Article(id=1276175742614499940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276175380184695804, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.09.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1707148800000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-06, revisedDate=1709481600000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-04, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782193607238, onlineDateStr=2026-06-23, pubDate=1727193600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782193607238, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782193607238, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782193607238, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276175380184695804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2024', volume='45', issue='9', pageStart='1761', pageEnd='1997', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1727193600000', pubDateStr='2024-09-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782193520816, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782193908264, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276177005326504448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276175380184695804, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276177005326504449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276175380184695804, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1811, endPage=1822, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276175745554707046, articleId=1276175742614499940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Transcriptome Analysis of Prochloraz Resistant Strains of Lasiodiplodia theobromae from Mango, columnId=1236256430337085821, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Omics & Biotechnology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The study was aimed to explore the molecular mechanism of detoxification of prochloraz by Lasiodiplodia theobromae from mango and to screen related functional genes. In this study, RNA-seq technology was used to analyze the transcriptome sequencing and functional annotation of prochloraz-treated and untreated strains of L. theobromae. Prochloraz had significant inhibitory activity against the sensitive strain with an EC50 value of 0.12 mg/L. The EC50 value of the two resistant strains was 7.67 and 32.67 times higher than that of the sensitive strain, respectively. GO functional enrichment and KEGG signaling pathway enrichment analyses were performed for differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between prochloraz-sensitive strains (DF04) and -resistant strains (HL02 and M108). Compared with the untreated (CK) with prochloraz, there were 5342, 1148, and 2568 DEGs in DF04, HL02, and M108, respectively, after 10 mg/L prochloraz treatment. Among them, a total of 566 DEGs were overlapped among the three strains. Compared with the sensitive strains, the resistant strains had 2078 and 3096 DEGs up-regulated and 1527 and 1793 down-regulated expression, respectively. GO enrichment showed that the highest number of genes were involved in cellular process and metabolic process between resistant and sensitive strains after prochloraz treatment, accounting for 18% and 16%, 17% and 15% in HL02 and M108, respectively. KEGG enrichment showed that DEGs were significantly enriched in metabolic pathways between resistant and sensitive strains after prochloraz treatment, with 64.98% and 63.39% in HL02 and M108, respectively. The analysis for DEGs related to detoxification metabolism identified 27, 17 and 59 cytochrome P450 (Cytochrome P450), glutathione transferase (GST) and ABC transporter protein (ABC transporter) genes, respectively. Eight genes were randomly screened for quantitative real-time PCR validation, and the results confirmed that the trends in the relative expression of these genes were consistent with the transcriptome data. Based on the significantly up-regulated expression of DEGS in the resistant strains, the final screening of 7 P450s genes, 8 GSTs genes and 11 ABC transporter protein genes may be related to the metabolic resistance mechanism of L. theobromae to prochloraz. The results would provide new insights into the mechanism of fungicide resistance and lay the foundation for in-depth analysis of the molecular mechanism of metabolic resistance to prochloraz.

, authors=null, authorsList=Jinlin LIU, Pengsheng LI, Ye YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ye YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276175753154785908, articleId=1276175742614499940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=芒果可可毛色二孢咪鲜胺抗药性菌株的转录组分析, columnId=1236256430517440904, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=组学与生物技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探析芒果可可毛色二孢对咪鲜胺的解毒代谢分子机制,挖掘相关功能基因。本研究使用RNA-seq技术对咪鲜胺处理和未处理的可可毛色二孢菌株进行转录组测序。结果表明:咪鲜胺对敏感菌株具有显著的抑制活性,半数有效浓度EC50值为0.12 mg/L,2个抗性菌株的EC50值分别为敏感菌株的7.67倍和32.67倍。对咪鲜胺敏感菌株(DF04)和抗性菌株(HL02、M108)间差异表达基因(DEG)进行GO功能富集和KEGG信号通路富集分析显示:与未用咪鲜胺处理(CK)相比,10 mg/L咪鲜胺处理后的DF04、HL02、M108菌株分别有5342、1148、2568个DEGs;其中,3个菌株之间共有566个DEGs重叠。与敏感菌株相比,抗性菌株分别有2078和3096个DEGs上调表达,1527和1793个DEGs下调表达。通过GO富集结果显示,咪鲜胺处理后的抗性和敏感菌株之间富集到细胞过程和代谢过程的DEGs最多,在HL02和M108中分别占比18%和16%、17%和15%。KEGG富集结果显示,咪鲜胺处理后抗性和敏感菌株之间DEGs显著富集在代谢通路中,HL02和M108中分别占比64.98%和63.39%。针对解毒代谢相关的DEGs的分析发现,抗性菌株中具有显著差异的细胞色素P450(Cytochrome P450)、谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)和ABC转运蛋白(ABC transporter)基因分别为27、17、59个。随机筛选8个基因进行实时荧光定量验证,结果证实这些基因的相对表达量的变化趋势与转录组数据一致。根据抗敏菌株之间差异表达基因明显上调表达,共筛选出7个P450s基因、8个GSTs基因、11个ABC转运蛋白基因,可能与可可毛色二孢对咪鲜胺的代谢抗性机制有关。本研究结果为杀菌剂抗性机制提供新见解,也为深入探析咪鲜胺代谢抗性的分子机制奠定基础。

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刘锦霖(1998—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:植物保护。

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* 杨叶(YANG Ye),E-mail:
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刘锦霖(1998—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:植物保护。

