Article(id=1276204544375788218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276204178091413862, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.12.025, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1719763200000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-01, revisedDate=1721577600000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782200474112, onlineDateStr=2026-06-23, pubDate=1735056000000, pubDateStr=2024-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782200474112, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782200474112, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782200474112, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276204178091413862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2024', volume='45', issue='12', pageStart='2487', pageEnd='2737', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1735056000000', pubDateStr='2024-12-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782200386783, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782200456354, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276204470308565242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276204178091413862, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276204470308565243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276204178091413862, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2728, endPage=2737, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276204544661000892, articleId=1276204544375788218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Comparative Analysis of Nutritional and Physicochemical Properties of Coconut Meat Processing By-products, columnId=1236286112713470633, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Post-harvest Treatment & Quality Safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Coconut oil residue (COR) and coconut milk residue (CMR) are the two main by-products of coconut meat, which are produced during the processing of coconut oil and coconut milk, respectively. In order to explore the processing suitability of the two by-products, the nutritional and physicochemical properties of the two by-products were comprehensively analyzed. The results showed that the fat content of COR (19.37 g/100 g) was lower than that of CMR, while the nutrients such as protein (11.32 g/100 g), total dietary fiber (63.92 g/100 g), soluble dietary fiber (4.42 g/100 g), polysaccharides (25.67 mg/g), flavonoids (4.21 mg/g), total phenols (1.15 mg/g) and other active ingredients were higher than those of CMR. The hydrolyzed amino acids of COR and CMR were similar, but the content was significantly different, which was 94.955 mg/g and 56.975 mg/g, respectively. COR showed better hydration properties nificantly different, which was 94.955 mg/g and 56.975 mg/g, respectively. COR showed better hydration properties than CMR at different temperatures, but the fluidity of both was poor. COR had relatively higher thermal stability, more complete crystal structure and higher group activity than CMR. In conclusion, compared with CMR, COR has more nutrients and active ingredients, hydration properties and fluidity, and has higher thermal stability and stable crystal structure, which is an ideal raw material for low-fat, low-sugar and high-fiber food processing. The results of this study could provide theoretical guidance for the high-value utilization of coconut meat processing by-products in the food industry.

, authors=null, authorsList=Jiaqi LI, Shaodan PENG, Xiaobing HUANG, Wei ZHOU, Ruyi LI, Mianhong CHEN, Li ZHANG, Fuming DENG, Yongli XU, Jihua LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaobing HUANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276204546665878228, articleId=1276204544375788218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=椰肉加工副产物营养与理化特性比较分析, columnId=1236286112877048492, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=采后处理与质量安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

椰粕(coconut oil residue, COR)和椰麸(coconut milk residue, CMR)是椰肉2种主要加工副产物,分别在椰油和椰奶加工过程中产生,为探究2种椰肉加工副产物的加工适宜性,对其营养和理化特性进行了全面分析。结果发现,COR的脂肪含量(19.37 g/100 g)要低于CMR,而蛋白质(11.32 g/100 g)、总膳食纤维(63.92 g/100 g)、可溶性膳食纤维(4.42 g/100 g)等营养成分以及多糖(25.67 mg/g)、黄酮(4.21 mg/g)、总酚(1.15 mg/g)等活性成分含量均高于CMR。COR与CMR的水解氨基酸种类相似,但含量存在明显差异,其含量分别为94.955、56.975 mg/g。理化特性方面,不同温度下COR均比CMR显示出更好的水合特性,但二者的流动性均较差。COR比CMR具有相对较高的热稳定性、较完整的晶体结构和较高的基团活性。综上,与CMR相比,COR的营养成分和活性成分更加丰富,水合特性和流动性也具有相对优势,且具有较高的热稳定性和稳定的晶体结构,是理想的低脂低糖高纤食品加工原料,本研究结果可为椰肉加工副产物在食品工业中的高值化利用提供理论指导。

, authors=

李家祺(2000—),男,硕士,研究方向:农产品加工。

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* 黄晓兵(HUANG Xiaobing),E-mail:
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Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences,2018, 68(2): 133-140., articleTitle=Dietary fiber extraction from defatted corn hull by hot-compressed water, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1276204564240012086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204544375788218, awardId=ZDYF2023XDNY073, language=CN, fundingSource=海南省重点研发计划项目(ZDYF2023XDNY073), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1276204565921927991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204544375788218, awardId=321MS0797, language=CN, fundingSource=海南省自然科学基金项目(321MS0797), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1276204566005814072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204544375788218, awardId=1630122022005, language=CN, fundingSource=中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(1630122022005), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1276204546904953558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204544375788218, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276204546913342167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204544375788218, companyId=1276204546904953558, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Agricultural Products Processing Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276204546925925080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204544375788218, companyId=1276204546904953558, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.中国热带农业科学院农产品加工研究所/农业农村部热带作物产品加工重点实验室,广东湛江 524001)]), AuthorCompany(id=1276204546993033945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204544375788218, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276204547001422554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204544375788218, companyId=1276204546993033945, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276204547014005467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204544375788218, companyId=1276204546993033945, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.华中农业大学食品科学技术学院,湖北武汉 430070)]), AuthorCompany(id=1276204547114668765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204544375788218, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276204547123057374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204544375788218, companyId=1276204547114668765, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang, Hainan 571339, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276204547135640287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204544375788218, companyId=1276204547114668765, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.中国热带农业科学院椰子研究所,海南文昌 571339)]), AuthorCompany(id=1276204547223720673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204544375788218, xref=4., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276204547232109282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204544375788218, companyId=1276204547223720673, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.College of Tropical Crops, Yunnan Agricultural University, Pu'er, Yunnan 665099, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276204547240497891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204544375788218, companyId=1276204547223720673, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.云南农业大学热带作物学院,云南普洱 665099)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1276204557613011746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204544375788218, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Effect of temperature on water solubility of COR and CMR, figureFileSmall=C8lh2YL3ImeFdghZRKcu8w==, figureFileBig=/kZglyjJjIi/lO5EaDizsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276204557952750371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204544375788218, language=CN, label=图1, caption=温度对COR和CMR水溶性的影响

