Article(id=1276190630388826762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276190518317023323, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.05.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1667145600000, receivedDateStr=2022-10-31, revisedDate=1669651200000, revisedDateStr=2022-11-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782197156759, onlineDateStr=2026-06-23, pubDate=1716566400000, pubDateStr=2024-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782197156759, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782197156759, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782197156759, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276190518317023323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2024', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='873', pageEnd='1093', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1716566400000', pubDateStr='2024-05-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782197130040, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782197317472, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276191304694493587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276190518317023323, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276191304694493588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276190518317023323, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=973, endPage=982, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276190630757925516, articleId=1276190630388826762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Biological Characteristics and Domestication of a Wild Cordyceps chanhua, columnId=1236256434120348225, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Plant Cultivation, Physiology & Biochemistry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Cordyceps chanhua is an important Chinese traditional medicine and food, that has important application value in the development of green functional food and new resource drugs. Taking one wild fungi Chanhua collected from Qujing of Yunnan province as the experimental material, the biological characteristics and artificial cultivation conditions were studied for the purpose of domestication and cultivation. Based on the morphological anatomy and molecular phylogenetic analysis, a wild ascomycetes was identified as C. chanhua. The biological characteristics and domestication of C. chanhua strain were studied by single factor experiments and orthogonal tests. The result showed that the branch stalk of C. chanhua was orange yellow or yellow white, (8.0-28.0) mm×(1.5-3.0) mm, and the conidia was oblong, (4.0-8.5)µm×(1.5-3.5)µm. The optimum temperature for the mycelial growth was 24 ℃, the optimum pH value was 6, the carbon source, nitrogen source and mineral salt was sucrose, yeast powder and magnesium sulfate respectively. The results of orthogonal test based on three factors under the optimum pH value and temperature showed that carbon source had the greatest impact on the mycelial growth, followed by nitrogen source and mineral salt, with range 1.21, 0.39 and 0.13 respectively. Therefore, the optimal combination of factors for the mycelial growth of C. chanhua was sucrose 20 g/L, yeast powder 2 g/L and magnesium sulfate 2 g/L. The artificial cultivation of C. chanhua utilized the 1∶1 mixed medium of wheat and rice, and the harvest cycle of fruiting body was about 40-45 days, and the average dry weight of each cultivated Chanhua was about 9.56 g. The external morphological characteristics of artificially harvested C. chanhua were significantly different from those of wild fruiting body. The fruiting body was yellowish to light yellow, with few branches, 1.5-5.0 cm in length, 0.3-0.8 cm in width and 0.1-0.2 cm in depth. The sporangium bundles were covered with dirty white flocculent or powdery conidia. The screening of excellent strains and optimal culture conditions of C. chanhua would provide a theoretical basis for its study on the diversity of germplasm resources, protection and utilization.

, authors=null, authorsList=Chao LIU, Xuelian TIAN, Shixiang TANG, Caijing YANG, Lihong HAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lihong HAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276190633580692120, articleId=1276190630388826762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=一株野生蝉花的生物学特性及驯化栽培研究, columnId=1236256434313286224, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=作物栽培与生理生化, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

蝉花是我国传统名贵药食两用真菌,在绿色功能食品和新资源药品开发中具有重要应用价值。以云南曲靖一株野生蝉花为试验材料,对其生物学特性和人工栽培条件进行研究,为野生蝉花的驯化栽培提供理论基础。结合形态解剖学和分子系统发育学分析,对野生蝉花进行准确物种鉴定;利用单因素试验和正交试验,对菌丝生物学特性和菌株驯化栽培条件开展研究。结果表明:该蝉花分枝柄部橙黄色或黄白色,(8.0~28.0)mm×(1.5~3.0)mm,分生孢子长椭圆形,(4.0~8.5)µm×(1.5~3.5)µm;菌株菌丝生长的最适温度为24 ℃、pH为6、碳源为蔗糖、氮源为酵母粉、无机盐为硫酸镁;在最适pH和最适温度下,碳源对菌丝生长影响最大,极差为1.21,其次为氮源和无机盐,极差分别为0.39和0.13;蝉花菌丝生长的最适因子组合为:蔗糖20 g/L、酵母粉2 g/L、硫酸镁2 g/L。蝉花人工栽培使用小麦和大米以1∶1混合的培养基,子实体采收周期约为40~45 d,每个栽培瓶蝉花干重平均约9.56 g。人工栽培收获蝉花子实体与野生子实体在外部形态特征上明显不同,子实体呈淡土黄色至淡黄色,分枝较少,高1.5~5.0 cm,宽0.3~0.8 cm,厚0.1~0.2 cm;孢梗束外密布污白色絮状或粉末状分生孢子。蝉花优良菌株和最优培养条件的筛选,将为其物种多样性保护、种质资源收集和开发利用提供科学依据。

