Article(id=1276213508148687187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276213295170323272, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.04.021, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1666022400000, receivedDateStr=2022-10-18, revisedDate=1676304000000, revisedDateStr=2023-02-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782202611242, onlineDateStr=2026-06-23, pubDate=1713974400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782202611242, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782202611242, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782202611242, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276213295170323272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2024', volume='45', issue='4', pageStart='653', pageEnd='871', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1713974400000', pubDateStr='2024-04-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782202560465, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782203706550, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276218103419761358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276213295170323272, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276218103419761359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276213295170323272, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=855, endPage=863, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276213509427949909, articleId=1276213508148687187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Meteorological Index and Occurrence Regularity of Chilling Injury to Winter Vegetables in Hainan Island, columnId=1236292524264968282, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Plant Protection & Bio-safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Using the meteorological data and disaster information of 18 meteorological stations in Hainan Island in winter (from December to February of the next year) of 1971 to 2020, this paper constructed the meteorological index of chilling injury to winter vegetables with biological characteristics which not only considered the influence of overcast rain and few sunlight, but also could quantify the influence of previous cold injury processes. Combining Mann-Kendall trend test method and ArcGIS techniques, the spatiotemporal change law of chilling injury to winter vegetables in Hainan Island was obtained. The areas with high probability of chilling injury to vegetables in December, January and February and the areas with high probability of light, medium and severe chilling injury to vegetables in each month were mainly distributed in the northwest and middle of Hainan Island, while the areas with low probability were mainly distributed in the west-south-east coastal regions. The chilling injury to vegetables in each month was mainly light and moderate grade, accounting for about 88.3%. Among the three months, chilling injury to vegetables occurred most frequently in January (48.6%), and chilling injury of all grades to vegetables also occurred most frequently in January (50.2%, 43.4% and 40.2% respectively). In the recent 50 years, the annual occurrence times of cold injury to vegetables in each month of winter in Hainan Island were not significantly decreasing in most stations (83.3%, 94.4% and 72.2% respectively). Among the different grades of cold injury to vegetables in 3 months, only the annual occurrence times of severe cold injury to vegetables in February showed an increasing trend in many stations (38.9%), the annual occurrence times of other grades of cold injury were also not significantly decreasing in most stations (61.1%-88.9%). The influence scope of different grades of cold injury to vegetables in each month all decreased significantly in the order of light to severe chilling injury. Compared with each other in three months, the influence scope of cold injury to vegetables in Hainan Island were close to each other in December and February and were significantly smaller than that in January, the influence scope of light and moderate cold injury to vegetables also showed similar rules between months, while the influence scope of severe cold injury to vegetables were close to each other in December and January and were significantly larger than that in February. In the recent 50 years, the influence scope of chilling injury to vegetables in Hainan Island in December, January and February and the influence scope of different grades of chilling injury to vegetables in each month were all non-significant shrinking. In general, in the recent 50 years, the annual occurrence times of cold injury to winter vegetables was decreasing and the influence scope was shrinking, which was generally beneficial to the cultivation of winter vegetables in Hainan Island. However, in February, the annual occurrence times of severe cold injury to vegetables in eastern, central and western regions were increasing, which should be paid attention to.

, authors=null, authorsList=Haiping ZOU, Jinghong ZHANG, Weiguang LI, Xiaomin CHEN, Rui BAI, Run LYU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276213511936143709, articleId=1276213508148687187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=海南岛冬季瓜菜寒害气象指标及发生规律研究, columnId=1236292524520820846, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=植物保护与生物安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

