Article(id=1276238123365437809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276238094940639467, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.02.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1725984000000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-11, revisedDate=1727280000000, revisedDateStr=2024-09-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782208479967, onlineDateStr=2026-06-23, pubDate=1740412800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782208479967, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782208479967, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782208479967, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276238094940639467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2025', volume='46', issue='2', pageStart='247', pageEnd='489', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1740412800000', pubDateStr='2025-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782208473191, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782208527160, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276238321386909890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276238094940639467, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276238321386909891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276238094940639467, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=322, endPage=332, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276238124581785973, articleId=1276238123365437809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Comprehensive Evaluation of Fruit Traits and Quality of 11 Cocoa Germplasms, columnId=1236256430060261740, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Germplasm Resources, Genetics & Breeding, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to screen cocoa breeding materials with excellent fruit traits, pulp and cocoa bean quality, 17 indicators including fruit quality, fruit shell quality, fruit length, fruit width, fresh quality of seeds, pulp content, soluble sugar, total acid, pH, sugar-acid ratio, pulp sensory evaluation (aroma, sour-sweet taste, acceptance), cocoa butter, theobromine, caffeine, and polyphenols were measured for 11 cocoa germplasm. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis were used to comprehensively evaluate the 17 indicators of different cocoa germplasm fruits. The results indicated that the coefficients of variation (CV) for the 17 indicators ranged from 4.16% to 52.91%, with an average of 16.73%. Notably, caffeine exhibited the highest CV among all indicators. The CVs for pulp content, total acid, sugar-acid ratio, and caffeine were all above 20%, suggesting significant variations in fruit traits and quality among the 11 cocoa germplasms. This rich genetic diversity indicates a vast potential for the selection and improvement of cocoa cultivars with desirable characteristics. In the sensory evaluation of cocoa pulp, variety Xiangke 16 scored the highest, followed by TAS420 and TAS1413. Furthermore, the acceptability among testers was primarily influenced by the balance of sweetness and sourness in the pulp. Correlation analysis revealed that there were mainly positive correlations between fruit traits and pulp quality, while there were primarily negative correlations between cocoa bean quality traits and both fruit traits and pulp quality. In the principal component analysis, a total of five principal components with eigenvalues greater than 1 were extracted, accounting for a cumulative contribution rate of 89.521%. Based on the principal component scores of each indicator, a comprehensive ranking was conducted, with TAS420, Xiangke 16, and TAS414 scoring the highest. The three cocoa germplasm exhibited superior performance in fruit traits, pulp quality, and cocoa bean quality. Principal components 1 and 2 played crucial roles in the comprehensive evaluation. Among them, indicators such as pH, sugar-acid ratio, sensory evaluation, fruit quality, fruit shell quality, and fruit width contributed significantly to the evaluation of cocoa fruits. Based on the cluster analysis, the 11 cocoa germplasms were subdivided into four groups. Group I consisted of TAS1413, which exhibited superior fruit traits and pulp quality but had the poorest cocoa bean quality. Groups II and III comprised the top four germplasm in the comprehensive ranking, demonstrating excellent overall indicators and serving as important materials for breeding superior varieties. The remaining six germplasm belonged to Group IV, which had relatively average fruit traits and quality. This study would provide a foundation for the breeding of superior cocoa varieties, contributing to the diversification and development of the cocoa industry.

, authors=null, authorsList=Dewei YANG, Baoduo WU, Guoxing WU, Rui WANG, Zixiao ZHANG, Fupeng LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Fupeng LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276238127404552581, articleId=1276238123365437809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=11份可可种质果实性状及品质综合评价, columnId=1236256430219645304, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=种质资源与遗传育种, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为筛选果实性状、果肉和可可豆品质均优异的可可育种材料,对11份可可种质的果实质量、果壳质量、果长、果宽、种子鲜质量、果肉含量、可溶性糖、总酸、pH、糖酸比、果肉感官评价(香气、酸甜感、接受度)、可可脂、可可碱、咖啡因和多酚17个指标进行测定,并通过主成分分析和聚类分析对不同可可种质果实的17个指标进行综合评价。结果表明:17个指标的变异系数为4.16%~52.91%,平均为16.73%,其中咖啡因的变异系数最大。果肉含量、总酸、糖酸比、咖啡因的变异系数均在20%以上,11份可可种质在果实性状和品质上均存在较大差异,具有丰富的遗传多样性。对可可果肉的感官评价中,香可16号的测评分数最高,其次是TAS420、TAS1413;此外,测评者的接受度主要与果肉的酸甜有关。相关性分析表明,果实性状与果肉品质间主要呈正相关关系,而可可豆品质性状与它们主要呈负相关关系。主成分分析中,共提取出5个特征值大于1的主成分,累计贡献率为89.521%;基于各指标的主成分得分进行综合排名,TAS420、香可16号、TAS414的综合评分最高,在果实性状、果肉和可可豆品质上表现均优异。主成分1和主成分2在综合评价中起到关键作用,其中pH、糖酸比、感官评价、果实质量、果壳质量、果宽的指标对可可果实的贡献率较大。依据聚类分析,将11份可可种质细分为4个类群,第一类群仅有TAS1413,其果实性状和果肉品质均较为优异,但可可豆品质最差;第二、第三类群为综合排名前四的种质,综合指标较为优异,是培育优良品种的重要材料。剩下的6份种质为第四类群,其果实性状和品质较为一般。本研究为可可优良品种培育提供基础,有助于可可产业的多元化发展。

, authors=

杨德伟(2001—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:种质资源评价和生物农药开发。

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* 李付鹏(LI Fupeng),E-mail:
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杨德伟(2001—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:种质资源评价和生物农药开发。

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杨德伟(2001—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:种质资源评价和生物农药开发。

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Identification and analysis of quality traits of 42 Hainan coffee germplasm resources, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1276238137386996170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238123365437809, awardId=1630142022003, language=CN, fundingSource=中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(1630142022003), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1276238137454105035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238123365437809, awardId=2023wnkj04, language=CN, fundingSource=万宁市重点科研项目(2023wnkj04), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1276238127631044999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238123365437809, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276238127639433608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238123365437809, companyId=1276238127631044999, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Quality Regulation for Tropical Spice and Beverage Crops of Hainan Province / Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources Utilization of Spice and Beverage Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wanning, Hainan 571533, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276238127647822217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238123365437809, companyId=1276238127631044999, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.中国热带农业科学院香料饮料研究所/海南省热带香辛饮料作物遗传改良与品质调控重点实验室/农业农村部香辛饮料作物遗传资源利用重点实验室,海南万宁 571533)]), AuthorCompany(id=1276238127916257674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238123365437809, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276238127924646283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238123365437809, companyId=1276238127916257674, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276238127937229196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238123365437809, companyId=1276238127916257674, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.云南农业大学植物保护学院,云南昆明 650201)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1276238135570862518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238123365437809, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Sensory evaluation radar image, figureFileSmall=P4xhIemZYI1mHcDgkLK0oQ==, figureFileBig=bgseYcFlOD4EloA+BgWdPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276238135637971383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238123365437809, language=CN, label=图1, caption=感官测评雷达图, figureFileSmall=P4xhIemZYI1mHcDgkLK0oQ==, figureFileBig=bgseYcFlOD4EloA+BgWdPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276238136023847352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238123365437809, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Correlation analysis of cocoa fruit indexes

* indicates significant correlation (P<0.05), ** indicates extremely significant correlation (P<0.01).

