Article(id=1276175563551277375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276175380184695804, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.09.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1703174400000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-22, revisedDate=1706371200000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782193564546, onlineDateStr=2026-06-23, pubDate=1727193600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782193564546, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782193564546, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782193564546, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276175380184695804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2024', volume='45', issue='9', pageStart='1761', pageEnd='1997', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1727193600000', pubDateStr='2024-09-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782193520816, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782193908264, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276177005326504448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276175380184695804, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276177005326504449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276175380184695804, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1886, endPage=1894, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276175564037816641, articleId=1276175563551277375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Study on the Pathogenic Mechanism of a Conservative Effector Protein in Rubber Tree Powdery Mildew, columnId=1236292524264968282, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Plant Protection & Bio-safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Powdery mildew (Erysiphe quercicola) can infect a variety of economically important crops, and seriously threatens the rubber industry. In order to explore the molecular mechanism of the pathogenesis, the genome of E. quercicola (HO-73 strain) was sequenced and 133 candidate secreted effector proteins (candiate secreted effector proteins, CSEPs), which have homologous proteins only in other powdery mildew, were identified. An effector protein, CSEP02974, which is conserved in powdery mildew, was identified. The function of the signal peptide in secreted protein was assayed using the yeast secretion system. CSEP02974 was a cytoplasmic effector protein verified by using the Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression system and localization analysis. Further, CSEP02974 expression in Arabidopsis thaliana inhibited chitin- or flg22-induced callose deposition and ROS accumulation. The result suggests that CSEP02974 is a virulence factor in suppressing plant immunity. CSEP02974 was silenced by spraying exogenous double-stranded RNA on E. quercicola. Pathogenicity analysis showed that this gene silencing led to inhibitions of extended growth and infection. In conclusion, this study identified a key E quercicola virulence factor, which would provide an important clue on the mechanism of interaction between rubber tree and E. quercicola.

, authors=null, authorsList=Xinyu LIU, Lijuan HE, Jinyao YIN, Chunhua LIN, Xiao LI, Weiguo MIAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiao LI, Weiguo MIAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276175568051765579, articleId=1276175563551277375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=橡胶树白粉菌保守效应蛋白致病机制研究, columnId=1236292524520820846, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=植物保护与生物安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

白粉菌可侵染多种重要作物,而橡胶树白粉菌(Erysiphe quercicola)引起的橡胶树白粉病严重威胁天然橡胶产业。为探究橡胶树白粉菌致病分子机制,前期对橡胶树白粉菌HO-73菌株进行基因组测序分析,预测出133个潜在的效应蛋白(candiate secreted effector proteins,CSEPs),这类CSEPs仅在白粉菌群中具有同源蛋白。本研究鉴定了其中一个在橡胶树白粉菌中较为保守的效应蛋白—CSEP02974。利用酵母系统测定信号肽功能的试验表明,CSEP02974为分泌蛋白。利用农杆菌介导的本氏烟草转化,瞬时表达CSEP02974-GFP,并进行烟草中的定位分析,结果显示CSEP02974是一个细胞质效应蛋白。进一步在拟南芥表达CSEP02974可抑制几丁质和flg22诱导的活性氧(ROS)爆发和胼胝质积累,表明CSEP02974是白粉菌抑制植物免疫的毒性因子。通过喷施外源双链RNA,使橡胶树白粉菌中CSEP02974基因沉默。致病性分析表明,沉默该基因会导致病菌扩展侵染受抑制。综上,本研究鉴定到保守的橡胶树白粉菌致病因子,为进一步了解橡胶树-白粉菌的相互作用机制提供新的线索。

, authors=

刘鑫雨(1999—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:植物病理学。

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* 李潇(LI Xiao),E-mail:
缪卫国(MIAO Weiguo),E-mail:
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刘鑫雨(1999—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:植物病理学。

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刘鑫雨(1999—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:植物病理学。

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Subcellular localization of the Hpa RxLR effector repertoire identifies a tonoplast-associated protein HaRxL17 that confers enhanced plant susceptibility[J]. Plant Journal, 2012, 69(2): 252-265., articleTitle=Subcellular localization of the Hpa RxLR effector repertoire identifies a tonoplast-associated protein HaRxL17 that confers enhanced plant susceptibility, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276465485596201039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175563551277375, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=4, issue=7, pageStart=1996, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=31, authorNames=GIRALDO M C, DAGDAS Y F, GUPTA Y K, MENTLAK T A, MARTINEZ R A L, SAITOH H, TERAUCHI R, TALBOT N J, VALENT B, journalName=Nature Communications, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GIRALDO M C, DAGDAS Y F, GUPTA Y K, MENTLAK T A, MARTINEZ R A L, SAITOH H, TERAUCHI R, TALBOT N J, VALENT B. Two distinct secretion systems facilitate tissue invasion by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae[J]. Nature Communications, 2013, 4(7): 1996., articleTitle=Two distinct secretion systems facilitate tissue invasion by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1276465480848248879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175563551277375, awardId=31960518, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(31960518), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1276465470161163247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175563551277375, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276465470169551856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175563551277375, companyId=1276465470161163247, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276465470177940465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175563551277375, companyId=1276465470161163247, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.海南大学热带农林学院,海南海口 570228)]), AuthorCompany(id=1276465470266020850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175563551277375, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276465470274409459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175563551277375, companyId=1276465470266020850, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Sanya, Hainan 572024, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276465470488318965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175563551277375, companyId=1276465470266020850, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.热带农林生物灾害绿色防控教育部重点实验室,海南三亚 572024)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1276465479308939299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175563551277375, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=CSEP02974 expression inhibits defense responses in A. thaliana

A: Reverse transcription PCR; B: Callus deposition amount (callus number per 1 mm2); C: Callose depositions were visualized by aniline blue staining; D: ROS content.