不同小写字母表示不同温度间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=C8lh2YL3ImeFdghZRKcu8w==, figureFileBig=/kZglyjJjIi/lO5EaDizsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276204558791611172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204544375788218, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=24 h swelling curve of COR and CMR, figureFileSmall=VWchTPZbaeNocwqoPh7TdQ==, figureFileBig=hEuifqv7Aum525iM7vKn3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276204558900663077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204544375788218, language=CN, label=图2, caption=COR和CMR的24 h溶胀曲线, figureFileSmall=VWchTPZbaeNocwqoPh7TdQ==, figureFileBig=hEuifqv7Aum525iM7vKn3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276204559282344742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204544375788218, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Effect of temperature on water (A) or oil (B) holding capacity of COR and CMR, figureFileSmall=0P8vz2ph3Y3+XYpnGQboHw==, figureFileBig=d5HbFZDv+dWM7WBYmZMUaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276204559345259303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204544375788218, language=CN, label=图3, caption=温度对COR和CMR持水性(A)和持油性(B)的影响

同列不同小写字母表示不同温度间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=0P8vz2ph3Y3+XYpnGQboHw==, figureFileBig=d5HbFZDv+dWM7WBYmZMUaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276204559408173864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204544375788218, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Scanning electron microscopy of COR and CMR, figureFileSmall=EqohiTAaT4Jadl2p3GbI3w==, figureFileBig=yYhKxu2AJgbpZug4k49+fg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276204559630471977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204544375788218, language=CN, label=图4, caption=COR和CMR的形态结构SEM图, figureFileSmall=EqohiTAaT4Jadl2p3GbI3w==, figureFileBig=yYhKxu2AJgbpZug4k49+fg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276204559722746666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204544375788218, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=DSC curve of COR and CMR, figureFileSmall=zAtFyVDDJQU0rslJGd7BEA==, figureFileBig=eUhW+D9vHDc29o1Pw2S4oA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276204561366913835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204544375788218, language=CN, label=图5, caption=COR和CMR的DSC曲线, figureFileSmall=zAtFyVDDJQU0rslJGd7BEA==, figureFileBig=eUhW+D9vHDc29o1Pw2S4oA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276204561429828396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204544375788218, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=XRD pattern of COR and CMR, figureFileSmall=gBYMSzlAPI0TqlE37yCePA==, figureFileBig=T+IiliGYWy22RKZXQsp60w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276204561505325869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204544375788218, language=CN, label=图6, caption=COR和CMR的XRD图谱, figureFileSmall=gBYMSzlAPI0TqlE37yCePA==, figureFileBig=T+IiliGYWy22RKZXQsp60w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276204561559851822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204544375788218, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=FT-IR spectra of COR and CMR, figureFileSmall=6fOr8U9ZF9ERX51tRclWRQ==, figureFileBig=nLzodpRv0SaaoXrbMYZ86Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276204561719235375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204544375788218, language=CN, label=图7, caption=COR和CMR的FT-IR光谱图, figureFileSmall=6fOr8U9ZF9ERX51tRclWRQ==, figureFileBig=nLzodpRv0SaaoXrbMYZ86Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276204561828287280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204544375788218, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

COR and CMR nutritional content compared to active ingredients

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标Index椰粕COR椰麸CMR
水分/[g·(100g)-1]6.25±0.200a5.51±0.130b
粗蛋白/[g·(100g)-1]11.32±0.040a5.89±0.046b
基础营养成分粗脂肪/[g·(100g)-1]19.37±0.300b49.27±0.460a
粗纤维/[g·(100g)-1]18.42±0.170a12.76±0.036b
灰分/[g·(100g)-1]1.82±0.130a1.14±0.004b
还原糖/(mg·g-1)1.67±0.150b2.71±0.230a
膳食纤维/[g·(100g)-1]TDF63.92±0.480a38.33±0.230b
IDF59.50±0.420a36.35±0.220b
SDF4.42±0.057a1.98±0.001b
清蛋白5.02±0.690b18.94±0.770a
组分蛋白/(mg·g-1)球蛋白4.52±0.610b21.47±2.410a
谷蛋白-19.25±0.250a5.19±0.650b
谷蛋白-228.28±1.640a3.15±0.350b
活性成分/(mg·g-1)多糖25.67±0.270a9.53±0.430b
总黄酮4.21±0.610a2.62±0.180b
总酚1.15±0.064a0.51±0.027b
), ArticleFig(id=1276204562209968945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204544375788218, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

