Article(id=1237814988107207432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1237814978405790425, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.10.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744214400000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1749744000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-06-13, onlineDate=1773047690655, onlineDateStr=2026-03-09, pubDate=1761321600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773047690655, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773047690655, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773047690655, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1237814978405790425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2025', volume='46', issue='10', pageStart='2287', pageEnd='2547', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773047688342, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773049212967, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1237821373213635442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1237814978405790425, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1237821373213635443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1237814978405790425, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2335, endPage=2345, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1237814988472111903, articleId=1237814988107207432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Functional Analysis of a Tetragonia tetragonoides (Pall.) Kuntze Thaumatin-Like Protein Gene, TtTLP11, in Transgenic Overexpression Arabidopsis thaliana involved in Abiotic Stress Tolerance, columnId=1236256430337085821, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Omics & Biotechnology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Tetragonia tetragonoides (Pall.) Kuntze is a seawater vegetable with strong tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses. Plant thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs) are involved in various biological and abiotic stress responses. In order to elucidate the possible roles of a T. tetragonoides thaumatin-like protein gene (TtTLP11) in abiotic stress resistance, we cloned this gene and performed transgenic over-expression assay in Arabidopsis thaliana, then the homozygotic transgenic lines were obtained and performed subsequent analysis for stresses tolerance. In this study, the seeds from transgenic plants over-expressing TtTLP11 and wild type Arabidopsis plants were challenged with high salinity, high osmotic stress, heat and mixed salt-alkali stresses, by detecting the seed germinating rates, seedling growth status, thereby assessing the stress resistance of these transgenic Arabidopsis plants. The purpose of this study was to clarify the abiotic stress resistance functions of the TtTLP11 and the possible molecular mechanisms. The results showed that under various abiotic stress conditions, the over-expression of TtTLP11 could alleviate the inhibition effects of seed germination and relieve the environmental damage to seedlings, thereby improving the abiotic stress tolerance of transgenic plants. It is speculated that TtTLP11 might alleviate dramatic changes in osmotic pressure in plants and maintain water homeostasis, and then affect the stress tolerance of plants. The results could provide a theoretical basis for further analysis of the molecular regulatory network of plant response to alleviate abiotic stress damage.

, correspAuthors=Mei ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*ZHANG Mei,E-mail:
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番杏[Tetragonia tetragonoides(Pall.)Kuntze]是一种抗逆性极强的海水蔬菜。植物类甜蛋白[thaumatin-like protein,(TLP)]基因参与调控多种生物和非生物胁迫应答。为了探究番杏TtTLP基因的抗逆功能,本研究克隆了一个番杏类甜蛋白基因(TtTLP11),并在模式植物拟南芥中进行转基因超表达,获得T3代转基因植株,以转TtTLP11基因拟南芥和野生型拟南芥为试验材料,进行高盐、高渗、高温胁迫和盐碱混合胁迫处理,通过测定种子萌发、幼苗生长状况和检测转基因植株的抗逆性,明确番杏TtTLP11基因的抗逆性功能并探讨可能的作用机制。结果表明:在多种非生物胁迫条件下,TtTLP11基因过表达可减轻胁迫对转基因拟南芥种子萌发的抑制,缓解幼苗受到的伤害,并提高植物的抗逆性。推测该基因可能通过缓解植物体内渗透压剧烈变化,维持细胞内水分平衡,增强植物对非生物胁迫的耐受性。本研究结果为深入解析植物缓解非生物胁迫侵害的分子调控网络提供一定的理论依据。

, correspAuthors=张美, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*张美,E-mail:
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黄增旺(2000—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:植物种质资源开发利用。

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黄增旺(2000—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:植物种质资源开发利用。

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黄增旺(2000—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:植物种质资源开发利用。

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International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2021, 22(9): 4554., articleTitle=Genome-wide analysis of the late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) and abscisic acid-, stress-, and ripening-induced (ASR) gene superfamily from Canavalia rosea and their roles in salinity/alkaline and drought tolerance, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1237814995023614158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814988107207432, awardId=2024B1212050007, language=CN, fundingSource=广东省科技计划项目(2024B1212050007), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1237814990644761548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814988107207432, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1237814990648955853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814988107207432, companyId=1237814990644761548, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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A: PCR detection of genomic DNA, M: DL2000 DNA marker; B: Analysis of TtTLP11 over-expression.