, figureFileSmall=vZmyzWZfmmza8mERq3+SeA==, figureFileBig=8l/X94YWnjc8/H3K7chfGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276238136099344825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238123365437809, language=CN, label=图2, caption=可可果实指标相关性分析

*表示显著相关(P<0.05),**表示极显著相关(P<0.01)。

, figureFileSmall=vZmyzWZfmmza8mERq3+SeA==, figureFileBig=8l/X94YWnjc8/H3K7chfGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276238136158065082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238123365437809, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Cluster analysis of 11 cocoa germplasms fruit indexes, figureFileSmall=jx/WNwtHePCR8/OhFua9gA==, figureFileBig=X1IxqH6hpzHMb4Fk21q4Ng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276238136212591035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238123365437809, language=CN, label=图3, caption=11份可可种质果实指标聚类分析, figureFileSmall=jx/WNwtHePCR8/OhFua9gA==, figureFileBig=X1IxqH6hpzHMb4Fk21q4Ng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276238136271311292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238123365437809, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Cocoa pulp sensory evaluation standards

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目Item评分标准Evaluation standard分值Score
香气香气浓烈16~25
香气较淡,有发酵味8~16
无香味,发酵味重0~8
酸甜感清甜可口,酸味淡16~25
酸甜适中8~16
酸味较重0~8
接受度接受度高16~25
一般8~16
较难接受0~8
), ArticleFig(id=1276238136342614461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238123365437809, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

可可果肉感官评价标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目Item评分标准Evaluation standard分值Score
香气香气浓烈16~25
香气较淡,有发酵味8~16
无香味,发酵味重0~8
酸甜感清甜可口,酸味淡16~25
酸甜适中8~16
酸味较重0~8
接受度接受度高16~25
一般8~16
较难接受0~8
), ArticleFig(id=1276238136409723326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238123365437809, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Cocoa germplasms fruit traits

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种质Germplasm果实质量Fruit quality/g果壳质量Fruit shell quality/g果长Fruit length/mm果宽Fruit width/mm种子鲜质量Fresh quality of seeds/g果肉含量Pulp content/g
TASS8513.05±29.95cd395.29±26.08bc144.99±1.65b87.83±1.97cde73.57±6.23bcd44.19±1.67fh
香可16号699.19±48.30a503.42±25.60a164.39±8.04a100.16±3.18a97.30±14.29ab98.47±12.39ab
TAS46630.17±37.08ab500.26±27.18a161.14±3.50a93.40±2.45b64.24±6.31d65.67±5.03cde
TAS58518.56±22.78cd378.27±19.10bc143.68±12.11b86.99±0.14cdef72.24±11.81cd68.05±7.89cd
TAS82402.16±32.63e264.95±29.16d144.91±3.16b83.08±2.76ef91.23±2.22abc45.98±2.91efh
TAS119450.07±44.96de353.42±41.98bc146.37±3.83b84.96±2.85def61.86±4.24d34.79±2.98h
TAS414468.08±39.11de339.22±31.55c174.91±3.13a81.70±2.59f65.92±8.96d62.94±5.94cdef
TAS420674.25±44.64a522.61±49.13a161.97±4.28a99.79±2.39a96.08±8.80abc55.56±16.59def
TAS611510.26±21.43cd375.81±11.57bc134.16±7.71b90.18±1.99bcd84.16±11.89bcd50.29±4.15defh
TAS1411581.46±30.40bc422.52±41.04b161.81±8.09a88.70±1.08bcd76.43±6.90bcd82.51±14.92bc
TAS1413636.01±9.22ab420.44±18.03b173.03±6.39a90.81±3.24bc111.34±19.72a104.23±9.64a
), ArticleFig(id=1276238136481026495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238123365437809, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

可可种质果实性状

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种质Germplasm果实质量Fruit quality/g果壳质量Fruit shell quality/g果长Fruit length/mm果宽Fruit width/mm种子鲜质量Fresh quality of seeds/g果肉含量Pulp content/g
TASS8513.05±29.95cd395.29±26.08bc144.99±1.65b87.83±1.97cde73.57±6.23bcd44.19±1.67fh
香可16号699.19±48.30a503.42±25.60a164.39±8.04a100.16±3.18a97.30±14.29ab98.47±12.39ab
TAS46630.17±37.08ab500.26±27.18a161.14±3.50a93.40±2.45b64.24±6.31d65.67±5.03cde
TAS58518.56±22.78cd378.27±19.10bc143.68±12.11b86.99±0.14cdef72.24±11.81cd68.05±7.89cd
TAS82402.16±32.63e264.95±29.16d144.91±3.16b83.08±2.76ef91.23±2.22abc45.98±2.91efh
TAS119450.07±44.96de353.42±41.98bc146.37±3.83b84.96±2.85def61.86±4.24d34.79±2.98h
TAS414468.08±39.11de339.22±31.55c174.91±3.13a81.70±2.59f65.92±8.96d62.94±5.94cdef
TAS420674.25±44.64a522.61±49.13a161.97±4.28a99.79±2.39a96.08±8.80abc55.56±16.59def
TAS611510.26±21.43cd375.81±11.57bc134.16±7.71b90.18±1.99bcd84.16±11.89bcd50.29±4.15defh
TAS1411581.46±30.40bc422.52±41.04b161.81±8.09a88.70±1.08bcd76.43±6.90bcd82.51±14.92bc
TAS1413636.01±9.22ab420.44±18.03b173.03±6.39a90.81±3.24bc111.34±19.72a104.23±9.64a
), ArticleFig(id=1276238136548135360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238123365437809, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Cocoa germplasms pulp quality traits