利用海南岛18个气象站的1971—2020年冬季(12月至翌年2月)气象数据和灾情资料,构建考虑阴雨寡照影响、能量化寒害过程影响程度且具备生物学特征的冬季瓜菜寒害气象指标。在此基础上结合Mann-Kendall趋势检验法和ArcGIS技术,得出海南岛冬季瓜菜寒害时空变化规律。结果表明:冬季各月及各月轻至重度瓜菜寒害发生概率较高的地区主要分布在海南岛西北部和中部,出现概率较低的地区主要分布在西部、南部、东部沿海一带。冬季各月瓜菜寒害均主要以轻、中度等级为主,二者占比高达88.3%。3个月中,1月瓜菜寒害发生次数最多(占比达48.6%),瓜菜轻至重度寒害亦均在1月出现最多(占比分别为50.2%、43.4%和40.2%)。近50年海南岛冬季各月瓜菜寒害年发生次数不显著减少的站点占多数(占比分别为83.3%、94.4%和72.2%),各月不同等级瓜菜寒害中除2月重度瓜菜寒害年发生次数呈增加趋势的站点较多(占比38.9%)外,其余等级瓜菜寒害年发生次数不显著减少的站点亦占多数(占比61.1%~88.9%)。冬季各月不同等级瓜菜寒害的影响范围均按寒害轻至重顺序明显缩小。3个月之间相比,12月和2月瓜菜寒害影响范围接近且明显小于1月,轻度和中度寒害影响范围月之间亦表现出类似规律,重度寒害影响范围12月和1月接近且明显大于2月。近50年海南岛冬季各月及各月所有等级瓜菜寒害影响范围均在缩小。总体而言,近50年海南岛冬季瓜菜寒害年发生次数减少、影响范围缩小,对海南岛冬季瓜菜种植有利。但2月东、中、西部地区瓜菜重度寒害年发生次数在增加,需加以关注。

, authors=

邹海平(1987—),男,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向:农业气象;E-mail:

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邹海平(1987—),男,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向:农业气象;E-mail:

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邹海平(1987—),男,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向:农业气象;E-mail:

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Impact of climatic change on agriculture and its adaptation countermeasures in China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276466607195034440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276213508148687187, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=35, issue=12, pageStart=89, pageEnd=94, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=46, authorNames=佟金鹤, 钱昆, 田光辉, 白蕤, 邹海平, 陈小敏, 陈汇林, journalName=中国农学通报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=佟金鹤, 钱昆, 田光辉, 白蕤, 邹海平, 陈小敏, 陈汇林. 1977—2017年海南极端气候事件变化时空差异分析[J]. 中国农学通报, 2019, 35(12): 89-94., articleTitle=1977—2017年海南极端气候事件变化时空差异分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276466607270531913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276213508148687187, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=35, issue=12, pageStart=89, pageEnd=94, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=47, authorNames=TONG J H, QIAN K, TIAN G H, BAI R, ZOU H P, CHEN X M, CHEN H L, journalName=Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TONG J H, QIAN K, TIAN G H, BAI R, ZOU H P, CHEN X M, CHEN H L. Extreme climate events in Hainan during 1977-2017: spatio-temporal differences[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2019, 35(12): 89-94. 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Meteorological index of chilling injury to winter vegetables

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项目Item等级Grade
轻度Light中度Moderate重度Severe
日均温≤15 ℃、日照≤2 h5~78~10≥11
日均温≤12 ℃3~56~9≥10
5 ℃<日低温≤10 ℃3~45~6≥7
日低温≤5 ℃12≥3
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冬季瓜菜寒害气象指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目Item等级Grade
轻度Light中度Moderate重度Severe
日均温≤15 ℃、日照≤2 h5~78~10≥11
日均温≤12 ℃3~56~9≥10
5 ℃<日低温≤10 ℃3~45~6≥7
日低温≤5 ℃12≥3
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Matching between investigation results of chilling injury to winter vegetables and judgment results of using index at typical stations in Hainan Island

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
站点Station日期Date寒害气象指标计算灾情等级Disaster level calculated by meteorological index of chilling injury实际灾情等级Actual disaster level是否匹配Matching status
澄迈县1993年1月15日至30日重度重度
1995年12月27日至1996年1月4日重度重度
1996年2月19日至27日中度中度
1999年12月23日至26日重度重度
2008年1月24日至2月16日重度重度
2011年1月10日至15日轻度重度×
2014年2月10日至15日轻度轻度
2016年1月23日至27日轻度轻度
2018年1月9日至13日轻度轻度
2018年1月29日至2月8日中度中度
2019年12月7日至9日轻度轻度
儋州市1975年12月15日至17日重度重度
1993年1月21日至31日重度重度
1999年12月23日至24日中度重度×
2008年1月24日至2月16日重度重度
2011年1月4日至17日重度重度
2016年1月23日至27日轻度轻度
2018年1月29日至2月8日中度中度
琼中县1999年12月23日至26日重度重度
2008年1月31日至2月16日重度重度
2011年1月6日至17日重度重度
2021年1月8日至15日重度重度
东方市1993年1月15日至25日中度中度
2008年1月27日至2月15日重度重度
琼海市1996年2月19日至27日中度中度
2008年1月27日至2月15日重度重度
2011年1月10日至16日轻度重度×
2014年2月10日至14日轻度轻度
), ArticleFig(id=1276466598865146642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276213508148687187, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