COR和CMR营养成分与活性成分比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标Index椰粕COR椰麸CMR
水分/[g·(100g)-1]6.25±0.200a5.51±0.130b
粗蛋白/[g·(100g)-1]11.32±0.040a5.89±0.046b
基础营养成分粗脂肪/[g·(100g)-1]19.37±0.300b49.27±0.460a
粗纤维/[g·(100g)-1]18.42±0.170a12.76±0.036b
灰分/[g·(100g)-1]1.82±0.130a1.14±0.004b
还原糖/(mg·g-1)1.67±0.150b2.71±0.230a
膳食纤维/[g·(100g)-1]TDF63.92±0.480a38.33±0.230b
IDF59.50±0.420a36.35±0.220b
SDF4.42±0.057a1.98±0.001b
清蛋白5.02±0.690b18.94±0.770a
组分蛋白/(mg·g-1)球蛋白4.52±0.610b21.47±2.410a
谷蛋白-19.25±0.250a5.19±0.650b
谷蛋白-228.28±1.640a3.15±0.350b
活性成分/(mg·g-1)多糖25.67±0.270a9.53±0.430b
总黄酮4.21±0.610a2.62±0.180b
总酚1.15±0.064a0.51±0.027b
), ArticleFig(id=1276204562998498098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204544375788218, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Hydrolyzed amino acid composition of COR and CMR

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称Name椰粕COR椰麸CMR
天冬氨酸#Asp9.055±0.3754.875±0.106
苏氨酸*Thr3.295±0.0921.690±0.014
丝氨酸Ser5.815±0.2052.990±0
谷氨酸#Glu21.735±0.70011.195±1.322
脯氨酸Pro3.490±0.1276.240±2.828
甘氨酸#Gly4.665±0.1912.530±0.127
丙氨酸Ala4.815±0.1342.580±0.098
胱氨酸Cys1.515±0.1760.905±0.077
缬氨酸*Val4.300±0.0142.695±0.558
甲硫氨酸*Met1.685±0.1060.665±0.657
异亮氨酸*Ile2.685±0.0211.800±0.480
亮氨酸*Leu6.790±0.1693.960±0.367
酪氨酸#Tyr1.830±0.0701.405±0.077
苯丙氨酸*Phe4.325±0.1342.385±0.148
组氨酸*His2.160±0.1271.225±0.148
赖氨酸*Lys3.385±0.0632.075±0.219
精氨酸#Arg13.410±0.3117.760±0.268
必需氨基酸EAA28.62516.495
非必需氨基酸NEAA66.33040.480
药用氨基酸50.69527.765
水解氨基酸总量94.95556.975
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COR和CMR的水解氨基酸组成

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名称Name椰粕COR椰麸CMR
天冬氨酸#Asp9.055±0.3754.875±0.106
苏氨酸*Thr3.295±0.0921.690±0.014
丝氨酸Ser5.815±0.2052.990±0
谷氨酸#Glu21.735±0.70011.195±1.322
脯氨酸Pro3.490±0.1276.240±2.828
甘氨酸#Gly4.665±0.1912.530±0.127
丙氨酸Ala4.815±0.1342.580±0.098
胱氨酸Cys1.515±0.1760.905±0.077
缬氨酸*Val4.300±0.0142.695±0.558
甲硫氨酸*Met1.685±0.1060.665±0.657
异亮氨酸*Ile2.685±0.0211.800±0.480
亮氨酸*Leu6.790±0.1693.960±0.367
酪氨酸#Tyr1.830±0.0701.405±0.077
苯丙氨酸*Phe4.325±0.1342.385±0.148
组氨酸*His2.160±0.1271.225±0.148
赖氨酸*Lys3.385±0.0632.075±0.219
精氨酸#Arg13.410±0.3117.760±0.268
必需氨基酸EAA28.62516.495
非必需氨基酸NEAA66.33040.480
药用氨基酸50.69527.765
水解氨基酸总量94.95556.975
), ArticleFig(id=1276204563514397492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204544375788218, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Measurement results of mobility indicators of COR and CMR

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样品Sample堆积密度Bulk density/(g·mL-1)振实密度Tap density/(g·mL-1)压缩度Compression/%休止角Angle of rest/°滑角Sliding corners/°
COR0.32±0.0007a0.53±0.0042a39.72±0.35b57.16±1.59b53.40±0.53b
CMR0.21±0.0045b0.42±0.0028b50.34±0.76a60.23±0.73a64.93±0.51a
), ArticleFig(id=1276204563816387381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204544375788218, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