, figureFileSmall=vqsuHcukIWH6VL4FNNczIw==, figureFileBig=leG59rZbEk3e6oWo3/rxSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276465479397019684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175563551277375, language=CN, label=图1, caption=CSEP02974在拟南芥中的表达抑制植物免疫反应

A:逆转录PCR;B:胼胝质沉积量(每1 mm2的胼胝质数量);C:苯胺蓝染色法观察胼胝质数量;D:ROS含量。

, figureFileSmall=vqsuHcukIWH6VL4FNNczIw==, figureFileBig=leG59rZbEk3e6oWo3/rxSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276465479766118437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175563551277375, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Functional validation of signal peptide of CSEP02974 by yeast invertase secretion assay

CMD-W: Medium with sucrose and glucose as carbon source; YPRAA: Medium contained raffinose as sole carbon source; TTC: Color change indicator, used to indicate invertase secretion; Avr1b: Positive control; YTK12, pSUC2: Negative control.

, figureFileSmall=q/MWwhrg7h3pxFc1PhCKUg==, figureFileBig=Qpu5O+9cYYfpdzs2XUM/Rg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276465479845810214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175563551277375, language=CN, label=图2, caption=酵母转化酶分泌试验验证CSEP02974信号肽功能

CMD-W:以蔗糖、葡萄糖为碳源的培养基;YPRAA:以棉籽糖作为唯一碳源的培养基;TTC:颜色的转变指示蔗糖转化酶的分泌;Avr1b:阳性对照;YTK12、pSUC2:阴性对照。

, figureFileSmall=q/MWwhrg7h3pxFc1PhCKUg==, figureFileBig=Qpu5O+9cYYfpdzs2XUM/Rg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276465480147800103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175563551277375, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Localization of CSEP02974 in N. benthamiana

A: Western blot was used to detect protein expression, and ponceaus was used for protein quantification; B: Fluorescence distribution of GFP, SPPR1-GFP, CSEP02974-GFP, CSEP02974ΔSP-GFP and SPPR1-CSEP02974-GFP after plasmolysis in N. benthamiana. Arrow represents cytoplasm with cytoplasmic wall separation, bar=20 μm.

, figureFileSmall=MAaecEJoMOy2p8c4RHdl5Q==, figureFileBig=oy4VeTfywMjpWM5dea67Ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276465480223297576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175563551277375, language=CN, label=图3, caption=CSEP02974在本氏烟草细胞中的定位

A:Westernblot检测蛋白表达情况,采用丽春红染色进行蛋白定量;B:GFP、SPPR1-GFP、CSEP02974-GFP、删除信号肽的CSEP02974-GFP和SPPR1-CSEP02974-GFP在烟草细胞中质壁分离后的荧光分布。箭头指示质壁分离处的细胞质,bar=20 μm。

, figureFileSmall=MAaecEJoMOy2p8c4RHdl5Q==, figureFileBig=oy4VeTfywMjpWM5dea67Ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276465480286212137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175563551277375, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Efect of gene silencing on pathogenicity of E. quercicola in rubber trees

A: The incidence of rubber leaf disease after spraying a mixed of dsRNA and E. quercicola spores suspension; B: The proportion of E. quercicola spores infection area in rubber leaves; C: Expression levels after spraying dsRNA during E. quercicola infection,* indicates significant difference (P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=2bMYiDtHIAypGu17E8tzzQ==, figureFileBig=1uh8DhktARXgA/FbqW1Hkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276465480344932394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175563551277375, language=CN, label=图4, caption=CSEP02974基因沉默对橡胶树白粉菌致病性的影响