海南岛典型站点冬季瓜菜寒害调查结果与利用指标判断结果的匹配情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
站点Station日期Date寒害气象指标计算灾情等级Disaster level calculated by meteorological index of chilling injury实际灾情等级Actual disaster level是否匹配Matching status
澄迈县1993年1月15日至30日重度重度
1995年12月27日至1996年1月4日重度重度
1996年2月19日至27日中度中度
1999年12月23日至26日重度重度
2008年1月24日至2月16日重度重度
2011年1月10日至15日轻度重度×
2014年2月10日至15日轻度轻度
2016年1月23日至27日轻度轻度
2018年1月9日至13日轻度轻度
2018年1月29日至2月8日中度中度
2019年12月7日至9日轻度轻度
儋州市1975年12月15日至17日重度重度
1993年1月21日至31日重度重度
1999年12月23日至24日中度重度×
2008年1月24日至2月16日重度重度
2011年1月4日至17日重度重度
2016年1月23日至27日轻度轻度
2018年1月29日至2月8日中度中度
琼中县1999年12月23日至26日重度重度
2008年1月31日至2月16日重度重度
2011年1月6日至17日重度重度
2021年1月8日至15日重度重度
东方市1993年1月15日至25日中度中度
2008年1月27日至2月15日重度重度
琼海市1996年2月19日至27日中度中度
2008年1月27日至2月15日重度重度
2011年1月10日至16日轻度重度×
2014年2月10日至14日轻度轻度
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Changing trend of annual occurrence times of cold injury to vegetables in each month of winter from 1971 to 2020

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
站点Station12月December1月January2月February
月Month轻度Light中度Moderate重度Severe月Month轻度Light中度Moderate重度Severe月Month轻度Light中度Moderate重度Severe
海口市
东方市
临高县
澄迈县
儋州市
昌江县
白沙县
琼中县
定安县
屯昌县
琼海市
文昌市
乐东县
五指山市
保亭县
三亚市
万宁市
陵水县
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1971—2020年冬季各月瓜菜寒害年发生次数变化趋势

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
站点Station12月December1月January2月February
月Month轻度Light中度Moderate重度Severe月Month轻度Light中度Moderate重度Severe月Month轻度Light中度Moderate重度Severe
海口市
东方市
临高县
澄迈县
儋州市
昌江县
白沙县
琼中县
定安县
屯昌县
琼海市
文昌市
乐东县
五指山市
保亭县
三亚市
万宁市
陵水县
), ArticleFig(id=1276466599343297301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276213508148687187, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Mean value and changing trend of occurring stations ratio of cold injury to vegetables in each month of winter from 1971 to 2020

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
月份Month类别Category站次比均值Mean value of occurring stations ratio/%显著性Significance
12月轻度12.6
中度6.2
重度4.2
19.8
1月轻度24.1
中度10.3
重度5.3
35.4
2月轻度14.1
中度5.9
重度2.9
20.7
), ArticleFig(id=1276466599406211862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276213508148687187, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