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种质Germplasm可溶性糖含量Soluble sugar content/(mg·mL–1)总酸含量Total acid content/(mg·mL–1)pH糖酸比Sugar-acid ratio
TASS8101.75±7.39ef10.52±0.46c3.59±0.07cd9.68±0.69def
香可16号92.99±4.18f6.84±0.31d3.89±0.16a13.61±0.78b
TAS46115.71±11.54bcd16.29±1.73a3.48±0.08de7.17±1.17f
TAS58129.88±9.29b15.41±1.15a3.37±0.09ef8.44±0.61f
TAS82127.15±4.04bc10.72±0.71c3.46±0.07de11.91±1.15cd
TAS119117.65±4.53bcd13.10±0.77b3.60±0.16bcd9.00±0.70ef
TAS414148.31±4.65a7.86±0.49d3.68±0.10bc18.90±0.79a
TAS420114.10±10.50cde7.43±1.20d3.79±0.11ab15.75±3.87b
TAS611107.00±3.94de9.50±0.33c3.59±0.04cd11.26±0.09cde
TAS1411124.03±10.84bc10.25±0.76c3.51±0.12cde12.13±1.32cde
TAS1413119.73±6.06bcd9.59±0.86c3.70±0.04bc12.51±0.52c
), ArticleFig(id=1276238136611049921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238123365437809, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

可可种质果肉品质性状

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种质Germplasm可溶性糖含量Soluble sugar content/(mg·mL–1)总酸含量Total acid content/(mg·mL–1)pH糖酸比Sugar-acid ratio
TASS8101.75±7.39ef10.52±0.46c3.59±0.07cd9.68±0.69def
香可16号92.99±4.18f6.84±0.31d3.89±0.16a13.61±0.78b
TAS46115.71±11.54bcd16.29±1.73a3.48±0.08de7.17±1.17f
TAS58129.88±9.29b15.41±1.15a3.37±0.09ef8.44±0.61f
TAS82127.15±4.04bc10.72±0.71c3.46±0.07de11.91±1.15cd
TAS119117.65±4.53bcd13.10±0.77b3.60±0.16bcd9.00±0.70ef
TAS414148.31±4.65a7.86±0.49d3.68±0.10bc18.90±0.79a
TAS420114.10±10.50cde7.43±1.20d3.79±0.11ab15.75±3.87b
TAS611107.00±3.94de9.50±0.33c3.59±0.04cd11.26±0.09cde
TAS1411124.03±10.84bc10.25±0.76c3.51±0.12cde12.13±1.32cde
TAS1413119.73±6.06bcd9.59±0.86c3.70±0.04bc12.51±0.52c
), ArticleFig(id=1276238136673964482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238123365437809, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Quality characteristics of cocoa beans from different cocoa germplasm

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种质Germplasm可可脂含量Cocoa butter content可可碱含量Theobromine content咖啡因含量Caffeine content多酚含量Polyphenol content
TASS8451.35±8.09ab14.49±0.10d1.62±0.01f59.24±1.06de
香可16号411.14±9.62ef15.81±0.04b1.40±0.01g68.91±1.30a
TAS46401.12±9.30f15.12±0.21c0.68±0.01j57.54±1.07de
TAS58438.24±7.31bcd15.41±0.11c0.83±0.02i56.72±0.85e
TAS82411.34±6.82ef16.92±0.08a1.76±0.01d63.53±0.44bc
TAS119443.16±9.48bc11.82±0.20g2.59±0.05b65.13±3.20b
TAS414430.45±4.78cd13.67±0.02e1.40±0.01g60.44±0.42cd
TAS420465.64±2.63a13.05±0.04f4.09±0.02a64.60±1.19b
TAS611424.59±5.42de14.54±0.44d0.96±0.02h66.82±1.50ab
TAS1411400.68±8.81f13.29±0.04f1.91±0.01c64.14±2.65b
TAS1413372.53±6.93g7.85±0.04h1.72±0.01e42.29±1.76f
), ArticleFig(id=1276238136791404995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238123365437809, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同可可种质可可豆品质性状

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种质Germplasm可可脂含量Cocoa butter content可可碱含量Theobromine content咖啡因含量Caffeine content多酚含量Polyphenol content
TASS8451.35±8.09ab14.49±0.10d1.62±0.01f59.24±1.06de
香可16号411.14±9.62ef15.81±0.04b1.40±0.01g68.91±1.30a
TAS46401.12±9.30f15.12±0.21c0.68±0.01j57.54±1.07de
TAS58438.24±7.31bcd15.41±0.11c0.83±0.02i56.72±0.85e
TAS82411.34±6.82ef16.92±0.08a1.76±0.01d63.53±0.44bc
TAS119443.16±9.48bc11.82±0.20g2.59±0.05b65.13±3.20b
TAS414430.45±4.78cd13.67±0.02e1.40±0.01g60.44±0.42cd
TAS420465.64±2.63a13.05±0.04f4.09±0.02a64.60±1.19b
TAS611424.59±5.42de14.54±0.44d0.96±0.02h66.82±1.50ab
TAS1411400.68±8.81f13.29±0.04f1.91±0.01c64.14±2.65b
TAS1413372.53±6.93g7.85±0.04h1.72±0.01e42.29±1.76f
), ArticleFig(id=1276238136883679684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238123365437809, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Coefficient of variation of 17 indicators in cocoa fruit

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指标Index最大值Maximum最小值Minimum平均值Average标准差Standard deviation变异系数CV/%
果实质量/g699.19402.16553.0292.8816.80
果壳质量/g522.61264.95406.9374.6918.35
果长/mm174.91134.16155.5812.718.17
果宽/mm100.1681.7089.785.796.45
种子鲜质量/g111.3461.8681.3115.2418.74
果肉含量/g104.2334.7964.7921.3032.88
可溶性糖/(mg·mL–1)148.3192.99118.0314.1912.02
总酸/(mg·mL–1)16.296.8410.682.9527.62
pH3.893.373.610.154.16
糖酸比18.907.1711.853.2427.34
香气19.0715.3316.731.136.75
酸甜感20.9314.8718.151.789.81
接受度22.3317.0020.301.688.28
可可脂含量/(mg·g–1)465.64372.53422.7525.446.02
可可碱含量/(mg·g–1)16.927.8513.822.3216.79
咖啡因含量/(mg·g–1)4.090.681.720.9152.91
多酚含量/(mg·g–1)68.9142.2960.856.9211.37
), ArticleFig(id=1276238136954982853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238123365437809, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