, authors=

刘潮(1980—),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:植物多样性及系统发育。

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* 韩利红(HAN Lihong),E-mail:
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刘潮(1980—),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:植物多样性及系统发育。

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刘潮(1980—),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:植物多样性及系统发育。

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Bacterial community structure and function of Cordyceps cicadae microecosystem in Guiyang, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1277242061040513521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190630388826762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=28, issue=2, pageStart=26, pageEnd=35, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=53, authorNames=韩利红, 田雪莲, 李雪梅, 谭娟, 何春萍, 刘潮, journalName=食用菌学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=韩利红, 田雪莲, 李雪梅, 谭娟, 何春萍, 刘潮. 蛹虫草基因组密码子使用偏性分析[J]. 食用菌学报, 2021, 28(2): 26-35., articleTitle=蛹虫草基因组密码子使用偏性分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1277242061107622386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190630388826762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=28, issue=2, pageStart=26, pageEnd=35, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=54, authorNames=HAN L H, TIAN X L, LI X M, TAN J, HE C P, LIU C, journalName=Acta Edulis Fungi, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HAN L H, TIAN X L, LI X M, TAN J, HE C P, LIU C. Analysis of codon usage bias in Cordyceps militaris[J]. Acta Edulis Fungi, 2021, 28(2): 26-35. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Analysis of codon usage bias in Cordyceps militaris, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1277242053876642233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190630388826762, awardId=32100010; 31860005, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(32100010; 31860005), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1277242053931168186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190630388826762, awardId=202001BA070001-002, language=CN, fundingSource=云南省地方本科高校基础研究联合专项(202001BA070001-002), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1277242040584892801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190630388826762, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1277242040593281410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190630388826762, companyId=1277242040584892801, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University / Yunnan Engineering Research Center of Fruit Wine, Qujing, Yunnan 655011, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1277242040601670019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190630388826762, companyId=1277242040584892801, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=曲靖师范学院生物资源与食品工程学院/云南省高校特色果酒技术创新与应用工程研究中心,云南曲靖 655011)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1277242050496033189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190630388826762, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Fruit body and microscopic structure of C. chanhua, figureFileSmall=LMtym7waKJBt7PFMjgHkUg==, figureFileBig=ZirZSBmRKSLgrAZP4NVuzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277242052161171879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190630388826762, language=CN, label=图1, caption=蝉花子实体和显微结构

A:野生子实体;B:野生子实体的分生孢子梗和链生分生孢子;C:培养菌丝体的分生孢子梗和链生分生孢子。

, figureFileSmall=LMtym7waKJBt7PFMjgHkUg==, figureFileBig=ZirZSBmRKSLgrAZP4NVuzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277242052278612392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190630388826762, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Phylogenetic tree based on ITS sequences using the maximum likelihood algorithm, figureFileSmall=aWsZzY2S9rUsj3/dLxo1vw==, figureFileBig=Jd6TWKDIWp1ZpEHkXCFXLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277242052370887081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190630388826762, language=CN, label=图2, caption=基于ITS序列采用最大似然法构建的系统发育树

加粗样本为本研究使用的试验材料。

, figureFileSmall=aWsZzY2S9rUsj3/dLxo1vw==, figureFileBig=Jd6TWKDIWp1ZpEHkXCFXLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277242052437995946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190630388826762, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Effect of different single factor on mycelial growth of C. chanhua, figureFileSmall=0vI285gRZRGudtqwh9Ibvg==, figureFileBig=DvILrD0iRC3VQR2O9sjXtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277242052563825067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190630388826762, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同单因素因子对菌丝生长的影响

A1:蔗糖;A2:麦芽糖;A3:CK1;A4:可溶性淀粉;A5:果糖;A6:葡萄糖;A7:甘油;B1:酵母粉;B2:蛋白胨;B3:硝酸钾;B4:CK2;B5:氯化铵;B6:硫酸铵;B7:尿素;C1:硫酸镁;C2:磷酸二氢钾;C3:硫酸钙;C4:CK3;C5:硫酸铁;C6:硫酸锌;C7:硫酸铜;D1~D7:pH为6,5,7,8,9,4,10;E1~E7:24 ℃,21 ℃,18 ℃,15 ℃,27 ℃,30 ℃,33 ℃。

, figureFileSmall=0vI285gRZRGudtqwh9Ibvg==, figureFileBig=DvILrD0iRC3VQR2O9sjXtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277242052639322540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190630388826762, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Orthogonal test of mycelial growth of C. chanhua, figureFileSmall=UNpeFZ8MDY5VvqiXgHENMA==, figureFileBig=2UvpWDiizqu0qaKK7Y+ApA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277242052731597229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190630388826762, language=CN, label=图4, caption=蝉花菌丝生长的正交试验