1971—2020年冬季各月瓜菜寒害发生站次比的均值及变化趋势

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月份Month类别Category站次比均值Mean value of occurring stations ratio/%显著性Significance
12月轻度12.6
中度6.2
重度4.2
19.8
1月轻度24.1
中度10.3
重度5.3
35.4
2月轻度14.1
中度5.9
重度2.9
20.7
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海南岛冬季瓜菜寒害气象指标及发生规律研究
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邹海平 1, 2 , 张京红 1, 2 , 李伟光 1, 2 , 陈小敏 1, 2 , 白蕤 1, 2 , 吕润 1, 2
热带作物学报 | 植物保护与生物安全 2024,45(4): 855-863
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热带作物学报 |植物保护与生物安全 2024 , 45 (4) : 855 -863
海南岛冬季瓜菜寒害气象指标及发生规律研究
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邹海平1, 2 , 张京红1, 2, 李伟光1, 2, 陈小敏1, 2, 白蕤1, 2, 吕润1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.海南省气候中心,海南海口 570203
  • 2.海南省南海气象防灾减灾重点实验室,海南海口 570203
Meteorological Index and Occurrence Regularity of Chilling Injury to Winter Vegetables in Hainan Island
Haiping ZOU1, 2 , Jinghong ZHANG1, 2, Weiguang LI1, 2, Xiaomin CHEN1, 2, Rui BAI1, 2, Run LYU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Hainan Provincial Climate Center, Haikou, Hainan 570203, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of South China Sea Meteorological Disaster Prevention and Mitigation of Hainan, Haikou, Hainan 570203, China
出版时间: 2024-04-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.04.021
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利用海南岛18个气象站的1971—2020年冬季(12月至翌年2月)气象数据和灾情资料,构建考虑阴雨寡照影响、能量化寒害过程影响程度且具备生物学特征的冬季瓜菜寒害气象指标。在此基础上结合Mann-Kendall趋势检验法和ArcGIS技术,得出海南岛冬季瓜菜寒害时空变化规律。结果表明:冬季各月及各月轻至重度瓜菜寒害发生概率较高的地区主要分布在海南岛西北部和中部,出现概率较低的地区主要分布在西部、南部、东部沿海一带。冬季各月瓜菜寒害均主要以轻、中度等级为主,二者占比高达88.3%。3个月中,1月瓜菜寒害发生次数最多(占比达48.6%),瓜菜轻至重度寒害亦均在1月出现最多(占比分别为50.2%、43.4%和40.2%)。近50年海南岛冬季各月瓜菜寒害年发生次数不显著减少的站点占多数(占比分别为83.3%、94.4%和72.2%),各月不同等级瓜菜寒害中除2月重度瓜菜寒害年发生次数呈增加趋势的站点较多(占比38.9%)外,其余等级瓜菜寒害年发生次数不显著减少的站点亦占多数(占比61.1%~88.9%)。冬季各月不同等级瓜菜寒害的影响范围均按寒害轻至重顺序明显缩小。3个月之间相比,12月和2月瓜菜寒害影响范围接近且明显小于1月,轻度和中度寒害影响范围月之间亦表现出类似规律,重度寒害影响范围12月和1月接近且明显大于2月。近50年海南岛冬季各月及各月所有等级瓜菜寒害影响范围均在缩小。总体而言,近50年海南岛冬季瓜菜寒害年发生次数减少、影响范围缩小,对海南岛冬季瓜菜种植有利。但2月东、中、西部地区瓜菜重度寒害年发生次数在增加,需加以关注。