可可果实17个指标的变异系数

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指标Index最大值Maximum最小值Minimum平均值Average标准差Standard deviation变异系数CV/%
果实质量/g699.19402.16553.0292.8816.80
果壳质量/g522.61264.95406.9374.6918.35
果长/mm174.91134.16155.5812.718.17
果宽/mm100.1681.7089.785.796.45
种子鲜质量/g111.3461.8681.3115.2418.74
果肉含量/g104.2334.7964.7921.3032.88
可溶性糖/(mg·mL–1)148.3192.99118.0314.1912.02
总酸/(mg·mL–1)16.296.8410.682.9527.62
pH3.893.373.610.154.16
糖酸比18.907.1711.853.2427.34
香气19.0715.3316.731.136.75
酸甜感20.9314.8718.151.789.81
接受度22.3317.0020.301.688.28
可可脂含量/(mg·g–1)465.64372.53422.7525.446.02
可可碱含量/(mg·g–1)16.927.8513.822.3216.79
咖啡因含量/(mg·g–1)4.090.681.720.9152.91
多酚含量/(mg·g–1)68.9142.2960.856.9211.37
), ArticleFig(id=1276238137038868934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238123365437809, language=EN, label=Tab. 6, caption=

Principal component load matrix, eigenvalues, and contribution rate after rotation

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指标Index主成分1PC1主成分2PC2主成分3PC3主成分4PC4主成分5PC5
果实质量0.2280.937–0.169–0.1670.034
果壳质量0.0580.989–0.0410.0440.057
果长0.3690.358–0.333–0.2300.730
果宽0.2620.9220.0430.025–0.215
种子鲜质量0.6350.224–0.408–0.255–0.325
果肉含量0.3370.458–0.300–0.7000.184
可溶性糖–0.142–0.568–0.137–0.0180.737
总酸–0.973–0.047–0.068–0.078–0.045
pH0.7880.474–0.0190.1070.027
糖酸比0.807–0.0830.0670.0960.525
香气0.6350.3540.177–0.220–0.248
酸甜感0.9150.152–0.1110.0210.089
接受度0.8970.200–0.2000.0400.011
可可脂含量–0.028–0.0200.3620.849–0.040
可可碱含量–0.218–0.0730.875–0.030–0.088
咖啡因含量0.4250.166–0.2810.7850.047
多酚含量0.2210.0260.8320.346–0.161
特征值5.3383.8752.1802.1741.651
贡献率/%31.39922.79712.82412.7889.714
累计贡献率/%31.39954.19667.01979.80789.521
), ArticleFig(id=1276238137118560711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238123365437809, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

旋转后主成分载荷矩阵、特征值及贡献率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标Index主成分1PC1主成分2PC2主成分3PC3主成分4PC4主成分5PC5
果实质量0.2280.937–0.169–0.1670.034
果壳质量0.0580.989–0.0410.0440.057
果长0.3690.358–0.333–0.2300.730
果宽0.2620.9220.0430.025–0.215
种子鲜质量0.6350.224–0.408–0.255–0.325
果肉含量0.3370.458–0.300–0.7000.184
可溶性糖–0.142–0.568–0.137–0.0180.737
总酸–0.973–0.047–0.068–0.078–0.045
pH0.7880.474–0.0190.1070.027
糖酸比0.807–0.0830.0670.0960.525
香气0.6350.3540.177–0.220–0.248
酸甜感0.9150.152–0.1110.0210.089
接受度0.8970.200–0.2000.0400.011
可可脂含量–0.028–0.0200.3620.849–0.040
可可碱含量–0.218–0.0730.875–0.030–0.088
咖啡因含量0.4250.166–0.2810.7850.047
多酚含量0.2210.0260.8320.346–0.161
特征值5.3383.8752.1802.1741.651
贡献率/%31.39922.79712.82412.7889.714
累计贡献率/%31.39954.19667.01979.80789.521
), ArticleFig(id=1276238137202446792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238123365437809, language=EN, label=Tab. 7, caption=

Principal component scores and comprehensive scores of fruits from different cocoa germplasms

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种质GermplasmF1F2F3F4F5F排名Ranking
TAS4200.8291.305–0.3242.0630.3270.8121
香可16号1.3911.4261.266–1.064–0.5020.7402
TAS4140.733–1.0380.591–0.0972.3370.2843
TAS14110.2260.003–0.087–0.3360.6040.0764
TAS6110.286–0.4570.826–0.382–1.520–0.1055
TASS8–0.331–0.193–0.0800.820–0.797–0.1316
TAS119–0.480–0.584–0.3251.321–0.466–0.2027
TAS14130.6210.110–2.633–1.187–0.175–0.2868
TAS46–2.0461.3180.232–0.5970.645–0.3269
TAS820.107–1.6740.343–0.191–0.454–0.37310
TAS58–1.335–0.2170.190–0.3510.001–0.48911
), ArticleFig(id=1276238137286332873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238123365437809, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