COR和CMR的流动性指标测定结果

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样品Sample堆积密度Bulk density/(g·mL-1)振实密度Tap density/(g·mL-1)压缩度Compression/%休止角Angle of rest/°滑角Sliding corners/°
COR0.32±0.0007a0.53±0.0042a39.72±0.35b57.16±1.59b53.40±0.53b
CMR0.21±0.0045b0.42±0.0028b50.34±0.76a60.23±0.73a64.93±0.51a
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椰肉加工副产物营养与理化特性比较分析
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李家祺 1, 2 , 彭芍丹 1 , 黄晓兵 1, * , 周伟 1 , 李如一 1 , 陈绵鸿 1 , 张利 1 , 邓福明 3 , 徐永利 4 , 李积华 1
热带作物学报 | 采后处理与质量安全 2024,45(12): 2728-2737
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热带作物学报 |采后处理与质量安全 2024 , 45 (12) : 2728 -2737
椰肉加工副产物营养与理化特性比较分析
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李家祺1, 2, 彭芍丹1, 黄晓兵1, * , 周伟1, 李如一1, 陈绵鸿1, 张利1, 邓福明3, 徐永利4, 李积华1
作者信息
  • 1.中国热带农业科学院农产品加工研究所/农业农村部热带作物产品加工重点实验室,广东湛江 524001
  • 2.华中农业大学食品科学技术学院,湖北武汉 430070
  • 3.中国热带农业科学院椰子研究所,海南文昌 571339
  • 4.云南农业大学热带作物学院,云南普洱 665099
通讯作者:
* 黄晓兵(HUANG Xiaobing),E-mail:
Comparative Analysis of Nutritional and Physicochemical Properties of Coconut Meat Processing By-products
Jiaqi LI1, 2, Shaodan PENG1, Xiaobing HUANG1, * , Wei ZHOU1, Ruyi LI1, Mianhong CHEN1, Li ZHANG1, Fuming DENG3, Yongli XU4, Jihua LI1
Affiliations
  • 1.Agricultural Products Processing Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, China
  • 2.College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
  • 3.Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang, Hainan 571339, China
  • 4.College of Tropical Crops, Yunnan Agricultural University, Pu'er, Yunnan 665099, China
出版时间: 2024-12-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.12.025
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椰粕(coconut oil residue, COR)和椰麸(coconut milk residue, CMR)是椰肉2种主要加工副产物,分别在椰油和椰奶加工过程中产生,为探究2种椰肉加工副产物的加工适宜性,对其营养和理化特性进行了全面分析。结果发现,COR的脂肪含量(19.37 g/100 g)要低于CMR,而蛋白质(11.32 g/100 g)、总膳食纤维(63.92 g/100 g)、可溶性膳食纤维(4.42 g/100 g)等营养成分以及多糖(25.67 mg/g)、黄酮(4.21 mg/g)、总酚(1.15 mg/g)等活性成分含量均高于CMR。COR与CMR的水解氨基酸种类相似,但含量存在明显差异,其含量分别为94.955、56.975 mg/g。理化特性方面,不同温度下COR均比CMR显示出更好的水合特性,但二者的流动性均较差。COR比CMR具有相对较高的热稳定性、较完整的晶体结构和较高的基团活性。综上,与CMR相比,COR的营养成分和活性成分更加丰富,水合特性和流动性也具有相对优势,且具有较高的热稳定性和稳定的晶体结构,是理想的低脂低糖高纤食品加工原料,本研究结果可为椰肉加工副产物在食品工业中的高值化利用提供理论指导。

椰粕  /  椰麸  /  营养评价  /  加工特性  /  食品原料

Coconut oil residue (COR) and coconut milk residue (CMR) are the two main by-products of coconut meat, which are produced during the processing of coconut oil and coconut milk, respectively. In order to explore the processing suitability of the two by-products, the nutritional and physicochemical properties of the two by-products were comprehensively analyzed. The results showed that the fat content of COR (19.37 g/100 g) was lower than that of CMR, while the nutrients such as protein (11.32 g/100 g), total dietary fiber (63.92 g/100 g), soluble dietary fiber (4.42 g/100 g), polysaccharides (25.67 mg/g), flavonoids (4.21 mg/g), total phenols (1.15 mg/g) and other active ingredients were higher than those of CMR. The hydrolyzed amino acids of COR and CMR were similar, but the content was significantly different, which was 94.955 mg/g and 56.975 mg/g, respectively. COR showed better hydration properties nificantly different, which was 94.955 mg/g and 56.975 mg/g, respectively. COR showed better hydration properties than CMR at different temperatures, but the fluidity of both was poor. COR had relatively higher thermal stability, more complete crystal structure and higher group activity than CMR. In conclusion, compared with CMR, COR has more nutrients and active ingredients, hydration properties and fluidity, and has higher thermal stability and stable crystal structure, which is an ideal raw material for low-fat, low-sugar and high-fiber food processing. The results of this study could provide theoretical guidance for the high-value utilization of coconut meat processing by-products in the food industry.

