Article(id=1276175629087282162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276175380184695804, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.09.015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1704988800000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-12, revisedDate=1709395200000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782193580171, onlineDateStr=2026-06-23, pubDate=1727193600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782193580171, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782193580171, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782193580171, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276175380184695804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2024', volume='45', issue='9', pageStart='1761', pageEnd='1997', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1727193600000', pubDateStr='2024-09-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782193520816, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782193908264, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276177005326504448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276175380184695804, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276177005326504449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276175380184695804, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1902, endPage=1911, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276175630341379061, articleId=1276175629087282162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Analysis of Histological and Physiological-biochemical Characteristics of Capsicum frutescens on the Resistance to Meloidogyne enterolobii, columnId=1236292524264968282, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Plant Protection & Bio-safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Meloidogyne enterolobii has developed into the most devastating root-knot nematode species due to its wide host range and strong infection ability, by which pepper production in Hainan province is greatly affected. The usage of inheritance resistance of crops is an economic and environmental friendly approach to control M. enterolobii. In previous studies, we identified one resistant germplasm CF25 from thirty local Capsicum frutescens resources. To better utilize this germplasm for disease resistance breeding, it is necessary to deepen the understanding of its resistance memechanism. Hence, resistant germplasm CF25 and susceptible germplasm CF29 were inoculated with M. enterolobii, and the histological characteristics were detected by the methods of acidic magenta staining and paraffin section. In terms of intrusion amount, the resistant germplasm CF25 was found to have smaller number of M. enterolobii that invaded into the roots. In terms of nematode morphology, the juveniles of M. enterolobii in CF25 developed slower than in CF29, and the female adult in CF25 presented abnormal morphology. In terms of root anatomical structure, the content of giant cells gradually decreased and cavitation phenomenon occurred in the resistant germplasm CF25. The POD and PAL activity of CF25 and CF29 was measured to explore the biochemical bases of M. enterolobii resistance. The POD and PAL activity measured in most time points after inoculation in CF25 was significantly higher than in CF29. In summary, from the perspective of histology, the resistance to M. enterolobii in CF25 was mainly presented as anti-invasion and feeding restriction. The reduction of giant cell cellular content might restrict the feeding of juveniles, which led to the slow and poor development of M. enterolobii. From the perspective of biochemistry, higher POD activity in CF25 might be good for the elimination of the active oxygen accumulated by the invasion of root-knot nematode. Besides that, higher POD and PAL activity might lead to the generation of more phenylpropanoid secondary metabolites, including lignin, which might resulted in higher resistance in CF25. The histological and biochemical bases of M. enterolobii resistance in CF25 were analyzed in our studies. The results would provide certain basis for further exploring the mechanism of M. enterolobii resistance in C. frutescens.

, authors=null, authorsList=Meihong CHEN, Yinxiang HUANG, Long LIN, Chang GAO, Rongsheng TU, Jie ZHU, Ziji LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jie ZHU, Ziji LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276175638243446786, articleId=1276175629087282162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=灌木辣椒(Capsicum frutescens)抗象耳豆根结线虫的组织学及生理生化特征分析, columnId=1236292524520820846, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=植物保护与生物安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

象耳豆根结线虫(Meloidogyne enterolobii)寄主范围广,侵染能力强,已发展为根结线虫(Meloidogyne spp.)中最具破坏性的1个种。海南地区辣椒生产受象耳豆根结线虫影响较大。利用作物本身的抗性来防治该病害是比较绿色、经济、环保的办法。前期,本研究团队已从30份本地灌木辣椒(Capsicum frutescens)资源中筛选出1份抗病种质CF25。为更好地利用该种质开展抗病育种工作,加深对其抗病机理的理解,本研究对抗病种质CF25和感病种质CF29接种象耳豆根结线虫,通过酸性品红染色和石蜡切片等方法,结果发现在根结线虫侵入量方面,CF25的线虫侵入量比CF29少;在根结线虫发育形态方面,CF25中线虫发育比CF29缓慢,且出现雌虫发育不良的现象;在根系解剖结构方面,CF25巨细胞中的内容物逐渐减少,出现空洞化现象。为初步探索CF25抗根结线虫的生理基础,对CF25和CF29进行过氧化物酶(POD)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性测定。结果显示,接种后多数时间点CF25的POD和PAL活性显著高于CF29。综上所述,从组织学角度来看,灌木辣椒资源CF25对象耳豆根结线虫的抗性主要体现在抗侵入和限制取食两方面;CF25巨细胞内容物的减少可能抑制了根结线虫的进食,从而导致其发育缓慢且不良;从生理生化角度来看,CF25较高的POD活性可能有利于清除根结线虫侵染导致的活性氧积累。此外,较高的POD和PAL活性可能导致包括木质素在内的更多苯丙烷类次生代谢产物的生成,从而提高了CF25的抗病性。本研究分析了灌木辣椒资源CF25抗象耳豆根结线虫的组织学和生理生化基础,可为后续深入探究灌木辣椒抗象耳豆根结线虫机理提供依据。

