Article(id=1276238122644013230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276238094940639467, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.02.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1724947200000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-30, revisedDate=1730304000000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-31, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782208479796, onlineDateStr=2026-06-23, pubDate=1740412800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782208479796, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782208479796, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782208479796, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276238094940639467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2025', volume='46', issue='2', pageStart='247', pageEnd='489', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1740412800000', pubDateStr='2025-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782208473191, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782208527160, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276238321386909890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276238094940639467, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276238321386909891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276238094940639467, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=369, endPage=380, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276238122937614512, articleId=1276238122644013230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Development of Wettable Powder of Cordyceps javanica and Its Toxicity Against Scale Insect Pest, columnId=1236292524264968282, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Plant Protection & Bio-safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The scale insect pest is the main pest in agroforestry, causing varying degrees of damage to crops, fruit trees, ornamental plants, and forest trees. The fungus Cordyceps javanica IJID003 exhibits strong pathogenicity against scale insects, making it a promising candidate for the development of microbial pesticides. Research and development efforts focusing on its wettable powder formulation and the optimization of its production process are essential steps toward its industrialization and commercialization. The efforts are also crucial for promoting sustainable agricultural practices and achieving green pest management strategies. In this study, a single-factor test was employed to identify the optimal solid fermentation substrates and exogenous additives of strain IJID003. This research screened the optional carrier, wetting agent, dispersing agent and UV protective agent of the C. javanica by measuring the compatibility and its effective performance, which developed the wettable powder formula of the C. javanica preliminarily. The field efficacy of the C. javanica wettable powder was evaluated against female adults of Icerya jacobsoni on Michelia alba. The optimal spore-producing base substrate for C. javanica was barley. The best substrate formulation was a mixture of barley (7 parts) and wheat bran (1 part) by weight. The optimal exogenous additives included 1% glucose as a carbon source, 1% acid hydrolyzed casein as a nitrogen source, 2% potassium chloride as an inorganic salt, 1% glycine as an amino acid, and bee pupal body wall powder as a chitin source. The optimal formulation for the strain IJID003 wettable powder was 20% spore powder of IJID003, 1% wetting agent Morwet EFW, 5% dispersing agent Morwet D-450, 1% UV protectant CBS-X, and 73% carrier diatomaceous earth. Field trials demonstrated that a spore concentration of 6×108 CFU/mL of C. javanica wettable powder effectively controlled female I. jacobsoni adults on M. alba, with an efficacy of 92.50% at 21 days post-inoculation. This efficacy was not significantly different from that of the control insecticide, a 4000-fold dilution of 25% thiamethoxam wettable powder, which achieved a control efficiency of 95.50%. In conclusion, the strain IJID003 wettable powder shows excellent potential for the green management of scale insects and holds significant promise as a sustainable alternative to chemical pesticides.

, authors=null, authorsList=Jiaru DENG, Longhua SUN, Shulan XU, Jin’ai ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Longhua SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276238127048032464, articleId=1276238122644013230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=爪哇虫草菌可湿性粉剂研制及其对介壳虫的田间防效, columnId=1236292524520820846, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=植物保护与生物安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

介壳虫是重要的农林害虫,对农作物、果树、观赏植物和林木均有不同程度的危害。爪哇虫草菌(Cordyceps javanica)IJID003对介壳虫具有强致病性,在微生物农药开发方面具有较大潜力,对其可湿性粉剂的研发以及生产工艺优化,是推进其产业化、商业化的措施之一,且对推进农林业的绿色发展具有重要意义。本研究通过单因素试验设计,筛选爪哇虫草菌IJID003最优固体发酵基质和外源添加物;通过测定助剂与爪哇虫草菌IJID003的相容性及其有效性能,筛选适宜菌株的最佳载体、润湿剂、分散剂和紫外保护剂,初步研制爪哇虫草菌的可湿性粉剂配方;在室外对白兰捷氏吹绵蚧(Icerya jacobsoni)雌成虫进行田间防效试验。结果表明:爪哇虫草菌最优发酵基础基质为大麦,最适基质配方组合为大麦与麦麸7∶1(w/w);最优外源添加物组合为1%葡萄糖的碳源、1%酸水解酪蛋白的氮源、2%氯化钾的无机盐、1%甘氨酸的氨基酸和0.1%蜂蛹壳粉的几丁质成分。爪哇虫草菌IJID003可湿性粉剂的最佳配方为20%爪哇虫草菌纯孢子粉、1%润湿剂Morwet EFW、5%分散剂Morwet D-450、1%紫外保护剂荧光素钠CBS-X和73%载体硅藻土。田间防效结果表明,用孢子浓度为6×108 CFU/mL爪哇虫草菌制剂能有效防治捷氏吹绵蚧雌成虫,第21天防效达92.50%,与对照药剂25%噻虫嗪可湿性粉剂4000倍液防效(95.50%)相比无显著差异。综上所述,研制爪哇虫草菌IJID003可湿性粉剂对捷氏吹绵蚧具有较好的防效,在替代部分化学农药进行绿色防控中具有重要的应用前景。

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邓嘉茹(1993—),女,硕士,林业工程师,研究方向:城市林业和园林有害生物的生物防治。

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* 孙龙华(SUN Longhua),E-mail:
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邓嘉茹(1993—),女,硕士,林业工程师,研究方向:城市林业和园林有害生物的生物防治。

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邓嘉茹(1993—),女,硕士,林业工程师,研究方向:城市林业和园林有害生物的生物防治。

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Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference (P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=dt6VLcKAyLWi4cNv6O4EGg==, figureFileBig=eibE9LPM9G4YIe0yxJPLkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276238135281451252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238122644013230, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同基质对爪哇虫草菌产孢量的影响

不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=dt6VLcKAyLWi4cNv6O4EGg==, figureFileBig=eibE9LPM9G4YIe0yxJPLkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276238135474389237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238122644013230, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Effect of different co-substrates on spore production of C. javanica

Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference (P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=ZoWb4Q6v8RxJP8nsL3m5WQ==, figureFileBig=Ytm5ge+k3QrmdeOJG2z77Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276238135558275318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238122644013230, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同辅助基质对爪哇虫草菌产孢量的影响

不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=ZoWb4Q6v8RxJP8nsL3m5WQ==, figureFileBig=Ytm5ge+k3QrmdeOJG2z77Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276238135633772791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238122644013230, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Effect of different ratio of substrates on spore production of C. javanica

Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference (P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=S3hwH1YlocIKGDTMRxI9pQ==, figureFileBig=WcC9iE86VJUtz0LjFJzVlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276238135696687352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238122644013230, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同比例基质对爪哇虫草菌产孢量的影响

不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=S3hwH1YlocIKGDTMRxI9pQ==, figureFileBig=WcC9iE86VJUtz0LjFJzVlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276238135759601913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238122644013230, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Effect of different exogenous additives on spore production of C. javanica

Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference (P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=Ptzaq4A8qNNxwG2NzZykyw==, figureFileBig=yqq60q/bgSrsIB/2nqN4Ew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276238135830905082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238122644013230, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同外源添加物对爪哇虫草菌产孢量的影响

不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=Ptzaq4A8qNNxwG2NzZykyw==, figureFileBig=yqq60q/bgSrsIB/2nqN4Ew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276238135910596859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238122644013230, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Effect of different exogenous additives mixtures on spore production of C. javanica

Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference (P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=2YYdiXqMU/H6oB3MveIdMw==, figureFileBig=7bUul4AjHcJrjJRaX8D/4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276238135998677244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238122644013230, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同外源添加物组合对爪哇虫草菌产孢量的影响

不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=2YYdiXqMU/H6oB3MveIdMw==, figureFileBig=7bUul4AjHcJrjJRaX8D/4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276238136137089277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238122644013230, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Effect of different ratio sexogenous additives mixtures on spore production of C. javanica

Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference (P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=QWU60XWqLt4WK8joDMkl1A==, figureFileBig=dV+QdHPk3efcnJOS92DpKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276238136204198142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238122644013230, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同外源添加物比例组合对爪哇虫草菌产孢量的影响

不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=QWU60XWqLt4WK8joDMkl1A==, figureFileBig=dV+QdHPk3efcnJOS92DpKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276238136254529791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238122644013230, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Effect of different chitin additives on spore production of C. javanica

Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference (P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=f7Lyh0L5mLPrwkn+qFML5g==, figureFileBig=gmxakCE6etotyx3mwhxUFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276238136325832960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238122644013230, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同几丁质对爪哇虫草菌产孢量的影响

不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=f7Lyh0L5mLPrwkn+qFML5g==, figureFileBig=gmxakCE6etotyx3mwhxUFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276238136405524737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238122644013230, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Compatibility of different carriers with C. javanica

Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference between different carriers of the same concentration (P<0.05); Different uppercase letters indicate significant difference between different concentrations of the same carrier (P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=yDFVtfqg/wK8flOCTJNC/A==, figureFileBig=MGLnQIWRkQiWlSuGHo1SRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276238136476827906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238122644013230, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同载体与爪哇虫草菌的相容性

不同小写字母表示相同浓度不同载体间差异显著(P<0.05);不同大写字母表示相同载体不同浓度间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=yDFVtfqg/wK8flOCTJNC/A==, figureFileBig=MGLnQIWRkQiWlSuGHo1SRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276238136543936771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238122644013230, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Compatibility between different wetting agent and C. javanica

Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference (P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=/Sgn+d42KlOl8uJGx2icHw==, figureFileBig=XbXcNnFLp/Cfo/afoDXYNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276238136606851332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238122644013230, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同润湿剂与爪哇虫草菌的相容性

不同小写字母差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=/Sgn+d42KlOl8uJGx2icHw==, figureFileBig=XbXcNnFLp/Cfo/afoDXYNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276238136669765893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238122644013230, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Compatibility between different dispersing agents and C. javanica

Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference between different dispersing agents of the same concentration (P<0.05); Different uppercase letters indicate significant difference between different concentrations of the same dispersing agent (P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=X38AEg+F38llQp/hOLz8zg==, figureFileBig=ST85IUklEHpHRYLpH5FPWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276238136770429190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238122644013230, language=CN, label=图10, caption=不同分散剂与爪哇虫草菌的相容性

不同小写字母表示相同浓度不同分散剂间差异显著(P<0.05);不同大写字母表示相同分散剂不同浓度间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=X38AEg+F38llQp/hOLz8zg==, figureFileBig=ST85IUklEHpHRYLpH5FPWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276238136837538055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238122644013230, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Compatibility between different UV protectants and C. javanica

Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference between different UV protectants of the same concentration (P<0.05); Different uppercase letters indicate significant difference between different concentrations of the same UV protectant (P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=+jIYIKUnWdKG6gZfOQl8rQ==, figureFileBig=t6MvSM+D+/I4cJ5w/iQwEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276238136917229832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238122644013230, language=CN, label=图11, caption=不同紫外保护剂与爪哇虫草菌的相容性

不同小写字母表示相同浓度不同紫外保护剂间差异显著(P<0.05);不同大写字母表示相同紫外保护剂不同浓度间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=+jIYIKUnWdKG6gZfOQl8rQ==, figureFileBig=t6MvSM+D+/I4cJ5w/iQwEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276238136996921609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238122644013230, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Protective performance of different UV protectants

Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference between different UV protectants of the same time (P<0.05); Different uppercase letters indicate significant difference between different time of the same UV protectant (P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=OFaScezFuwpG7pkUNtboKA==, figureFileBig=1xhfyOVWi3Q2E/+jsATJrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276238137064030474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238122644013230, language=CN, label=图12, caption=不同紫外保护剂的保护性能

不同小写字母表示相同时间不同紫外保护剂间差异显著(P<0.05);不同大写字母表示相同紫外保护剂不同时间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=OFaScezFuwpG7pkUNtboKA==, figureFileBig=1xhfyOVWi3Q2E/+jsATJrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276238137147916555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238122644013230, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=Field symptoms of female adults (A) and young nymphs (B) of I. jacobsoni infected with strain IJID003 wettable powder, figureFileSmall=O1NkWucD1GdOrygOBcZfKQ==, figureFileBig=XWoUz7qWPyBS6CDcFBppTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276238137219219724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238122644013230, language=CN, label=图13, caption=爪哇虫草菌可湿性粉剂侵染捷氏吹绵蚧雌成虫(A)和低龄若虫(B)的田间症状, figureFileSmall=O1NkWucD1GdOrygOBcZfKQ==, figureFileBig=XWoUz7qWPyBS6CDcFBppTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276238137307300109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238122644013230, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Virulence of wettable powder formulation of IJID003 on I. jacobsoni

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理Treatment浓度Concentration防效Control efficacy/%
7 d14 d21 d
25%噻虫嗪可湿性粉剂4000倍62.50±12.50a87.50±2.50a95.00±5.00a
IJID003可湿性粉剂6×108 CFU/mL7.50±2.50b72.50±2.50b92.50±2.50a
IJID003纯孢粉5×108 CFU/mL0.00±0.00b5.00±0.00c7.50±2.50b
0.02%吐温80+清水0.00±0.00b0.00±0.00c0.00±0.00b
清水0.00±0.00b0.00±0.00c0.00±0.00b
), ArticleFig(id=1276238137378603278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238122644013230, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