A:喷施dsRNA与白粉菌孢子悬浮液后橡胶树叶片发病情况;B:白粉菌侵染橡胶树叶片病斑面积比例;C:白粉菌喷施dsRNA后的表达量,*表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=2bMYiDtHIAypGu17E8tzzQ==, figureFileBig=1uh8DhktARXgA/FbqW1Hkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276465480416235563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175563551277375, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Primer sequences in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
引物名称Primer name引物序列(5′–3′)Primer sequence(5′–3′)
CSEP02974-FATGTGTTATGTCCCAAC
CSEP02974-RGAAATTATAAGCATATCCTTC
pBin-CSEP02974-FCCCCCGGGGTCGACGGATCCATGTGTTATGT
pBin-CSEP02974-RCGCCCTTGCTCACCATGGATCCGAAATTATAAG
pBin-CSEP02974ΔSP-FACCCCCGGGGTCGACGGATCCATGTCTCCTTTA
SPPR1-CSEP02974-GFP-FGGGGTCGACGGATCCATGAATTTTACTGGCTATTCTCGATTTTTAATCGTCTTTGTAGCTCTTGTAGGTGCTTCTCCTTTAA
CSEP02974-dsRNA-FGATCACTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGATGGTAACCAACGGT
CSEP02974-dsRNA-RTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGGGATCACACCAGAACCACGCATAAC
qRT-CSEP02974-FCGCTCGTATTTACAACAT
qRT-Eq-EF1a-RGTCGTAGTGGTTTGTCAG
Lti6b-FATGAGTACAGCCACTTTCGTA
Lti6b-RCTTGGTGATGATATAAAGAGC
), ArticleFig(id=1276465480571424812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175563551277375, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本研究所用引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
引物名称Primer name引物序列(5′–3′)Primer sequence(5′–3′)
CSEP02974-FATGTGTTATGTCCCAAC
CSEP02974-RGAAATTATAAGCATATCCTTC
pBin-CSEP02974-FCCCCCGGGGTCGACGGATCCATGTGTTATGT
pBin-CSEP02974-RCGCCCTTGCTCACCATGGATCCGAAATTATAAG
pBin-CSEP02974ΔSP-FACCCCCGGGGTCGACGGATCCATGTCTCCTTTA
SPPR1-CSEP02974-GFP-FGGGGTCGACGGATCCATGAATTTTACTGGCTATTCTCGATTTTTAATCGTCTTTGTAGCTCTTGTAGGTGCTTCTCCTTTAA
CSEP02974-dsRNA-FGATCACTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGATGGTAACCAACGGT
CSEP02974-dsRNA-RTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGGGATCACACCAGAACCACGCATAAC
qRT-CSEP02974-FCGCTCGTATTTACAACAT
qRT-Eq-EF1a-RGTCGTAGTGGTTTGTCAG
Lti6b-FATGAGTACAGCCACTTTCGTA
Lti6b-RCTTGGTGATGATATAAAGAGC
), ArticleFig(id=1276465480651116589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175563551277375, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

NCBI Blastp analysis results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
白粉菌种Powdery mildew fungi蛋白(NCBI登录号)Protein(NCBI Accession No.)相似度Similarity/%
山茱萸白粉菌
E. pulchra
POS84953.174.13
POS85717.141.99
番茄白粉菌
E. neolycopersici
RKF57282.175.49
RKF65846.141.99
大麦白粉菌
Blumeria hordei
CCU82018.148.41
SZF04992.140.22
CCU81172.140.22
小麦白粉菌
B. graminis f sp. tritici
EPO66483.152.32
EPO64468.139.66
草莓白粉菌
Podosphaera aphanis
KAI1000103.148.56
KA10999833.139.23
KAI6249304.142.54
葡萄白粉菌
E. necator
KHJ34660.142.54
二孢白粉菌
Golovinomyces
cichoracearum
RKF77615.139.56
RKF76916.140.33
RKF55891.139.56
TOS36349.139.23
), ArticleFig(id=1276465480722419758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276175563551277375, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

NCBI Blastp分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
白粉菌种Powdery mildew fungi蛋白(NCBI登录号)Protein(NCBI Accession No.)相似度Similarity/%
山茱萸白粉菌
E. pulchra
POS84953.174.13
POS85717.141.99
番茄白粉菌
E. neolycopersici
RKF57282.175.49
RKF65846.141.99
大麦白粉菌
Blumeria hordei
CCU82018.148.41
SZF04992.140.22
CCU81172.140.22
小麦白粉菌
B. graminis f sp. tritici
EPO66483.152.32
EPO64468.139.66
草莓白粉菌
Podosphaera aphanis
KAI1000103.148.56
KA10999833.139.23
KAI6249304.142.54
葡萄白粉菌
E. necator
KHJ34660.142.54
二孢白粉菌
Golovinomyces
cichoracearum
RKF77615.139.56
RKF76916.140.33
RKF55891.139.56
TOS36349.139.23
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橡胶树白粉菌保守效应蛋白致病机制研究
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刘鑫雨 , 何礼娟 , 殷金瑶 , 林春花 , 李潇 * , 缪卫国 *
热带作物学报 | 植物保护与生物安全 2024,45(9): 1886-1894
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热带作物学报 |植物保护与生物安全 2024 , 45 (9) : 1886 -1894
橡胶树白粉菌保守效应蛋白致病机制研究
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刘鑫雨, 何礼娟, 殷金瑶, 林春花, 李潇* , 缪卫国*
作者信息
  • 1.海南大学热带农林学院,海南海口 570228
  • 2.热带农林生物灾害绿色防控教育部重点实验室,海南三亚 572024
通讯作者:
* 李潇(LI Xiao),E-mail:
缪卫国(MIAO Weiguo),E-mail:
Study on the Pathogenic Mechanism of a Conservative Effector Protein in Rubber Tree Powdery Mildew
Xinyu LIU, Lijuan HE, Jinyao YIN, Chunhua LIN, Xiao LI* , Weiguo MIAO*
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Sanya, Hainan 572024, China
出版时间: 2024-09-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.09.013
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白粉菌可侵染多种重要作物,而橡胶树白粉菌(Erysiphe quercicola)引起的橡胶树白粉病严重威胁天然橡胶产业。为探究橡胶树白粉菌致病分子机制,前期对橡胶树白粉菌HO-73菌株进行基因组测序分析,预测出133个潜在的效应蛋白(candiate secreted effector proteins,CSEPs),这类CSEPs仅在白粉菌群中具有同源蛋白。本研究鉴定了其中一个在橡胶树白粉菌中较为保守的效应蛋白—CSEP02974。利用酵母系统测定信号肽功能的试验表明,CSEP02974为分泌蛋白。利用农杆菌介导的本氏烟草转化,瞬时表达CSEP02974-GFP,并进行烟草中的定位分析,结果显示CSEP02974是一个细胞质效应蛋白。进一步在拟南芥表达CSEP02974可抑制几丁质和flg22诱导的活性氧(ROS)爆发和胼胝质积累,表明CSEP02974是白粉菌抑制植物免疫的毒性因子。通过喷施外源双链RNA,使橡胶树白粉菌中CSEP02974基因沉默。致病性分析表明,沉默该基因会导致病菌扩展侵染受抑制。综上,本研究鉴定到保守的橡胶树白粉菌致病因子,为进一步了解橡胶树-白粉菌的相互作用机制提供新的线索。