冬季瓜菜  /  寒害气象指标  /  Mann-Kendall趋势检验  /  站次比  /  海南岛

Using the meteorological data and disaster information of 18 meteorological stations in Hainan Island in winter (from December to February of the next year) of 1971 to 2020, this paper constructed the meteorological index of chilling injury to winter vegetables with biological characteristics which not only considered the influence of overcast rain and few sunlight, but also could quantify the influence of previous cold injury processes. Combining Mann-Kendall trend test method and ArcGIS techniques, the spatiotemporal change law of chilling injury to winter vegetables in Hainan Island was obtained. The areas with high probability of chilling injury to vegetables in December, January and February and the areas with high probability of light, medium and severe chilling injury to vegetables in each month were mainly distributed in the northwest and middle of Hainan Island, while the areas with low probability were mainly distributed in the west-south-east coastal regions. The chilling injury to vegetables in each month was mainly light and moderate grade, accounting for about 88.3%. Among the three months, chilling injury to vegetables occurred most frequently in January (48.6%), and chilling injury of all grades to vegetables also occurred most frequently in January (50.2%, 43.4% and 40.2% respectively). In the recent 50 years, the annual occurrence times of cold injury to vegetables in each month of winter in Hainan Island were not significantly decreasing in most stations (83.3%, 94.4% and 72.2% respectively). Among the different grades of cold injury to vegetables in 3 months, only the annual occurrence times of severe cold injury to vegetables in February showed an increasing trend in many stations (38.9%), the annual occurrence times of other grades of cold injury were also not significantly decreasing in most stations (61.1%-88.9%). The influence scope of different grades of cold injury to vegetables in each month all decreased significantly in the order of light to severe chilling injury. Compared with each other in three months, the influence scope of cold injury to vegetables in Hainan Island were close to each other in December and February and were significantly smaller than that in January, the influence scope of light and moderate cold injury to vegetables also showed similar rules between months, while the influence scope of severe cold injury to vegetables were close to each other in December and January and were significantly larger than that in February. In the recent 50 years, the influence scope of chilling injury to vegetables in Hainan Island in December, January and February and the influence scope of different grades of chilling injury to vegetables in each month were all non-significant shrinking. In general, in the recent 50 years, the annual occurrence times of cold injury to winter vegetables was decreasing and the influence scope was shrinking, which was generally beneficial to the cultivation of winter vegetables in Hainan Island. However, in February, the annual occurrence times of severe cold injury to vegetables in eastern, central and western regions were increasing, which should be paid attention to.