可湿性粉剂对捷氏吹绵蚧的田间防效

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理Treatment浓度Concentration防效Control efficacy/%
7 d14 d21 d
25%噻虫嗪可湿性粉剂4000倍62.50±12.50a87.50±2.50a95.00±5.00a
IJID003可湿性粉剂6×108 CFU/mL7.50±2.50b72.50±2.50b92.50±2.50a
IJID003纯孢粉5×108 CFU/mL0.00±0.00b5.00±0.00c7.50±2.50b
0.02%吐温80+清水0.00±0.00b0.00±0.00c0.00±0.00b
清水0.00±0.00b0.00±0.00c0.00±0.00b
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爪哇虫草菌可湿性粉剂研制及其对介壳虫的田间防效
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邓嘉茹 , 孙龙华 * , 徐树兰 , 张劲蔼
热带作物学报 | 植物保护与生物安全 2025,46(2): 369-380
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热带作物学报 |植物保护与生物安全 2025 , 46 (2) : 369 -380
爪哇虫草菌可湿性粉剂研制及其对介壳虫的田间防效
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邓嘉茹, 孙龙华* , 徐树兰, 张劲蔼
作者信息
  • 广州市林业和园林科学研究院/广州市生态园林科技协同创新中心,广东广州 510405
通讯作者:
* 孙龙华(SUN Longhua),E-mail:
Development of Wettable Powder of Cordyceps javanica and Its Toxicity Against Scale Insect Pest
Jiaru DENG, Longhua SUN* , Shulan XU, Jin’ai ZHANG
Affiliations
  • Guangzhou Institute of Forestry and Landscape Architecture / Guangzhou Collaborative Innovation Center on Science-tech of Ecology and Landscape, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, China
出版时间: 2025-02-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.02.012
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介壳虫是重要的农林害虫,对农作物、果树、观赏植物和林木均有不同程度的危害。爪哇虫草菌(Cordyceps javanica)IJID003对介壳虫具有强致病性,在微生物农药开发方面具有较大潜力,对其可湿性粉剂的研发以及生产工艺优化,是推进其产业化、商业化的措施之一,且对推进农林业的绿色发展具有重要意义。本研究通过单因素试验设计,筛选爪哇虫草菌IJID003最优固体发酵基质和外源添加物;通过测定助剂与爪哇虫草菌IJID003的相容性及其有效性能,筛选适宜菌株的最佳载体、润湿剂、分散剂和紫外保护剂,初步研制爪哇虫草菌的可湿性粉剂配方;在室外对白兰捷氏吹绵蚧(Icerya jacobsoni)雌成虫进行田间防效试验。结果表明:爪哇虫草菌最优发酵基础基质为大麦,最适基质配方组合为大麦与麦麸7∶1(w/w);最优外源添加物组合为1%葡萄糖的碳源、1%酸水解酪蛋白的氮源、2%氯化钾的无机盐、1%甘氨酸的氨基酸和0.1%蜂蛹壳粉的几丁质成分。爪哇虫草菌IJID003可湿性粉剂的最佳配方为20%爪哇虫草菌纯孢子粉、1%润湿剂Morwet EFW、5%分散剂Morwet D-450、1%紫外保护剂荧光素钠CBS-X和73%载体硅藻土。田间防效结果表明,用孢子浓度为6×108 CFU/mL爪哇虫草菌制剂能有效防治捷氏吹绵蚧雌成虫,第21天防效达92.50%,与对照药剂25%噻虫嗪可湿性粉剂4000倍液防效(95.50%)相比无显著差异。综上所述,研制爪哇虫草菌IJID003可湿性粉剂对捷氏吹绵蚧具有较好的防效,在替代部分化学农药进行绿色防控中具有重要的应用前景。

爪哇虫草菌IJID003  /  固体发酵条件  /  可湿性粉剂  /  捷氏吹绵蚧  /  田间防效

The scale insect pest is the main pest in agroforestry, causing varying degrees of damage to crops, fruit trees, ornamental plants, and forest trees. The fungus Cordyceps javanica IJID003 exhibits strong pathogenicity against scale insects, making it a promising candidate for the development of microbial pesticides. Research and development efforts focusing on its wettable powder formulation and the optimization of its production process are essential steps toward its industrialization and commercialization. The efforts are also crucial for promoting sustainable agricultural practices and achieving green pest management strategies. In this study, a single-factor test was employed to identify the optimal solid fermentation substrates and exogenous additives of strain IJID003. This research screened the optional carrier, wetting agent, dispersing agent and UV protective agent of the C. javanica by measuring the compatibility and its effective performance, which developed the wettable powder formula of the C. javanica preliminarily. The field efficacy of the C. javanica wettable powder was evaluated against female adults of Icerya jacobsoni on Michelia alba. The optimal spore-producing base substrate for C. javanica was barley. The best substrate formulation was a mixture of barley (7 parts) and wheat bran (1 part) by weight. The optimal exogenous additives included 1% glucose as a carbon source, 1% acid hydrolyzed casein as a nitrogen source, 2% potassium chloride as an inorganic salt, 1% glycine as an amino acid, and bee pupal body wall powder as a chitin source. The optimal formulation for the strain IJID003 wettable powder was 20% spore powder of IJID003, 1% wetting agent Morwet EFW, 5% dispersing agent Morwet D-450, 1% UV protectant CBS-X, and 73% carrier diatomaceous earth. Field trials demonstrated that a spore concentration of 6×108 CFU/mL of C. javanica wettable powder effectively controlled female I. jacobsoni adults on M. alba, with an efficacy of 92.50% at 21 days post-inoculation. This efficacy was not significantly different from that of the control insecticide, a 4000-fold dilution of 25% thiamethoxam wettable powder, which achieved a control efficiency of 95.50%. In conclusion, the strain IJID003 wettable powder shows excellent potential for the green management of scale insects and holds significant promise as a sustainable alternative to chemical pesticides.