橡胶树  /  白粉菌  /  效应蛋白

Powdery mildew (Erysiphe quercicola) can infect a variety of economically important crops, and seriously threatens the rubber industry. In order to explore the molecular mechanism of the pathogenesis, the genome of E. quercicola (HO-73 strain) was sequenced and 133 candidate secreted effector proteins (candiate secreted effector proteins, CSEPs), which have homologous proteins only in other powdery mildew, were identified. An effector protein, CSEP02974, which is conserved in powdery mildew, was identified. The function of the signal peptide in secreted protein was assayed using the yeast secretion system. CSEP02974 was a cytoplasmic effector protein verified by using the Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression system and localization analysis. Further, CSEP02974 expression in Arabidopsis thaliana inhibited chitin- or flg22-induced callose deposition and ROS accumulation. The result suggests that CSEP02974 is a virulence factor in suppressing plant immunity. CSEP02974 was silenced by spraying exogenous double-stranded RNA on E. quercicola. Pathogenicity analysis showed that this gene silencing led to inhibitions of extended growth and infection. In conclusion, this study identified a key E quercicola virulence factor, which would provide an important clue on the mechanism of interaction between rubber tree and E. quercicola.

rubber tree  /  powdery mildew fungus (Erysiphe quercicola)  /  effector protein
刘鑫雨, 何礼娟, 殷金瑶, 林春花, 李潇, 缪卫国. 橡胶树白粉菌保守效应蛋白致病机制研究. 热带作物学报, 2024 , 45 (9) : 1886 -1894 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.09.013
Xinyu LIU, Lijuan HE, Jinyao YIN, Chunhua LIN, Xiao LI, Weiguo MIAO. Study on the Pathogenic Mechanism of a Conservative Effector Protein in Rubber Tree Powdery Mildew[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2024 , 45 (9) : 1886 -1894 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.09.013
病原菌与植物的互作过程中,要突破植物的免疫系统,才能够实现成功侵染。在这个过程中,病原相关分子模式(pathogen-associated molecular pattern)往往被植物细胞表面的模式识别受体(pattern recognition receptor)识别,激发保守分子模式触发的免疫(PAMP-triggered immunity)[1]。然而,很多病原菌可分泌效应蛋白(effector proteins)抑制植物的免疫,效应蛋白是病原菌致病的关键毒性因子,大部分植物真菌或卵菌的效应蛋白在分泌后可作用于侵入点的植物细胞,影响植物细胞对病原的识别,抑制胞内免疫信号途径,效应蛋白的核心功能是抑制植物免疫,促进自身侵染[2]