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Yi Chuan, 2011, 33(10): 1048-1056., articleTitle=Pleiotropic drug resistance ABC transporters in fungi, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1276465420022452873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175742614499940, awardId=32160653, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(32160653), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1276465408429396561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175742614499940, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276465408441979474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175742614499940, companyId=1276465408429396561, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication, Hainan University, Sanya, Hainan 572022, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276465408450368083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175742614499940, companyId=1276465408429396561, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.海南大学三亚南繁研究院,海南三亚 572022)]), AuthorCompany(id=1276465408521671252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175742614499940, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276465408530059861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175742614499940, companyId=1276465408521671252, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276465408559419990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175742614499940, companyId=1276465408521671252, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.海南大学热带农林学院,海南海口 570228)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1276465416935445109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175742614499940, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Analysis on differentially expressed genes of L. theobromae

A: Volcano plot; B: Venn diagram.

, figureFileSmall=GvJ+G10yVH/LaVv0iVByEg==, figureFileBig=tVu3mhSYivM1MmOnjT8bgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276465417677836918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175742614499940, language=CN, label=图1, caption=可可毛色二孢差异表达基因分析

A:火山图;B:韦恩图。

, figureFileSmall=GvJ+G10yVH/LaVv0iVByEg==, figureFileBig=tVu3mhSYivM1MmOnjT8bgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276465417778500215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175742614499940, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Analysis on differentially expressed genes of on the prochloraz-resistant and -sensitive isolates after prochloraz treatment, figureFileSmall=6TgdDsCVSpHMNRjGon6CtA==, figureFileBig=8MiXXDH0daCkTIzAVmIZ4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276465418122433144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175742614499940, language=CN, label=图2, caption=咪鲜胺处理后抗敏菌株之间差异表达基因的分析, figureFileSmall=6TgdDsCVSpHMNRjGon6CtA==, figureFileBig=8MiXXDH0daCkTIzAVmIZ4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276465418189542009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175742614499940, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=GO enrichment analysis on differentially expressed genes between prochloraz-resistant and -sensitive isolates of L. theobromae after prochloraz treatment, figureFileSmall=Jbq1EQ+f4cL/xgKTV33DMA==, figureFileBig=5Znw7NmU5orTTbo4nLnHIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276465418504114810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175742614499940, language=CN, label=图3, caption=咪鲜胺处理可可毛色二孢抗敏菌株差异表达基因的GO功能富集分析, figureFileSmall=Jbq1EQ+f4cL/xgKTV33DMA==, figureFileBig=5Znw7NmU5orTTbo4nLnHIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276465418571223675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175742614499940, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=KEGG enrichment analysis on differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between prochloraz-resistant and-sensitive isolates of L. theobromae after prochloraz treatment, figureFileSmall=6k3MK6OVphxrTdH7DA94oA==, figureFileBig=qvryW/J/Qrzl990ykLtf3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276465418655109756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175742614499940, language=CN, label=图4, caption=咪鲜胺处理可可毛色二孢抗敏菌株差异表达基因的KEGG信号通路富集分析, figureFileSmall=6k3MK6OVphxrTdH7DA94oA==, figureFileBig=qvryW/J/Qrzl990ykLtf3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276465418709635709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175742614499940, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Expression pattern of differentially expressed genes related to detoxification metabolism after prochloraz treatment, figureFileSmall=NKncasYWBjx5AJHbp/KFVQ==, figureFileBig=a5yTarRnDfxZAg4dQzdVnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276465418961293950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175742614499940, language=CN, label=图5, caption=咪鲜胺处理后与解毒代谢相关的差异表达基因的表达模式, figureFileSmall=NKncasYWBjx5AJHbp/KFVQ==, figureFileBig=a5yTarRnDfxZAg4dQzdVnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276465419024208511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175742614499940, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Expression of differentially expressed genes related to detoxification metabolism after prochloraz treatment

* indicates significant difference (P<0.05), ** indicates extremely significant difference (P<0.01).

, figureFileSmall=C9FYYsEDqVuGMUb3me42YA==, figureFileBig=l4SZ4DSNcj5Yu5O+CGK/LA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276465419091317376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175742614499940, language=CN, label=图6, caption=咪鲜胺处理后与解毒代谢相关的差异基因的相对表达量