Cordyceps javanica IJID003  /  solid fermentation conditions  /  wettable powder  /  Icerya jacobsoni  /  field efficacy
邓嘉茹, 孙龙华, 徐树兰, 张劲蔼. 爪哇虫草菌可湿性粉剂研制及其对介壳虫的田间防效. 热带作物学报, 2025 , 46 (2) : 369 -380 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.02.012
Jiaru DENG, Longhua SUN, Shulan XU, Jin’ai ZHANG. Development of Wettable Powder of Cordyceps javanica and Its Toxicity Against Scale Insect Pest[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2025 , 46 (2) : 369 -380 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.02.012
介壳虫,属于昆虫纲(Insecta)半翅目(Hemiptera)胸喙亚目(Sternorhyncha)的蚧次目(Coccomorpha)。根据ScaleNet估计,全世界记录的介壳虫有48科1144属约7812种[1]。中国已知16科261属1016种,大陆地区已知16科249属830种[2]。介壳虫个体小,对环境的适应能力很强,常聚集于寄主植物叶片背面或枝干表面,隐匿性强,不易被发现。大多数介壳虫通过刺吸植物汁液为食,排泄蜜露会诱发煤污病,降低植物的光合作用;少部分种类为害植物地下部分的根、块根[3],严重影响城市园林景观和农林生产效益[4-5]。目前,在城市园林维护和农林生产中,针对介壳虫的防治仍以化学防治为主。但由于介壳虫体表分泌蜡质,低剂量化学药剂的药效并不突出,而化学药剂的频繁、过量使用,导致介壳虫抗药性问题日益突出。已有研究报道有些介壳虫对有机磷类丙溴磷、氨基甲酸酯类硫双威和新烟碱类吡虫啉等化学药剂已产生一定的抗药性[6],导致介壳虫防治难度进一步增大。因此,如何减少化学农药使用量、高效绿色防控农林介壳虫已成为植保领域关注的热点。昆虫病原真菌因具有广谱杀虫活性、环保及靶标害虫不易产生抗药性等优点,被认为是化学药剂的安全替代品。
一直以来,介壳虫病原真菌资源被大量挖掘,如球孢白僵菌(Beauveria bassiana)、黄叶锥孔藻(Conoideocrella luteorostrata)、淡紫拟青霉(Paecilomyces lilacinus)、金龟子绿僵菌(Metarhizium anisopliae)、爪哇虫草菌(Cordyceps javanica)、木贼镰刀菌(Fusarium equiseti)、蜡蚧轮枝菌(Lecanicillium lecanii)等[7-12]。其中,爪哇虫草菌(原被称为爪哇棒束孢)属于虫草菌科(Cordycipitaceae)虫草菌属(Cordyceps),是一类重要的生防真菌,具有广谱杀虫活性[9,13-16]
针对爪哇虫草菌固体发酵条件优化及可湿性粉剂研制的研究,目前国内外均有报道。KIM等[17]研究发现爪哇虫草菌在大麦基质中培养具有较好的产孢量,且在大麦中添加2%碳酸钙+2%硫酸钙、酵母提取物、酪蛋白或谷蛋白也会显著增加分生孢子的产量。ORDAZ-HERNÁNDEZ等[18]通过测定分生孢子产量、活力、疏水性、货架期和对柑橘木虱(Diaphorina citri)的致病性综合评价了棕榈仁粕对爪哇虫草菌发酵水平的影响,结果发现在稻谷中添加5%棕榈仁粕,使分生孢子产量提高了40%,并且提高了爪哇虫草菌对柑橘木虱成虫的致病力。陈名等[19]研制出对假眼小绿叶蝉(Empoasca vitis)有高毒力的爪哇虫草菌粉剂,筛选出最佳助剂配方,确定配方为10%分生孢子粉,3%湿润剂A,5%分散剂B,1%紫外保护剂荧光素钠,0.5%抗氧化剂C,以海泡石作为载体补足到100%,生物测定结果显示该制剂对假眼小绿叶蝉的侵染死亡率达100%。但以上研究中的爪哇虫草菌产孢率低限制了其生产应用。因此,提高爪哇虫草菌的发酵水平和研制适宜的粉剂对提升爪哇虫草菌的应用效果和加快产业化进程具有重要意义。
本研究从介壳虫中分离筛选出一株优良爪哇虫草菌菌株IJID003(发明专利授权号:ZL201811348365.8),对捷氏吹绵蚧(Icerya jacobsoni)、扶桑绵粉蚧(Phenacoccus solenopsis)等多种农林重要介壳虫具有强侵染活性[8],具有生防菌剂产业化发展的潜力。由于地理环境及寄主的不同,生防菌为了适应环境会进化出不同的生理生化特性和致病性,因此需要针对菌株IJID003提升发酵水平,研制适宜制剂,最大程度地开发防控介壳虫的微生物菌剂。本研究通过筛选固体发酵基质组合和外源添加物组合,优化爪哇虫草菌的固体发酵条件;进一步筛选载体、润湿剂、分散剂和紫外保护剂,研制可湿性粉剂配方并进行捷氏吹绵蚧田间防效试验,以期为爪哇虫草菌IJID003生防菌剂的产业化发酵扩培及农林重要介壳虫的绿色防控奠定基础。
白兰(Michelia alba)为2年生苗,株高80 cm,将15株白兰盆栽苗进行地栽,日常浇水管理。在形成稳定的生长状态后,持续接种捷氏吹绵蚧,使每株白兰植株的虫口密度达20头雌成虫。
爪哇虫草菌IJID003从广州越秀公园白兰植株上的捷氏吹绵蚧(I. jacobsoni)分离得到[8]
甘露糖和D-山梨醇购自生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司,葡萄糖、淀粉和氯化钾购自天津市大茂化学试剂厂,蛋白胨购自碧迪医疗器械(上海)有限公司,酸水解酪蛋白购自上海麦克林生化科技有限公司,酵母提取物购自卡迈舒(上海)生物科技有限公司,甘氨酸购自北京鼎国昌盛生物技术有限责任公司,硫酸钙和碳酸钙购自赛默飞世尔科技(中国)有限公司,虾壳甲壳素购自西格玛奥德里奇(上海)贸易有限公司,蟹壳甲壳素、拉开粉BX、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)和十二烷基苯硫酸钠(SDBS)购自上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司,Morwet EFW、Dispwet WP400、Borresperse NA、Morwet D-25和Morwet D-450均购自南京捷润科技有限公司,荧光素钠CBS-X购自武汉卡诺斯科技有限公司,腐殖酸购自阿法埃莎(中国)化学有限公司,紫外吸收剂BASF 326购自巴斯夫(中国)有限公司,25%噻虫嗪可湿性粉剂购自瑞士先正达作物保护有限公司。