白粉菌是一种活体营养型专性寄生真菌,在与宿主互作的过程中,会穿透宿主细胞壁形成吸器在宿主细胞内获得水分和营养,同时产生大量的效应蛋白分泌至宿主细胞内,从而促进真菌的增殖和侵染[3]。目前已针对大小麦白粉菌和侵染豆科作物、葫芦科作物、葡萄、拟南芥等的白粉菌开展了寄主-病原互作机理研究。目前已预测到白粉菌特有的一类候选效应蛋白可能是侵染寄主过程中的重要武器。预测到的效应蛋白(candiate secreted effector proteins,CSEPs)需符合以下3个特征:(1)编码蛋白N端存在预测信号肽(signal peptide)序列;(2)信号肽剪切位点后无跨膜域结构;(3)白粉菌外的物种中无同源序列[4]。解析CSEPs的功能将深入了解病原菌致病机理,并促进病害防控。但很多CSEPs的功能仍是未知的。
对于一些专性寄生真菌,常利用寄主诱导的基因沉默(host-induced gene silencing,HIGS)来研究效应蛋白功能。HIGS需要构建表达沉默RNA的转基因植物,而有些寄主植物难以实现转基因,因此限制了HIGS的应用范围。喷施诱导基因沉默(spraying-induced gene silencing,SIGS)技术通过喷施外源RNA传递到植物、病原菌等生物体表面,进而沉默生物体关键基因[5],SIGS具有与HIGS类似的功能,但不依赖于作物基因转化,应用范围更广。对于专性寄生真菌,包括橡胶树白粉菌(Erysiphe quercicola[6]、葡萄白粉菌(E. necator[7]、葫芦科白粉菌(E. cucurbitacearum[8]、大豆锈病病原菌(Phakopsora pachyrhizi[9],已应用SIGS进行真菌基因沉默,并展示出良好的沉默效果。
橡胶树(Hevea brasiliensis)为多年生木本植物,是天然橡胶的主要来源[10],但橡胶树白粉菌侵染引起白粉病连年爆发,导致橡胶产量下降[11]。在前期工作中,对橡胶树白粉菌全基因组完成了测序,从中预测到133个CSEPs[12],但对这些CSEPs在侵染中发挥的功能几乎是未知的。本研究对其中一个保守的效应蛋白CSEP02974开展致病功能研究,该效应蛋白在其他7个白粉菌中均有同源基因,因此这类蛋白可能是多个白粉菌的致病因子。酵母蔗糖转化酶分泌试验证明了CSEP02974信号肽具有引导蛋白分泌的活性。烟草定位试验表明CSEP02974可能在植物中被转运至植物细胞内。在拟南芥中表达该效应蛋白可以抑制植物免疫。由于橡胶树难以实现转基因,无法通过HIGS进行基因沉默,因此采用适用范围更广的SIGS进行研究。基因沉默和致病性测试显示,该效应蛋白为白粉菌致病所需。本研究鉴定到一个橡胶树白粉菌致病的关键效应蛋白,为进一步研究橡胶树-白粉菌互作分子机理提供良好基础。
供试的本氏烟草(Nicotiana benthamiana)、橡胶树热研7-33-97、拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)由本实验室提供。在橡胶树叶片古铜期进行致病性试验,在烟草、拟南芥第4~6周时开展农杆菌介导的瞬时表达试验。
橡胶树白粉菌HO-73菌株接种于橡胶树叶培养,由本实验室保存、提供;酵母YTK12菌株感受态由本实验室保存提供;pBin-GFP载体为本实验室构建保存;大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)DH5α、根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)GV3101购自天根生化科技(北京)有限公司。
植物总RNA提取试剂盒购自北京百泰克生物技术有限公司,逆转录试剂盒Revert Aid First Strand cDNA Synthesis kit和限制性内切酶购自Thermo Fisher Scientific,高保真DNA聚合酶试剂盒Prime STAR HS DNA Polymerase(Cat.R040A)购自TaKaRa公司,通用型DNA纯化回收试剂盒(Cat.DP204)购自天根生化科技(北京)有限公司,质粒提取试剂盒(Cat.C201-01)、同源重组试剂盒ClonExpress Ⅱ One Step Cloning Kit(Cat.C112-01)购自诺维赞(南京)生物技术有限公司。
利用本实验室发表的橡胶树基因组数据及注释文件查找CSEP02974基因的完整序列,通过Premier 5.0软件设计基因扩增引物CSEP02974-F/R(表1)。PCR反应程序:95 ℃预变性5 min;95 ℃变性30 s,60 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸50 s,32个循环,72 ℃再延伸10 min,4 ℃待机。PCR产物经1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测后,将含有目的基因的条带用琼脂糖凝胶回收试剂盒纯化。将回收产物与pBin-GFP载体连接,转化DH5α感受态细胞后进行Sanger测序。使用限制性内切酶BamHⅠ对pBin-GFP载体进行酶切,设计引物pBin-CSEP02974-F/R、pBin-CSEP-02974ΔSP-F/R、SPPR1-CSEP02974-GFP-F(表1),扩增CSEP02974基因,通过同源重组构建pBin-CSEP02974-GFP、pBin-CSEP02974ΔSP-GFP、SPPR1-CSEP02974-GFP载体。利用Lti6b-F/R引物从拟南芥cDNA中扩增Lti6b(At3g05890),并克隆至35S-RFP表达载体上,完成Lti6b-mRFP表达载体的构建。所有载体均通过PCR检测和生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司测序验证其准确性。