1~9:正交试验的编号(同表3)。

, figureFileSmall=UNpeFZ8MDY5VvqiXgHENMA==, figureFileBig=2UvpWDiizqu0qaKK7Y+ApA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277242053004226991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190630388826762, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Morphology of cultivated fruit body of C. chanhua, figureFileSmall=3o1eTe38f5praUQXEknGMw==, figureFileBig=hXigoYRKZ0rXO8VzlB9FBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277242053083918768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190630388826762, language=CN, label=图5, caption=人工栽培蝉花的子实体形态, figureFileSmall=3o1eTe38f5praUQXEknGMw==, figureFileBig=hXigoYRKZ0rXO8VzlB9FBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277242053159416241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190630388826762, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Orthogonal test (three factors) of mycelial growth of C. chanhua

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平Level 1因素Factor
碳源Carbon source (A)氮源Nitrogen source (B)无机盐Mineral salt (C)
1蔗糖酵母粉硫酸镁
2麦芽糖蛋白胨磷酸二氢钾
3CK1硝酸钾硫酸钙
), ArticleFig(id=1277242053226525106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190630388826762, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

蝉花菌丝生长正交试验三因素水平表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平Level 1因素Factor
碳源Carbon source (A)氮源Nitrogen source (B)无机盐Mineral salt (C)
1蔗糖酵母粉硫酸镁
2麦芽糖蛋白胨磷酸二氢钾
3CK1硝酸钾硫酸钙
), ArticleFig(id=1277242053293633971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190630388826762, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Effect of different single factor on mycelial growth of C. chanhua

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
培养条件Condition of culture因素Factor菌丝生长速度Mycelial growth rate (mm·d-1)菌丝长势Mycelial growth vigor
碳源蔗糖3.03±0.08a+++
麦芽糖2.57±0.08b++
CK12.45±0.01b++
可溶性淀粉2.12±0.08c++
果糖1.93±0.03c++
葡萄糖1.93±0.03c++
甘油1.00±0.05d++
氮源酵母粉3.04±0.05a+++
蛋白胨2.58±0.03b+++
硝酸钾2.57±0.08b+++
CK21.78±0.03c++
氯化铵1.77±0.03c++
硫酸铵1.52±0.03d++
尿素0.82±0.03e+
无机盐硫酸镁2.67±0.03a++
磷酸二氢钾2.65±0.05a++
硫酸钙2.63±0.06a++
CK32.12±0.03b++
硫酸铁2.10±0.03b++
硫酸锌2.12±0.03b++
硫酸铜2.12±0.03b++
pH100.58±0.08f+
91.10±0.09d++
82.15±0.13c++
72.82±0.03b+++
63.10±0.05a+++
52.83±0.05b+++
40.85±0.05e++
温度33 ℃0.17±0.10e+
30 ℃0.42±0.10d+
27 ℃1.67±0.03c+
24 ℃2.80±0.09a+++
21 ℃2.38±0.03b++
18 ℃2.37±0.06b++
15 ℃1.20±0.05c++
), ArticleFig(id=1277242053402685876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190630388826762, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同单因素因子对蝉花菌丝生长的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
培养条件Condition of culture因素Factor菌丝生长速度Mycelial growth rate (mm·d-1)菌丝长势Mycelial growth vigor
碳源蔗糖3.03±0.08a+++
麦芽糖2.57±0.08b++
CK12.45±0.01b++
可溶性淀粉2.12±0.08c++
果糖1.93±0.03c++
葡萄糖1.93±0.03c++
甘油1.00±0.05d++
氮源酵母粉3.04±0.05a+++
蛋白胨2.58±0.03b+++
硝酸钾2.57±0.08b+++
CK21.78±0.03c++
氯化铵1.77±0.03c++
硫酸铵1.52±0.03d++
尿素0.82±0.03e+
无机盐硫酸镁2.67±0.03a++
磷酸二氢钾2.65±0.05a++
硫酸钙2.63±0.06a++
CK32.12±0.03b++
硫酸铁2.10±0.03b++
硫酸锌2.12±0.03b++
硫酸铜2.12±0.03b++
pH100.58±0.08f+
91.10±0.09d++
82.15±0.13c++
72.82±0.03b+++
63.10±0.05a+++
52.83±0.05b+++
40.85±0.05e++
温度33 ℃0.17±0.10e+
30 ℃0.42±0.10d+
27 ℃1.67±0.03c+
24 ℃2.80±0.09a+++
21 ℃2.38±0.03b++
18 ℃2.37±0.06b++
15 ℃1.20±0.05c++
), ArticleFig(id=1277242053478183349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190630388826762, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Direct-viewing analysis of orthogonal test of mycelial growth of C. chanhua