生化培养箱(LRH-250F),上海一恒;高压灭菌锅GI54TW,致微(厦门);冷冻干燥机CoolSafe 55-4,丹麦Labogene。
(1)基础发酵基质:以广口玻璃饭盒(17.50 cm×13.0 cm×6.50 cm)作为容器,分别装入100 g大麦、100 g黄小米、100 g玉米渣、100 g糙米和100 g黑米,120 ℃高压灭菌60 min后备用。配制成浓度为1×106 CFU/mL的分生孢子悬浮液,按体积质量分数为15%的接种量与基质混合均匀。用Parafilm封口膜将玻璃饭盒封口,置于28 ℃的培养箱中,静置暗培养10 d,每组3个重复。取培养后的发酵基质3 g,置于27 mL含0.02%吐温80的无菌水中,并在振荡器中涡旋1 min,利用无菌纱布过滤后,统计分生孢子数,并计算产孢量。
(2)辅助发酵基质:以最优基础发酵基质为载体,进一步添加辅助基质,设置基础基质与辅助基质比例为1∶1(w/w),总固体发酵基质质量为100 g,具体组合为大麦+玉米渣、大麦+糙米、大麦+黑米、大麦+黄小米、大麦+稻壳、大麦+麦麸、大麦+黄豆粉,以大麦单独发酵作为对照,每组3个重复。参照1.2.1-(1)的方法接种培养并统计产孢量。
以最优基础基质为载体,总固体发酵基质质量为100 g,设置基础基质比例(w/w)24∶1、17∶1、11∶1、7∶1、5∶1、1∶1共6种,每组3个重复。参照1.2.1-(1)的方法接种培养并统计产孢量。
(1)外源添加物的初筛。参考KIM等[17]的方法,稍作修改。以1.2.1中筛选的固体基质组合为基础,总固体发酵基质质量为100 g,加入不同碳源(2%甘露糖、2%D-山梨醇、2%葡萄糖、2%淀粉)、氮源(2%蛋白胨、2%酸水解酪蛋白、1.32%酵母提取物)、无机盐(5.5%氯化钾、2%碳酸钙+2%硫酸钙)和氨基酸(2%甘氨酸)等。以大麦-麦麸基质未添加任何外源添加物作为对照(CK),每组3个重复。按体积质量分数为10%的分生孢子接种量,料水比为4∶1(w/w)加入无菌水,与基质混合均匀,用Parafilm封口膜将玻璃饭盒封口,置于28 ℃的培养箱中,静置暗培养10 d,每组3个重复。参照1.2.1-(1)的方法统计产孢量。
(2)外源添加物组合的筛选。进一步选用最佳碳源和氮源,筛选最优外源添加物组合。总固体发酵基质质量为100 g,设置6个组合:大麦+麦麸+2%葡萄糖(T1)、大麦+麦麸+2%酸水解酪蛋白(T2)、大麦+麦麸+2%葡萄糖+2%酸水解酪蛋白(T3)、大麦+麦麸+2%葡萄糖+2%酸水解酪蛋白+5.5%氯化钾(T4)、大麦+麦麸+2%葡萄糖+2%酸水解酪蛋白+5.5%氯化钾+2%甘氨酸(T5)、大麦+麦麸+2%葡萄糖+2%酸水解酪蛋白+5.5%氯化钾+2%碳酸钙+2%硫酸钙(T6),以大麦-麦麸基质未添加任何外源添加物作为对照(CK),每组3个重复,参照1.2.1-(1)的方法接种培养并统计产孢量。
(3)外源添加物组合比例的筛选。采用以上最佳发酵条件,进一步调整外源添加物组合比例。总固体发酵基质质量为100 g,设置4个组合:大麦+麦麸+0.1%葡萄糖+0.1%酸水解酪蛋白+0.2%氯化钾+0.1%甘氨酸(t1)、大麦+麦麸+0.5%葡萄糖+0.5%酸水解酪蛋白+1%氯化钾+0.5%甘氨酸(t2)、大麦+麦麸+1%葡萄糖+1%酸水解酪蛋白+2%氯化钾+1%甘氨酸(t3)、大麦+麦麸+2%葡萄糖+2%酸水解酪蛋白+5.5%氯化钾+2%甘氨酸(t4),以大麦-麦麸基质未添加任何外源添加物作为对照(CK),每组3个重复,参照1.2.1-(1)的方法接种培养并统计产孢量。
(4)外源几丁质成分的筛选。保持以上最佳发酵条件,分别加入1%虾壳粉、0.1%蜂蛹壳粉、0.1%介壳粉、1%蟹壳粉,以未添加几丁质作为对照,每组3个重复,参照1.2.1-(1)的方法接种培养并统计产孢量。
(1)菌株IJID003纯孢子粉的制备。按1.2.2固体发酵优化后的条件进行浅盘发酵,称取171.43 g大麦和28.57 g麦麸,平铺在不锈钢浅盘(40.00 cm×30.00 cm×6.00 cm)中,用锡箔纸密封灭菌。在50 mL无菌水中加入按1.2.2筛选出的最佳添加物组合及其最佳比例,溶解后经细菌过滤器(0.22 μm孔径)过滤,制成营养溶液,备用。将20 mL浓度为1×106 CFU/mL的IJID003孢子悬浮液、50 mL营养溶液和0.2 g蜂蛹壳粉加入基质中,混匀,用Parafilm封口膜封口,于28 ℃培养箱中暗培养10 d。待浅盘基质表面布满分生孢子,利用0.02%吐温80的无菌水洗脱过滤,用冷冻干燥机干燥24 h,收集获得菌株IJID003的纯孢粉。
(2)载体的筛选。将325目的硅藻土、凹凸棒土、蒙脱石、膨润土、滑石粉和白炭黑按1、3、5 mg/mL的终浓度分别加入到50 mL孢子萌发液(蔗糖20 g/L、蛋白胨5 g/L、磷酸二氢钾5 g/L)中,121 ℃高温灭菌20 min,冷却后备用。取5 mL浓度为1×107 CFU/mL的爪哇虫草菌的孢子悬浮液加入含有不同载体的孢子萌发液中,于120 r/min,28 ℃恒温培养12 h,用血球计数板对爪哇虫草菌的孢子萌发数进行计数。进一步参照GB/T5451—2001[20]的方法测定载体的润湿性,作为选择载体的参考条件。
(3)润湿剂的筛选。将拉开粉BX、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、十二烷基苯硫酸钠(SDBS)、Morwet EFW和Dispwet WP400按质量分数为0.100%、0.125%和0.500%分别加入到50 mL孢子萌发液中,以未添加分散剂作为对照,于121 ℃高温灭菌20 min,冷却后备用。取5 mL浓度为1×107 CFU/mL的爪哇虫草菌的孢子悬浮液加入含有不同载体的孢子萌发液中,于120 r/min,28 ℃恒温培养12 h,用血球计数板对爪哇虫草菌的孢子萌发数进行计数。进一步参照GB/T5451—2001[20]的方法测定润湿性,作为选择润湿剂的参考条件。