将构建的植物表达载体转入农杆菌GV3101的感受态中。在含有50 μg/mL卡那霉素(kanamycin)和25 μg/mL利福平(rifampicnic)的LB培养基中28 ℃振荡培养2~3 d后离心(5000 r/min,5 min)菌液3次,用氯化镁缓冲液(10 mmol/L MES,10 mmol/L MgCl2,100 μmol/L AS)[13]悬浮,并将OD600调至0.6,室温静置2 h后用注射器将菌液接种至生长4~6周的本氏烟叶背面。参考蘸花法[14]在LB培养基中培养含有CSEP02974-GFP质粒的土壤杆菌,于28 ℃恒温摇床5000 r/min培养48 h。然后以相同转速离心10 min,收集菌体。参考蘸花法[14]配置转化悬浮液,确保土壤杆菌悬浮液的OD600大于0.6。从培养4周龄的野生型Col-0拟南芥中选择正常生长和发育的植株,将修剪的拟南芥植株花苞浸泡在土壤杆菌悬浮液中,5 min后密封,暗箱处理24 h。培养转化后的拟南芥植株至8周龄,于37 ℃烘箱烘48 h。加热溶解1/2MS固体培养基,每100 mL中加入50 μL潮霉素溶液,倒入平板中。拟南芥种子处理:75%乙醇浸泡15 s,去离子水漂洗,2%次氯酸钠溶液中浸泡2 min,再次漂洗,置于1/2MS培养基中无菌萌发。筛选经萌发的拟南芥幼苗,按营养土与蛭石比例3∶1移栽,植株成熟后提取DNA验证转化子,选择T2代转基因植株进行后续试验。
在96孔板中加入90 μL ddH2O和10 μL鲁米诺过氧化物酶缓冲液(200 μmol/L luminol,10 μg/mL过氧化物酶)。向96孔板中加入拟南芥叶盘(约10 000个),并加入10 μmol/L(GlcNAc)7。用酶标仪检测荧光强度的变化情况(发射波长为530 nm,激发波长为400 nm),以荧光强度表示ROS迸发水平
本氏烟草叶片成功注射农杆菌2 d后,摘取叶片放于脱色液(乙醇∶乙酸=3∶1)中脱色至透明,透明叶片用0.01%苯胺蓝溶液(苯胺蓝溶于0.067 mol/L K2HPO4溶液)进行避光染色4 h,荧光显微镜(发射波长为665 nm,激发波长为600 nm)下观察胼胝质积累情况,使用ImageJ软件计算每100 mm2胼胝质的积累数量。
酵母表达载体pSUC2、pSUC2-Avr1b由本实验室保存。将pSUC2载体用EcoRⅠ和XhoⅠ限制性内切酶酶切,用Cycle Pure Kit纯化试剂盒纯化回收。用CSEP02974SP-F/R引物KeyPo Master Mix聚合酶扩增CSEP02974的信号肽全长,用Gel Extraction Kit纯化试剂盒纯化回收。用ClonExpress One Step Cloning Kit将纯化后的SP片段克隆到pSUC2载体中得到pSUC2-CSEP02974-SP酵母分泌载体。操作方法和反应体系均参考产品使用说明书,所有载体均通过PCR检测和生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司测序验证其准确性。
用酵母分泌系统对CSEP02974的信号肽功能进行验证。将pSUC2、pSUC2-Avr1b、pSUC2-CSEP02974SP载体用经典酵母转化试剂盒进行转化得到含有相应载体的酵母菌株,操作步骤参考产品使用说明书。将含有不同载体的酵母菌株分别接种于CMD-W和YPRAA培养基平板上,验证YTK12是否含有转化酶的活性。转化酶可将氯化三苯四氮唑(2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride,TTC)还原为1,3,5-三苯甲臜(1,3,5-triphenylformazan,TPF)形成不溶红色沉淀,以进一步验证信号肽的功能。
剪下本氏烟草叶片蛋白表达区域,加入液氮研磨叶片成粉状。在1.5 mL离心管中加入1 mL植物蛋白裂解液和5 μL蛋白酶抑制剂以及研磨的植物叶片,放于冰上冰浴30 min,每5 min震荡1次,4 ℃下,12 000 r/min离心10 min,取上清液至新的离心管中。用移液枪吹打悬浮Anti-GFP免疫磁珠,转移30 μL混合液到新的离心管中。加入500 μL 1×PBST,移液枪吹打悬浮Anti-GFP磁珠,800 r/min离心1 min,弃上清液,向沉淀中加入提取的植物蛋白500 μL,4 ℃下,50 r/min孵育6 h。4 ℃800 r/min离心3 min,将上清液转移至新的离心管中备用。加入500 μL 1×PBST上下翻转样品1 min,4 ℃,800 r/min离心3 min,磁性分离后弃上清液。重复洗涤3次,直至洗涤后的上清液OD280小于0.05,弃上清液。向所得沉淀中加入100 μL 1×PBST吸打,加入30 μL蛋白上样缓冲液,加热煮沸15 min,冷却至室温后用GFP一抗缓冲液、荧光二抗进行Western Blot检测。根据Western Blot图像中条带大小判断蛋白是否表达。
选择CSEP02974序列中特异性最高的区域为dsRNA体外转录模板序列,根据Invitro Transcription T7 Kit(TaKaRa)使用说明合成并纯化dsRNA。利用浓度为2×105个/mL的白粉菌孢子悬浮液接种古铜期橡胶树叶片,24 h后喷施0.1 μg/mL dsRNA至叶片接菌处。在接种后第7天对橡胶树叶片病斑进行致病性分析。