, authors=

陈梅红(1999—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:蔬菜遗传育种。

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* 朱婕(ZHU Jie),E-mail:
刘子记(LIU Ziji),E-mail:
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陈梅红(1999—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:蔬菜遗传育种。

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陈梅红(1999—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:蔬菜遗传育种。

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Journal of Plant Physiology, 2007, 164(2): 185-194., articleTitle=The possible involvement of peroxidase in defense of yellow lupine embryo axes against Fusarium oxysporum, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1276465531091816748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175629087282162, awardId=321QN189, language=CN, fundingSource=海南省自然科学基金项目(321QN189), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1276465531163119917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175629087282162, awardId=ZDKJ2021005, language=CN, fundingSource=海南省重大科技计划项目(ZDKJ2021005), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1276465531238617390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175629087282162, awardId=Hys2022-101, language=CN, fundingSource=海南省普通高等学校研究生创新科研课题(Hys2022-101), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1276465518827671781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175629087282162, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276465518840254694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175629087282162, companyId=1276465518827671781, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry (School of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, School of Rural Revitalization), Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276465518848643303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175629087282162, companyId=1276465518827671781, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.海南大学热带农林学院(农业农村学院、乡村振兴学院),海南海口 570228)]), AuthorCompany(id=1276465518919946472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175629087282162, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276465518924140777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175629087282162, companyId=1276465518919946472, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276465518932529386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175629087282162, companyId=1276465518919946472, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.热带特色林木花卉遗传与种质创新教育部重点实验室,海南海口 570228)]), AuthorCompany(id=1276465519003832556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175629087282162, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276465519012221165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175629087282162, companyId=1276465519003832556, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.Tropical Crops Genetic Recourses Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276465519020609774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175629087282162, companyId=1276465519003832556, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.中国热带农业科学院热带作物品种资源研究所,海南海口 571101)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1276465529728667936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175629087282162, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Changes in number of M. enterolobii in roots of resistant and susceptible germplasms after inoculation

* indicates significant difference in the number of nematodes between resistant and susceptible germplasm at that time point (P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=qi/EfJ/P5s0wL9AKDV8iRg==, figureFileBig=zjaX78BS2EfyFp3aatVKAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276465530068406561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175629087282162, language=CN, label=图1, caption=接种后抗、感种质根系中的象耳豆根结线虫数量变化

*表示在该时间点抗、感种质间线虫数量差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=qi/EfJ/P5s0wL9AKDV8iRg==, figureFileBig=zjaX78BS2EfyFp3aatVKAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276465530173264162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175629087282162, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Development and morphological changes of M. enterolobii in roots of resistant and susceptible germplasm at different days after inoculation, figureFileSmall=VYt4vZ8jkMHYEt3B1yslTA==, figureFileBig=wnQCEcYEfkcNsSmcF1jO9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276465530244567331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175629087282162, language=CN, label=图2, caption=接种后不同天数抗、感种质根系中象耳豆根结线虫的发育形态变化, figureFileSmall=VYt4vZ8jkMHYEt3B1yslTA==, figureFileBig=wnQCEcYEfkcNsSmcF1jO9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276465530320064804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175629087282162, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Anatomical changes in root cells of resistant and susceptible germplasm at different days after inoculation

RKN: Root-knot nematode; GC: Giant cell; CO: Cortex; VAS: Vascular bundle.

, figureFileSmall=/SzH1cSH1Gf0MdZX56JAtw==, figureFileBig=WTDdTvZcnZuLRbq/niRffQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276465530471059749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175629087282162, language=CN, label=图3, caption=接种后不同天数抗、感种质根系细胞解剖学变化

RKN:根结线虫;GC:巨细胞;CO:皮层;VAS:维管束。

, figureFileSmall=/SzH1cSH1Gf0MdZX56JAtw==, figureFileBig=WTDdTvZcnZuLRbq/niRffQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276465530542362918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175629087282162, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Changes in POD activity of roots between resistant and susceptible germplasm at different days after inoculation