coconut oil residue  /  coconut milk residue  /  nutritional evaluation  /  processing characteristics  /  food raw material
李家祺, 彭芍丹, 黄晓兵, 周伟, 李如一, 陈绵鸿, 张利, 邓福明, 徐永利, 李积华. 椰肉加工副产物营养与理化特性比较分析. 热带作物学报, 2024 , 45 (12) : 2728 -2737 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.12.025
Jiaqi LI, Shaodan PENG, Xiaobing HUANG, Wei ZHOU, Ruyi LI, Mianhong CHEN, Li ZHANG, Fuming DENG, Yongli XU, Jihua LI. Comparative Analysis of Nutritional and Physicochemical Properties of Coconut Meat Processing By-products[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2024 , 45 (12) : 2728 -2737 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.12.025
椰子(Cocos nucifera L.)是我国重要的木本油料作物和热带特色经济作物,主要分布于海南、广东南部、云南南部及台湾等地区,其中海南省椰子种植面积约37 333 hm2,占全国的99%,年产量约2.2亿个,全产业链产值约200亿元[1],是海南“六棵树”之一,也是支撑我国热带地区乡村振兴的支柱产业。椰肉风味独特,营养价值高,富含蛋白质、脂肪、膳食纤维和钙、磷、钾等矿物质[2],目前主要以榨汁、榨油、干制加工为主。据统计,全球每年椰肉加工产生的副产物达6300万t[3],椰粕(coconut oil residue, COR)和椰麸(coconut milk residue, CMR)是产量最高的2种副产物,分别由椰肉榨油和榨奶干燥后得到。研究表明,椰肉加工副产物含有丰富的营养成分,分别含有4.2%~12.6%的蛋白质、9.2%~42.6%的脂肪、19.2%~39.1%的碳水化合物和超过20%的膳食纤维[4],具有良好的开发利用价值。然而,由于加工理论与技术研究不足,椰肉加工副产物未得到合理的开发与利用,目前工业上开发利用模式主要停留在以生产动物饲料[5-7]、纤维材料[8]、作物肥料[9-11]等低附加值产品阶段,利用其营养特性开发高值化、功能化食品的相关研究较少。因此,为加快椰肉加工副产物在食品领域的开发利用,本研究以椰肉2种主要加工副产物COR和CMR为研究对象,系统比较分析2种副产物的营养特点与加工特性,以期为其食品化开发利用提供理论依据与方法指导。
椰粕(椰干冷压榨所得,饼状)和椰麸(椰肉打浆过滤后干燥得到,粉状)由中国热带农业科学院椰子研究所提供;石油醚、苯酚、无水乙醇、氯化钠、氢氧化钠、乙酸分析纯,购自西陇科学股份有限公司;牛血清白蛋白、无水碳酸钠分析纯,购自麦克林生化科技有限公司。
1000Y型万能粉碎机购自永康市铂欧五金制品有限公司;KjeltecTM 8400全自动凯氏定氮仪、Fibertec 2010全自动纤维分析系统购自丹麦FOSS公司;BT-1000型粉体综合特性测试仪购自丹东百特科技有限公司;Sigma/3-30K低温离心机购自美国Sigma公司;A300型全自动氨基酸分析仪购自德国MembraPure公司;DF-06型膳食纤维测定仪购自海能未来技术集团股份有限公司;DSCQ2000差示扫描量热仪购自美国TA公司;INVENNIO S型傅里叶变换红外光谱仪购自德国Bruker公司。
COR和CMR粉碎后过60目筛,密封保存备用。
水分含量参照GB 5009.3—2016《食品中水分的测定》第一法直接干燥法测定;粗蛋白含量参照GB 5009.5《食品安全国家标准 食品中蛋白质的测定》中第一法凯氏定氮法测定;粗脂肪含量参照GB 5009.6《食品安全国家标准 食品中脂肪的测定》中第一法索氏抽提法测定;灰分含量参照GB 5009.4《食品安全国家标准 食品中灰分的测定》中第一法测定;粗纤维含量参照GB/T 5009.10—2003《植物类食品中粗纤维的测定》测定。
采用二硝基水杨酸比色法[12]测定样品还原糖含量,葡萄糖标准曲线为y=1.791x-0.0616,R2=0.9996,据此计算样品中的还原糖含量。
采用DF06型膳食纤维测定仪测定可溶性膳食纤维(soluble dietary fiber, SDF)、不溶性膳食纤维(insoluble dietary fiber, IDF)以及总膳食纤维(total dietary diber, TDF)含量。
采用Osboren法[13]提取组分蛋白,Bradford法测定提取液中蛋白浓度,牛血清白蛋白标准曲线为y=0.816x+0.0368,R2=0.9974,据此计算各组分蛋白含量。