(4)分散剂的筛选。将木质素Borresperse NA、Morwet D-425和Morwet D-450分别按照1.0、2.5、5.0 mg/mL的终浓度,加入到50 mL孢子萌发液中,以未添加分散剂作为对照,于121 ℃高温灭菌20 min,冷却后备用。取5 mL浓度为1×107 CFU/mL的爪哇虫草菌的孢子悬浮液加入含有不同载体的孢子萌发液中,于120 r/min,28 ℃恒温培养12 h,用血球计数板对爪哇虫草菌的孢子萌发数进行计数。按爪哇虫草菌20%、润湿剂1%、分散剂5%、以载体补足100%的配比制成供试样品,参照GB/T 14825—2023[21]的方法测定样品的悬浮率。
(5)紫外保护剂的筛选。分别将荧光素钠CBS-X、腐殖酸、BASF 326按照100、500、1000 μg/mL的终浓度加入50 mL孢子萌发液中,于121 ℃高温灭菌20 min,冷却后备用。取5 mL浓度为1×107 CFU/mL的爪哇虫草菌孢子悬浮液加入含有不同紫外保护剂的孢子萌发液中,于120 r/min,28 ℃恒温培养12 h,用血球计数板对爪哇虫草菌的孢子萌发数进行计数。分别将荧光素钠CBS-X、腐殖酸、BASF 326按照2000 μg/mL的终浓度加入装有10 mL浓度为1×107 CFU/mL分生孢子液的6 cm培养皿中,于20 W紫外灯下30 cm(约270 μW/cm2)处照射,在15、30、60 min时,分别取出3 mL分生孢子液混合物于15 mL离心管中,加入3 mL孢子萌发液,于120 r/min,28 ℃恒温培养12 h,用血球计数板对爪哇虫草菌的孢子萌发数进行计数,以未加入紫外保护剂的分生孢子液作为对照。
于2024年4月进行防效试验,广州平均气温24.5 ℃,降雨频繁,相对湿度80%以上。称取按本研究配方研制的可湿性粉剂和1.2.3-(1)制备的菌株IJID003纯孢粉分别加入到清水中,配置成孢子浓度为6×108 CFU/mL的药液(分别为可湿性粉剂药液和纯孢粉药液),并加入0.2%吐温80黏着剂,使吐温80终浓度为0.02%。分别将50 mL上述药液置于喷雾器中,对白兰植株上的捷氏吹绵蚧均匀喷雾,以喷施0.02%吐温80+清水为对照,每个处理1株白兰,重复3次。在菌剂处理后的第7、14、21天观察捷氏吹绵蚧虫体的侵染情况,统计致死数,其中虫体体表有菌丝覆盖且无明显活动能力即为有效致死,计算各处理组的防治效果。
在室外种植的6株健康白兰上进行化学药剂防效试验,捷氏吹绵蚧雌成虫的虫口密度同上,配制25%噻虫嗪可湿性粉剂4000倍药液50 mL,对白兰植株上的捷氏吹绵蚧均匀喷雾,以只喷清水为对照,每个处理1株白兰,重复3次。分别在处理后第7、14、21天观察并记录捷氏吹绵蚧死亡虫数,统计致死数,其中捷氏吹绵蚧体表发黑即为有效致死,并计算防治效果。
虫口减退率=(施药前活虫数–施药后活虫数)/施药前活虫数×100%;防效=(处理组虫口减退率–对照虫口减退率)/(1–对照虫口减退率)×100%。
爪哇虫草菌在不同基础基质中进行发酵培养,培养10 d后,在大麦中的产孢量最大,为131.67×9×106 CFU/g,其次是黄小米,产孢量为60.00×9×106 CFU/g,而在玉米渣、糙米和黑米基质中培养产孢量最少(图1)。因此,筛选大麦为爪哇虫草菌的基础发酵基质。
爪哇虫草菌在大麦与不同辅助基质组合中进行发酵培养,培养10 d后,爪哇虫草菌在大麦+麦麸组合发酵中的产孢量最大,为205.00×9×106 CFU/g,大麦的产孢量次之,为142.50×9×106 CFU/g,而其余6种组合的产孢量均显著低于大麦+麦麸、大麦(图2)。因此,筛选大麦和麦麸为爪哇虫草菌的固体发酵基质组合。
爪哇虫草菌在不同比例的大麦与麦麸中进行发酵培养,培养10 d后,爪哇虫草菌在大麦与麦麸组合比例为7∶1时的产孢量最大,为243.75×9×106 CFU/g,其次为1∶1和11∶1,产孢量分别为192.50×9×106 CFU/g和161.75×9×106 CFU/g,其余比例的产孢量均显著低于上述3个比例(图3)。因此,爪哇虫草菌固体发酵基础基质与辅助基质的最佳基质比例为大麦与麦麸(w/w)7∶1。
爪哇虫草菌在含不同碳源、氮源、其他营养元素添加物的大麦与麦麸组合基质中发酵培养,培养10 d后,爪哇虫草菌在含碳源2%葡萄糖的发酵基质中产孢量最大,为413.80×9×106 CFU/g;在含氮源2%酸水解酪蛋白的发酵基质中产孢量显著低于前者,为305.25×9×106 CFU/g。在含5.5%氯化钾、2%甘氨酸以及2%碳酸钙+2%硫酸钙的发酵基质中的产孢量次之,分别为193.50×9×106、190.00×9×106、183.00×9×106 CFU/g,其余添加物的产孢量均较低(图4)。因此,筛选2%葡萄糖为碳源,2%酸水解酪蛋白为氮源,而5.5%氯化钾、2%甘氨酸以及2%碳酸钙+2%硫酸钙为其他营养元素待选。
爪哇虫草菌在含不同添加物及组合的大麦与麦麸组合基质中发酵培养,培养10 d后,爪哇虫草菌在T5(大麦+麦麸+2%葡萄糖+2%酸水解酪蛋白+5.5%氯化钾+2%甘氨酸)的发酵基质中产孢量最大,为477.30×9×106 CFU/g,显著大于其他组合的产孢量,而CK(大麦)的发酵基质产孢量最小,为199.68×9×106 CFU/g(图5)。因此,筛选酸水解酪蛋白、葡萄糖、氯化钾和甘氨酸为最佳外源添加物组合。
爪哇虫草菌在含不同外源添加物比例的大麦与麦麸组合基质中发酵培养,培养10 d后,爪哇虫草菌在t3组合的发酵基质中产孢量最大,为795.00×9×106 CFU/g;而在t4和t2组合的产孢量次之,分别为600.00×9×106 CFU/g和362.50×9×106 CFU/g;而在t1组合的发酵基质中产孢量最小,为142.50×9×106 CFU/g(图6)。因此,筛选t3组合,即1%酸水解酪蛋白+1%葡萄糖+2%氯化钾+1%甘氨酸为最佳外源添加物组合。
基于上述固体发酵条件的优化结果,将不同外源几丁质成分加入固体基质中进行发酵培养,培养10 d后,爪哇虫草菌在添加介壳粉的发酵基质的产孢量为1320.00×9×106 CFU/g,显著高于其他外源几丁质成分的基质,蜂蛹壳粉次之,为959.50.00×9×106 CFU/g(图7)。由于介壳粉需从寄主上取得,成本相对较高,因此,筛选蜂蛹壳粉作为替代介壳粉的外源几丁质成分。