* represents significant difference in POD activity between inoculated resistant and susceptible germplasms at that time point (P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=crz3bVTJMERC/SAddkdbOw==, figureFileBig=ReuyXYb96ZGDQJZqIrcEvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276465530605277479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175629087282162, language=CN, label=图4, caption=接种不同天数抗、感种质根系POD活性变化

*代表经过接种的抗、感种质在该时间点POD活性差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=crz3bVTJMERC/SAddkdbOw==, figureFileBig=ReuyXYb96ZGDQJZqIrcEvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276465530668192040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175629087282162, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Changes in PAL activity of roots between resistant and susceptible germplasm at different days after inoculation

* represents significant difference in PAL activity between inoculated resistant and susceptible germplasms at that time point (P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=Flb2xl1C/8a4n0Mi3V/Lqg==, figureFileBig=dxwIHlNCha+M/V9oiAPr8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276465530731106601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175629087282162, language=CN, label=图5, caption=接种不同天数抗、感种质根系PAL活性变化

*代表经过接种的抗、感种质在该时间点PAL活性差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=Flb2xl1C/8a4n0Mi3V/Lqg==, figureFileBig=dxwIHlNCha+M/V9oiAPr8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276465530894684458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175629087282162, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

M. enterolobii resistance identification of C. frutescens germplasms

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
品系Line根结指数GI卵粒指数EI繁殖系数RF抗病等级DR
CF253.00±1.17b2.42±0.95b0.62±0.41bR
CF2985.84±13.12a73.43±12.35a10.11±1.26aS
CF2066.71±7.29a61.94±8.40a17.17±4.00aS
), ArticleFig(id=1276465530978570539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175629087282162, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

灌木辣椒种质的象耳豆根结线虫抗性鉴定结果

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品系Line根结指数GI卵粒指数EI繁殖系数RF抗病等级DR
CF253.00±1.17b2.42±0.95b0.62±0.41bR
CF2985.84±13.12a73.43±12.35a10.11±1.26aS
CF2066.71±7.29a61.94±8.40a17.17±4.00aS
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灌木辣椒(Capsicum frutescens)抗象耳豆根结线虫的组织学及生理生化特征分析
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陈梅红 1 , 黄银香 1 , 林珑 1 , 高畅 1 , 涂容生 1 , 朱婕 1, 2, * , 刘子记 3, *
热带作物学报 | 植物保护与生物安全 2024,45(9): 1902-1911
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热带作物学报 |植物保护与生物安全 2024 , 45 (9) : 1902 -1911
灌木辣椒(Capsicum frutescens)抗象耳豆根结线虫的组织学及生理生化特征分析
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陈梅红1, 黄银香1, 林珑1, 高畅1, 涂容生1, 朱婕1, 2, * , 刘子记3, *
作者信息
  • 1.海南大学热带农林学院(农业农村学院、乡村振兴学院),海南海口 570228
  • 2.热带特色林木花卉遗传与种质创新教育部重点实验室,海南海口 570228
  • 3.中国热带农业科学院热带作物品种资源研究所,海南海口 571101
通讯作者:
* 朱婕(ZHU Jie),E-mail:
刘子记(LIU Ziji),E-mail:
Analysis of Histological and Physiological-biochemical Characteristics of Capsicum frutescens on the Resistance to Meloidogyne enterolobii
Meihong CHEN1, Yinxiang HUANG1, Long LIN1, Chang GAO1, Rongsheng TU1, Jie ZHU1, 2, * , Ziji LIU3, *
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry (School of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, School of Rural Revitalization), Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
  • 3.Tropical Crops Genetic Recourses Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China
出版时间: 2024-09-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.09.015
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象耳豆根结线虫(Meloidogyne enterolobii)寄主范围广,侵染能力强,已发展为根结线虫(Meloidogyne spp.)中最具破坏性的1个种。海南地区辣椒生产受象耳豆根结线虫影响较大。利用作物本身的抗性来防治该病害是比较绿色、经济、环保的办法。前期,本研究团队已从30份本地灌木辣椒(Capsicum frutescens)资源中筛选出1份抗病种质CF25。为更好地利用该种质开展抗病育种工作,加深对其抗病机理的理解,本研究对抗病种质CF25和感病种质CF29接种象耳豆根结线虫,通过酸性品红染色和石蜡切片等方法,结果发现在根结线虫侵入量方面,CF25的线虫侵入量比CF29少;在根结线虫发育形态方面,CF25中线虫发育比CF29缓慢,且出现雌虫发育不良的现象;在根系解剖结构方面,CF25巨细胞中的内容物逐渐减少,出现空洞化现象。为初步探索CF25抗根结线虫的生理基础,对CF25和CF29进行过氧化物酶(POD)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性测定。结果显示,接种后多数时间点CF25的POD和PAL活性显著高于CF29。综上所述,从组织学角度来看,灌木辣椒资源CF25对象耳豆根结线虫的抗性主要体现在抗侵入和限制取食两方面;CF25巨细胞内容物的减少可能抑制了根结线虫的进食,从而导致其发育缓慢且不良;从生理生化角度来看,CF25较高的POD活性可能有利于清除根结线虫侵染导致的活性氧积累。此外,较高的POD和PAL活性可能导致包括木质素在内的更多苯丙烷类次生代谢产物的生成,从而提高了CF25的抗病性。本研究分析了灌木辣椒资源CF25抗象耳豆根结线虫的组织学和生理生化基础,可为后续深入探究灌木辣椒抗象耳豆根结线虫机理提供依据。