分别收集橡胶树叶片上经过沉默处理后第7天的叶片于液氮中研磨至粉末,用Eastep R Super total RNA Extraction Kit总RNA提取试剂盒(Promega Biotech)提取所有样品的总RNA。用RevertAid First Stand cDNA Synthesis Kit反转录试剂盒(Thermo Fisher Scientific)将总RNA反转录为cDNA。橡胶树的Actin基因作为内参,使用Quant-StudioTM5 RealTime PCR仪器(Thermo Fisher Scientific)和SuperReal PreMix Plus荧光定量试剂盒(TianGen Biotech)进行qRT-PCR检测,利用QuantStudioTM Design & Analysis Software v1.5.2软件对基因表达量进行分析。操作方法参考使用说明书。
本研究选取橡胶树白粉菌效应蛋白CSEP-02974进行试验,经过NCBI(national center for biotechnology information,http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)比对,发现该蛋白与其他白粉菌种的蛋白均具有较高的氨基酸相似性(表2),表明CSEP02974可能是保守的致病因子。
为了研究CSEP02974是否具有保守的抑制植物免疫的功能,构建了携带CSEP02974的表达载体pBin-CSEP02974-GFP。通过农杆菌转化法,对拟南芥Col-0进行转化,获得表达CSEP02974-GFP的转基因株系,并且通过逆转录PCR分析验证拟南芥中CSEP02974-GFP的表达(图1A)。真菌来源的几丁质(chitin)和细菌来源的flg22是已报道的PAMP[15],分别用10 μmol/L几丁质单体(GlcNAc)7和10 μmol/L flg22处理拟南芥叶片36 h,利用苯胺蓝(aniline blue)染料对胼胝质染色,并统计胼胝质形成量。统计结果显示,flg22和(GlcNAc)7均可以激发野生型(WT)拟南芥叶片形成大量的胼胝质,而表达CSEP02974的拟南芥叶片中,胼胝质数量明显减少(图1B图1C)。
通过鲁米诺化学发光的方法检测CSEP02974-GFP(浓度为5 μmol/L)处理后拟南芥叶片活性氧(ROS)的含量变化。结果显示,(GlcNAc)7和flg22诱导叶肉原生质体ROS的积累,在50 min时ROS积累量较高,而表达CSEP02974的叶盘中ROS含量较少(图1D)。
为了测试CSEP02974是否为分泌蛋白,通过SignalP-5.0在线系统(https://services.healthtech.dtu.dk/services/SignalP-5.0/)对CSEP02974的蛋白序列进行分析,预测到CSEP02974的第1~22位氨基酸为信号肽序列。为了确认CSEP02974的假定N端信号肽的分泌功能,通过蔗糖酶缺陷型酿酒酵母YTK12菌株测试信号肽活性[16]。将CSEP-02974信号肽序列连接至含有蔗糖酶(invertase)基因的pSUC2载体上,之后把构建的载体转入YTK12酵母菌株中,28 ℃培养3 d后,转化含CSEP02974信号肽的YTK12菌株在含棉子糖的YPRAA培养基上生长较快。另外,在化学催化方法中,转化含CSEP02974信号肽的YTK12菌株能使透明状态的TTC溶液转化为不可溶的红色物质TPF(图2)。以上结果表明CSEP02974信号肽具有活性,因此CSEP02974可能为分泌蛋白。
为了研究CSEP02974在分泌后是否转运至植物细胞内,本研究利用本氏烟草瞬时表达所测试的蛋白并研究其定位(图3A)。使用30%蔗糖溶液诱导烟草细胞质壁分离,并以共表达的Lti6b-mRFP作为细胞膜标签[17]。以单独的GFP作为对照,当将烟草PR1蛋白信号肽(SPRP1)连接至GFP,观察到SPPR1-GFP蛋白在植物胞质中信号减弱(图3B),说明PR1蛋白信号肽可以引导GFP蛋白分泌出植物细胞。将SPRP1替换CSEP02974自身信号肽和使CSEP02974融合GFP标签,观察到SPPR1-CSEP02974-GFP在植物胞质中信号较强(图3B),表明SPRP1引导CSEP02974分泌出细胞后,CSEP02974又可被转运至胞质。同时,观察到含自身信号肽的CSEP02974-GFP或删除信号肽的CSEP02974-GFP(CSEP02974ΔSP-GFP)和单独GFP类似,均主要定位在胞质中(图3B)。上述结果表明CSEP02974可被植物转运至细胞质。
为研究CSEP02974在白粉菌侵染过程中的作用,接种白粉菌24 h后,将合成的CSEP02974-dsRNA稀释至0.1 μg/mL后喷施于已接种白粉菌的橡胶树叶片表面,并于接种7 d后观察白粉菌侵染情况(图4A)。与野生型(WT)和喷洒GFP序列的dsRNA(GFP-dsRNA)相比,喷施CSEP02974-dsRNA的植株上白粉菌引起的症状明显减轻,病斑面积仅为GFP-dsRNA处理的11.11%(图4B)。对经dsRNA处理过的橡胶树叶片进行取样,以白粉菌EF1a引物为内参,采用qRT-PCR检测CSEP02974在侵染过程中的表达情况(图4C)。结果表明,CSEP02974-dsRNA处理后,CSEP02974的表达水平为野生型的39%,为GFP-dsRNA处理的48%。以上结果表明,叶面喷施CSEP02974-dsRNA可导致侵染橡胶树的白粉菌基因沉默,并显著抑制白粉菌的侵染和在叶片内的扩展。