不同可可种质果实主成分得分及综合得分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种质GermplasmF1F2F3F4F5F排名Ranking
TAS4200.8291.305–0.3242.0630.3270.8121
香可16号1.3911.4261.266–1.064–0.5020.7402
TAS4140.733–1.0380.591–0.0972.3370.2843
TAS14110.2260.003–0.087–0.3360.6040.0764
TAS6110.286–0.4570.826–0.382–1.520–0.1055
TASS8–0.331–0.193–0.0800.820–0.797–0.1316
TAS119–0.480–0.584–0.3251.321–0.466–0.2027
TAS14130.6210.110–2.633–1.187–0.175–0.2868
TAS46–2.0461.3180.232–0.5970.645–0.3269
TAS820.107–1.6740.343–0.191–0.454–0.37310
TAS58–1.335–0.2170.190–0.3510.001–0.48911
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11份可可种质果实性状及品质综合评价
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杨德伟 1, 2 , 伍宝朵 1 , 吴国星 2 , 王睿 1 , 张子箫 1 , 李付鹏 1, *
热带作物学报 | 种质资源与遗传育种 2025,46(2): 322-332
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热带作物学报 |种质资源与遗传育种 2025 , 46 (2) : 322 -332
11份可可种质果实性状及品质综合评价
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杨德伟1, 2, 伍宝朵1, 吴国星2, 王睿1, 张子箫1, 李付鹏1, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国热带农业科学院香料饮料研究所/海南省热带香辛饮料作物遗传改良与品质调控重点实验室/农业农村部香辛饮料作物遗传资源利用重点实验室,海南万宁 571533
  • 2.云南农业大学植物保护学院,云南昆明 650201
通讯作者:
* 李付鹏(LI Fupeng),E-mail:
Comprehensive Evaluation of Fruit Traits and Quality of 11 Cocoa Germplasms
Dewei YANG1, 2, Baoduo WU1, Guoxing WU2, Rui WANG1, Zixiao ZHANG1, Fupeng LI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Quality Regulation for Tropical Spice and Beverage Crops of Hainan Province / Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources Utilization of Spice and Beverage Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wanning, Hainan 571533, China
  • 2.College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
出版时间: 2025-02-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.02.008
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为筛选果实性状、果肉和可可豆品质均优异的可可育种材料,对11份可可种质的果实质量、果壳质量、果长、果宽、种子鲜质量、果肉含量、可溶性糖、总酸、pH、糖酸比、果肉感官评价(香气、酸甜感、接受度)、可可脂、可可碱、咖啡因和多酚17个指标进行测定,并通过主成分分析和聚类分析对不同可可种质果实的17个指标进行综合评价。结果表明:17个指标的变异系数为4.16%~52.91%,平均为16.73%,其中咖啡因的变异系数最大。果肉含量、总酸、糖酸比、咖啡因的变异系数均在20%以上,11份可可种质在果实性状和品质上均存在较大差异,具有丰富的遗传多样性。对可可果肉的感官评价中,香可16号的测评分数最高,其次是TAS420、TAS1413;此外,测评者的接受度主要与果肉的酸甜有关。相关性分析表明,果实性状与果肉品质间主要呈正相关关系,而可可豆品质性状与它们主要呈负相关关系。主成分分析中,共提取出5个特征值大于1的主成分,累计贡献率为89.521%;基于各指标的主成分得分进行综合排名,TAS420、香可16号、TAS414的综合评分最高,在果实性状、果肉和可可豆品质上表现均优异。主成分1和主成分2在综合评价中起到关键作用,其中pH、糖酸比、感官评价、果实质量、果壳质量、果宽的指标对可可果实的贡献率较大。依据聚类分析,将11份可可种质细分为4个类群,第一类群仅有TAS1413,其果实性状和果肉品质均较为优异,但可可豆品质最差;第二、第三类群为综合排名前四的种质,综合指标较为优异,是培育优良品种的重要材料。剩下的6份种质为第四类群,其果实性状和品质较为一般。本研究为可可优良品种培育提供基础,有助于可可产业的多元化发展。

可可  /  果实性状  /  果肉品质  /  评价

In order to screen cocoa breeding materials with excellent fruit traits, pulp and cocoa bean quality, 17 indicators including fruit quality, fruit shell quality, fruit length, fruit width, fresh quality of seeds, pulp content, soluble sugar, total acid, pH, sugar-acid ratio, pulp sensory evaluation (aroma, sour-sweet taste, acceptance), cocoa butter, theobromine, caffeine, and polyphenols were measured for 11 cocoa germplasm. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis were used to comprehensively evaluate the 17 indicators of different cocoa germplasm fruits. The results indicated that the coefficients of variation (CV) for the 17 indicators ranged from 4.16% to 52.91%, with an average of 16.73%. Notably, caffeine exhibited the highest CV among all indicators. The CVs for pulp content, total acid, sugar-acid ratio, and caffeine were all above 20%, suggesting significant variations in fruit traits and quality among the 11 cocoa germplasms. This rich genetic diversity indicates a vast potential for the selection and improvement of cocoa cultivars with desirable characteristics. In the sensory evaluation of cocoa pulp, variety Xiangke 16 scored the highest, followed by TAS420 and TAS1413. Furthermore, the acceptability among testers was primarily influenced by the balance of sweetness and sourness in the pulp. Correlation analysis revealed that there were mainly positive correlations between fruit traits and pulp quality, while there were primarily negative correlations between cocoa bean quality traits and both fruit traits and pulp quality. In the principal component analysis, a total of five principal components with eigenvalues greater than 1 were extracted, accounting for a cumulative contribution rate of 89.521%. Based on the principal component scores of each indicator, a comprehensive ranking was conducted, with TAS420, Xiangke 16, and TAS414 scoring the highest. The three cocoa germplasm exhibited superior performance in fruit traits, pulp quality, and cocoa bean quality. Principal components 1 and 2 played crucial roles in the comprehensive evaluation. Among them, indicators such as pH, sugar-acid ratio, sensory evaluation, fruit quality, fruit shell quality, and fruit width contributed significantly to the evaluation of cocoa fruits. Based on the cluster analysis, the 11 cocoa germplasms were subdivided into four groups. Group I consisted of TAS1413, which exhibited superior fruit traits and pulp quality but had the poorest cocoa bean quality. Groups II and III comprised the top four germplasm in the comprehensive ranking, demonstrating excellent overall indicators and serving as important materials for breeding superior varieties. The remaining six germplasm belonged to Group IV, which had relatively average fruit traits and quality. This study would provide a foundation for the breeding of superior cocoa varieties, contributing to the diversification and development of the cocoa industry.