象耳豆根结线虫  /  抗性  /  灌木辣椒  /  组织学  /  POD  /  PAL

Meloidogyne enterolobii has developed into the most devastating root-knot nematode species due to its wide host range and strong infection ability, by which pepper production in Hainan province is greatly affected. The usage of inheritance resistance of crops is an economic and environmental friendly approach to control M. enterolobii. In previous studies, we identified one resistant germplasm CF25 from thirty local Capsicum frutescens resources. To better utilize this germplasm for disease resistance breeding, it is necessary to deepen the understanding of its resistance memechanism. Hence, resistant germplasm CF25 and susceptible germplasm CF29 were inoculated with M. enterolobii, and the histological characteristics were detected by the methods of acidic magenta staining and paraffin section. In terms of intrusion amount, the resistant germplasm CF25 was found to have smaller number of M. enterolobii that invaded into the roots. In terms of nematode morphology, the juveniles of M. enterolobii in CF25 developed slower than in CF29, and the female adult in CF25 presented abnormal morphology. In terms of root anatomical structure, the content of giant cells gradually decreased and cavitation phenomenon occurred in the resistant germplasm CF25. The POD and PAL activity of CF25 and CF29 was measured to explore the biochemical bases of M. enterolobii resistance. The POD and PAL activity measured in most time points after inoculation in CF25 was significantly higher than in CF29. In summary, from the perspective of histology, the resistance to M. enterolobii in CF25 was mainly presented as anti-invasion and feeding restriction. The reduction of giant cell cellular content might restrict the feeding of juveniles, which led to the slow and poor development of M. enterolobii. From the perspective of biochemistry, higher POD activity in CF25 might be good for the elimination of the active oxygen accumulated by the invasion of root-knot nematode. Besides that, higher POD and PAL activity might lead to the generation of more phenylpropanoid secondary metabolites, including lignin, which might resulted in higher resistance in CF25. The histological and biochemical bases of M. enterolobii resistance in CF25 were analyzed in our studies. The results would provide certain basis for further exploring the mechanism of M. enterolobii resistance in C. frutescens.