*表示差异显著(P<0.05),**表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。

, figureFileSmall=C9FYYsEDqVuGMUb3me42YA==, figureFileBig=l4SZ4DSNcj5Yu5O+CGK/LA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276465419150037633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175742614499940, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Primers used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
引物名称Primer name引物序列(5ʹ-3ʹ)Primer sequences(5ʹ-3ʹ)
ppoC-FCGCACACTATCCGATGACGA
ppoC-RCTTTGCGCCAACGTAAGAGG
ascG-FTTGACTCGTTCTCTGCGTCC
ascG-RTTCACGAGCCGTTTCATGGT
pkfkB-FTCATTTCCGAGGTCGGCTTT
pkfkB-RGCCATGATGCCGAAAGGAAC
AgnL6-FCATGCAGCTCAACGTGAAGG
AgnL6-RTCGAGAAATGGCAGACGGAC
gst3-FGATCATGCTTGCGGAATCGG
gst3-RGATCTGGCCTTCCTTGCCTT
gedE-FGACAATGACAGCTTCCCCGT
gedE-RACAGATCCTTCGGGTCCTCA
abcC-FGCCAAGAAGTCGAAGGGTGA
abcC-RTGAATGATGGCAGCCGAGTT
abcA-FAAACGTAGTCGTTGCGTTGC
abcA-RTCGGCGATGCTGACTCTTTT
LtACTIN-rtFGGAGATGAGGCACAGTCG
LtACTIN-rtRGCGGTGGTGGAGAAAGAGT
), ArticleFig(id=1276465419225535106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175742614499940, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本研究所用引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
引物名称Primer name引物序列(5ʹ-3ʹ)Primer sequences(5ʹ-3ʹ)
ppoC-FCGCACACTATCCGATGACGA
ppoC-RCTTTGCGCCAACGTAAGAGG
ascG-FTTGACTCGTTCTCTGCGTCC
ascG-RTTCACGAGCCGTTTCATGGT
pkfkB-FTCATTTCCGAGGTCGGCTTT
pkfkB-RGCCATGATGCCGAAAGGAAC
AgnL6-FCATGCAGCTCAACGTGAAGG
AgnL6-RTCGAGAAATGGCAGACGGAC
gst3-FGATCATGCTTGCGGAATCGG
gst3-RGATCTGGCCTTCCTTGCCTT
gedE-FGACAATGACAGCTTCCCCGT
gedE-RACAGATCCTTCGGGTCCTCA
abcC-FGCCAAGAAGTCGAAGGGTGA
abcC-RTGAATGATGGCAGCCGAGTT
abcA-FAAACGTAGTCGTTGCGTTGC
abcA-RTCGGCGATGCTGACTCTTTT
LtACTIN-rtFGGAGATGAGGCACAGTCG
LtACTIN-rtRGCGGTGGTGGAGAAAGAGT
), ArticleFig(id=1276465419338781315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175742614499940, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Sensitivity of three L. theobromae isolates from mango stem-end rot to prochloraz

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株Strain回归方程Regression equationR2EC50/(mg·L-1抗性倍数Resistance ratio/(R·S-1
DF04y=5.4648+0.5138x0.99560.12
HL02y=5.0304+0.8024x0.98930.927.67
M108y=4.6901+0.5224x0.95213.9232.67
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源自芒果蒂腐病的3株可可毛色二孢对咪鲜胺的敏感性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株Strain回归方程Regression equationR2EC50/(mg·L-1抗性倍数Resistance ratio/(R·S-1
DF04y=5.4648+0.5138x0.99560.12
HL02y=5.0304+0.8024x0.98930.927.67
M108y=4.6901+0.5224x0.95213.9232.67
), ArticleFig(id=1276465419498164869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175742614499940, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Quality assessment of transcriptome sequence reads on the prochloraz-resistant and-sensitive isolates

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品Sample原始数据Raw reads/bp有效数据Clean reads/bpQ20/%Q30/%GC/%
HL02-CK60 9548 3900601 600 593397.2692.8058.66
HL02-Pro61 3261 960060 5480 270497.2392.7058.46
M108-CK66 5245 000065 7682 048297.2992.7458.61
M108-Pro65 7457 990064 9784 865897.3592.9258.44
DF04-CK73 6927 740072 6050 218197.4493.0958.71
DF04-Pro58 7120 830057 9917 486797.1092.3758.67
), ArticleFig(id=1276465419565273734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175742614499940, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

咪鲜胺抗敏菌株各处理样品转录组测序质量评估

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品Sample原始数据Raw reads/bp有效数据Clean reads/bpQ20/%Q30/%GC/%
HL02-CK60 9548 3900601 600 593397.2692.8058.66
HL02-Pro61 3261 960060 5480 270497.2392.7058.46
M108-CK66 5245 000065 7682 048297.2992.7458.61
M108-Pro65 7457 990064 9784 865897.3592.9258.44
DF04-CK73 6927 740072 6050 218197.4493.0958.71
DF04-Pro58 7120 830057 9917 486797.1092.3758.67
), ArticleFig(id=1276465419758211719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175742614499940, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to detoxification metabolism

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因功能Gene function基因ID Gene ID蛋白ID Protein ID基因长度Length of gene/bp氨基酸数量Numbers of amino acid|log2(FC)|
DF04 vs HL02DF04 vs M108
细胞色素P45056016920KAF4534497.116265043.663.41
56023808KAF4540033.118155332.402.62
56018772KAF4545714.1329410441.722.65
56013120KAF4537087.130849851.702.00
56017986KAF4546268.123357611.142.58
56023282KAF4541230.116185021.073.34
56015129KAF4537503.112822851.071.55
谷胱甘肽转移酶56012557KAF4538004.1331010632.352.16
56023524KAF4540579.113614342.342.57
56013120KAF4537087.130849851.702.00
56024245KAF4539782.118244591.251.68
56024049KAF4539912.115414431.231.21
56019053KAF4545392.115624101.22.21
56021051KAF4543290.122977251.151.89
56011616KAF4539350.1330310831.062.38
ABC转运蛋白56012868KAF4537785.1402413233.014.98
56019242KAF4544985.125435702.861.91
56018768KAF4543798.1403812812.232.23
56016520KAF4534971.1422312911.922.56
56014772KAF4539018.18481961.181.30
56020614KAF4543964.127588221.722.70
56020294KAF4544224.1488215871.642.22
56016791KAF4543620.1516815411.531.84
56017578KAF4546591.1409913451.433.36
56024245KAF4539782.118244591.251.68
56012517KAF4538145.1337810721.131.35
), ArticleFig(id=1276465419884040840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175742614499940, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