称取0.50 g样品于水解管中,加15 mL盐酸溶液,于110 ℃水解24 h,冷却后抽滤,取滤液定容至25 mL,取2 mL吹干,加4 mL样品稀释液,漩涡震荡使其溶解,过0.45 μm滤膜后加入进样瓶中,上机分析。
采用苯酚-硫酸法[14]测定样品中的多糖含量,葡萄糖标准曲线为y=15.13x-0.0107,R2=0.9988,据此计算样品中的多糖含量。
采用亚硝酸钠-硝酸铝比色法[15]测定样品中的黄酮含量,芦丁标准曲线为y=1.1386x-0.0082,R2=0.9992,样品中的黄酮含量以芦丁当量(RTE)表示,据此计算样品中的黄酮含量。
采用福林酚比色法[16]测定样品中的总酚含量,没食子酸标准曲线为y=8.7781x+0.0222,R2=0.9993,样品中的多酚含量以没食子酸当量(GAE)表示,据此计算样品中的多酚含量。
参考ANDERSON等[17]的方法并稍作修改,称取2.0 g样品,加入30 mL蒸馏水,漩涡振荡使样品完全分散于水中,分别于40、50、60、70、80、90 ℃下保温60 min,每隔15 min振荡1次,过滤后将滤液转移至烧杯中,105 ℃烘干至恒重,计算样品的水溶性指数。
式中,m0为样品质量,单位为g;m1为烧杯质量,单位为g;m2为烘干至恒重的烧杯和样品质量,单位为g。
参考ZHANG[18]等的方法并稍作修改,称取3.0 g样品,倒入量筒,记录体积,向量筒中加30 mL蒸馏水,混合均匀,静置24 h,每隔3 h读取1次自由膨胀体积,计算样品的溶胀性。
式中,V1为溶胀后样品体积(mL);V2为初始样品体积(mL);M为初始样品质量(g)。
参考KEBEDE等[19]的方法并稍作修改,称取0.2 g样品分别与10 mL蒸馏水(油)充分混合,分别在40、50、60、70、80、90 ℃下保持40 min,离心,弃上清液,计算样品的持水性和持油性。
式中,m1为样品干基质量(g);m2为样品湿基质量(g)。
参考ABDULLAH等[20]的方法并稍作修改,将样品装于10 mL干燥洁净的量筒内,填充至10 mL刻度处,称量样品和量筒质量。再将装有样品的量筒在厚纱布上振实300次,至样品体积无变化,读取此时样品的体积,分别计算堆积密度、振实密度和压缩度。
式中,ρb为样品堆积密度(g/mL);m1为样品和量筒总质量(g);m0为量筒质量(g);ρt为样品振实密度(g/mL);m2为振实后样品和量筒总质量(g);Vf为样品振实后体积(mL)。
采用BT-1000型粉体综合特性测试仪测定休止角和滑角。
将导电胶贴到金属试样板上,沾取少量样品,使其均匀地落在导电胶带上,吹去未粘住的试样。将粘有样品的试样板置于离子溅射仪试样舱内,喷金,随后在50倍和600倍下进行观察。
称取5 mg样品置于铝坩埚中,压片机压片,与空白坩埚一起放到仪器样品架上进行扫描。充入流量为50 mL/min的氮气,在40~250 ℃的范围内以10 ℃/min匀速升温。
将样品放在载玻片上压平,在管流为30 mA,管压为30 kV,靶型为Cu的条件下进行分析,以10°/min的扫描速度在5≦2θ≦90°的范围内对样品进行扫描,步长为0.02°。利用Origin软件在5°≦2θ≦60°的范围内分别对结晶区和总衍射区进行积分,用结晶区面积与总衍射区面积的比值来代表相对结晶度(relative crystallinity, RC)。
称取2 mg样品与溴化钾按1∶100的比例混合,研磨成均匀的粉末,烘干,压片后测试,在4000~400 cm-1之间的吸收模式下扫描FT-IR光谱,扫描次数为32次,分辨率为4 cm-1
试验结果均为至少3次重复试验的平均值,表示为均值±标准差,采用Excel 2021软件进行数据统计分析,采用Origin 2021软件进行显著性分析及图形绘制。
COR和CMR的营养成分与活性成分测定结果如表1所示,蛋白质、脂肪和膳食纤维是二者的主要成分,COR的粗蛋白含量为11.32 g/100 g,是CMR的1.92倍,但二者的可溶性蛋白含量相当,分别为47.07、48.75 mg/g,谷蛋白是COR可溶性蛋白的主要组分,CMR则相反,主要组分蛋白为清蛋白和球蛋白,这与RODSAMRAN等[21]的研究结果一致;COR和CMR均含有较多的油脂,其中CMR的脂肪高达49.27 g/100g,接近全粉质量一半,这些油脂赋予了原料特有的椰香,也具有一定的应用前景;膳食纤维被誉为第七大营养素,包括IDF和SDF,IDF可以促进胃肠道蠕动,加快食物通过胃肠道,SDF能够降低患心脏病、高血脂、糖尿病等慢性疾病的风险[22]。COR和CMR的膳食纤维含量分别为63.92 g/100g和38.33 g/100g,其中SDF分别为4.42 g/100g和1.98 g/100g,分别占比6.91%和5.17%,二者SDF含量均不高,在食品工业中可以通过改性拓展其利用值。
比较二者的活性成分发现,COR的多糖、黄酮和总酚含量均高于CMR,一方面,这可能是因为CMR含有较高的脂肪以及色素等脂溶性成分,使得活性成分被紧紧包裹在脂肪颗粒的内部,不易被释放到溶剂中,导致提取率降低[23]。另一方面,2种副产物的前加工工艺的不同也可能造成活性成分含量的差异,椰油为冷榨工艺,在一定程度上保护了活性成分,椰奶的制作工艺包括热加工和机械打浆,在热加工过程中会使椰肉中的水溶性多糖被带至椰奶中,而剧烈的机械打浆也会造成黄酮和多酚损失。