Meloidogyne enterolobii  /  resistance  /  Capsicum frutescens  /  histology  /  POD  /  PAL
陈梅红, 黄银香, 林珑, 高畅, 涂容生, 朱婕, 刘子记. 灌木辣椒(Capsicum frutescens)抗象耳豆根结线虫的组织学及生理生化特征分析. 热带作物学报, 2024 , 45 (9) : 1902 -1911 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.09.015
Meihong CHEN, Yinxiang HUANG, Long LIN, Chang GAO, Rongsheng TU, Jie ZHU, Ziji LIU. Analysis of Histological and Physiological-biochemical Characteristics of Capsicum frutescens on the Resistance to Meloidogyne enterolobii[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2024 , 45 (9) : 1902 -1911 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.09.015
辣椒(Capsicum spp.)原产于中南美洲热带及亚热带地区,被人类食用的历史长达9500多年,是世界上使用最广泛的香料和调味品之一[1-2]。目前,生产上常用的辣椒栽培种有一年生辣椒(C. annuum)、灌木辣椒(C. frutescens)、中国辣椒(C. chinense)、下垂辣椒(C. pendulum)和茸毛辣椒(C. pubescen)等。随着辣椒产业的不断扩大,有限的土地资源和市场需求表现出不平衡状态,大多数地区出现连作和滥用农药的现象,致使辣椒病虫害反复发生。其中,根结线虫被认为是辣椒生产中的主要制约因素之一[3-4]
根结线虫(Meloidogyne spp.)为无色透明的无脊椎动物[5],生产上的常见种包括南方根结线虫(M. incognita)、爪哇根结线虫(M. javanica)、花生根结线虫(M. arenaria)、北方根结线虫(M. hapla)和象耳豆根结线虫(M. enterolobii[6]。其中,象耳豆根结线虫是近几年较受关注的一种根结线虫,广泛分布于全球热带、亚热带地区[7-12]。海南地区气候炎热,适合象耳豆根结线虫的发生和传播。黄伟明等[13]对海南岛葫芦科蔬菜上的根结线虫种群进行鉴定,发现象耳豆根结线虫发生率高达80%。李周容等[14]对海南18个市县种植的蔬菜进行根结线虫病原物分子鉴定,发现象耳豆根结线虫的检出率最高,为南方根结线虫检出率的3倍。LONG等[4]发现海南辣椒生产中的优势根结线虫种群为象耳豆根结线虫。象耳豆根结线虫侵染性极强,已克服了辣椒的NMe1Me3Me7等根结线虫抗性基因[15-16],急需挖掘新的抗性资源,并深入解析其抗性机理,为这些抗性种质资源的创新性利用提供依据。
根结线虫的二龄幼虫(J2)一般使用探针以机械和酶促的方式破坏植物细胞壁从而侵入根系细胞,3~5 d即可建立取食点[17]。取食点一般由5~8个巨细胞组成,是根结线虫的营养物质来源[18]。随着根系细胞有丝分裂的进行,巨细胞中的细胞质愈加致密,却无法正常分裂,此时的巨细胞比正常细胞含有更多的蛋白质、氨基酸和核酸等物质[19]。研究表明,巨细胞的崩溃可能会对根结线虫导致的危害起到抑制作用[20]。由此可见,巨细胞对根结线虫的寄生生活尤为重要,其形态结构和内容物的变化均可能影响根结线虫在根系中的生长发育。为此,在对抗性资源进行机理研究的过程中,有必要研究根系内J2幼虫的发育状态及巨细胞的变化情况,从解剖学角度探索抗性产生的原因,为后续深入研究抗性机理提供线索。
植物自身的生理抗性主要体现在植物体内防御酶的变化。病原菌侵染植物后,活性氧(ROS)在体内发生较大的变化,ROS过量积累会对植物造成氧化损伤,因此需要立即激活抗氧化防御机制[21-22]。过氧化物酶(POD)是植物体内主要的活性氧清除酶之一,可清除ROS,减少膜质过氧化,并通过延缓DNA损伤来预防蛋白质损伤,从而起到保护宿主的作用[23-24]。苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)是苯丙烷代谢中重要的限速酶,能够推动苯丙烷代谢的第一步反应,而苯丙烷代谢途径的重要产物之一是木质素单体,其可聚合形成木质素,使细胞壁加厚,从而提高植物对不良因素的抵抗能力[25-26]。对根结线虫抗性资源进行防御酶活性的研究,有助于加深对其抗性机理的认识。