与代谢抗药性相关差异基因

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因功能Gene function基因ID Gene ID蛋白ID Protein ID基因长度Length of gene/bp氨基酸数量Numbers of amino acid|log2(FC)|
DF04 vs HL02DF04 vs M108
细胞色素P45056016920KAF4534497.116265043.663.41
56023808KAF4540033.118155332.402.62
56018772KAF4545714.1329410441.722.65
56013120KAF4537087.130849851.702.00
56017986KAF4546268.123357611.142.58
56023282KAF4541230.116185021.073.34
56015129KAF4537503.112822851.071.55
谷胱甘肽转移酶56012557KAF4538004.1331010632.352.16
56023524KAF4540579.113614342.342.57
56013120KAF4537087.130849851.702.00
56024245KAF4539782.118244591.251.68
56024049KAF4539912.115414431.231.21
56019053KAF4545392.115624101.22.21
56021051KAF4543290.122977251.151.89
56011616KAF4539350.1330310831.062.38
ABC转运蛋白56012868KAF4537785.1402413233.014.98
56019242KAF4544985.125435702.861.91
56018768KAF4543798.1403812812.232.23
56016520KAF4534971.1422312911.922.56
56014772KAF4539018.18481961.181.30
56020614KAF4543964.127588221.722.70
56020294KAF4544224.1488215871.642.22
56016791KAF4543620.1516815411.531.84
56017578KAF4546591.1409913451.433.36
56024245KAF4539782.118244591.251.68
56012517KAF4538145.1337810721.131.35
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芒果可可毛色二孢咪鲜胺抗药性菌株的转录组分析
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刘锦霖 1, 2 , 李鹏声 1, 2 , 杨叶 1, 2, *
热带作物学报 | 组学与生物技术 2024,45(9): 1811-1822
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热带作物学报 |组学与生物技术 2024 , 45 (9) : 1811 -1822
芒果可可毛色二孢咪鲜胺抗药性菌株的转录组分析
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2.海南大学热带农林学院,海南海口 570228, bio={"content":"

刘锦霖(1998—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:植物保护。

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刘锦霖(1998—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:植物保护。

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刘锦霖1, 2, 李鹏声1, 2, 杨叶1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.海南大学三亚南繁研究院,海南三亚 572022
  • 2.海南大学热带农林学院,海南海口 570228
通讯作者:
* 杨叶(YANG Ye),E-mail:
Transcriptome Analysis of Prochloraz Resistant Strains of Lasiodiplodia theobromae from Mango
Jinlin LIU1, 2, Pengsheng LI1, 2, Ye YANG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication, Hainan University, Sanya, Hainan 572022, China
  • 2.School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
出版时间: 2024-09-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.09.005
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为探析芒果可可毛色二孢对咪鲜胺的解毒代谢分子机制,挖掘相关功能基因。本研究使用RNA-seq技术对咪鲜胺处理和未处理的可可毛色二孢菌株进行转录组测序。结果表明:咪鲜胺对敏感菌株具有显著的抑制活性,半数有效浓度EC50值为0.12 mg/L,2个抗性菌株的EC50值分别为敏感菌株的7.67倍和32.67倍。对咪鲜胺敏感菌株(DF04)和抗性菌株(HL02、M108)间差异表达基因(DEG)进行GO功能富集和KEGG信号通路富集分析显示:与未用咪鲜胺处理(CK)相比,10 mg/L咪鲜胺处理后的DF04、HL02、M108菌株分别有5342、1148、2568个DEGs;其中,3个菌株之间共有566个DEGs重叠。与敏感菌株相比,抗性菌株分别有2078和3096个DEGs上调表达,1527和1793个DEGs下调表达。通过GO富集结果显示,咪鲜胺处理后的抗性和敏感菌株之间富集到细胞过程和代谢过程的DEGs最多,在HL02和M108中分别占比18%和16%、17%和15%。KEGG富集结果显示,咪鲜胺处理后抗性和敏感菌株之间DEGs显著富集在代谢通路中,HL02和M108中分别占比64.98%和63.39%。针对解毒代谢相关的DEGs的分析发现,抗性菌株中具有显著差异的细胞色素P450(Cytochrome P450)、谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)和ABC转运蛋白(ABC transporter)基因分别为27、17、59个。随机筛选8个基因进行实时荧光定量验证,结果证实这些基因的相对表达量的变化趋势与转录组数据一致。根据抗敏菌株之间差异表达基因明显上调表达,共筛选出7个P450s基因、8个GSTs基因、11个ABC转运蛋白基因,可能与可可毛色二孢对咪鲜胺的代谢抗性机制有关。本研究结果为杀菌剂抗性机制提供新见解,也为深入探析咪鲜胺代谢抗性的分子机制奠定基础。