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号No.因素Factor菌丝生长速度Mycelial growth rate/(mm·d–1)菌丝长势Mycelial growth vigor
碳源Carbon source (A)氮源Nitrogen source (B)无机盐Mineral salt (C)CK (D)
111113.08±0.04+++
212222.83±0.03+++
313332.50±0.03++
421231.98±0.03++
522311.92±0.03++
623121.73±0.02++
731321.72±0.02++
832131.72±0.02++
933211.37±0.01++
T125.2520.3519.6019.10
T216.9019.4018.5518.85
T314.4016.8018.4018.60
X12.812.262.182.12
X21.882.162.062.09
X31.601.872.052.07
R1.210.390.130.05
), ArticleFig(id=1277242053549486518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190630388826762, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

蝉花菌丝生长正交试验结果的直观分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号No.因素Factor菌丝生长速度Mycelial growth rate/(mm·d–1)菌丝长势Mycelial growth vigor
碳源Carbon source (A)氮源Nitrogen source (B)无机盐Mineral salt (C)CK (D)
111113.08±0.04+++
212222.83±0.03+++
313332.50±0.03++
421231.98±0.03++
522311.92±0.03++
623121.73±0.02++
731321.72±0.02++
832131.72±0.02++
933211.37±0.01++
T125.2520.3519.6019.10
T216.9019.4018.5518.85
T314.4016.8018.4018.60
X12.812.262.182.12
X21.882.162.062.09
X31.601.872.052.07
R1.210.390.130.05
), ArticleFig(id=1277242053616595383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190630388826762, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

F-test of orthogonal test of mycelial growth of C. chanhua

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变异来源Variation sourceⅢ类平方和Sum of type Ⅲ squares自由度df均方Mean squareF显著性Significance
修正模型2.65460.442183.4290.005
碳源2.37321.187492.1840.002
氮源0.24920.12551.7370.019
无机盐0.03120.0156.3640.136
误差0.00520.002
总计42.1399
), ArticleFig(id=1277242053704675768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190630388826762, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

蝉花菌丝生长正交试验结果的方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变异来源Variation sourceⅢ类平方和Sum of type Ⅲ squares自由度df均方Mean squareF显著性Significance
修正模型2.65460.442183.4290.005
碳源2.37321.187492.1840.002
氮源0.24920.12551.7370.019
无机盐0.03120.0156.3640.136
误差0.00520.002
总计42.1399
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一株野生蝉花的生物学特性及驯化栽培研究
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刘潮 , 田雪莲 , 唐仕香 , 杨才静 , 韩利红 *
热带作物学报 | 作物栽培与生理生化 2024,45(5): 973-982
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热带作物学报 |作物栽培与生理生化 2024 , 45 (5) : 973 -982
一株野生蝉花的生物学特性及驯化栽培研究
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刘潮, 田雪莲, 唐仕香, 杨才静, 韩利红*
作者信息
  • 曲靖师范学院生物资源与食品工程学院/云南省高校特色果酒技术创新与应用工程研究中心,云南曲靖 655011
通讯作者:
* 韩利红(HAN Lihong),E-mail:
Biological Characteristics and Domestication of a Wild Cordyceps chanhua
Chao LIU, Xuelian TIAN, Shixiang TANG, Caijing YANG, Lihong HAN*
Affiliations
  • College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University / Yunnan Engineering Research Center of Fruit Wine, Qujing, Yunnan 655011, China
出版时间: 2024-05-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.05.012
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蝉花是我国传统名贵药食两用真菌,在绿色功能食品和新资源药品开发中具有重要应用价值。以云南曲靖一株野生蝉花为试验材料,对其生物学特性和人工栽培条件进行研究,为野生蝉花的驯化栽培提供理论基础。结合形态解剖学和分子系统发育学分析,对野生蝉花进行准确物种鉴定;利用单因素试验和正交试验,对菌丝生物学特性和菌株驯化栽培条件开展研究。结果表明:该蝉花分枝柄部橙黄色或黄白色,(8.0~28.0)mm×(1.5~3.0)mm,分生孢子长椭圆形,(4.0~8.5)µm×(1.5~3.5)µm;菌株菌丝生长的最适温度为24 ℃、pH为6、碳源为蔗糖、氮源为酵母粉、无机盐为硫酸镁;在最适pH和最适温度下,碳源对菌丝生长影响最大,极差为1.21,其次为氮源和无机盐,极差分别为0.39和0.13;蝉花菌丝生长的最适因子组合为:蔗糖20 g/L、酵母粉2 g/L、硫酸镁2 g/L。蝉花人工栽培使用小麦和大米以1∶1混合的培养基,子实体采收周期约为40~45 d,每个栽培瓶蝉花干重平均约9.56 g。人工栽培收获蝉花子实体与野生子实体在外部形态特征上明显不同,子实体呈淡土黄色至淡黄色,分枝较少,高1.5~5.0 cm,宽0.3~0.8 cm,厚0.1~0.2 cm;孢梗束外密布污白色絮状或粉末状分生孢子。蝉花优良菌株和最优培养条件的筛选,将为其物种多样性保护、种质资源收集和开发利用提供科学依据。