, figureFileSmall=N89XzcQC2bqWVGIW3sKbcA==, figureFileBig=sf080RBlmLXVGQDdroFBvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237814993912123554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814988107207432, language=CN, label=图3, caption=TtTLP11拟南芥转基因超表达植株的鉴定

A:基因组PCR检测,M:DL2000 DNA marker;B:TtTLP11过表达分析。

, figureFileSmall=N89XzcQC2bqWVGIW3sKbcA==, figureFileBig=sf080RBlmLXVGQDdroFBvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237814994016981160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814988107207432, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Seed germination rates under treatments with different concentrations of Mannitol and NaCl, figureFileSmall=M+7uhKTOUZCV1XADwccfkA==, figureFileBig=iTgS2lBYWTOjasfUZTSSkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237814994117644460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814988107207432, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同浓度Mannitol及NaCl处理下的种子萌发率, figureFileSmall=M+7uhKTOUZCV1XADwccfkA==, figureFileBig=iTgS2lBYWTOjasfUZTSSkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237814994297999536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814988107207432, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Seed germiration rate under different concentrations of NaHCO3 and combined NaCl-NaHCO3 treatments

** indicates extremely significant difference (P<0.01), **** indicates extremely significant difference (P<0.0001).

, figureFileSmall=Ymc69Uuuvotdt9fYMgKsAg==, figureFileBig=cXrydtzquAw83/OWl9CAEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237814994402857142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814988107207432, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同浓度NaHCO3及NaCl与NaHCO3复合处理下的种子萌发率

**表示差异极显著(P<0.01),****表示差异极显著(P<0.0001)。

, figureFileSmall=Ymc69Uuuvotdt9fYMgKsAg==, figureFileBig=cXrydtzquAw83/OWl9CAEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237814994511909051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814988107207432, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Fresh weight and chlorophyll content under different concentrations of NaHCO3 challenge in seedlings of WT and transgenic Arabidopsis

** indicates extremely significant difference (P<0.01), *** indicates extremely significant difference (P<0.001), **** indicates extremely significant difference (P<0.0001).

, figureFileSmall=3FDl1Rj3OVD9fZi565eAag==, figureFileBig=LuVpfa/Sklin99skJ/78mg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237814994658709696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814988107207432, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同浓度NaHCO3胁迫处理下的野生型和转基因拟南芥幼苗鲜质量和叶绿素含量

**表示差异极显著(P<0.01),***表示差异极显著(P<0.001),****表示差异极显著(P<0.0001)。

, figureFileSmall=3FDl1Rj3OVD9fZi565eAag==, figureFileBig=LuVpfa/Sklin99skJ/78mg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237814994755178692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814988107207432, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Seed germination rates after 52 ℃ and 52 ℃ heat challenges for 1 h and 2 h

** indicates extremely significant difference (P<0.01), *** indicates extremely significant difference (P<0.001), **** indicates extremely significant difference (P<0.0001).