芒果  /  可可毛色二孢  /  咪鲜胺  /  转录组  /  解毒代谢酶

The study was aimed to explore the molecular mechanism of detoxification of prochloraz by Lasiodiplodia theobromae from mango and to screen related functional genes. In this study, RNA-seq technology was used to analyze the transcriptome sequencing and functional annotation of prochloraz-treated and untreated strains of L. theobromae. Prochloraz had significant inhibitory activity against the sensitive strain with an EC50 value of 0.12 mg/L. The EC50 value of the two resistant strains was 7.67 and 32.67 times higher than that of the sensitive strain, respectively. GO functional enrichment and KEGG signaling pathway enrichment analyses were performed for differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between prochloraz-sensitive strains (DF04) and -resistant strains (HL02 and M108). Compared with the untreated (CK) with prochloraz, there were 5342, 1148, and 2568 DEGs in DF04, HL02, and M108, respectively, after 10 mg/L prochloraz treatment. Among them, a total of 566 DEGs were overlapped among the three strains. Compared with the sensitive strains, the resistant strains had 2078 and 3096 DEGs up-regulated and 1527 and 1793 down-regulated expression, respectively. GO enrichment showed that the highest number of genes were involved in cellular process and metabolic process between resistant and sensitive strains after prochloraz treatment, accounting for 18% and 16%, 17% and 15% in HL02 and M108, respectively. KEGG enrichment showed that DEGs were significantly enriched in metabolic pathways between resistant and sensitive strains after prochloraz treatment, with 64.98% and 63.39% in HL02 and M108, respectively. The analysis for DEGs related to detoxification metabolism identified 27, 17 and 59 cytochrome P450 (Cytochrome P450), glutathione transferase (GST) and ABC transporter protein (ABC transporter) genes, respectively. Eight genes were randomly screened for quantitative real-time PCR validation, and the results confirmed that the trends in the relative expression of these genes were consistent with the transcriptome data. Based on the significantly up-regulated expression of DEGS in the resistant strains, the final screening of 7 P450s genes, 8 GSTs genes and 11 ABC transporter protein genes may be related to the metabolic resistance mechanism of L. theobromae to prochloraz. The results would provide new insights into the mechanism of fungicide resistance and lay the foundation for in-depth analysis of the molecular mechanism of metabolic resistance to prochloraz.