表2所示,COR和CMR均含有17种水解氨基酸,包括8种必需氨基酸和9种非必需氨基酸。COR的氨基酸总量为94.955 mg/g,其中必需氨基酸含量为28.625 mg/g,占比30.15%;CMR的氨基酸总量为56.975 mg/g,必需氨基酸含量为16.495 mg/g,占总量的28.95%。谷氨酸是椰肉加工副产物中含量最高的非必需氨基酸,亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸和缬氨酸是含量前三的必需氨基酸。此外,COR和CMR中还含有天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸等5种药用氨基酸[24],分别占氨基酸总量的53.39%和48.73%。椰肉加工副产物水解氨基酸含量较高、种类丰富,且氨基酸模式理想,在食品和药品领域具有良好的开发利用价值。
图1可知,随着温度的升高,COR和CMR的溶解率均呈现出先上升后降低的趋势,当温度达到70 ℃时,溶解率达到最大值。蛋白质是影响样品溶解度的主要物质,试验结果也侧面反映了样品中的蛋白质在升温过程中先解离而后又发生变性聚集,适当升高温度,可以使部分聚集态的蛋白解离,并促进蛋白质分子在水中的运动,增强蛋白质与水分子相互作用,从而提高样品的溶解率。但当环境温度达到椰肉蛋白的变性起始温度(70 ℃左右)时,部分蛋白质发生变性,部分已经解离的蛋白质重新聚集,导致样品的溶解度降低[25]。此外,在相同温度下,COR的溶解率始终要强于CMR,这可能是COR中的蛋白质、多糖、SDF等可溶性成分的含量要高于CMR,同时由于CMR由椰肉榨汁所得,残留的油脂含量较高,且水溶性成分在其加工过程中流失也是其溶解率较低的原因之一。
图2为室温下COR和CMR的24 h溶胀曲线,随着时间的延长,样品的溶胀性逐渐上升而后趋于稳定,且COR的溶胀性要优于CMR。溶胀性主要取决于其中的SDF,随样品在水中浸泡时间的延长,SDF中的亲水性基团更多地露出,从而使其吸水伸长后产生更大的体积,提高了样品的溶胀性[26],而COR的SDF含量要显著高于CMR,可能是COR溶胀性相对较高的主要原因。
图3可知,COR和CMR的持水性和持油性随温度的升高呈现先升后降的趋势,且相同温度下COR的持水力和持油力均高于CMR。在70 ℃附近,COR的持水性和持油性分别为9.92 g/g和5.33 g/g,CMR的持水性和持油性分别为8.43 g/g和4.73 g/g,均达到最大值。温度超过70 ℃后,样品的持水性和持油性出现降低趋势,这可能是高温导致样品中的纤维基质以其致密的多孔网状结构被破坏,使得滞留、吸附在其内部空隙间的水分、油脂抵御离心力的能力减弱[27],此外,高温还会使蛋白质分子间发生絮凝聚集,也会使样品的持水性和持油性降低[28]
采用密度、压缩度、休止角和滑角等指标对物料的流动性进行评价,由表3可知,COR的堆积密度、振实密度显著高于CMR,说明COR的孔隙率大,较大的孔隙率有利于亲水基与溶剂分子间的吸附溶解[29],这也是其水合特性优于CMR的重要因素,且COR的振实密度与堆积密度的比值更接近于1,说明其流动性比CMR好;COR压缩度、休止角和滑角均明显低于CMR,说明COR可压缩性大,休止角越小流动性越好,当物料的休止角≤40°时,说明流动性良好,二者的休止角均大于40°,说明2种副产物的流动性整体均较差,但COR的流动性要优于CMR,可能是CMR脂肪含量较高所导致。
2种椰肉加工副产物的微观结构如图4所示,COR和CMR的微观结构类似,均呈不规则块状,且表面粗糙,存在较多的凸起、凹陷结构。在50倍下观察发现,COR颗粒小且分布均匀,而CMR颗粒较大、分布不均匀,颗粒之间分布密集,存在一定范围的团聚现象。放大到600倍观察发现,COR的颗粒各结构处的轮廓较为清晰,而CMR各结构处的轮廓呈现出胶黏状,这可能是因为CMR高油脂含量所导致,高油脂导致颗粒之间的相互作用力增加,黏度增加,在一定程度上也解释了2.2.4中CMR流动性较COR差的现象。
COR和CMR的DSC曲线见图5,在50~350 ℃的范围内,二者的DSC曲线的形状大似相同,均在80~120 ℃附近出现了明显的吸热峰,主要是由水分蒸发引起,CMR水分蒸发峰的焓值明显小于COR,说明CMR中的水分更易蒸发,这是因为CMR的持水性较COR更低,锁水效果较差。在300 ℃附近出现明显放热峰,是由纤维热降解引起,在此温度范围内,COR和CMR中的木质素、半纤维素等成分发生降解并放出热量[30]。COR和CMR的纤维热解峰温度范围并无明显差异,说明二者所含纤维的成分基本相同,但与COR相比,CMR中的纤维热分解放出的热量较少,表明CMR中的纤维分解程度较低,更难分解,这可能是CMR较高的油脂含量所导致,因为油脂可通过包裹作用来阻碍蛋白、纤维等大分子热分解。