小米辣属于半野生灌木辣椒资源,零星分布于我国云南和海南地区[27]。小米辣植株粗大,根系发达,对许多生物及非生物胁迫都具有良好的抗性[28-30],本课题组前期从30份海南本地收集的小米辣(C. frutescens)资源中筛选出一份抗象耳豆根结线虫的种质CF25。为进一步解析其抗性生理机制,本研究拟对极端抗、感种质接种象耳豆根结线虫,采用染色和石蜡切片等手段探究其解剖学变化,并通过测定POD和PAL的酶活性初步揭示其抗性生理学基础,为后续深入解析灌木辣椒抗象耳豆根结线虫机理奠定基础。
象耳豆根结线虫抗性材料CF25、感病材料CF29和感病对照CF20均为海南本地收集的小米辣(C. frutescens)资源。
课题组前期从患病辣椒根部挑取单个根结线虫卵粒,接种到用灭菌基质培养的空心菜根部。3个月后挑取新鲜卵粒,常温孵化为二龄幼虫(J2),提取DNA,并通过种属特异性分子标记鉴定其属于象耳豆根结线虫[31],随后将纯化的根结线虫种群保存于空心菜植株根部。
将小米辣种子55 ℃水浴15 min,30 ℃水浴5 h,置于28 ℃恒温培养箱中催芽,种子露白后播种。挑取成熟卵粒,置于装有少量清水的培养皿孵化。收集孵出的J2,配制成1000条/mL的J2悬浮液。采取完全随机区组设计,3种辣椒材料各选取6片真叶的种苗8株,分别接种1 mL J2悬浮液。接种后的辣椒苗实行常规的水肥管理,每2周施1次复合肥(N∶P∶K=15∶15∶15)。
接种45 d后进行抗病性鉴定。将辣椒根部洗净晾干,称重,并对根结和卵粒进行计数。参照BOITEUX和CHARCHAR[32]的方法计算根结指数(gall index,GI)和卵粒指数(egg mass index,EI)。GI=单株根结数/单株根鲜重;EI=单株卵粒数/单株根鲜重。将根剪成1~2 cm小段,加入1.2%次氯酸钠,200 r/min振荡10 min,光学显微镜下对卵进行计数,依据GONÇALVES等[33]的方法计算繁殖系数(reproduction factor,RF)。RF=单株卵数/单株初始接种量,若RF<1,则认为具有根结线虫抗性。
在接种后1、4、7、10、13、16、19、22、25、28 d,分别选取CF25和CF29种苗各3株。洗净根系,采用次氯酸钠-酸性品红法[34]对根系进行染色,在光学显微镜下观察根系中根结线虫的数量及发育形态。
在接种0、1、4、7、10、13、16、22 d,分别选取CF25和CF29种苗各3株。洗净根系,无根结的植株取根尖部分,出现根结的植株取最大的根结,取样后立即放入70%的福尔马林-乙酸-乙醇(Formalin-Aceto-Alcohol,FAA)固定液中保存,并送至武汉赛维尔生物有限公司进行石蜡切片的制作和染色。
在接种0、5、10、15、25 d,分别选取CF25和CF29种苗各3株,洗净根系,使用北京索莱宝科技有限公司过氧化物酶活性检测试剂盒(BC0090)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性检测试剂盒(BC0210)测定POD和PAL的酶活性。以不接种植株作为对照。
利用SPSS 22.0软件计算试验数据的平均值及标准误差,并对GI、EI、RF、根结线虫侵入量、POD和PAL活性分别进行单因素方差分析,利用Duncan’s法进行多重比较分析。
表1可以看出,CF20的GI和EI值均较大,且RF达到17.17,表明其感病性较强,也反映了试验条件比较适合象耳豆根结线虫的侵染和繁殖。CF25的RF小于1,说明该种质对象耳豆根结线虫具有抗性。而CF29的RF值为10.11,表明该种质易受象耳豆根结线虫感染。对3份种质的GI、EI和RF值分别进行方差分析,发现CF29和CF20的各项指标差异均不显著,而CF25相关指标均与其他2个种质有显著差异(P<0.05)。
分别对抗、感种质接种象耳豆根结线虫,并在接种后不同天数观察根系内线虫数量及发育状态(图1图2)。从线虫数量来看,CF25中的虫数在接种后各时间点均少于CF29。其中,在接种第4、16和25天,CF25根系中的虫数显著低于CF29(P<0.05)(图1)。从线虫的发育状态来看,接种后1~4 d,抗、感种质中的线虫均处于J2时期(图1图2)。第7天,部分早期侵入的J2逐步发育为三龄幼虫(J3)。第10天,CF29根系内线虫处于三/四龄幼虫(J3/J4)时期,而CF25中尚存在少量J2幼虫。第13天,CF29出现雌虫,而CF25无雌虫出现。第16天,CF25开始出现雌虫,但雌虫体型比CF29中的略小。第19~28天,CF25中的雌虫均比CF29略小(图2)。以上结果说明,CF25中的根结线虫幼虫发育速度比CF29中的缓慢,且存在发育不良的现象。由此推测,CF25对根结线虫的抗性可能体现在2个方面,一是阻碍J2幼虫的入侵,二是阻滞幼虫在根系中的发育。