蝉花  /  生物学性状  /  驯化  /  筛选

Cordyceps chanhua is an important Chinese traditional medicine and food, that has important application value in the development of green functional food and new resource drugs. Taking one wild fungi Chanhua collected from Qujing of Yunnan province as the experimental material, the biological characteristics and artificial cultivation conditions were studied for the purpose of domestication and cultivation. Based on the morphological anatomy and molecular phylogenetic analysis, a wild ascomycetes was identified as C. chanhua. The biological characteristics and domestication of C. chanhua strain were studied by single factor experiments and orthogonal tests. The result showed that the branch stalk of C. chanhua was orange yellow or yellow white, (8.0-28.0) mm×(1.5-3.0) mm, and the conidia was oblong, (4.0-8.5)µm×(1.5-3.5)µm. The optimum temperature for the mycelial growth was 24 ℃, the optimum pH value was 6, the carbon source, nitrogen source and mineral salt was sucrose, yeast powder and magnesium sulfate respectively. The results of orthogonal test based on three factors under the optimum pH value and temperature showed that carbon source had the greatest impact on the mycelial growth, followed by nitrogen source and mineral salt, with range 1.21, 0.39 and 0.13 respectively. Therefore, the optimal combination of factors for the mycelial growth of C. chanhua was sucrose 20 g/L, yeast powder 2 g/L and magnesium sulfate 2 g/L. The artificial cultivation of C. chanhua utilized the 1∶1 mixed medium of wheat and rice, and the harvest cycle of fruiting body was about 40-45 days, and the average dry weight of each cultivated Chanhua was about 9.56 g. The external morphological characteristics of artificially harvested C. chanhua were significantly different from those of wild fruiting body. The fruiting body was yellowish to light yellow, with few branches, 1.5-5.0 cm in length, 0.3-0.8 cm in width and 0.1-0.2 cm in depth. The sporangium bundles were covered with dirty white flocculent or powdery conidia. The screening of excellent strains and optimal culture conditions of C. chanhua would provide a theoretical basis for its study on the diversity of germplasm resources, protection and utilization.