COR和CMR在5≦2θ≦90°的范围内的XRD图谱如图6所示,2种副产物均在16.08°和20.12°附近出现了较强的结晶衍射峰,COR在23.82°、25.32°和32.94°附近出现3个强度较弱的结晶衍射峰,但CMR在对应位置的衍射峰强度极低,几乎消失。2种副产物均出现了典型的天然纤维素I晶体结构特征衍射峰,说明COR和CMR的纤维晶体类型均属于纤维素I型[31],2种副产物的出峰位置、峰形并无明显差异,说明2种副产物存在着较为相近的结晶区结构。此外,COR的相对结晶度为13.56%,显著高于CMR,说明COR的晶体结构更为完整,热稳定性更好,但2.3.2的结果显示CMR的热稳定性更好,这说明油脂的包裹作用占主导。
图7可以看出,COR和CMR的红外图谱形状基本相似,但特征峰的峰高和峰面积有所不同。其中,3550 cm-1附近的特征峰对应纤维素和半纤维素中羟基的伸缩振动[32],COR在3550 cm-1附近出现了1个吸收峰,而CMR在对应位置未出现明显吸收峰,说明COR存在较多的羟基,解释了COR水溶性和溶胀性高于CMR这一试验结果[33];2种副产物在2950~ 2850 cm-1范围内存在2个峰,分别对应蛋白质和油脂的脂肪链中的-CH2和-CH3基团的对称和不对称伸缩振动[34],这是其高脂肪含量所导致;1747 cm-1附近的特征峰对应酯羰基的拉伸振动,这是半纤维素的特征吸收峰[34-36];1152 cm-1附近的强吸收峰对应糖苷键的伸缩振动[37],COR对应的特征峰数量和强度均高于CMR,可能是由于COR中的膳食纤维含量更高。
近年来,在健康饮食的大背景下,椰汁、椰奶、椰油等椰子产品越来越受到消费者的青睐,椰肉加工业进入新的发展机遇期。随着椰肉加工业的迅速发展,椰粕和椰麸等椰肉加工副产物的产量也在逐年增加。但目前椰子企业对椰粕、椰麸等副产物的利用率极低,大部分椰粕、椰麸在产生后会被直接丢弃,污染环境,仅有一小部分被回收利用,并且对其开发利用仍停留在相对浅显的层面,精深加工水平极低,国际市场上的相关产品还处于原辅料和半成品阶段。加工理论与技术研究方面的不足是限制椰粕和椰麸的高值化利用及其食品配料研发的主要原因,现阶段国内外对椰肉加工副产物的研究主要是针对其中某一特定组分开展,对副产物整体开发利用方面的研究鲜有报道,无法为椰子企业在副产物回收利用方面提供理论支撑。为此,本研究对椰粕和椰麸2种最主要的椰肉加工副产物进行了系统的营养特性和理化特性分析,以期为其综合利用提供理论与数据支撑。
对椰粕、椰麸营养组成与理化特性的测定结果表明,与CMR相比,COR含有相对较低的脂肪(19.37 g/100 g)和较高的蛋白质(11.32 g/100 g)、TDF(63.92 g/100 g)、SDF(4.42 g/100 g)、多糖(25.67 mg/g)、总黄酮(4.21 mg/g)、水解氨基酸(94.955 mg/g)含量,在低脂高纤食品配料方面更具备应用前景。在水解氨基酸方面,COR与CMR中氨基酸种类相似,均含有多种必需氨基酸和药用氨基酸;同时COR具有相对较好的水合特性和流动性,是一种易于加工的原料;此外,COR具有相对较高的热稳定性、较完整的晶体结构。COR作为营养相对丰富且低糖低脂高纤的天然原料,加工特性较好,来源广泛、价格低廉、产地相对集中且产量较大,在食品工业中具有较大的开发应用潜力,本研究对椰肉加工副产物的食品化加工增值利用具有一定的指导意义。
  • 海南省重点研发计划项目(ZDYF2023XDNY073)
  • 海南省自然科学基金项目(321MS0797)
  • 中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(1630122022005)
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2024年第45卷第12期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.12.025
  • 接收时间:2024-07-01
  • 首发时间:2026-06-23
  • 出版时间:2024-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-01
  • 修回日期:2024-07-22
基金
海南省重点研发计划项目(ZDYF2023XDNY073)
海南省自然科学基金项目(321MS0797)
中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(1630122022005)
作者信息
    1.中国热带农业科学院农产品加工研究所/农业农村部热带作物产品加工重点实验室,广东湛江 524001
    2.华中农业大学食品科学技术学院,湖北武汉 430070
    3.中国热带农业科学院椰子研究所,海南文昌 571339
    4.云南农业大学热带作物学院,云南普洱 665099

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* 黄晓兵(HUANG Xiaobing),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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