用接种后不同天数的抗、感种质根系制作石蜡切片,初步探究根系细胞的解剖学变化(图3)。接种前,抗、感种质根系细胞皆排列正常。接种后第1天,抗、感种质根组织中均发现J2的侵入。第4天,根部细胞微微隆起,CF29根系变形程度大于CF25,且CF29中的线虫略微变粗,推测此时已经建立了取食点。第7天,抗、感种质均形成膨大的根结,内部皮层细胞增殖聚集。第10天,每个取食点均能观察到2~5个巨细胞。CF25中的巨细胞形态不规则,且细胞质较为稀疏。而CF29中的巨细胞形态比较规则,并具有均匀致密的细胞质。第13天,CF25中的巨细胞的细胞质进一步减少,而CF29中的巨细胞的细胞质依旧保持相对浓密的状态。第16天,CF25中多数巨细胞的细胞质非常稀薄,根结线虫形态异常。CF29中的巨细胞形态相对正常,细胞质依旧比较浓密,根结线虫发育正常。第22天,CF25中的雌虫萎缩,巨细胞内容物较少。而CF29中的雌虫发育比较正常,巨细胞内容物始终保持浓密状态。依据以上解剖学结果,推测抗病种质CF25的巨细胞内容物减少,出现空洞化,从而抑制了根结线虫的发育。
为进一步探究CF25抗象耳豆根结线虫的机制,测定了接种前后抗、感种质根系的POD和PAL活性。从对照来看,除第5天外,其余时间点CF29的POD活性大于CF25,且第5、10和25天差异显著(P<0.05)(图4)。CF25的POD活性在接种后逐步缓慢升高,从接种后第10天开始,POD活性显著高于对照(P<0.05)。在25 d时升至最高点,为12 292.54 U/g,是不接种对照的2倍。CF29的POD活性在接种后第5~15天显著低于对照(P<0.05),而在第25天时显著高于对照(P<0.05),且达到最高,为10 390.40 U/g。总体来说,接种前,CF25的POD活性略低于CF29。而接种后,CF25在各个时间点的POD活性均显著高于CF29(P<0.05)。推测CF25通过提高POD的活性来清除体内因根结线虫侵染产生的大量ROS,从而使植株保持较稳定的生长状态。
图5所示,对照组中,除第10天外,其他时间点CF25的PAL活性均略高于CF29(图5),但仅在0 d存在显著性差异(P<0.05),其他时间点差异不显著。CF25的PAL活性在接种第5天时下降,之后逐渐升高,在15 d时升至最高值,为25.32 U/g。在第10和15天,接种后的CF25的PAL活性显著高于其不接种的对照组(P<0.05)。接种后,CF29的PAL活性逐步升高,在25 d升至最高,为21.16 U/g。接种后,CF29的PAL活性除在第10天略低于对照外,其余时间点均略高于对照。总体而言,接种后,CF25的PAL活性均高于CF29,其中,在第10、15天,二者差异显著(P<0.05)。PAL是催化苯丙烷类代谢第一步反应的关键酶,其活性增加可能导致生成更多的苯丙烷类次生代谢产物。
防治根结线虫最常用的方法是使用化学杀虫剂,但化学药剂的滥用不仅容易导致耐药性的问题,产生的农药残留还可能会对环境和人体造成负面影响[35]。采用物理或生物的方法也可防治根结线虫,但其受外界影响因素多,防治效果不稳定。相比之下,利用植物自身的抗性来防治根结线虫的方法较为绿色、经济、环保,且效果相对稳定[36-38]。目前,辣椒中开展了少量抗象耳豆根结线虫资源的挖掘工作。SOARES等[39]从69份辣椒品种中鉴定出1份抗象耳豆根结线虫的灌木辣椒资源。CARRILLO-FASIO等[40]从90份一年生辣椒中筛选出5份抗象耳豆根结线虫的种质资源。GONÇALVES等[33]对39份辣椒进行象耳豆根结线虫抗性鉴定,仅发现1份中国辣椒资源具有很好的抗性。由此可见,抗象耳豆根结线虫的辣椒资源较为紧缺。本研究前期筛选出1份抗性灌木辣椒资源CF25,其不仅根结数目较少,且产生的卵数少于初始接种量,解析其抗性机理将有助于后续抗病育种工作的开展。
从组织学的角度来看,作物抗根结线虫机理大致有以下几种情况:(1)抗侵入,即将根结线虫排除在维管束之外。抗侵入是许多抗病植物抵御根结线虫侵染的普遍策略。叶德友等[41]对抗、感黄瓜材料分别接种南方根结线虫,发现抗病品种的线虫侵入量比感病品种低。然而,抗病材料酸黄瓜的解剖学结构与普通黄瓜基本相似,推测其抗侵入特性并非由根的特殊结构引起,可能是通过提高木质素含量使细胞壁加厚,从而达到限制线虫侵入的目的。由此可见,木质素作为细胞壁的重要组成部分,对线虫能起到一定防御作用。KUMARI等[42]对水稻根结线虫抗性材料Vandana和感病材料Pusa1121进行次氯酸钠-酸性品红染色试验发现,Vandana的线虫侵入量比Pusa1121少,同时也发现接种后抗性水稻Vandana的侧根比Pusa1121有所增加,推测侧根的发生形成了结构屏障,从而预防线虫后续入侵。本研究对接种后的抗、感辣椒根系进行次氯酸钠-酸性品红染色,同样发现抗病材料CF25的根结线虫侵染量少于感病材料CF29。通过石蜡切片发现抗、感材料根系解剖学结构并无明显差异,且接种后也未在侧根发生方面表现出明显不同。因此,推测CF25较强的抗侵入能力并非由根部特殊结构引起,可能与较高的木质素含量导致其细胞壁强度较大有一定关系。(2)影响取食。