mango  /  Lasiodiplodia theobromae  /  prochloraz  /  transcriptome  /  metabolic enzymes
刘锦霖, 李鹏声, 杨叶. 芒果可可毛色二孢咪鲜胺抗药性菌株的转录组分析. 热带作物学报, 2024 , 45 (9) : 1811 -1822 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.09.005
Jinlin LIU, Pengsheng LI, Ye YANG. Transcriptome Analysis of Prochloraz Resistant Strains of Lasiodiplodia theobromae from Mango[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2024 , 45 (9) : 1811 -1822 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.09.005
芒果(Mangifera indica L.)是我国重要的热带经济作物,海南地区的芒果产量和种植面积均位居我国前列。芒果果肉香味浓郁,除鲜食外还可制作果酱和饮品,深受消费者喜爱。芒果蒂腐病是危害芒果品质、导致采后果实严重腐烂的重要病害。可可毛色二孢(Lasiodiplodia theobromae)是引发芒果蒂腐病的主要病原菌之一[1]。该病原菌是一种全球性病原真菌,能够在芒果等多种热带果树及林木作物上侵染为害,造成采后果实蒂腐病和田间树木、枝干的枯死等病害[1]。此外,该菌具有潜伏侵染的特性,病菌可在幼果期侵染并在果实中潜伏,果实成熟后病斑迅速扩展,发生褐变并散发出酸臭味,在芒果采后贮藏和运输的过程中爆发,严重影响芒果的品质和经济价值[2]。目前防治芒果病害的方法主要包括物理防治、生物防治与化学防治,其中化学防治是最常用的方式,异菌脲、多菌灵、咪鲜胺等杀菌剂能够有效防治芒果蒂腐病[3-4]。然而,随着药剂施用量持续增加,使得病原菌的选择压力持续增大,单一靶标位点的杀菌剂已经产生了严重的抗药性。据报道,芒果可可毛色二孢对多菌灵、嘧菌酯抗性已经达到十分严重的水平[5-6]
大量研究表明,害虫、杂草及病原菌对农药的抗性机制主要包括靶标抗性机制和非靶标抗性机制[6]。靶标抗性主要是杀菌剂靶标基因发生突变所致,致使药剂与作用位点酶的亲和性降低。而非靶标抗性主要是增加药剂外排作用、解毒作用和对药剂的通透性下降所致,又称为代谢抗性,增加药剂外排与代谢解毒常常协同发挥作用[7]。以细胞色素P450介导的微粒体多功能氧化酶、谷胱甘肽转移酶等代谢酶系为主体的解毒系统能够把农药分解成毒性更低、亲水性更强的物质,便于排出体外[8]。代谢抗性的发生不仅会提升抗药性水平,也有可能导致交互抗性及多药抗性的发生[9]。目前,代谢抗性的研究主要集中在害虫及杂草抗药性的产生机制,病原真菌的代谢抗性研究尚处于初步阶段。本研究拟在芒果上分离获得的咪鲜胺抗药性菌株为供试材料,通过转录组测序及差异表达基因的分析,挖掘与代谢抗性相关的基因,对代谢抗性的机制进行初步探析,为后续代谢抗性机制的深入研究提供依据。研究芒果可可毛色二孢抗药性产生机制,是延缓田间抗药性发展的关键所在,对提升芒果蒂腐病防治效果及提高芒果产量和品质具有重要指导价值。
供试3株芒果蒂腐病可可毛色二孢菌株HL02、M108和DF04由海南大学植物保护学院杀菌剂生物学实验室分离鉴定并保存。将菌株接种到马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂(PDA)培养基上,于28 ℃黑暗中培养3 d后备用。
97%咪鲜胺购自海南正业中农高科股份有限公司;总RNA提取试剂盒购自天根生化科技(北京)有限公司;DL2000 DNA Marker、RNA逆转录试剂盒、ChamQ Universal qPCR SYBR Master Mix购自南京诺唯赞生物科技有限公司;DNA 1000 assay Kit购自安捷伦科技有限公司。
采用菌丝生长速率法测定3株可可毛色二孢菌株对咪鲜胺的敏感性。咪鲜胺用少量丙酮溶解并配制成1×103 mg/L的母液备用。在PDA培养基中加入不同量的杀菌剂母液,配制得到不同浓度的含药培养基平板,最终试验浓度为0、0.2、0.8、3.2、12.8、51.2 mg/L。对照培养基中加入等量的溶剂。每处理3个重复,试验重复3次。从培养3 d的菌落边缘取菌饼(直径5 mm)转移到含药PDA平板上,28 ℃培养36 h后,测量菌落直径并计算抑制率。将供试浓度转换为浓度对数,抑制率转换为几率值,使用Probit分析求回归方程y=a+bx,计算半数有效浓度EC50值。
从培养3 d的菌落边缘取菌饼(直径5 mm)转移到100 mL马铃薯葡萄糖液体培养(PDB),每瓶培养液接种5个菌饼,于145 r/min震荡培养24 h;然后加入咪鲜胺使其终浓度为10 mg/L,再培养12 h后取出每个样品的菌丝,使用总RNA提取试剂盒,严格按照说明书提取样品的总RNA。采用1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳及微量紫外分光光度计检测其纯度和浓度。每个处理3个重复样品,将质检合格的样品混合,然后设3个生物学重复。用Oligo(dT)磁珠从上述RNA样品中富集mRNA并进行超声处理,以片段化的mRNA为模板合成cDNA第一链,随后用RNaseH降解RNA链,并在DNA polymerase Ⅰ体系下,在第二链合成时加入dNTPs补齐双链DNA的末端。在纯化后的双链DNA的两端各加上1个A碱基后与末端带有T碱基的接头进行连接,使用AMPure XP beads磁珠筛选200 bp左右的cDNA,进行PCR扩增并再次纯化后获得cDNA文库,选择DNA 1000 assay Kit对文库进行质检合格后,使用Illumina HiSeq TM 2500测序仪测序。利用HISAT2将双端测序得到的序列比对到参考基因组(NCBI_ASM982982v1)。
测序原始数据raw reads利用fastp过滤和质控得到clean reads[10]。使用短reads比对工具Bowtie 2将clean reads比对到可可毛色二孢的核糖体数据库[11],在不允许错配情况下去除比对上核糖体的reads,将保留下来的unmapped reads用于后续转录组分析。利用DESeq2软件比较不同处理的样品与对照样品,从而鉴定差异基因[12]。以FDR<0.05且|log2(FC)|>1为标准筛选识别显著变化的差异表达基因(DEG),并对差异基因进行GO(http://www.geneontology.org/)功能分析和KEGG(http://www.genome.jp/kegg/)通路富集分析。另外,使用HMMER3.0软件和BLASTP程序比对含有细胞色素P450蛋白结构域、谷胱甘肽转移酶蛋白结构域和ABC转运蛋白结构域的序列,筛选后比对到转录组差异基因筛选结果中,结合差异基因功能和通路富集分析结果筛选与抗药性相关的解毒代谢基因。
