与评价》,pH的Pi分为以下等级,pH≤5.0或pH≥9.0时,PiCi/Si)=1.0;pH在5.0~5.5或8.5~9.0时,PiCi/Si)=1.5;pH在5.5~6.0或8.0~8.5时,PiCi/Si)=2.0;pH在6.0~6.5或7.5~8.0时,PiCi/Si)=2.5;6.5≤pH≤7.5时,PiCi/Si)=3.0。
其余各养分指标的标准值(Si)分别为:有机质(旱地12.5,水田22.5,本研究采用平均值17.5)、全氮(旱地1.0,水田1.2,本研究采用平均值1.1)、有效磷(旱地7.5,水田12.5,本研究采用平均值10)、速效钾(旱地80,水田100,本研究采用平均值90)、碱解氮(105)、有效铜(1.7)、有效锌(1.8)、有效铁(35)、有效锰(35)、有效硼(0.35)、有效钼(0.15)。
利用公式(1)依次对各样品数据的Pi进行分析,并计算出各区县中各养分指标的肥力指数平均值(表3)。再利用公式(2)计算出P为0.75,为第Ⅲ级别。表明土壤肥力处于低水平、贫瘠状态,作物也处于缺肥状态,大部分肥力指标缺乏,个别指标严重缺乏或不宜。仅有蓬安县的P勉强达到第2等级,为0.96。
不少研究结果均证明土壤不同养分间均存在一定程度的相关性[4,7],对原始数据的相关性分析结果也能证明此观点。因此,如果评价土壤综合肥力时直接采用养分指标进行,将因为信息重叠而产生较大偏差,进而影响评价结果的准确性[32]
为判断土壤养分数据是否适用于因子分析法,采用Bartlett球度检验法对养分指标原始数据进行检验[32]。结果表明,KMO值为0.738,大于0.6,Bartlett球度检验,其显著性值小于0,为极显著水平,即原始数据适用于因子分析法。
对原始数据的12个土壤养分指标进行因子分析,提取出4个主成分(表4)。由表4可知,4个主成分方差贡献率分别为32.40%、14.96%、12.51%、8.43%,累积贡献率达68.26%。由表5可知,第1主成分主要反映有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效钾、有效铜、有效锌、有效铁、有效锰、有效硼、有效钼的作用;第2主成分主要反映碱解氮、有效磷、有效铜、有效锌、有效铁、有效锰、有效钼的作用;第3主成分主要反映全氮、碱解氮、速效钾、有效磷、有效锰的作用;第4主成分主要反映pH、有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效钾、有效铜、有效锌、有效锰、有效硼的作用;4个主因子经过累积,累积贡献率达到68.26%,能够代表大多数肥力因子。因此,选择以上4个主因子对土壤肥力水平进行综合评价合理,与实际情况较为符合。
由养分指标的得分系数矩阵(表6)计算4个主成分(F1F2F3F4),主成分得分等于得分系数与相对应的标准化变量(Zxi)之积,其数学模型如下:
F1=0.081Zx1+0.339Zx2+0.314Zx3+0.197Zx4–0.063Zx5+0.051Z6+0.228Zx7–0.128Zx8+0.153Zx9–0.174Zx10–0.063Zx11+0.112Zx12
F2=–0.474Zx1–0.124Zx2–0.131Zx3+0.012Zx4+0.070Zx5–0.044Zx6+0.098Zx7+0.283Zx8+0.283Zx9+0.410Zx10–0.110Zx11+0.110Zx12
F3=–0.074Zx1–0.061Zx2+0.017Zx3+0.157Zx4+0.572Zx5+0.476Zx6–0.065Zx7–0.024Zx8–0.217Zx9+0.073Zx10–0.027Zx11–0.021Zx12
F4=0.098Zx1–0.113Zx2–0.041Zx3+0.056Zx4–0.132Zx5+0.054Zx6–0.001Zx7+0.594Zx8–0.176Zx9+0.355Zx10+0.541Zx11–0.143Zx12
式中,Zx1Zx2Zx3Zx4Zx5Zx6Zx7Zx8Zx9Zx10Zx11Zx12分别代表经过标准化相关处理后的pH、有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、有效铜、有效锌、有效铁、有效锰、有效硼、有效钼。