刘雪娇等[43]对黄瓜抗病材料接种南方根结线虫,发现抗病材料初生韧皮部附近的薄壁细胞层形成巨细胞,维管束完整未受到破坏;接种6 d后,巨细胞呈延伸状,细胞壁出现降解,且巨细胞邻近的个别细胞空洞化,影响线虫取食,使其无法完成正常发育。DAS等[44]对豇豆抗病材料CB46和感病材料null-Rk接种南方根结线虫,发现CB46线虫周围的巨细胞可维持14 d,随后出现巨细胞空洞化及细胞壁变薄等恶化症状,最终巨细胞崩溃。由此可见,巨细胞空洞化可能是寄主的一种抗性机制,且空洞化的快慢可能会影响植物抗病性的强弱。本研究发现CF25根系中的根结线虫比CF29发育慢,且从接种第10天开始,CF25根系中的巨细胞即出现明显的空洞化,第22天观察到的雌虫偏小,呈皱缩状。由此推测巨细胞的空洞化可能是CF25抗根结线虫的一个主要机制。(3)过敏性坏死。过敏性反应(HR)是植物细胞为限制病原体的生长而表现出的一种细胞死亡形式,过敏性反应与病原体的侵染和植物的抗病性有关[45]。邱志娜等[46]对新疆野生樱桃李接种南方根结线虫,发现接种1 d后即出现过敏性反应,并同时产生大量H2O2,从而抑制了巨细胞的发育,使线虫发育受阻。本研究中未发现过敏性反应现象,推测HR可能不是CF25主要的根结线虫抗性机制。
植物受到外界干扰时防御酶活性会在短时间内提高,如PAL、POD等,一般具有抗性的植物相关酶活性会比感病植物高[47]。研究表明,接种根结线虫后,抗病水稻的PAL活性显著高于感病水稻[48]。此外,黄金玲等[49]研究发现,接种根结线虫后,抗病柑橘在5~25 d的PAL活性一直增高,之后才下降。本研究中,接种象耳豆根结线虫后,CF25在各时间点的PAL活性均高于CF29。推测根结线虫的侵染导致CF25中PAL活性的提升,从而增强苯丙烷代谢,产生一系列相关的次生代谢产物,最终提高了对象耳豆根结线虫的抗性。YANG等[50]对感染根结线虫的抗、感甘薯进行POD活性测定,发现抗性甘薯的POD活性均高于未接种对照。王袁等[51]测定抗、感烟草材料在接种南方根结线虫后的POD活性变化发现,在接种14 d中抗病烟草G28的POD活性持续上升,接种第28天出现二次侵染,其POD活性再次上升,各时间点G28的POD活性始终高于感病材料长脖黄。POD在植物体内是普遍存在的,在根结线虫的干扰下,植物产生过量ROS,促使POD活性增强来降低ROS对植物的危害。POD不仅调节植物活性氧平衡,还有利于木栓蛋白的形成,参与植物机械损伤的修复和细胞壁的形成[52]。本研究中,CF25的POD活性始终高于未接种的对照组和CF29,表明CF25在线虫入侵后,体内的抗氧化酶系统被激活,从而降低根结线虫侵染导致的ROS带来的危害。同时,POD是苯丙烷代谢途径中催化木质素单体生物合成的关键酶,推测CF25中POD活性的升高可能会增强木质素的合成,从而起到加强细胞壁防御屏障的作用。
综上所述,本研究从组织学和生理生化角度探究了灌木辣椒资源CF25抗象耳豆根结线虫的生理基础,初步判定其抗性机制为抗侵入和抑制进食。未来可以此为基础深入探究其抗病分子机理,为后续抗病育种提供理论依据。
  • 海南省自然科学基金项目(321QN189)
  • 海南省重大科技计划项目(ZDKJ2021005)
  • 海南省普通高等学校研究生创新科研课题(Hys2022-101)
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2024年第45卷第9期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.09.015
  • 接收时间:2024-01-12
  • 首发时间:2026-06-23
  • 出版时间:2024-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-12
  • 修回日期:2024-03-03
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海南省自然科学基金项目(321QN189)
海南省重大科技计划项目(ZDKJ2021005)
海南省普通高等学校研究生创新科研课题(Hys2022-101)
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    1.海南大学热带农林学院(农业农村学院、乡村振兴学院),海南海口 570228
    2.热带特色林木花卉遗传与种质创新教育部重点实验室,海南海口 570228
    3.中国热带农业科学院热带作物品种资源研究所,海南海口 571101

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Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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