3个菌株分别设10 mg/L咪鲜胺处理组和未处理组(对照),每个样品设置3个独立的生物学重复。提取芒果可可毛色二孢菌株总RNA并使用RNA逆转录试剂盒合成cDNA,使用ChamQ Universal qPCR SYBR Master Mix配制荧光定量检测体系,以actin基因作为内参基因测定差异基因表达量。使用Primer Premier 5软件设计特异性引物(表1),所有引物均由楠山科技有限公司(海南)合成。qPCR反应体系:2×ChamQ Universal qPCR SYBR Master Mix 10 μL、10 μmol/L上/下游引物各0.4 μL、cDNA模板1 μL、ddH2O 8.2 μL。反应程序:95 ℃预变性30 s;95 ℃变性5 s,60 ℃退火30 s,循环42次。每个处理3个生物学重复和3个技术性重复。
使用2-∆∆CT方法计算基因相对表达量[13]。使用GraphPad Prism软件进行数据分析,采用LSD法进行差异显著性检验。
供试3个菌株对咪鲜胺的EC50值在0.12~3.92 mg/L之间,与敏感菌株DF04相比,抗性菌株HL02和M108的抗性倍数分别为7.67倍和32.67倍(表2)。咪鲜胺敏感菌株的菌丝生长受药剂的抑制,除了菌落大小的差异,菌丝也较抗性菌株稀薄。
3个菌株分别设10 mg/L咪鲜胺处理组和未处理组,共6个样品,每个样品设置3个独立的生物学重复。过滤低质量数据后,从8个文库中生成了超过50亿个clean reads,3个重复的平均Q20介于97.10%~97.443%之间,Q30介于92.375%~93.09%之间,GC含量介于58.46~58.71之间(表3)。质控后的clean reads数超过3500万条,其中超过90.81%(unique map)比对到参考基因组唯一位置上,全部的可以定位到基因组上的reads数量及占有效reads比例(total mapped)超过91.40%。以上结果表明转录组测序数据质量高,可用于后续生物信息学分析。
以FDR<0.05且|log2(FC)|>1为条件进行差异表达基因的筛选。差异基因火山图数据显示(图1A),10 mg/L咪鲜胺处理(Pro)与未处理(CK)样品间的基因表达水平及差异基因数量存在差异:经10 mg/L咪鲜胺处理后的抗性菌株HL02、M108分别有609、1570个显著上调表达基因,539、998个显著下调表达基因;而敏感菌株DF04有2026个显著上调表达基因,3316个显著下调表达基因,敏感菌株的差异基因数量显著高于抗药菌株。韦恩图显示(图1B),3个菌株添加咪鲜胺处理前、后共有566个差异表达基因。
针对咪鲜胺处理后抗性菌株与敏感菌株之间的差异表达基因进行分析,结果表明,抗性菌株HL02、M108分别有2078、3096个上调表达基因,1527、1793个下调表达基因(图2),上调表达基因数量远大于下调表达基因。
GO功能富集分析发现,咪鲜胺处理后的抗性和敏感菌株的差异表达基因分别集中在生物学进程(biological process)、分子功能(molecular function)及细胞组分(cellular component)方面,其中,基因功能主要集中在27个term中,它们的差异表达基因数均大于100。生物学进程中富集的差异基因数量最多,主要富集在细胞过程(cellular process)和代谢过程(metabolic process),其中,DF04 vs HL02中分别有2249(18%)、2005(16%)个DEGs,DF04 vs M108中分别有3073(17%)、2683(15%)个DEGs。分子功能进程中差异表达基因主要富集在结合(binding)、催化活性(catalytic activity),DF04 vs HL02中分别有1774(38%)、1606(35%)个DEGs,DF04 vs M108中分别有2422(38%)、2095(33%)个DEGs。细胞组分进程中的差异表达基因显著富集在细胞结构体(cellular anatomical entity)和含蛋白质复合物(protein-containing complex)中,DF04 vs HL02中分别有1846(67%)、899(32%)个DEGs,DF04 vs M108中分别有2573(65%)、1354(34%)个DEGs(图3)。2个抗性菌株HL02、M108与敏感菌株DF04之间的差异表达基因分类趋势表现一致,但DF04 vs M108比对的差异表达基因高于DF04 vs HL02。
KEGG信号通路富集分析结果显示,咪鲜胺处理后的差异表达基因集中在代谢(metabolism)、遗传信息处理(genetic information processing)、细胞过程(cellular processes)、环境信息处理(environmental information processing)及有机系统(organismal systems)通路,DF04 vs HL02和DF04 vs M108中DEGs分别为1479、1961个DEGs。抗性菌株与敏感菌株之间差异表达基因显著富集在代谢通路中,代谢通路差异基因在DF04 vs HL02和DF04 vs M108比对中分别占64.98%和63.39%;其中,位于前五的分别是全局和总览图(global and overview maps)、碳代谢(carbon metabolism)、氨基酸代谢(amino acids metabolism)、脂质代谢(lipid metabolism)和辅助因子和维生素的代谢(metabolism of cofactors and vitamins)(图4)。
使用细胞色素P450蛋白结构域、谷胱甘肽转移酶蛋白结构域和ABC转运蛋白结构域比对到参考基因组后,结合转录组数据分别筛选出46个细胞色素P450(Cytochrome P450)差异表达基因、19个谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)差异表达基因和84个ABC转运蛋白(ABC transporter)差异表达基因。其中,抗敏菌株间基因表达水平存在明显差异,被注释为显著差异表达基因的有:细胞色素P450差异表达基因27个、谷胱甘肽转移酶差异表达基因17个和ABC转运蛋白差异表达基因59个。聚类热图分析表明,与敏感菌株相比,2个抗性菌株的差异表达基因基本一致。DF04 vs HL02和DF04 vs M108比对中,呈现上调表达P450s基因分别有14和15个(图5A),呈现上调表达GSTs基因分别有12和11个(图5B),呈现上调表达ABC转运蛋白基因分别有46和47个(图5C)。
基于转录组数据,随机选取4个细胞色素P450基因(56011963、56011911、56015966、56023668)、2个谷胱甘肽转移酶基因(56016123、56022618)和2个ABC转运蛋白基因(56013411、56014441)进行qPCR验证(图6),结果表明差异表达基因变化趋势与转录组数据一致,说明该转录组数据可靠。