Cordyceps chanhua  /  biological characteristics  /  domestication  /  screen
刘潮, 田雪莲, 唐仕香, 杨才静, 韩利红. 一株野生蝉花的生物学特性及驯化栽培研究. 热带作物学报, 2024 , 45 (5) : 973 -982 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.05.012
Chao LIU, Xuelian TIAN, Shixiang TANG, Caijing YANG, Lihong HAN. Biological Characteristics and Domestication of a Wild Cordyceps chanhua[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2024 , 45 (5) : 973 -982 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.05.012
蝉花(Cordyceps chanhua)又名虫花、知了花、蝉草或金蝉花,是我国名贵的药食虫草真菌,具有重要经济价值[1-2]。隋唐《药性论》和明代《本草纲目》详细记载了蝉花的主要功效。国家卫生健康委发布的2020年第9号公告,首次将人工培养的蝉花子实体列为新食品原料,这是继广东虫草和蛹虫草之后的又一个被正式审批的虫草类新食品原料,极大促进了蝉花产业的发展。蝉花富含多种营养物质和化学活性成分,如蛋白质、不饱和脂肪酸、腺苷、多糖、甘露醇和矿物质等;野生蝉花与人工培养子实体的多种药理功效相似,且不同培养时期和不同部位的蝉花代谢产物显著不同,有望开发成绿色功能食品和治疗肿瘤的新资源药物[3-6]。目前,约20种虫草属物种在市场上广泛流通[7-9]
前人曾将Isaria cicadae视作蝉花的学名,将C. cicadae作为I. cicadae的有性型[10]。分子生物学证据表明,虫草属(Cordyceps)和棒束孢属(Isaria)均为多系起源,此二属的分类地位和属下物种多样性也发生了较大变化[11-13]。李增智等[14]通过形态分类学和分子系统学研究,将采自江西井冈山的有性型虫草标本描述为虫草科虫草属的1个新种——蝉花(Cordyceps chanhua Z. Z. Li,F. G. Luan,Hywel-Jones,C. R. Li & S.L. Zhang),首次明确了蝉花的分类地位,同时明确指出“蝉花”可能是一个复合群,从而为蝉花的开发利用和虫草物种多样性研究提供理论基础[6]。野生蝉花子座橙色至淡橘黄色,具多次分枝;子囊壳埋生,子囊孢子丝状,光滑透明,(247~360)µm×(1.5~ 1.8)µm;孢梗束淡黄色至淡黄褐色,分生孢子长椭圆形,(6.4~13.8)×(2.1~3.1)µm[10]。虽然野生蝉花和人工栽培蝉花在形态上具有一定差异,但二者的主要营养成分、活性物质和药效等相似[4,8]
蝉花具有巨大开发价值,但野生蝉花资源短缺,影响野生蝉花菌丝生长和子实体形成的重要因素目前还没有系统的研究,中国西南地区的蝉花资源有待深入挖掘[15-16]。本研究基于形态解剖学和分子生物学证据,对采自云南曲靖的一株野生虫草进行物种鉴定,通过组织分离和菌株纯化,对其生物学特性和栽培驯化条件进行初步研究,以期为虫草属物种多样性研究、种质资源保护和开发利用奠定基础。
供试材料为一株野生虫草(采集号:hlh1945),采自云南曲靖翠峰山(24°59ʹN,103°96ʹE,海拔约2000 m)。基因组DNA提取试剂盒购自北京百泰克生物技术有限公司;分子生物学实验试剂购自北京百迈客生物科技有限公司。
(1)菌株分离。利用组织分离法,从野外采集的新鲜虫体中挑取少量菌丝在基础培养基上获得菌株,菌株保存于曲靖师范学院云南高原生物资源保护与利用研究中心。虫体利用硅胶干燥,制作成分子材料,用于DNA提取和标本观察。
(2)培养基制备。基础培养基:葡萄糖20 g、蛋白胨2 g、琼脂20 g、磷酸二氢钾0.5 g、硫酸镁0.5 g、维生素B1 10 mg,定容至1000 mL,自然pH。液体培养基:葡萄糖20 g,蛋白胨2 g,磷酸二氢钾0.5 g、硫酸镁0.5 g、维生素B1 10 mg,定容至1000 mL,自然pH。培养基于高温蒸汽灭菌锅内121 ℃灭菌20 min。
(3)标本和菌株形态观察。观察野生虫草子实体的形状、大小和颜色等特征,根据子实体和菌丝体的菌丝、产孢组织和孢子等显微特征,进行形态学初步鉴定。
分别提取野外采集的子实体、分离菌株和人工栽培获得的子实体的总DNA。基于通用引物ITS1f(5ʹ-CTTGGTCATTT AGACGAAGTAA-3ʹ)和ITS4(5ʹ-TCCTCCGCT TATTGATATGC-3ʹ)分别扩增以上3种材料的ITS片段。扩增步骤:95 ℃预变性3 min;95 ℃变性30 s,50 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸45 s,35个循环,72 ℃继续延伸7 min,将PCR产物送至生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司进行测序。使用RAxML v.7.2.6软件,基于最大似然法构建系统发育树,步长值设置为1000。