, figureFileSmall=UUBCwPNbzC7EKFB3aawIMA==, figureFileBig=oGoe4fcIGKwWR81wd0IEIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237814994881007816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814988107207432, language=CN, label=图7, caption=52 ℃和55 ℃热胁迫处理1、2 h后的种子萌发率

**表示差异极显著(P<0.01),***表示差异极显著(P<0.001),****表示差异极显著(P<0.0001)。

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番杏类甜蛋白基因TtTLP11超表达的转基因拟南芥对非生物胁迫的抗性功能分析
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黄增旺 1, 2 , 谢富英 1, 2 , 简曙光 1 , 黎庭耀 3 , 张美 1, *
热带作物学报 | 组学与生物技术 2025,46(10): 2335-2345
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热带作物学报 | 组学与生物技术 2025, 46(10): 2335-2345
番杏类甜蛋白基因TtTLP11超表达的转基因拟南芥对非生物胁迫的抗性功能分析
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黄增旺1, 2, 谢富英1, 2, 简曙光1, 黎庭耀3, 张美1, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国科学院华南植物园/广东省应用植物学重点实验室,广东广州 510650
  • 2.中国科学院大学,北京 100049
  • 3.广东省农业科学院蔬菜研究所,广东广州 510640
  • 黄增旺(2000—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:植物种质资源开发利用。

通讯作者:

*张美,E-mail:
Functional Analysis of a Tetragonia tetragonoides (Pall.) Kuntze Thaumatin-Like Protein Gene, TtTLP11, in Transgenic Overexpression Arabidopsis thaliana involved in Abiotic Stress Tolerance
Zengwang HUANG1, 2, Fuying XIE1, 2, Shuguang JIAN1, Tingyao LI3, Mei ZHANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences / Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510650, China
  • 2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • 3. Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
出版时间: 2025-10-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.10.005
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番杏[Tetragonia tetragonoides(Pall.)Kuntze]是一种抗逆性极强的海水蔬菜。植物类甜蛋白[thaumatin-like protein,(TLP)]基因参与调控多种生物和非生物胁迫应答。为了探究番杏TtTLP基因的抗逆功能,本研究克隆了一个番杏类甜蛋白基因(TtTLP11),并在模式植物拟南芥中进行转基因超表达,获得T3代转基因植株,以转TtTLP11基因拟南芥和野生型拟南芥为试验材料,进行高盐、高渗、高温胁迫和盐碱混合胁迫处理,通过测定种子萌发、幼苗生长状况和检测转基因植株的抗逆性,明确番杏TtTLP11基因的抗逆性功能并探讨可能的作用机制。结果表明:在多种非生物胁迫条件下,TtTLP11基因过表达可减轻胁迫对转基因拟南芥种子萌发的抑制,缓解幼苗受到的伤害,并提高植物的抗逆性。推测该基因可能通过缓解植物体内渗透压剧烈变化,维持细胞内水分平衡,增强植物对非生物胁迫的耐受性。本研究结果为深入解析植物缓解非生物胁迫侵害的分子调控网络提供一定的理论依据。

番杏  /  类甜蛋白基因  /  非生物胁迫  /  转基因拟南芥

Tetragonia tetragonoides (Pall.) Kuntze is a seawater vegetable with strong tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses. Plant thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs) are involved in various biological and abiotic stress responses. In order to elucidate the possible roles of a T. tetragonoides thaumatin-like protein gene (TtTLP11) in abiotic stress resistance, we cloned this gene and performed transgenic over-expression assay in Arabidopsis thaliana, then the homozygotic transgenic lines were obtained and performed subsequent analysis for stresses tolerance. In this study, the seeds from transgenic plants over-expressing TtTLP11 and wild type Arabidopsis plants were challenged with high salinity, high osmotic stress, heat and mixed salt-alkali stresses, by detecting the seed germinating rates, seedling growth status, thereby assessing the stress resistance of these transgenic Arabidopsis plants. The purpose of this study was to clarify the abiotic stress resistance functions of the TtTLP11 and the possible molecular mechanisms. The results showed that under various abiotic stress conditions, the over-expression of TtTLP11 could alleviate the inhibition effects of seed germination and relieve the environmental damage to seedlings, thereby improving the abiotic stress tolerance of transgenic plants. It is speculated that TtTLP11 might alleviate dramatic changes in osmotic pressure in plants and maintain water homeostasis, and then affect the stress tolerance of plants. The results could provide a theoretical basis for further analysis of the molecular regulatory network of plant response to alleviate abiotic stress damage.