winter vegetables  /  meteorological index of chilling injury  /  Mann-Kendall trend test  /  occurring stations ratio  /  Hainan Island
邹海平, 张京红, 李伟光, 陈小敏, 白蕤, 吕润. 海南岛冬季瓜菜寒害气象指标及发生规律研究. 热带作物学报, 2024 , 45 (4) : 855 -863 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.04.021
Haiping ZOU, Jinghong ZHANG, Weiguang LI, Xiaomin CHEN, Rui BAI, Run LYU. Meteorological Index and Occurrence Regularity of Chilling Injury to Winter Vegetables in Hainan Island[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2024 , 45 (4) : 855 -863 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.04.021
海南岛地处热带,属热带季风海洋性气候,冬季均温为18.1~22.8 ℃[1],为冬季瓜菜生产提供了极其有利的自然条件。目前,海南岛冬种瓜菜种植面积保持在20万hm2左右,出岛量近年均保持在300万t以上[2]。冬季瓜菜作为海南热带高效农业中的支柱性产业,是海南建设国家现代热带高效农业基地的重要组成部分,在海南省产业脱贫、促进增收和保障民生及建设海南自由贸易港等方面发挥着重要作用。海南已成为我国冬季北运瓜菜重要的生产基地,在全国冬季瓜菜市场发挥了不可替代的作用[3-4]。但受冬季风影响,北方冷空气仍有可能影响海南,引发冬季瓜菜低温寒害[5],导致减产。如2008年1月下旬至2月中旬发生的重度低温阴雨天气导致海南冬季瓜菜受灾达5.33万hm2,经济损失约4.37亿元[6]。农业气象灾害等级指标的准确性及其时空分布特征是农业气象灾害研究的基础,只有正确判断灾害的活动区域及其发生频率,才能对研究区域灾害程度有直观、准确的了解,为下一步灾害监测和风险评估等提供科学依据[7]。因此,研究海南岛冬季瓜菜寒害气象指标及其时空变化规律显得十分必要。
研究者对水稻冷害[8]、玉米冷害[9]、冬小麦冻害[10]、香蕉和荔枝寒害[11]等低温灾害指标及其变化特征开展了大量细致的研究。在瓜菜寒害方面,有学者从农学角度分析了寒害对辣椒[12]、冬瓜[13]、西瓜[14]等瓜菜形态学和生理生化指标的影响。有学者采用考虑瓜菜生物学特性的有害积寒[15-16]和构建致灾指标,分析了瓜菜寒害风险区划。如张蕾等[16]基于海南岛1998—2011年气象资料,分别以日最低气温≤10.0 ℃、持续日数≥3 d,日最低气温≤12.0 ℃、持续日数≥5d,日最低气温≤15.0 ℃、持续日数≥6 d寒害过程的有害积寒和作为西瓜、辣椒、豇豆和丝瓜寒害年度气候致灾因子,综合孕灾敏感性、承载体易损性和防灾能力,对海南岛4种瓜菜寒害进行风险评价与区划。此外,海南省气象局从气候角度制定了海南冬季低温阴雨过程等级标准[1]。前人在瓜菜寒害气象指标和风险区划方面做了大量工作,但也存在一些不足。采用有害积寒和构建各种瓜菜寒害致灾指标虽然考虑了瓜菜生物学特性,但其仅考虑温度对各种瓜菜的不利影响,未考虑阴雨寡照的影响,且该指标仅适合年度寒害等级确定,无法确定历次寒害过程等级,同时该指标无法确定寒害对瓜菜这一大类的影响程度。海南冬季低温阴雨灾害等级虽然考虑了阴雨寡照对农作物的影响且能对每次寒害过程进行评估,但其所涉及温度指标未充分考虑瓜菜的生物学特征。为此,本研究拟在前人研究基础上,利用1971—2020年气象数据和瓜菜寒害灾情资料,制定既考虑阴雨寡照影响又能量化历次寒害过程影响程度且具备生物学特征的海南冬季瓜菜这一大类寒害气象指标,并利用该指标得出海南冬季瓜菜寒害变化规律,以期为海南冬季瓜菜优化种植布局、抗寒减灾和寒害监测预警等提供科学依据。
影响海南岛冬季瓜菜的寒害主要发生在每年冬季的12月至翌年2月,因此采用此3个月的1971—2020年气象数据和灾情数据。其中,气象数据包括海南岛18个气象站的逐日平均温度、最低温度和日照时数,来自海南省气象信息中心;灾情数据来自《中国气象灾害大典·海南卷》[5]及海南省气候中心调研、收集整理的灾情库。
海南岛主要种植瓜菜(如辣椒、豇豆、西瓜、南瓜、苦瓜等)的生物学温度为日均温15 ℃和12 ℃、日低温10 ℃和5 ℃[17-19]。因此,将海南低温阴雨过程等级标准中不具有生物学特征的温度临界值日均温13 ℃、日低温8 ℃和6 ℃[1]分别改为日均温12 ℃、日低温10 ℃和5 ℃。利用海南冬季瓜菜寒害灾情资料确定不同等级冬季瓜菜寒害过程的持续日数(表1)。表中寒害过程允许间隔1日不符合寒害气象指标条件,寒害过程持续日数为符合寒害气象指标的日数。同一寒害过程若同时符合多种项目条件则取寒害等级最重者。