cocoa  /  fruit traits  /  pulp quality  /  evaluate
杨德伟, 伍宝朵, 吴国星, 王睿, 张子箫, 李付鹏. 11份可可种质果实性状及品质综合评价. 热带作物学报, 2025 , 46 (2) : 322 -332 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.02.008
Dewei YANG, Baoduo WU, Guoxing WU, Rui WANG, Zixiao ZHANG, Fupeng LI. Comprehensive Evaluation of Fruit Traits and Quality of 11 Cocoa Germplasms[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2025 , 46 (2) : 322 -332 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.02.008
可可(Theobroma cacao L.)是锦葵科可可属植物,距今已有3000多年的种植历史,目前在世界范围内的热带地区均有种植[1-2]。可可是全球重要的经济作物,其种子是制作巧克力的主要原料[3],富含可可碱、多酚等物质,具有抗氧化、心血管疾病的作用[4-5]。据FAO统计,2022年全球可可种植面积为1190万hm2,产量587万t,从业人员超过4000万[6]。预计到2026年,全球可可和巧克力市场将达到1800亿美元[7],在国际市场上具有重要地位[5]
可可种子表面附着一层白色果肉[8],与果壳、种皮被认为是巧克力生产过程中的副产物。可可果肉中含有80%左右的水,富含糖、维生素、多酚以及多种矿物质[7-10],有益于人体健康[11]。在发酵过程中,会有白色黏液渗出,被称为可可黏液渗出物或可可蜂蜜[1,7,11]。目前,每加工1 t可可果实,大约45 L的可可黏液渗出物被浪费[11]。尽管可可果肉和可可蜂蜜的营养物质相近,但严格来说,可可果肉和可可蜂蜜不完全相同,后者的果胶含量更高[12]
可可果肉酸甜可口,可用作鲜食、饮料、果酒等[7,13],近年来已越来越受到食品行业的青睐[8,14]。研究表明,可可果肉的挥发性成分丰富,含有醇、酯、醛、酮等多种挥发性类别,具有较强的应用前景[8,13,15]。对于可可果肉的利用,国外报道较多。NUNES等[9]将可可果肉作为麦芽辅料进行啤酒生产,其能够促进酒精产生和底物消耗,有利于啤酒的生产。KLIS等[14]将担子菌加入可可果肉中进行发酵,所生产的饮料具有热带果味的香气,并且具有较强的接受度。KOELHER等[12]利用酿酒酵母L63将可可蜂蜜(辅以可可果肉)发酵成果酒,其具有良好商业潜力。RODRÍGUEZ-CASTRO等[16]利用可可果肉发酵成非酒精饮料(康普茶),其可行性较强,为可可果肉的增值利用提供了新的方向。20世纪90年代,张华昌等[10]就提出将可可果肉制成罐装饮料,以提高产业效益。此外,充分利用可可黏液和果肉不仅有助于缓解全球粮食短缺问题,还为应对气候变化产生积极影响[16]
可可种子是制备可可粉、巧克力的重要原料[6]。可可脂为可可豆的重要经济部分,主要由饱和脂肪酸(主要为棕榈酸和硬脂酸)和不饱和脂肪酸(主要为油酸和亚油酸)组成,其具有独特的脂肪酸组成比例[17-18]。多酚是可可豆中抗氧化活性的重要来源之一,主要包括儿茶素、花青素和原花青素,多酚除抗氧化外,还能预防癌症、慢性病、心血管疾病等[19-20]。此外,可可中主要的2种甲基黄嘌呤,即可可碱和咖啡因,对身体健康同样有益,如利尿、抗癌、抗炎和控制肥胖等功能[19,21]。这些品质性状对于可可豆而言至关重要,因为它们与可可豆的风味形成有关[12,18-19,21]
对不同可可种质的果实性状和品质进行遗传多样性分析及评价,有利于对其进行选择和开发利用[22]。目前,国内关于可可的研究主要集中在可可豆上,对于果肉的研究鲜有报道。为筛选可可豆和果肉均优异的可可品系,本研究以11份可可种质为材料,对其果实性状、果肉和可可豆的品质进行测定,分析不同种质之间果实的差异,并对可可果实性状与品质进行相关性分析、综合评价,旨在为可可种质资源的合理开发和利用提供科学依据,促进可可产业的优质化发展。
选取保存于中国热带农业科学院香料饮料研究所“国家热带香料饮料种质资源圃”的11份种质:TASS8、香可16号、TAS46、TAS58、TAS82、TAS119、TAS414、TAS420、TAS611、TAS1411、TAS1413为研究材料。本研究每份种质所选取的实验样品为同一株可可树的主干与主分枝上果实,果实选取的标准为果实表面有1/3左右面积出现黄色,每份种质选取9个果实,每3个果实混合作为1个重复,每份种质共3个重复。
试验所用仪器为:BSA2202S分析天平(北京赛多利斯仪器有限公司)、FE20实验室pH计(上海梅特勒-托利多仪器有限公司)、UV2310 II紫外分光光度计(上海天美科学仪器有限公司)、半制备液相色谱仪(1260,美国安捷伦公司)。
果实性状测量方法参照李付鹏等[18]测量可可果农艺性状的方法。每份种质采摘3个果实,测量果实质量(g)、果壳质量(g)、果长(mm)、果宽(mm)、种子鲜质量(g)、果肉含量(g)。其中,打开果实后,将种子放入网袋,在流水中清洗,擦干称量种子鲜质量;果实质量减去果壳质量和种子鲜质量获得果肉含量。
采用可溶性糖试剂盒(蒽酮法,苏州格锐思生物科技有限公司)测量。可可鲜豆用滤网挤出果汁,离心10 min(12 000 r/min,25 ℃),取上清液分两步稀释至1000倍,根据试剂盒操作,620 nm测量吸光度。标准曲线:y=3.658x+0.0203;R2=0.999。
根据国标GB 12456—2021中的pH计电位滴定法,并稍作修改,具体操作如下:
(1)样品制备。可可鲜豆用滤网挤出果汁,吸取25 mL果汁于250 mL锥形瓶中,加入150 mL无CO2蒸馏水(蒸馏水煮沸后冷却),置于沸水浴30 min,期间多次摇动,室温冷却后用无CO2蒸馏水定容到250 mL容量瓶中(稀释10倍,计为F),用快速滤纸过滤备用。
(2)滴定。吸取50 mL(计为V)样液到烧杯中,置于磁力搅拌器上搅拌,使用校准后的pH计进行测量,记录初始pH,用0.1 mol/L NaOH(计为c)先快速滴定至pH=6.00,后缓慢滴定至pH=8.20,记录消耗氢氧化钠的体积为V1。用无CO2蒸馏水进行空白滴定,消耗氢氧化钠体积计为V2
(3)计算。
式中,X为总酸含量(mg/mL);K为酸的换算系数,以柠檬酸为0.070(含1分子结晶水)来计;1000为换算系数。
感官评价能够反映可可果肉的总体状况,由15位评审员(年龄20~26岁,男女性别比例为2∶3,进行过一定感官培训并在日常生活中经常进行可可果实品鉴)对可可果肉进行感官评价。具体操作如下:将可可果实打开,用鼻子嗅取可可果肉的香气,以评估香气指标;取下几粒带果肉的可可豆进行品尝,获取酸甜感指标;根据个人接受程度进行接受度打分。每次食用后用水漱口3次,以清除口中残留的味道。测量3个果实为重复,参考何勤勤等[23]的评价标准并稍作修改,评分标准见表1,结果取平均值。