Tetragonia tetragonoides (Pall.) Kuntze  /  TLP  /  abiotic stresses  /  transgenic Arabidopsis
黄增旺, 谢富英, 简曙光, 黎庭耀, 张美. 番杏类甜蛋白基因TtTLP11超表达的转基因拟南芥对非生物胁迫的抗性功能分析. 热带作物学报, 2025 , 46 (10) : 2335 -2345 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.10.005
Zengwang HUANG, Fuying XIE, Shuguang JIAN, Tingyao LI, Mei ZHANG. Functional Analysis of a Tetragonia tetragonoides (Pall.) Kuntze Thaumatin-Like Protein Gene, TtTLP11, in Transgenic Overexpression Arabidopsis thaliana involved in Abiotic Stress Tolerance[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2025 , 46 (10) : 2335 -2345 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.10.005
番杏[Tetragonia tetragonoides(Pall.)Kuntze]是一种药食同源的海水蔬菜,其野生种主要分布于热带/亚热带地区的海滨沙滩及岛屿,极耐炎热,其耐盐碱和抗旱能力在蔬菜作物中也极为瞩目[13]。由于番杏营养丰富、抗逆性强、病虫害少,且口感较好,深受民众喜爱,近年来在中国多个地区也广为种植并在市场上进行销售[46]。番杏具备极强的抗逆性,属于特殊生境适生植物,分析其抗逆分子机理,研究其逆境适应基因具有重要的意义。
植物甜味素类似蛋白(thaumatin-like protein,TLP)简称类甜蛋白,也称渗透调节蛋白(osmotin),是一种植物病程相关(pathogenesis-related,PR)蛋白,被归类为PR-5蛋白[7]。类甜蛋白是一类分子量大小为21~26 kDa的小分子蛋白,富含半胱氨酸,在植物体内普遍存在,广泛参与调控植物生物胁迫和非生物胁迫应答[89]。研究表明,植物类甜蛋白基因的表达受到包括多种植物激素、高盐、干旱和渗透胁迫、冷热变化、紫外胁迫及病源侵害的诱导,在植物受到胁迫伤害时,类甜蛋白通过维持水分内稳态、调控光合活性、以及减轻氧化胁迫伤害发挥保护性作用[8,10]
水分缺乏以及盐碱胁迫是植物生长过程中最为常见的逆境因子,并严重影响农作物的产量和品质[11]。已有多项研究报道表明,植物类甜蛋白(渗调蛋白)基因的过量表达能够提高对高盐和干旱胁迫的耐受性。如龙葵(Solanum nigrum)渗调蛋白基因SnOLP在大豆中超表达之后提高转基因株系的耐旱性[12];芳香植物罗勒(Ocimum basilicum)类甜蛋白ObTLP1在拟南芥中超表达之后提高转基因拟南芥的抗病性和耐盐耐高渗胁迫能力[13];芝麻(Sesamum indicum)渗调蛋白基因SindOLP在芝麻植株中转基因超表达之后能够显著提高植株的耐旱性[14];复苏植物海石花(Tripogon loliiformis)渗调蛋白TlOsm在转基因水稻中的超积累能够增强耐盐性及耐旱性[15]。渗调蛋白的高积累对渗透胁迫具有一定的致敏性,如巴西橡胶(Hevea brasiliensis)渗调蛋白HbOsmotin的表达受乙烯的调控,在拟南芥中超表达反而导致转基因植株对高盐和PEG导致的高渗胁迫的敏感性[16]。植物类甜蛋白基因的转基因研究为进一步发掘基因的抗逆性特征以及未来的作物遗传改良奠定基础。
番杏隶属番杏科番杏属,是一种聚盐型向内泌盐的盐生植物(endo-reoretohalophyte),为一年生草本,具有良好的定沙能力,抗逆性极强,在滨海地区海滩固沙及生态恢复方面也有重要作用[17]。本研究通过克隆番杏的一个类甜蛋白基因TtTLP11,并对齐进行序列分析和功能分析,探究该基因的耐盐耐旱等抗逆功能。