站次比(%)是指某一年份某一区域内某等级冬季瓜菜寒害发生的站数占该区域内全部站数的比例,用于评价寒害影响范围的大小,即
式中,Yj为站次比,j为某年,m为某级冬季瓜菜寒害发生的站数,M为全部站数,即18。
Mann-Kendall趋势检验法[20-21]是一种非参数统计检验方法,不需要样本遵从一定的分布,也不受异常值干扰,被广泛应用于气候和水文序列的分析,因此本研究采用该方法对冬季瓜菜寒害发生次数和站次比进行显著性检验。
采用ArcGIS9.3软件中的反距离权重模块插值生成冬季瓜菜寒害发生次数的空间分布图,栅格大小为200 m×200 m,再利用自然断点法进行等级划分。
利用1971—2020年寒害灾情资料对冬季瓜菜寒害气象指标准确性进行验证,结果表明海南岛63个样本中灾情与瓜菜寒害气象指标计算结果符合的样本数为53个,符合率为84.1%。可见本研究构建的冬季瓜菜寒害气象指标可用于海南岛冬季瓜菜寒害变化规律分析。因篇幅有限,仅列举具有代表性的5个站点灾情验证结果(表2)。
(1)各月寒害发生次数。图1为海南岛冬季各月瓜菜寒害1971—2020年发生总次数空间分布图。可见,海南岛18站点12月、1月和2月瓜菜寒害50年发生总次数分别为0~24、1~44和0~22,其中12月和1月瓜菜寒害50年发生总次数均大致呈中部、西北部向沿海地区减少趋势,2月略有不同,大致由中部、北部向沿海地区减少。18个站点12月瓜菜寒害50年发生总次数占3个月相应次数之和的比例为0.0%~66.7%,均值为28.0%,1月和2月相对应的占比均值分别为48.6%和23.4%。可见3个月中海南岛瓜菜寒害主要发生在1月,约占3个月瓜菜寒害发生次数的50%。
(2)各月不同等级寒害发生次数。图2为12月瓜菜不同等级寒害1971—2020年发生总次数空间分布图。由图2可见,海南岛12月瓜菜轻度和中度寒害50年发生总次数均大致自中部、西北部向沿海地区减少,重度寒害略有不同大致由中部向沿海地区减少;1月瓜菜各等级寒害50年发生总次数空间分布均与1月瓜菜寒害50年发生总次数相似;2月瓜菜轻度和中度寒害50年发生总次数空间分布与2月瓜菜寒害50年发生总次数相似,重度寒害略有不同大致自中部、西北部向沿海地区减少。整体上,海南岛冬季各月及各月不同等级瓜菜寒害发生次数高和次高值区主要分布在西北部和中部,低和次低值区主要分布在西部、南部、东部沿海一带。
18个站点12月瓜菜轻度寒害50年发生总次数占当月50年发生总次数的比例为33.3%~ 100.0%,均值为59.2%,12月中、重度寒害相对应的占比均值分别为27.1%、13.7%;1月瓜菜轻至重度寒害相对应的占比均值分别为70.6%、19.2%、10.2%;2月分别为65.7%、23.0%、11.3%。各月轻、中度寒害占比之和分别为86.3%、89.8%和88.7%。可见,3个月瓜菜寒害均主要以轻、中度为主。18个站点12月瓜菜轻度寒害50年发生总次数占3个月瓜菜轻度寒害相应次数之和的比例为0.0%~66.7%,均值为25.4%,1月和2月轻度寒害相对应的占比均值分别为50.2%、24.4%;3个月瓜菜中度寒害相对应的占比均值分别为35.2%、43.4%、21.4%;3个月瓜菜重度寒害相对应的占比均值分别为27.4%、40.2%和32.4%。可见3个月中,瓜菜轻、中和重度寒害均在1月出现最多。
表3为1971—2020年冬季各月瓜菜寒害年发生次数变化趋势。各月瓜菜寒害年发生次数呈减少趋势的站点个数分别为17个、17个和14个,占所有站点的比例分别高达94.4%、94.4%和77.8%(减少显著的站点占比分别为11.1%、0.0%和5.6%);不显著增加的站点占比分别为0.0%、5.6%和5.6%;其余为未发生寒害无变化趋势站点。具体到各寒害等级上,12月瓜菜轻至重度寒害年发生次数不显著减少的站点占比分别高达88.9%、83.3%和61.1%,不显著增加的站点占比分别仅为5.6%、0.0%和5.6%,其余为未发生寒害无变化趋势站点。此为绝大多数站点12月瓜菜寒害年发生次数随时间减少的原因;1月情形与12月类似,瓜菜轻至重度寒害年发生次数不显著减少的站点占多数(占比分别为77.8%、72.2%和66.7%);2月瓜菜轻、中度寒害情形与12月和1月类似,其年发生次数不显著减少的站点占比分别为77.8%和66.7%。重度寒害有所不同,其年发生次数不显著减少的站点占比仅为33.3%,不显著增加的站点占比高达38.9%(主要分布在东部、中部、西部),但因轻、中度寒害年发生次数呈减少趋势站点占比较高,导致大多数站点2月瓜菜寒害年发生次数仍呈减少趋势。可见,冬季各月及各月不同等级瓜菜寒害中除2月重度瓜菜寒害年发生次数呈增加趋势的站点较多外,其余瓜菜寒害年发生次数不显著减少的站点占多数。