代谢抗性相关的基因中,与敏感菌株相比,在2个抗性菌株中均呈现显著上调表达的基因包括:7个P450s基因、8个GSTs基因和11个ABC转运蛋白基因(表4)。上述基因在芒果可可毛色二孢对咪鲜胺的解毒代谢中可能发挥重要作用,抗性菌株表达水平的变化很可能与可可毛色二孢菌株抗药性相关。
苯并咪唑类及甲氧丙烯酸酯类均为高抗性风险的杀菌剂,在国内的海南及国外的阿曼均有发现。芒果蒂腐病菌可可毛色二孢对苯并咪唑类多菌灵、甲基硫菌灵和甲氧丙烯酸酯类吡唑醚菌酯、嘧菌酯等已经产生严重抗药性,在田间形成了具有较高抗性水平的抗药性亚种群[14-17];此外,在木瓜上有报道蒂腐病菌可可毛色二孢对甲基硫菌灵和嘧菌酯产生抗药性[18]。被划分为中等抗性风险的甾醇脱甲基抑制剂类(DMIs)如咪鲜胺、苯醚甲环唑等,单用或者作为复配制剂广泛应用于芒果病害防治,但目前生产上已经出现敏感性下降或药效降低的现象。咪鲜胺主要通过抑制植物病原真菌细胞膜上麦角甾醇的生物合成从而抑制菌丝生长,作为内吸性杀菌剂同样存在作用位点单一的缺点,长期使用同样具有产生抗药性的潜在危险。WANG等[19-20]发现我国海南芒果可可毛色二孢对DMI类杀菌剂苯醚甲环唑和咪鲜胺存在敏感性下降,并发现抗药性菌株与戊唑醇存在正交互抗性。
据报道,已有许多植物病原真菌对DMI类杀菌剂产生抗药性,如桃褐腐病菌(Monilinia fructicola[21-22],苹果黑星病菌(Venturia inaequalis[23]。DMI类杀菌剂的抗药性机制较为复杂,抗药性菌株除了存在靶标抗性,即杀菌剂靶标14α-脱甲基酶CYP51基因突变和过表达导致病原菌产生抗药性[19,24-26];还包括外排转运和解毒代谢酶的变化导致代谢抗性。研究指出,DMI类药剂的靶标基因CYP51的点突变、ABC转运蛋白基因AtrD和MFS转运蛋白基因Mfs1的诱导表达,均有可能介导灰葡萄孢(Botrytis cinerea)高抗突变体对啶菌噁唑的抗药性[27]。研究发现ABC-G转运蛋白基因的过量表达是导致草坪草币斑病病菌(Sclerotinia homoeocarpa)对丙环唑产生抗药性的原因[28]。ABC转运蛋白能够将亲脂性药物和代谢产物排出体外,ABC转运蛋白基因AG1IA_06082的过表达能够增强立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)对杀菌剂SYP-14288的外排作用从而导致病原菌对杀菌剂的抗药性[29]。WANG等[20]的研究发现,芒果可可毛色二孢咪鲜胺抗性菌株CYP51基因及ABCG基因的过表达与抗药性的产生有关。这些研究说明抗药性产生的机制不是单一的,可能存在多种机制。有研究表明解毒代谢相关基因的特异性表达与病原菌抗药性有关,如细胞色素P450,这是一类由含铁血红素蛋白组成的超家族单加氧酶,具有广泛的底物特异性,能够催化多种氧化和还原反应[30]。此外,谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)通过催化谷胱甘肽与各种疏水性和亲电性基团的结合参与解毒代谢[31]。细胞色素P450基因AG1IA_05136和谷胱甘肽转移酶基因AG1IA_07383过表达增强立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)的解毒代谢,与病原菌对解偶联剂SYP-14288、百菌清和苯醚甲环唑的多药抗性有关[32]。上述研究表明,ABC转运蛋白基因、细胞色素P450基因和谷胱甘肽转移酶基因过表达均与病菌抗药性密切相关。
大量文献报道转录组测序(RNA-seq)可以筛选及挖掘抗药性相关基因,如HELLIN等[33]通过转录组测序发现Fusarium culmorum在经过戊唑醇处理后,抗性菌株ABC1基因的表达量明显高于敏感菌株的表达量。ZHANG等[34]通过RNA-seq发现ABC转运蛋白基因和MFS转运蛋白基因参与了Penicillium italicum对咪鲜胺的抗药性。目前尚未有代谢酶参与可可毛色二孢抗药性的研究报道。因此,本研究采用RNA-seq技术分析对芒果可可毛色二孢咪鲜胺的抗敏菌株进行转录组测序,对咪鲜胺处理后抗敏菌株之间差异表达基因的分析发现,2个抗性菌株的差异表达基因主要集中在代谢通路中。根据GO分析和KEGG信号通路富集分析,将筛选出的与解毒代谢相关的细胞色素P450基因、谷胱甘肽转移酶基因和ABC转运蛋白基因进行进一步比较,发现2个抗性菌株的表达模式基本一致。本研究从转录组数据中筛选出的7个细胞色素P450基因、8个谷胱甘肽转移酶基因和11个ABC转运蛋白基因在咪鲜胺抗敏菌株间显著上调表达。其中,ABC转运蛋白基因5601757856024245在GO功能注释上被认为是编码多药耐药转运蛋白的基因,在灰葡萄孢上发现ABC转运蛋白基因BcatrB敲除突变体对植物抗毒素白藜芦醇和杀菌剂拌种咯的敏感性均增加[35],烟曲霉中ABC转运蛋白基因atrF的过表达被证明与伊曲康唑耐药性相关[36]。已有研究报道烟曲霉和白色念珠菌ABC转运蛋白家族的多药耐药转运蛋白基因过表达可能导致真菌的多药抗性[37]。其它差异表达基因并没有相关文献报道与杀菌剂抗药性相关,推测这些基因很可能与芒果可可毛色二孢菌株对咪鲜胺的抗药性有关,但这些基因是否真正参与病原菌抗药性还需要采用基因过表达、基因敲除和RNAi等方法进一步验证。本研究首次对可可毛色二孢进行代谢抗药性的研究,并发现部分细胞色素P450、谷胱甘肽转移酶和ABC转运蛋白基因在咪鲜胺处理芒果可可毛色二孢后显著上调表达,表明芒果可可毛色二孢对咪鲜胺的抗药性可能与多种代谢途径相关。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(32160653)
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2024年第45卷第9期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.09.005
  • 接收时间:2024-02-06
  • 首发时间:2026-06-23
  • 出版时间:2024-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-06
  • 修回日期:2024-03-04
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国家自然科学基金项目(32160653)
作者信息
    1.海南大学三亚南繁研究院,海南三亚 572022
    2.海南大学热带农林学院,海南海口 570228

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* 杨叶(YANG Ye),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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