番杏种子萌发和成年植株种植于华南植物园实验温室。番杏种子经清水清洗和75%酒精消毒后用水清洗,种植于湿润的蛭石中,置于室温,约一个月可生长成幼苗。拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)哥伦比亚野生型(Col-0)由实验室收藏保存。载体构建所用质粒pBIm(由植物通用转基因载体pBI121剔除掉GUS报告基因衍生而来)、农杆菌GV3101均由本实验室保存。
主要试剂:StarScript III去基因组DNA反转录预混试剂(北京康润诚业生物科技有限公司),Eastep® Super Total RNA Extraction Kit(普洛麦格-北京生物技术有限公司),2×Ultra SYBR Green qPCR Mix(上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司),FastPure Gel DNA Extraction Mini Kit胶回收/DNA纯化试剂盒(南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司),Clone Express® Ⅱ One Step Cloning Kit单片段快速克隆试剂盒(南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司),大肠杆菌TOP10感受态细胞(北京庄盟国际生物基因科技有限公司),StarPrep快速质粒小提试剂盒(北京康润诚业生物科技有限公司)。其他常规试剂均为实验室保存或制备。
通过本实验室前期番杏全基因组测序数据(NCBI注册号:JBBMRK000000000,数据未释放),并结合番杏类甜蛋白基因家族的初步功能分析[18],选择TtTLP11基因进行进一步分析。
首先根据TtTLP11蛋白的氨基酸序列,对该蛋白的基本生化特征进行初步预测。采用InterPro(https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/)在线软件预测蛋白的保守结构域;采用ProtParam(https://web.expasy.org/protparam/)在线软件预测蛋白的基本分子特征;采用SignalP(https://services.healthtech.dtu.dk/services/SignalP-4.1/)在线软件预测蛋白的信号肽;采用TMHMM(https://services.healthtech.dtu.dk/services/TMHMM-2.0/)在线软件预测蛋白的跨膜结构;采用PHYRE2http://www.sbg.bio.ic.ac.uk/phyre2/html/page.cgi?id=index)在线软件预测蛋白的3D结构。
根据TtTLP11的基因组序列预测其cDNA序列,克隆TtTLP11的cDNA,并进行载体构建及植物转基因功能分析。
根据TtTLP11的cDNA序列设计引物对,pBIm-TtTLP11OEF(5′-GGACTCTAGAGGATCCATGAGGTTCCTCATTTCC-3′)和pBIm-TtTL-P11OER(5′-TCCGAGCTCACTCGAGTCAAGGGCAGAAGGTAAC-3′)。以番杏幼苗总RNA逆转录的cDNA(本实验室保存)为模版,采用高保真的Taq酶进行常规PCR扩增。PCR反应结束后,用1%的琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测,从PCR产物中挑选明亮条带(TtTLP11的cDNA阅读框为684 bp),按照Magen公司HiPure Gel Pure DNA Kits说明书进行琼脂糖凝胶电泳回收,采用In-fusion的方法直接连接于经BamH I和Xho I双酶切处理后的pBIm载体上。采用通用引物35S-F(5′-GACGCACAATCCCACTATCC-3′)进行测序。