可可脂测量参考谢薇等[5]的方法并稍作修改。称取1.5 g左右(计为m1,g)可可粉置于50 mL离心管,称取离心管和样品总质量(计为m2,g),加入15 mL石油醚,超声萃取(36~40 ℃,10 min),离心(室温,8000 r/min,10 min)后弃上层清液,重复提取1次。保留沉淀物,通风橱放置2 h,随后在鼓风干燥箱中以75 ℃干燥5 h,干燥冷却后称量质量(计为m3,g)。每份样品重复3次。计算公式如下:
可可碱和咖啡因根据YANG等[6]的方法进行检测。称取0.5 g可可粉,加入90 mL蒸馏水,超声萃取(室温,30 min)后定容至100 mL,过0.22 μm滤膜,液相色谱检测,每份样品重复3次。
HPLC检测条件:色谱柱为Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 Micron);流动相为甲醇-醋酸-水(20∶1∶79),流速1 mL/min,检测波长275 nm,进样量10 μL,柱温40 ℃,洗脱15 min,后运行2 min。可可碱标准曲线方程:y=35 340.8609x+58.3705(R2=0.9999),咖啡因标准曲线方程:y=34 262.0526x+1.0627(R2=0.9999)。计算公式计算如下:
式中,x为样品可可碱、咖啡因上机检测浓度(mg/mL),根据标准曲线算出;V为样品提取总体积(100 mL);m为样品质量(g)。
采用Folin-Ciocalteu法测量多酚含量[24]。以没食子酸为标准品,结果以没食子酸当量(GAE)表示。称取0.2 g样品于50 mL离心管,加入10 mL 70%甲醇溶液(70 ℃下预热),70 ℃水浴10 min,冷却后离心(室温,8000 r/min,5 min),吸取上清液过0.22 μm滤膜,定容至10 mL,用蒸馏水分两步稀释100倍,吸取1 mL于15 mL离心管,加入5 mL 10%福林酚溶液,反应5 min后加入4 mL 7.5% Na2CO3溶液,室温放置60 min,在765 nm处测量吸光度。没食子酸标准曲线:y=7.8646x+0.0193(R2=0.9988)每份样品设置3个重复。计算公式如下:
式中,x为测量样品中多酚浓度(mg/mL),根据标准曲线算出;V为最终取样的体积(1 mL);N为稀释倍数(100倍);m为样品质量(g)。
采用Microsoft Excel 2019和Origin 2021软件对数据进行处理和绘图,采用SPSS 26软件进行显著性分析(P<0.05)、邓肯新复极差法进行多重比较、主成分分析。
11份可可种质的果实性状中存在较大差异(表2)。可可果实质量、果壳质量、果长、果宽范围为402.16~699.19 g、264.95~522.61 g、134.16~174.91 mm、81.70~100.16 mm,香可16号的果实质量和果宽值最大;TAS420的果壳最重,TAS414的果实最长。TAS1413拥有最大的种子鲜质量和果肉含量,分别为111.34、104.23 g,TAS119的种子鲜质量(61.86 g)和果肉含量(34.79 g)值最低。
表3所示,TAS414的果肉的可溶性糖含量最高(148.31 mg/mL),显著高于其他种质,此外,糖酸比也最高(18.90);香可16号果肉的可溶性糖含量和总酸含量均为最低,分别为92.99、6.84 mg/mL,pH最高,为3.89;TAS46果肉的总酸含量最高,为16.29 mg/mL,糖酸比最低,仅为7.17;TAS58的果肉pH最低,为3.37。
不同种质果肉感官评价结果见图1,香可16号的果肉香气、酸甜感、接受度评分均为最高,分别为19.07、20.93、22.33,表明其果肉较其他种质香气浓烈,清甜可口,酸味较淡,测评者对其接受度最高。然而TAS46的果肉酸甜感和接受度评分最低,仅为14.87和17.00,表明其果肉较其他种质酸味重,测评者难以接受。TAS82的果肉香气评分最低,为15.33,说明其有发酵的味道。根据图1可以看出,可可果肉的香气成分均较淡,但不影响其酸甜感;TAS420、TAS1413、TAS1411的果肉在酸甜感和接受度评分上较接近。
11份可可种质的可可豆品质性状如表4所示。TAS420的可可脂、咖啡因含量最高(分别为465、4.09 mg/g),并且咖啡因含量显著高于其他种质(P<0.05)。TAS82的可可碱含量最高,达16.92 mg/g,同样显著高于其他种质。香可16号的多酚含量最高(68.91 mg/g)。TAS1413的可可脂、可可碱、多酚含量均为最低,分别为372.53、7.85、42.29 mg/g。
11份可可种质的17个指标的变异系数如表5所示。17个指标的变异系数为4.16%~52.91%,平均为16.73%。咖啡因的变异系数最大,表明11份种质在该指标上的变异程度最大。果实农艺性状中,果肉含量变异系数最大,为32.88%,而果宽和果长的变异系数较小,分别为8.17%、6.45%。果肉品质中,总酸的变异系数最大,为27.62%。
对可可果实的17个指标进行Pearson相关性分析,结果如图2所示。可可果实指标之间存在不同程度的相关性。果实农艺性状各指标之间均呈正相关,且果实质量与果壳质量、果宽之间呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。果肉感官评价指标之间均呈正相关,其中,酸甜感与接受度呈极显著正相关。总酸与4个指标(pH、糖酸比、酸甜感、接受度)之间均呈极显著负相关,并且相关系数均在0.80以上。
采用最大方差法对11份可可种质的果实指标进行主成分分析,结果如表6所示。共提取出5个特征值大于1的主成分,累计贡献率为89.521%,表明5个主成分涵盖了17个可可果实指标的主要信息。主成分1的特征值为5.338,贡献率为31.399%,其中酸甜感、接受度的贡献率较大,载荷值分别为0.915、0.897,表明主成分1主要代表感官评价结果。主成分2的特征值和贡献率分别为3.875、22.797%,果实质量、果壳质量、果宽的贡献率较高,载荷值均大于0.900。主成分3和主成分4的贡献率相近,都在12.000%左右,主成分3中可可碱和咖啡因的贡献率为0.875、0.832,主成分4中可可脂、咖啡因贡献率分别为0.849、0.785,这些指标在各主成分中的贡献率较高,可见主成分3和主成分4主要代表可可豆的品质性状。主成分5的方差贡献率为9.714%,果长和可溶性糖的贡献率较高,均在0.700以上。
将5个主成分分别用F1F2F3F4F5表示,根据贡献率为权重建立综合评价模型为F=0.313 99F1+0.227 97F2+0.128 24F3+0.127 88F4+0.097 14F5,计算综合结果,详见表7。在F1F2F3得分中,香可16号得分均为最高,分别为1.391、1.426、1.266;F4得分最高为TAS420(2.063);TAS420在F5中得分最高,为2.337。TAS420最终综合排名第一,在主成分1、2、4的得分值较高,其次是香可16号,在主成分1、2、3表现最好,第三为TAS414,在主成分1、3、5中表现较为优异。