在基础培养基中接种菌株,使菌株活化,为菌丝体生物学特性研究提供材料。
(1)碳源对菌丝生长的影响。以不加葡萄糖的基础培养基为空白对照,将碳源分别设定为蔗糖、麦芽糖、可溶性淀粉、果糖、葡萄糖和甘油,浓度均为20 g/L,pH为6。将直径约5 mm菌丝块接种至直径为6 cm的平板上,24 ℃避光培养10 d,每个处理设置3个重复。菌丝萌发后,每天观察、测量并记录菌丝生长情况,从第2天起采用十字交叉法测量菌丝生长速度,并观察记录菌落形态。
(2)氮源对菌丝生长的影响。以不加蛋白胨的基础培养基为空白对照,将氮源分别设定为酵母粉、蛋白胨、硝酸钾、氯化铵、硫酸铵和尿素,浓度均为2 g/L,pH为6。
(3)无机盐对菌丝生长的影响。以不加磷酸二氢钾和硫酸镁的基础培养基为空白对照,将无机盐分别设定为硫酸镁、磷酸二氢钾、硫酸钙、硫酸铁、硫酸锌和硫酸铜,浓度均为2 g/L,pH为6。
(4)不同pH对菌丝生长的影响。将基础培养基设置7个pH梯度(4、5、6、7、8、9、10),进行菌丝培养。
(5)不同温度对菌丝生长的影响。将培养温度设置7个梯度(15、18、21、24、27、30、33 ℃),进行菌丝培养。
在上述单因素试验基础上,对影响蝉花菌丝生长的培养基条件进行正交试验(表1)。利用三因素三水平基于最适pH和温度,以碳源、氮源和无机盐为影响因子进行正交试验,每个处理设定6个重复,确定并优化蝉花菌丝生长的最佳培养基。
液体菌种制备:将直径约5 mm的菌块接种至装有100 mL液体优化培养基的三角瓶中,150 r/min、24 ℃避光振荡培养6 d,备用。在高9.0 cm、宽6.5 cm的组培瓶中装入40 g小麦和大米以1∶1混合的培养基,水60 mL,透气膜封口,121 ℃灭菌20 min,反复灭菌3次,冷却后接种5 mL稀释5倍的液体菌种,重复10瓶,置于24 ℃培养箱光照培养后采收子实体。
使用SPSS 19.0软件进行试验数据统计分析,在单因素和正交试验方差分析中,P<0.05代表差异显著。
通过观察野外采集的新鲜虫草标本,获得相关外部形态特征和内部显微结构。从蝉若虫头部和胸部各长出若干个淡黄色至橙色具多分枝的子座和孢梗束,分枝柄部橙黄色或黄白色,(8.0~ 28.0)mm×(1.5~3.0)mm;末端淡黄白色,形成多个西蓝花状或鸡冠状产孢结构,布满污白色粉末状分生孢子;分生孢子长椭圆形,连接成长链状,(4.0~8.5)µm×(1.5~3.5)µm(图1)。基于以上形态特征,将其初步鉴定为蝉花(C. chanhua)。
野外采集的蝉花子实体、分离菌株和人工栽培获得的子实体与蝉花模式标本(JGS150713)的ITS片段在系统发育树中聚成一个独立的分化支系,并获得100%支持率,结果表明此支系样本代表蝉花(C. chanhua)(图2)。
蝉花菌丝在不同碳源培养基中均能生长,但生长速度和菌丝活力存在一定差异(表2图3)。菌丝在蔗糖培养基上生长最快,长势最好,菌丝洁白且呈绒毛状;其次是麦芽糖和无碳源对照组(CK1)培养基;在甘油培养基上生长最慢,长势最差。CK1菌丝虽能生长,但菌丝生长速度不稳定,菌丝形态不规则,说明碳源是虫草菌丝生长重要的营养成分之一,其对碳源的种类具有广泛适应性。不同碳源培养基上的菌丝形态不同,以果糖为碳源的菌丝最为浓密洁白。当培养时间超过30 d,CK1和葡萄糖培养基上的菌丝会分泌深黄色色素,菌丝可能易老化(图3)。综合菌丝生长速度和长势,可确定最佳碳源为蔗糖。
不同氮源对菌株菌丝生长有明显影响,菌丝在酵母粉培养基中生长最快,长势最好,菌丝洁白呈毛絮状,其次为蛋白胨、硝酸钾、CK2、氯化铵和硫酸铵;以尿素为氮源时,菌丝生长速度最慢且长势最差。以氯化铵和硫酸铵为氮源的菌丝最浓密。和碳源类似,菌丝对氮源的种类也具有广泛适应性。综合菌丝生长速度和长势,可确定最佳氮源为酵母粉(表2图3)。
不同无机盐对菌丝生长影响较小,菌丝在以硫酸镁、磷酸二氢钾、硫酸钙为无机盐的培养基上生长速度较快,且差异不显著;在硫酸铁、硫酸锌和硫酸铜培养基上生长较慢,且差异不显著;但前、后2组无机盐下的菌丝生长速度差异显著。综合菌丝生长速度和长势,确定最适无机盐为硫酸镁(表2图3)。
不同pH对菌丝生长影响显著,当5<pH<8时,显著促进菌丝生长,结果表明菌丝对酸碱环境适应良好。pH高于6和低于6时,随着pH的增高和降低,菌丝生长速度均呈逐渐减弱趋势。pH为6时菌丝生长速度最快、长势最好,菌丝洁白呈毛絮状,将其确定为最适pH(表2图3)。
菌丝生长的温度适应范围较广,15~33 ℃均能生长,但不同温度条件下的菌丝生长速度存在显著差异。在设定的6个温度梯度中,温度低于24 ℃时,菌丝生长速度随温度增高而逐渐加快,菌丝较为稠密;温度高于24 ℃时,菌丝生长逐渐受抑制,生长速度变慢;温度达到33 ℃时,菌丝不再生长。24 ℃条件下,菌丝长势良好、生长快,呈毛毡状,将其确定为最适温度(表2图3)。
单因素试验表明,菌丝生长的最适pH为6,最适温度为24 ℃,在此条件下,对3个因素碳源、氮源和无机盐各设置3个成分水平,进行三因素三水平L9(34)正交试验(表3图4)。碳源的极差最大,R为1.21,说明碳源是影响蝉花菌丝生长的重要因素,其次为氮源和无机盐。从均值T可知,菌丝生长培养基最佳碳源、氮源和无机盐分别为蔗糖、酵母粉和硫酸镁。方差分析表明,碳源的F值最大,3种因素的显著性差异依次为碳源>氮源>无机盐,这与正交试验结果的直观分析一致(表3表4)。在蔗糖-酵母粉-硫酸镁组合下,蝉花菌丝生长速度快、长势旺盛、不易老化(图4)。