利用公式(3)对南充市土壤肥力的综合得分进行评价。将表5中的4个主成分的特征值进行归一化处理,得出λ1λ2λ3λ4分别为0.47、0.22、0.18、0.12。将求出的F1F2F3F4分别带入公式(3)中进行计算,进而得到各样品土壤的IFI值。
根据表2的分级标准,将5个等级的数据(5个标准样品的养分含量)作为此次土壤肥力等级划分的标准值。标准样品的数据经过标准化后,通过2.2.3和2.2.4的数学模型进行计算,最终得出标准样品的IFI值分别为1.6730、0.6553、0.0531、–0.4818、–0.8150。通过对所有样品数据的综合肥力进行计算,得出各等级内的样品数量及占比分别为:第1级IFI≥1.6730,样本数量2,占比0.23%;第2级0.6553≤IFI<1.6730,样本数量104,占比11.93%;第3级0.0531≤IFI<0.6553,样本数量301,占比34.52%;第4级-0.4818≤IFI<0.0531,样本数量367,占比42.09%;第5级-0.8150≤IFI<-0.4818,样本数量96,占比11.01%;第6级IFI<-0.8150,样本数量2,占比0.23%。在此条件下,第4级的样品数量占比最高,其次为第3级的样品数量,第2级与第5级的样品数量占比接近,第3级及以上的样品数量占总体的比例为46.68%,第4级及以下的样品数量占总体的比例为53.52%,因此整体肥力为略偏低。
在所有的土壤养分指标中,除pH外,其他指标均符合越大越优型。pH为中性时,符合大部分作物的生长要求,因此将pH 7.0作为第1级标准,其余标准依次为第2级(pH 6.5或7.5)、第3级(pH 6.0或8.0)、第4级(pH 5.5或8.5)、第5级(pH 5.0或9.0)。在此标准下,将数据样本根据pH差异分为2部分,其中pH≤7.0的数据样品组1,共计182份;pH>7.0的数据样品组2,共计690份。
随机选取一个样品的数据进行算法应用[25],该样品的基本信息为:pH 4.6、有机质含量29.60 g/kg、全氮含量1.78 g/kg、碱解氮含量210.00 mg/kg、速效磷含量44.50 mg/kg、速效钾含量223.00 mg/kg、有效铜含量4.50 mg/kg、有效锌含量1.69 mg/kg、有效铁含量185.00 mg/kg、有效锰含量31.10 mg/kg、有效硼含量0.80 mg/kg、有效钼含量0.32 mg/kg。以表2中的等级为评价等级建立判断矩阵R,再根据公式(5)计算得到其归一化评价指标矩阵B[25]。最后利用公式(6)计算得到评价模型的评价指标特征值比重矩阵P[25]
根据公式(7)计算出各评判指标的熵值:
H=[0.0306、0.0216、0.0199、0.0134、0.0079、0.0206、0.0178、0.0148、0.014、0.0080、0.0122、0.0140]
根据公式(8)计算出各评判指标的权重:
D=[0.0821、0.0829、0.0830、0.0836、0.0840、0.0830、0.0832、0.0835、0.0835、0.0840、0.0837、0.0835]
按照上述过程,经公式(9)得到所有土壤样品的IFI值平均为0.082 96,其中数据样品组1(即pH≤7.0)的IFI值平均为0.082 99,数据样品组2(即pH>7.0)的IFI值平均为0.082 94。5个标准样品的IFI值分别为0.083 11、0.082 98、0.082 92、0.082 81、0.082 63,以此将综合肥力划分为6个等级:第1级IFI≥0.083 11,第2级0.082 98≤IFI<0.083 11,第3级0.082 92≤IFI<0.082 98,第4级0.082 81≤IFI<0.082 92,第5级0.082 63≤IFI<0.082 81,第6级IFI<0.08263。通过2组样品的IFI值与标准样品对比可知,南充市土壤综合肥力处于第3级,因此整体为适宜肥力。
根据表1和公式(12)计算出各养分指标的权重值分别为:pH 0.0124、有机质0.0492、全氮0.0442、碱解氮0.0513、速效磷0.1844、有效钾0.0529、有效铜0.0822、有效锌0.0808、有效铁0.1345、有效锰0.1203、有效硼0.1043、有效钼0.0841。