爪哇虫草菌在含不同载体的孢子萌发液中进行培养,结果表明,1、3、5 mg/mL滑石粉、硅藻土和蒙脱石与爪哇虫草菌的相容性均较好。爪哇虫草菌在含1 mg/mL滑石粉、硅藻土和蒙脱石的孢子萌发液中培养后,孢子萌发率分别为97.00%、92.50%和92.50%;在含3 mg/mL滑石粉、硅藻土和蒙脱石的孢子萌发液中,其孢子萌发率分别为92.50%、91.00%和93.00%;在含5 mg/mL滑石粉、硅藻土和蒙脱石的孢子萌发液中,其孢子萌发率分别为85.00%、87.50%和86.50%;而载体浓度为5 mg/mL时,爪哇虫草菌在凹凸棒土、膨润土和白炭黑孢子萌发液中的孢子萌发率分别为8.00%、5.50%和15.00%,显著低于滑石粉、硅藻土和蒙脱石(图8)。由此可见,滑石粉、硅藻土和蒙脱石作为载体与爪哇虫草菌的相容性均较好。
为了筛选最佳载体,进一步测定滑石粉、硅藻土和蒙脱石的润湿性能,结果表明,硅藻土的润湿时间为2.75 min,显著低于蒙脱石和滑石粉;滑石粉次之,为37.50 min;蒙脱石的润湿时间最长,为245.00 min。因此,综合载体相容性以及润湿性能测定结果,筛选硅藻土为粉剂的最佳载体。
爪哇虫草菌在含不同润湿剂的孢子萌发液中进行培养,结果表明,0.100%和0.125%润湿剂Morwet EFW均与爪哇虫草菌的相容性较好,在含0.100%和0.125%润湿剂Morwet EFW的孢子萌发液中培养后,爪哇虫草菌的孢子萌发率分别为82.50%和54.50%,显著大于其他润湿剂。而爪哇虫草菌在含0.500%润湿剂的孢子萌发液中培养,其孢子均不萌发(图9)。由此可见,润湿剂Morwet EFW与爪哇虫草菌的相容性较好。
进一步测定5种润湿剂的润湿性能,结果表明,润湿剂Morwet EFW的润湿时间为7.29 s,显著低于其他润湿剂;十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)和十二烷基苯硫酸钠(SDBS)次之,分别为9.98 s和9.51 s;拉开粉BX和Dispwet WP400的润湿性能较差,其润湿时间分别为13.93、12.35 s。因此,综合润湿剂的润湿性能与相容性结果,筛选Morwet EFW为粉剂的最佳润湿剂。
爪哇虫草菌在含不同分散剂的孢子萌发液中进行培养,结果表明,1.0、2.5、5.0 mg/mL分散剂Morwet D-425与爪哇虫草菌的相容性较好,孢子萌发率分别为93.00%、95.50%和96.50%,分散剂Morwet D-450次之,5.0 mg/mL时,Morwet D-450中爪哇虫草菌的孢子萌发率显著低于Morwet D-425;而木质素Borresperse中的孢子萌发率最低,相容性最差(图10)。由此可见,分散剂Morwet D-425、Morwet D-450与爪哇虫草菌的相容性均较好。
进一步测定3种分散剂的悬浮率,结果表明,分散剂Morwet D-450的悬浮率为85.55%,显著高于其他分散剂;Morwet D-425的悬浮率次之,为52.73%;而木质素Borresperse的悬浮率最差,为25.78%。因此,综合分散剂悬浮性能与相容性结果,筛选Morwet D-450为粉剂的最佳分散剂。
爪哇虫草菌在含不同紫外保护剂的孢子萌发液中进行培养,结果表明,100、500、1000 µg/mL荧光素钠CBS-X和BASF326均与爪哇虫草菌的相容性较好,孢子萌发率分别为92.50%和85.50%、82.50%和86.50%、74.00%和79.00%,显著高于腐殖酸(图11)。由此可见,荧光素钠CBS-X和BASF326与爪哇虫草菌的相容性较好。
进一步测定3种紫外保护剂的紫外保护性能,结果表明,在紫外灯下处理15 min时,含荧光素钠CBS-X、腐殖酸、BASF 326的爪哇虫草菌孢子萌发率分别为90.50%、89.00%和82.50%,均与CK无显著性差异。紫外灯下处理30、60 min时,含荧光素钠CBS-X的爪哇虫草菌孢子萌发率最大,紫外保护性能最好,爪哇虫草菌孢子萌发率分别为81.00%和64.00%;BASF 326次之,分别为61.00%和47.50%;而腐殖酸的紫外保护性能最差,爪哇虫草菌孢子萌发率分别为45.00%和27.50%(图12)。因此,综合紫外保护剂与爪哇虫草菌的相容性结果以及抗紫外性能,筛选荧光素钠CBS-X为粉剂的最佳紫外保护剂。
综合以上粉剂助剂的筛选结果,得出爪哇虫草菌可湿性粉剂的配方:有效成分为爪哇虫草菌分生孢子粉,含量为20%;润湿剂为Morwet EFW,含量为1%;分散剂为Morwet D-450,含量为5%;紫外保护剂为荧光素钠CBS-X,含量为1%;载体为硅藻土,含量为73%。
爪哇虫草菌可湿性粉剂对捷氏吹绵蚧的田间防效如表1所示。结果表明,爪哇虫草菌可湿性粉剂在田间对捷氏吹绵蚧具有良好的防效。在处理后7 d时,爪哇虫草菌可湿性粉剂的防效较低(7.50%),显著低于化学药剂25%噻虫嗪可湿性粉剂的防效(62.50%)。随着处理时间的延长,各处理的防效均呈上升趋势。在处理后14 d时,爪哇虫草菌可湿性粉剂对捷氏吹绵蚧的防效为72.50%,显著低于25%噻虫嗪可湿性粉剂的防效(87.50%);处理后21 d,爪哇虫草菌可湿性粉剂的防效达92.50%,与25%噻虫嗪可湿性粉剂的防效相当,显著高于爪哇虫草菌纯孢粉的防效,而IJID003纯孢粉与对照差异不显著。由此可见,爪哇虫草菌的剂型有助于分生孢子药效的充分发挥,提高了菌株对捷氏吹绵蚧的防效。就侵染速率及速效性而言,爪哇虫草菌可湿性粉剂低于25%噻虫嗪可湿性粉剂,但其持效性更强,且在后期感染爪哇虫草菌的低龄捷氏吹绵蚧虫体上,会再产生新的分生孢子,形成新的侵染循环(图13)。从以上结果可知,爪哇虫草菌可湿性粉剂对捷氏吹绵蚧有较好防效,具有替代介壳虫常用化学药剂25%噻虫嗪可湿性粉剂的潜力。
近年来,因爪哇虫草菌具有易培养且产孢量大的优势,有关其菌剂的研究备受国内科研人员的关注,但市场化、产业化应用仍较少[15]。而影响微生物菌剂产业化的主要因素是符合菌种特性的发酵水平、适合的剂型配方和更低的用料成本等[15,22]。本研究主要通过优化符合优良菌株爪哇虫草菌特性的固体发酵条件,并对其适合剂型配方进行探索,进而分析研制粉剂对害虫捷氏吹绵蚧的田间防效。