蝉花在小麦和大米以1∶1混合的培养基上可正常生长,子实体采收周期约为40~45 d,每个栽培瓶收获蝉花干重平均约9.56 g。人工栽培收获蝉花子实体与野生子实体在外部形态特征上明显不同,子实体呈淡土黄色至淡黄色,较柔韧,扁平弯曲状、分枝较少,高1.5~5.0 cm,宽0.3~0.8 cm,厚0.1~0.2 cm;孢梗束外密布污白色絮状或粉末状分生孢子;但二者显微结构类似,分生孢子呈长椭圆形,连接成长链状,(3.5~8.5)×(1.5~3.0)µm(图1图5)。
野生菌种质资源收集和遗传多样性研究是我国食用菌产业发展的重要基础性工作,野生食药用菌株的分离、鉴定和驯化不仅为真菌资源开发和利用提供了原材料,还有利于保护真菌物种多样性[17-18]。云南地形地貌复杂,兼具热带、亚热带和温带植被类型,孕育了极其丰富的真菌资源,但还有大量野生食用菌物种深藏于山间林下而鲜为人知,亟需加大研发力度,充分发挥和持续利用云南丰富的野生食用菌资源,为地方经济建设和社会发展服务[19]。蝉花是我国传统名贵药食两用真菌,已有1500多年的利用历史。蝉花基因组约为36.9 Mb,基因编码蛋白数量高于其他虫草真菌,线粒体基因组长度也呈现出多态性,表明其具有丰富的遗传基因[20-21]。蝉花不同种群内个体在形态特征、生理特性和分子序列等方面具有丰富的遗传变异性[22-23]。其不同种群的遗传谱系随机分布,与地理来源无明显相关性,而形态性状具有一定地理相关性[23-25],温度和湿度是影响蝉花分布的主要因素[26]
本研究从滇东北海拔约2000 m的云南松林下获得一株野生虫草,该物种野生子实体、实验室培养菌丝及人工栽培子实体的外部形态结构和内部显微结构与模式标本相似,其ITS片段与蝉花模式标本以高支持率聚在一个系统发育支,利用形态解剖和分子系统发育分析,将其准确鉴定为蝉花。由于天然野生蝉花资源极度缺乏,不少研究逐渐关注蝉花菌丝体的液体发酵,其培养周期短、发酵条件可控、易规模化生产,因此成为获取蝉花原材料的主要渠道。本文研究表明,蝉花菌丝最适生长温度为24 ℃,最适pH为6,最适碳源、氮源和无机盐分别为蔗糖、酵母粉和硫酸镁,碳源对菌丝生长影响最大,其次为氮源,无机盐对菌丝生长影响较小。前人研究表明,碳源、氮源和无机盐对菌丝生长均有显著影响,培养温度范围为25~28 ℃,最适pH范围为6~7[27-29],与本文研究基本一致,表明蝉花不同菌株的培养条件较为稳定。
蝉花具有重要的开发利用价值,因此针对蝉花的人工栽培开展了大量研究。谭悠久等[2]通过蝉花野外菌株繁育,初步建立了蝉花菌株的子实体筛选和分子鉴定体系,有效提高了子实体产量。本研究以小麦和大米为培养基,在24 ℃下培养40~45 d后,可获得长势整齐的子实体,人工培养获得的子实体形态与野生蝉花具有一定差异,颜色较浅、分枝较少、子座和孢梗束呈扁平状,分生孢子粉呈污白色,分生孢子形状和大小与野生蝉花一致。陈祝安等[30]首次通过固体培养,初步实现蝉花的人工栽培,观察到类似寄主体上的孢梗束;孢梗束生长和孢子产量对碳源浓度较敏感,而氮源对其影响不大。蝉花在以无机盐为主要营养成分的培养基上均能产生孢梗束,以大米为营养物质的蝉花孢梗束生长最快,适合进行规模化培养,添加蝉蛹粉可显著提高子实体产量,蝉花氨基酸、粗多糖和蛋白质含量均高于野生蝉花相应物质含量[31-32]。有研究推测特定微生物群落和土壤理化性质可能在蝉花的子实体发生中起着关键作用[33]
今后,拟通过进一步的实验室培养和野外繁育,优化菌丝培养基配方的最适浓度,筛选人工栽培技术参数,并从分子生物学角度对菌株进行优化[34],以期改善蝉花子实体品质,提升其活性物质含量,获得稳定高产的优质菌株资源,为蝉花的综合开发利用提供理论、资源和技术支持。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(32100010; 31860005)
  • 云南省地方本科高校基础研究联合专项(202001BA070001-002)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.05.012
  • 接收时间:2022-10-31
  • 首发时间:2026-06-23
  • 出版时间:2024-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2022-10-31
  • 修回日期:2022-11-29
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国家自然科学基金项目(32100010; 31860005)
云南省地方本科高校基础研究联合专项(202001BA070001-002)
作者信息
    曲靖师范学院生物资源与食品工程学院/云南省高校特色果酒技术创新与应用工程研究中心,云南曲靖 655011

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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