表4为1971—2020年冬季各月瓜菜寒害发生站次比的均值及变化趋势。各月瓜菜轻度寒害发生站次比均值明显大于中度,中度又明显大于重度,表明各月瓜菜不同等级寒害影响范围均按寒害轻度至重度顺序明显缩小。月之间相比,12月和2月瓜菜寒害发生站次比均值接近(分别为19.8%和20.7%),明显低于1月数值(35.4%);轻度和中度瓜菜寒害月之间亦表现出类似规律;重度瓜菜寒害情形有所不同,12月和1月瓜菜寒害发生站次比均值较接近(分别为4.2%和5.3%),明显高于2月数值(2.9%)。说明3个月之间相比,12月和2月瓜菜寒害影响范围接近且明显小于1月;轻度和中度瓜菜寒害影响范围月之间对比规律类似;重度寒害影响范围有所不同12月和1月接近且明显大于2月。
时间变化趋势上,冬季各月及各月轻至重度瓜菜寒害发生站次比均呈减小趋势,其中仅12月及其轻度寒害发生站次比显著减小。可见,近50年海南岛冬季各月及各月不同等级瓜菜寒害发生影响范围均随时间在缩小,且以不显著缩小为主。
(1)构建的海南岛冬季瓜菜寒害气象指标准确率为84.1%,可用于分析海南岛冬季瓜菜寒害时空变化规律。
(2)空间分布上,海南岛冬季各月及各月不同等级瓜菜寒害主要出现在西北部和中部地区,西部、南部、东部沿海一带地区出现概率相对较低。因此,海南岛冬季需重点防范中部、西北部地区瓜菜寒害,与海南冬季主要瓜菜寒害致灾危险性结果[16]较一致。这是因为影响海南岛的冷空气主要自西北部或北部登陆,海南岛中间高、四周低,冷空气到达中部山区后受山体阻挡,不易逾越,在山区北部不断积聚,且山间盆地有利于辐射降温,而沿海地区有海温调节作用,其遭受寒害程度和次数会轻于内陆[1,22];时间分布上,3个月中,海南岛瓜菜寒害主要发生在1月,瓜菜轻至重度寒害亦均在1月出现最多。这是由海南岛一年中1月冷空气系统出现频率最高所致[23];寒害发生等级上,各月瓜菜寒害均主要以轻、中度为主,二者占比约88.3%。这与海南岛所处地理位置有关,海南岛地处南海北部,北方冷空气到达时已大为减弱,其对瓜菜的影响程度相应减轻。
(3)时间变化上,Mann-Kendall趋势检验表明,近50年海南岛大多数站点冬季各月及各月不同等级(除2月为重度外)瓜菜寒害年发生次数呈不显著减少趋势,这与当前气候变暖背景下我国寒潮事件减少[24]、海南省冷事件发生频率整体降低[25]事实吻合。寒害发生站次比方面,近50年冬季各月及各月不同等级瓜菜寒害发生站次比均呈减小趋势,这与海南省冷事件强度减弱[25]事实吻合。冬季瓜菜寒害年发生次数减少、发生站次比减小,对海南岛冬季瓜菜种植总体有利。但2月东部、中部、西部地区瓜菜重度寒害年发生次数呈增加趋势,对当地冬季瓜菜种植不利,需重点关注。
本研究亦存在一些不足之处:因冬季瓜菜寒害灾情资料有限,本研究仅用63个样本对构建的冬季瓜菜寒害气象指标进行验证,略显不足。加之有些历史灾情资料对寒害等级的记载为人为判定,具有一定的主观性,对指标的验证有一定影响。因此今后需补充典型站点的实际寒害灾情对瓜菜寒害气象指标进行细致订正,使研究结果更接近实际。此外,本研究对象为冬季瓜菜这一大类,而不同瓜菜其抗寒能力不同,在遭受同一寒害影响时,受灾程度不尽相同,因此,后续将加强针对每一种瓜菜寒害气象指标及其发生规律的研究,以提高海南冬季瓜菜寒害监测预警的精确度。
  • 海南省自然科学基金项目(421QN0966)
  • 海南省气象局技术提升项目(hnqxSJ202116)
  • 国家重点研发计划项目子课题(2019YFD1002203)
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2024年第45卷第4期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.04.021
  • 接收时间:2022-10-18
  • 首发时间:2026-06-23
  • 出版时间:2024-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2022-10-18
  • 修回日期:2023-02-14
基金
海南省自然科学基金项目(421QN0966)
海南省气象局技术提升项目(hnqxSJ202116)
国家重点研发计划项目子课题(2019YFD1002203)
作者信息
    1.海南省气候中心,海南海口 570203
    2.海南省南海气象防灾减灾重点实验室,海南海口 570203
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rdzwxb/CN/10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.04.021
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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