将所有指标进行标准化处理,并采用平均欧式距离对11份可可种质进行聚类分析,结果如图3所示。当平均欧氏距离为1.5时,11份种质被分为4个类别。TAS1413为第一类,其果实农艺性状、果肉品质、果肉感官评价指标都较为优异,但其可可豆的品质性状相比较差一些。香可16号和TAS420为第二类,其综合品质较为优异。第三类包括TAS414和TAS1411,其综合排名位于第二梯队,指标不突出,但也处于优秀水平。剩余的6份种质属于第四类,综合品质较为一般。
果实质量、果壳质量、种子鲜质量、果肉含量的变异系数均在15%以上,尤其是果肉含量的变异系数达32.88%,表明11份可可种质果实差异较大,这主要与可可的基因背景复杂有关[6],是遗传多样性的具体体现[22]。若以种子鲜质量与果肉含量之和除以果实质量作为经济系数[3],在11份种质中,TAS82的经济系数最高,为34.12%,其次是TAS1413和香可16号,分别为33.89%、28.00%。虽然TAS82的经济系数最高,但其果实性状、果肉品质较差。香可16号、TAS1411、TAS1413的果肉含量均高于李付鹏等[18]所研究的6份种质,尤其是TAS1413,其果肉占比达16.38%。
所测量的11份可可种质中,果肉的pH范围在3.30~3.90之间,变异系数最小(4.16%),表明可可的pH波动范围较小,与NUNES等[9]认为可可为高酸性(pH<4.50)水果的结论相符。由于TAS46的总酸含量最高,造成其酸甜感分值最低,从而导致测评者接受度较低。在对可可果肉感官评价测评过程中,发现其香气强度较弱,且保留时间短。有研究表明,海南可可果肉的挥发性成分主要是醇类和酯类,主要表现出花香、果香和青草香,其中2-苯乙醇、芳樟醇的FD因子(风味稀释因子)较高,对香味的贡献较大[8,13]
在可可果成熟过程中,果肉物质会渗入种子中,影响巧克力风味前体物质的形成[4,6,13]。有研究指出,来源于不同产地[8]、不同基因型[13]和不同季节[15]的可可果肉挥发性成分存在差异,并影响着可可豆的风味,因此,果肉品质优异的可可豆具有较高市场价值[4,13]。在发酵前将部分果肉剥离,用于加工鲜食、饮料等,可提高经济效益。尽管可可豆的发酵需要果肉的参与,但大量研究表明,在发酵前分离部分果肉不会造成不利影响[8,14],反而可改善豆子风味,降低酸味和苦涩味,并减少发酵时间[4,8]。因此,可将部分果肉进行资源化利用,增加收入,以促进可可种植业发展[10]
可可脂和多酚的变异系数分别为6.02%、11.37%,低于谢薇等[5]对54份可可种质所测量的变异系数(可可脂为11.52%,多酚为14.42%),可能与样本量、样品来源地等有关。可可碱和咖啡因的比值可以作为划分三大类群(Criollo、Forastero和Trinitario)的依据,这可能与咖啡因含量的高变异性(变异系数为52.91%)有关[21]。可可脂对于可可豆而言至关重要,它作为发酵过程中形成风味的前体,还决定了巧克力的物理性质和芳香质量,使巧克力具有独特的质地和口感[6,17-18]。甲基黄嘌呤(可可碱和咖啡因等)和多酚类化合物的含量是可可的苦味和涩味的主要来源,多酚对巧克力风味和颜色的形成至关重要[20],甲基黄嘌呤的还原有助于可可衍生产品的感官改善[17]。相关研究表明,发酵过程中,多酚从细胞中渗出并被氧化[20];而可可碱和咖啡因则通过扩散和迁移到可可豆外部而被消除[21],从而缓解苦味和涩味[6,21]。11份种质中,TAS420的可可脂、咖啡因含量最高,分别为465.64、4.09 mg/g,使得其在主成分3、4中获得最高评分。TAS82的可可碱含量最高(16.92 mg/g),而多酚含量最高的为香可16号(68.91 mg/g)。
可可果实性状的研究较为丰富[3,18],但基本都与可可豆的产量和品质性状进行相关分析,本研究所测量的果实性状和果肉品质的13个指标中,除可溶性糖、总酸外,其余11个指标间均呈正相关关系。种子质量与果实性状间均为正相关,与前人研究一致[3]。可可豆品质与果肉品质之间大多呈负相关关系,并且可可脂与果肉含量呈显著负相关,可可果实在发育、成熟过程中,果肉的物质可能会向可可豆内转化,可能使得它们之间存在负相关关系[6,13]。此外,可可碱和多酚呈显著正相关,故推测它们的累积过程可能是同步进行,从而导致生豆中的苦涩味较重[20]
果实品质是环境、基因综合作用的结果[25],主成分分析的运用有利于将多种指标简化,在果实综合评价中具有重要作用,已广泛应用于咖啡、可可等经济作物[5,26]。本研究中,主成分1和主成分2对整个主成分分析的贡献率较高,其中,果肉品质、果实性状中的指标对可可果实的贡献率较大。通过聚类分析,将11份种质分为4类,除TAS1413外,其余结果与主成分结果类似。TAS1413可能由于其可可果实性状及果肉品质都较为优异,特别是果肉含量和种子鲜质量最高,但可可豆品质最差,从而导致该种质在主成分分析中评分不高,并在聚类分析中被单独归为一类;但其具有较大的经济系数,并且在可可果实性状、果肉品质较为优异,可作为可可鲜食品种培育。
综上所述,TAS420、香可16号、TAS414种质在果实性状、果肉和可可豆品质均较为优异;其中,香可16号的果肉感官测评分最高,可作为果肉和可可豆两用的高经济可可种质。
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2025年第46卷第2期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.02.008
  • 接收时间:2024-09-11
  • 首发时间:2026-06-23
  • 出版时间:2025-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-11
  • 修回日期:2024-09-26
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中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(1630142022003)
万宁市重点科研项目(2023wnkj04)
作者信息
    1.中国热带农业科学院香料饮料研究所/海南省热带香辛饮料作物遗传改良与品质调控重点实验室/农业农村部香辛饮料作物遗传资源利用重点实验室,海南万宁 571533
    2.云南农业大学植物保护学院,云南昆明 650201

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* 李付鹏(LI Fupeng),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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