表2作为土壤肥力的标准等级,利用公式(13)计算出各标准等级的IFI值分比为35.70、22.83、15.34、8.57、4.53,以此将综合肥力划分为6个等级,第1级IFI≥34.70,第2级22.83≤IFI<34.70,第3级15.34≤IFI<22.83,第4级8.57≤IFI<15.34,第5级4.53≤IFI<8.57,第6级IFI<4.53。同时计算出所有土壤样品的IFI值为34.09。可见,南充IFI值处于第1~2级之间,并接近于第1级,因此整体肥力为偏高。
本研究采用了4种常用评价方法对南充市农用田地土壤肥力进行了评价,4种评价方法的结果有所差异,在综合肥力指数法的评价方法中,P=0.75,在地方标准《南方地区耕地土壤肥力诊断与评价》中,P<0.9则表示土壤肥力处于低水平、贫瘠,作物处于缺肥状态,大部分肥力指标缺乏,个别指标严重缺乏[22],因此认定综合肥力指数法的结果为土壤肥力贫瘠;因子分析法将数据样品肥力值与标准样品肥力值进行对比,并将样本划分成不同的数据集,通过数据集占比的大小,计算出最终肥力,此次因子分析法的结果中有34.52%的土壤样品处于第3级,42.09%的土壤样品处于第4级,按照表1的肥力指标等级划分,分别为适宜和偏低,因此认定因子分析法的结果为土壤肥力略偏低;熵权系数法是赋予评价指标权重值,通过加权的方法计算各土壤样品的肥力值和所有样品的平均肥力值,再与标准样品的肥力值进行对比,结果中所有土壤样品的平均肥力值为0.082 96,经过与标准品对比,该平均肥力值处于第3级之间,因此认定熵权系数法的结果为肥力适宜,也可表述为中等肥力;变异系数法下,土壤肥力的平均值为34.09,经过与标准样品的对比,该肥力处于第2级,因此认定变异系数法的结果为偏高。
关于南充市土壤肥力的研究,唐晓平[33]在1997年利用Fuzzy综合评判针法对南充地区的紫色类型土壤进行了综合肥力研究,其结果表明南充地区的紫色土肥力多以中低水平为主,该结论与本研究中因子分析法的结论较为接近;王齐齐等[34]利用有机质、氮磷钾等大量元素作为依据,对西部地区紫色土近30年的土壤肥力演变进行了研究,南充市的点位中土壤肥力均表现为偏低,并且提出了限制因子为氮和有机质,这也与本结论中氮、有机质含量偏低的结果一致;此外,在南充周边地区开展的土壤肥力研究中,丁锐等[35]采用综合肥力评价法对广元市的核桃园区进行土壤肥力分析,其结果表明广元市核桃园区土壤以紫色土和黄壤为主,土壤肥力总体偏低;王杰等[36]利用模糊分析法对广安市柑橘园区的土壤进行肥力分析,发现该地区柑橘园的土壤肥力为中等肥力,但处于中等以及中等偏低的样本占比高达82.57%;邓利梅等[37]对南充周边盐亭县的撂荒土地和未撂荒土地进行对比研究,发现二者的土壤肥力均未有显著变化,且二者的肥力均在第3~4级之间,为偏低肥力。虽然南充的土壤类型以紫色土为主,但水稻土也占据较大比例,这一点从南充市的水稻种植面积为所有粮食作物之首也可证明[38]。水稻土作为一种人为土,可由各类土壤发育而来,在人为长期的耕作、施肥、灌溉排水等行为下,其土壤性质也发生了变化[39],由于成土母质的原因,南充地区的水稻土主要由紫色土发育而来,且水稻土的肥力要高于紫色土[25]。因此,根据前人研究进展,再结合南充市土壤酸碱性与养分基本情况,可认定因子分析法的结果较为符合南充土壤肥力的实际情况,即土壤肥力偏低。
土壤肥力是土壤最基本的特征,是反映土壤能够提供给作物生长所需的各种养分的能力,一般受到养分因素、物理因素、化学因素、生物因素的影响,在本研究中采用了养分因素(有机质与各类元素)和化学因素(酸碱度)作为评价指标来反映南充市土壤的综合肥力。通过前人研究结果,结合本次土壤酸碱度检测结果和养分分析检测结果,可以认为酸碱度、有机质含量、氮含量是南充市土壤肥力的主要障碍因子,硼、钼是次要限制因子。土壤酸碱度是评价土壤健康性的重要指标[40],可通过影响土壤中微生物活性、养分的有效性和转化运输[41],进而影响作物的生长发育、抗病性及产量和质量[42]。南充市土壤呈碱性,平均pH达到7.61,其主要原因是南充地区所处四川盆地,成土母质多为紫红色砂岩和页岩,这类母质土壤多含有盐基饱和度较高的碳酸盐,从而导致本区域的土壤碱性程度较高[28]。土壤有机质含量是衡量土壤是否肥沃的重要指标[43],土壤中众多营养元素都来源于有机质,特别是氮素和磷素[44],此外有机质还影响着土壤微生物含量与活性,土壤的保水保肥功效等[45-46]。