橡胶树为多年生木本植物,因其自然特性,其抗病基因鉴定和育种较难开展,抗病资源稀缺;并且对于专性寄生真菌,特别是白粉菌,目前对这类真菌的效应蛋白的基因功能缺乏了解,因此,亟需进行寄主-病原互作机制的研究,以探寻抑菌的新靶点。
活性氧迸发和胼胝质的积累被认为是植物应对病原物侵染的基础防卫反应[18],利用农杆菌介导的瞬时表达方法,观察候选效应蛋白是否能诱导或抑制模式植物细胞活性氧爆发、胼胝质沉积等反应,是真菌效应蛋白筛选的常用方法[19-20]。如稻瘟病菌(Magnaporthe oryzae)效应蛋白Slp1、小麦禾生球腔菌(Mycosphaerella graminicola)效应蛋白Mg3LysM可抑制几丁质触发的免疫[21-22];水稻黄单胞菌T3SS效应蛋白可抑制flg22诱导的拟南芥的PTI[23];玉米黑粉菌分泌的Pep1通过抑制植物的过氧化物酶活性,清除活性氧的积累来保护菌丝[24]。为了检测克隆的候选效应蛋白是否具有免疫抑制的功能,本研究构建了表达CSEP02974-GFP的转基因拟南芥,用PAMP进行处理后发现CSEP02974可抑制flg22和几丁质诱导的胼胝质和活性氧的积累,确定CSEP02974为毒性蛋白。
目前对白粉菌效应蛋白的功能验证常用的方法是基因沉默。SIGS作为一种新型基因沉默技术,其以病原菌生长发育和致病相关基因为靶标,将体外合成的针对靶基因的dsRNA喷施于植物表面,抑制靶基因的表达[25]。SIGS已被应用于多种植物病害机理研究,并展示出良好的应用前景。已有报道指出,SIGS技术能够有效沉默核盘菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)、葡萄孢菌(Botrytis cinerea)、禾谷镰刀菌(Fusarium graminearum)等农业上重要的病原真菌[26]。局部应用靶向DCL1和DCL2的dsRNA可抑制水果、蔬菜和花卉的灰霉菌病[23]。SIGS在白粉菌中的应用也较为广泛,如葫芦科白粉菌CNAP8878、CNAP9066等6个保守非注释蛋白通过dsRNA诱导的基因沉默后,出现明显的沉默表型,白粉菌生物量和病状大幅减少[8]。通过SIGS技术沉默橡胶树白粉菌β-微管蛋白(Tub)、甾醇14α-去甲基化酶(CYP51)和几丁质合酶(Chs)基因,导致致病力下降,病斑大幅减少[6]。这为白粉菌的基因沉默技术提供了新方向。在白粉菌中对CSEP02974进行基因沉默,通过荧光定量PCR分析和表型观察发现,沉默该基因会导致白粉菌扩展侵染受抑制。
近年来,对白粉菌效应蛋白的功能鉴定、靶标筛选等研究已经取得了一定进展,但关于白粉菌效应蛋白转运的研究甚少,在效应蛋白功能机制的研究中,对效应蛋白的分泌和转运机制具有重要的研究价值[27]。本研究通过酵母分泌系统验证了CSEP02974信号肽具有分泌活性,通过烟草系统探明了CSEP02974被分泌后进入宿主细胞。目前,效应蛋白在稻瘟菌中的转运机制研究已经取得了一定进展,稻瘟菌效应蛋白从病原菌的侵染菌丝中分泌后,细胞质效应蛋白PWL2会进入受体植物的细胞质中直接作用于宿主,并能通过转运进入诸多还未侵染菌丝的相邻宿主细胞中,质外体效应蛋白Bas4会停留在由EIHM膜(extra invasive hyphal membrane,EIHM)与侵染菌丝膜形成的质外体隔间里[28-29]。效应蛋白的这一系列作用机制的差异性取决于效应蛋白分泌后定位特点的多样性。本研究通过农杆菌介导的烟草瞬时表达技术在烟草叶片中瞬时表达全长效应蛋白,发现CSEP02974在细胞质壁分离分泌到细胞外后,在细胞膜上仍可见到荧光,推测CSEP02974被分泌到细胞外后又进入细胞质内,推测CSEP-02974是细胞质效应蛋白。
综上,本研究利用异源表达系统、农杆菌侵染系统、酵母分泌系统以及相对定量、亚细胞定位、SIGS技术鉴定了橡胶树白粉菌关键致病因子,为致病机理研究提供有利支撑。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(31960518)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.09.013
  • 接收时间:2023-12-22
  • 首发时间:2026-06-23
  • 出版时间:2024-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-22
  • 修回日期:2024-01-28
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(31960518)
作者信息
    1.海南大学热带农林学院,海南海口 570228
    2.热带农林生物灾害绿色防控教育部重点实验室,海南三亚 572024

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* 李潇(LI Xiao),E-mail:
缪卫国(MIAO Weiguo),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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