在固体发酵条件优化方面,基础基质大麦因营养丰富、易获得、价格便宜等特点,通常认为是大规模生产真菌杀虫剂固体发酵的首选基质[23]。KIM等[17]研究发现,爪哇虫草菌在大麦中发酵培养的产孢量高于糙米,这与本研究结果一致。本研究进一步将基础基质大麦与辅助麦麸共培养,发现产孢量比单独大麦培养的显著提升。已有研究表明,在固体发酵过程中基质的表面-体积比(surface-to-volume ratio,SVR)及其几何形状、均匀性对发酵效果有重要影响[24]。通过基础基质与辅助基质的共培养,可以有效改善发酵水平,实现营养互补,提升结构与通气性,减少纯基质培养产孢量低的弊端[23]。ORDAZ-HERNÁNDEZ等[18]将低成本的辅助基质棕榈仁粕与大米共培养,结果发现在大米中添加5%棕榈仁粕,爪哇虫草菌的产孢量提高了40%。可见,共培养可以实现提升产孢量,这与本研究结果相似。另外,除了发酵基质,外源添加物如营养物质、酶、调节剂、吸附剂等也可以显著影响微生物生长、代谢产物的生成以及发酵效率。微生物在利用碳源时,会分泌糖类水解酶来分解碳源,且同一菌种可以利用多种碳源,但对不同碳源的代谢吸收有一定差异[25]。已有研究发现,利于爪哇虫草菌产孢的最优碳源是葡萄糖[15,17,22],这与本研究结果一致。在虫草菌属优质氮源的筛选上,添加酪蛋白、酵母提取物和酸水解酪蛋白等氮源可以显著提高爪哇虫草菌的产孢量[17,26-27]。本研究也得出类似结果,即研究发现爪哇虫草菌的最优氮源是酸水解酪蛋白,其提供的氨基酸和多肽可以显著提升爪哇虫草菌的产孢量。HOANG等[28]研究发现,氯化钾的高渗透胁迫会抑制蛹虫草(Cordyceps militaris)菌株子实体形成及产孢,本研究发现单独添加氯化钾和甘氨酸导致爪哇虫草菌的产孢量下降,这与前人的研究结果[28]一致。另外,BORWORN等[29]发现甘氨酸会促进蛹虫草虫草素的产生,而虫草素可能具有自我抑制的作用,会影响分生孢子的产量。然而,本研究在大麦与麦麸组合发酵基质基础上,添加碳源葡萄糖、氮源酸水解酪蛋白、无机盐氯化钾和氨基酸甘氨酸等营养元素共培养后,发现爪哇虫草菌产孢量比对照明显提升。可见,多营养元素的添加对昆虫病原真菌发酵水平的提升具有重要的协同和增效作用[30]
生防真菌因其特殊的生长条件以及不稳定性,开发难度远大于化学药剂。因此,合适的载体及助剂是决定菌株的室外定殖能力和稳定性的主要影响因素[31]。而可湿性粉剂作为目前我国真菌制剂的主要剂型,因其具有成本低、湿润性高、易于运输贮存等优点,在生物防治方面发挥着越来越重要的作用[32]。本研究通过测定配方成分与爪哇虫草菌的相容性及其发挥性能,筛选出最优配方成分,制得菌剂易溶于水,形成悬浮液,便于喷雾使用。其中,在载体的选择上,发现硅藻土与爪哇虫草菌的相容性最好,且具有较好的润湿性。硅藻土与较多昆虫病原真菌,如球孢白僵菌[33]、淡紫拟青霉[34]等均有较好的相容性。而陈名等[19]发现爪哇虫草菌可湿性粉剂的最佳载体是海泡石,这可能与筛选的载体、助剂范围及菌种特性的差异等有关,今后可以通过扩大助剂筛选范围及规模化放大试验,进一步优化可湿性粉剂质量。在紫外保护剂的选择上,本研究发现荧光素钠的抗紫外辐射能力最强,与陈名等[19]的研究结果一致。杜丹超等[15]研究腐殖酸作为淡紫拟青霉的可湿性粉剂紫外保护剂时,发现腐殖酸的保护效能显著高于荧光素钠,能有效降低紫外线对菌株的影响。KAISER等[35]研究发现腐殖酸能有效提高球孢白僵菌分生孢子的抗紫外辐射能力。但本研究发现腐殖酸的保护性能较差,与上述二者的研究结果不一致,这可能与不同菌种的特异性有关。
在室外防效方面,李艳琼等[36]用8000倍25%噻虫嗪可湿性粉剂防治为害柿树(Diospyros kaki)的日本蜡蚧(Ceroplastes japonicus)雌虫,施药20 d后的防效为83.30%,与本研究用4000倍25%噻虫嗪可湿性粉剂对捷氏吹绵蚧雌成虫的防效相近;而与爪哇虫草菌可湿性粉剂相比,对捷氏吹绵蚧雌成虫的防效无显著差异。另外,在后期爪哇虫草菌逐渐感染低龄捷氏吹绵蚧虫体上,实现了昆虫病原真菌的可持续性,这一结果表明爪哇虫草菌可湿性粉剂在一定程度上可以作为安全的生物农药替代部分化学农药,减少化学农药的使用量,在绿色防控中具有很大的优势和潜力。
本研究以分离自介壳虫的爪哇虫草菌菌株IJID003为材料,首先优化筛选出爪哇虫草菌IJID003较优的固体发酵方法,即以大麦与麦麸为发酵基质,添加以碳源葡萄糖、氮源酸水解酪蛋白、无机盐氯化钾、氨基酸甘氨酸和几丁质源蜂蛹壳粉等营养元素共培养;以优化的发酵条件初步研制了爪哇虫草菌的可湿性粉剂,其最佳组成为20%爪哇虫草菌孢子粉、1%润湿剂Morwet EFW、5%分散剂Morwet D-450、1%紫外保护剂CBS-X和73%硅藻土。田间试验结果表明,爪哇虫草菌可湿性粉剂对捷氏吹绵蚧具有较好防效,施药后第21天的防效达92.50%。研究结果为介壳虫的绿色防控提供新的生防菌剂资源。
  • 广州市林业和园林科学研究院院立项目(2021—2023)
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2025年第46卷第2期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.02.012
  • 接收时间:2024-08-30
  • 首发时间:2026-06-23
  • 出版时间:2025-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-30
  • 修回日期:2024-10-31
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广州市林业和园林科学研究院院立项目(2021—2023)
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    广州市林业和园林科学研究院/广州市生态园林科技协同创新中心,广东广州 510405

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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