南充土壤有机质含量为17.05 g/kg,整体偏低,其主要原因是南充地区为典型的紫色土,紫色土土层浅薄、剖面发育不明显,没有显著的腐殖质层[27],因而有机质整体偏低。氮素是植物生长的必备要素之一,是植物体内蛋白质、核酸、磷脂和激素等含氮物质的重要组成成分,关系着植物的生物量和品质等[47]。南充土壤碱解氮含量偏低的原因也可能是受碱性土壤的影响,碱性环境下铵态氮从离子态向分子态转化,且碱性程度越高,随之造成的矿化、硝化及反硝化作用也更为明显,淋洗和NH3挥发也更为严重,氮损失程度也更明显[27,48]。硼、钼也是作物发育的必备微量元素[49-50],硼在植物器官发育和耐逆性方面有重要作用,钼对促进氮的代谢和促进糖类的形成和转化等方面有重要的作用。其含量主要受土壤成土母质的影响,后期的人为因素也会导致微量元素的含量发生变化[51]
因此,南充市土壤肥力的提升首先建议增施有机肥,研究表明增施有机肥可以有效增加土壤中有机质的含量[52],其次有机肥中含有的腐殖酸在降低土壤pH方面具有良好效果[53],最后有机肥不仅可以补充土壤所需的氮肥[44],还可以补充多种作物所需的中微量元素[54]。此外,有机肥在改善土壤物理性质[55]、微生物多样性和种群结构[56]方面有良好的效果,很多学者以将土壤的物理性质和微生物作为评价土壤肥力的重要指标[57-59];其次多采用深翻、轮作、间作的耕作模式也有助于改善土壤肥力,蔡红光等[60]研究表明玉米秸秆全量深翻还田能够减轻土壤肥力退化问题,赵峥等[61]研究表明轮作可以增加水稻田的土壤肥力,许代香等[62]研究表明禾本科与豆科间作可以提升土壤肥力。对于碱性程度较高的土壤可以适当使用石膏、硫磺等碱性土壤改良剂,相对于有机肥的改良效果,土壤改良剂的时效性更好,但长期单独使用土壤改良剂对土壤生态系统的稳定性和安全性可能造成潜在的风险[63],因此需要科学合理地使用土壤改良剂,也有研究表明同时将土壤改良剂与有机肥搭配使用后的效果也更佳[64]。对于缺少的氮、硼、钼等元素除了通过有机肥补充外,还可根据实际情况以根部和叶面追肥的方式补充。
通过综合指数法、因子分析法、熵权系数法、变异系数法4种方法对南充市土壤综合肥力进行评价。结果表明,4种综合肥力评价方法的结果间存在较大差异,变异系数法的评价结果为偏高,熵权系数法的评价结果为适宜,因子分析法的评价结果略偏低,综合肥力指数法的评价结果为贫瘠。结合前人研究进展与土壤酸碱度与养分基本信息,因子分析法的评价结果与南充市土壤综合肥力较为接近。后期土壤综合肥力的提升应注重增施有机肥,注意碱性土壤的改良以及在氮、硼、钼等元素上的补充。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFD2300803)
  • 国家产业技术体系四川省水果创新团队项目(sccxtd-2024-04)
  • 南充市农业科学院青年基金项目(QJYB2504)
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2025年第46卷第2期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.02.021
  • 接收时间:2024-08-30
  • 首发时间:2026-06-23
  • 出版时间:2025-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-30
  • 修回日期:2024-10-03
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFD2300803)
国家产业技术体系四川省水果创新团队项目(sccxtd-2024-04)
南充市农业科学院青年基金项目(QJYB2504)
作者信息
    1.南充市农业科学院,四川南充 637000
    2.南充市土壤肥料站,四川南充 637000

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* 廖前超(LIAO Qianchao),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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