将转基因重组载体TtTLP11-pBIm转化农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)GV3101化学感受态细胞。转化质粒的农杆菌单菌落接入含抗生素(卡那霉素Kan 50 μg/mL、利福平Rif 100 μg/mL)的LB培养基中,28 ℃培养至OD600=0.6~0.8。室温下5000 r/min离心5 min,将沉淀下来的菌体用5%蔗糖重悬,加入0.05%的表面活性剂Silwet L-77。选取花苞露白的拟南芥植株进行转化。每次转化用GV3101农杆菌菌液侵染1~2 min即可。侵染后的花序用保鲜膜包裹保湿约10 h,之后拆掉保鲜膜正常培养拟南芥植株至收获种子(T0代)。转空载体pBIm转基因拟南芥作为对照。
对收获T0代拟南芥种子进行消毒处理后,均匀地平铺在固体1/2 MS培养基(Murashige-Skoog medium,含有Kan 50 μg/mL)平板上,随后,将这些平板放置在4 ℃冰箱中低温预处理3 d,转移到温度为22 ℃、光周期为16 h光照/8 h黑暗的生长室中培养,约7 d后选取有Kan抗性的绿色拟南芥幼苗,并将其分别移栽到营养土中,正常培养约50 d收获T1代种子。
将T1代拟南芥种子消毒处理后,继续在含有Kan的1/2MS固体培养基平板上进行筛选,生长约7 d后选取绿色和黄色幼苗分离比约为3∶1的株系继续培养。每个株系选择约10株绿色的抗性幼苗移栽到营养土中,正常培养至收获种子(T2代)。种子需要单株单独收集,避免混乱。
将T2代拟南芥种子继续进行消毒处理后,在含有Kan的1/2MS固体培养基平板上进行抗性检测。低温处理后再正常培养7 d,此时选择全部为绿色的具有Kan的抗性(未出现分离)的株系,即为转基因超表达(over-expression,OE)T3代株系。此拟南芥转基因株系可进行下一步的表型检测、抗性分析等。至少应获得3个独立的T3代拟南芥转基因株系进行下一步试验。
获得转基因株系后,还需要采用基因组PCR和总RNA的Real-time RT-PCR方法对转基因株系进行分子检测。拟南芥成体苗基因组DNA和叶片总RNA均采用相应的商业化试剂盒进行。基因组DNA和叶片总RNA经电泳检测及OD值测定后,再进行下一步的分子检测。
采用载体通用引物35S-F(5′-GACGCACAATCCCACTATCC-3′)和NOS-R(5′-GATAATCATCGCAAGACCGG-3′)对基因组DNA进行PCR扩增,检测包括野生型WT(对照),转pBIm空载体拟南芥EV(empty vector,对照),以及3个TtTLP11转基因超表达株系(OE1、OE2和OE3)。对PCR扩增产物进行电泳检测。
将拟南芥WT和3个转基因株系(OE1、OE2和OE3)叶片总RNA逆转录成单链cDNA,采用引物pRT-TtTLP11F(5′-TCGTTAGTGGACGGGTTTAATG-3′)、pRT-TtTLP11R(5′-CCGGAGC-CTTAAGTTGGTT-3′)与拟南芥内参基因Atactin2At3g18780)引物pRT-AtACTF(5′-GGTAACATTGTGCTCAGTGGTGG-3′)、pRT-AtACTR(5′-AACGACCTTAATCTTCATGCTGC-3′)进行Real-time RT-PCR分析,检测TtTLP11在转基因拟南芥植株中超表达状况。结合转基因拟南芥株系种子的Kan抗生素抗性状况,即可判断TtTLP11的转基因超表达状况。
将野生型拟南芥WT、空载体pBIm转基因拟南芥EV以及TtTLP11转基因拟南芥的3个株系(OE1、OE2、OE3)的种子进行消毒处理,随后分别点在1/2 MS固体培养基以及含有不同浓度Mannitol(200、300 mmol/L)、NaCl(100、150、200 mmol/L)的1/2 MS固体培养基平板上,置于4 ℃冰箱中进行低温预处理3 d,然后将平板转移至温度为22 ℃,光周期为16 h光照/8 h黑暗的生长室中培养。14 d后观察各平板上的种子萌发情况,对其拍照记录并进行统计。
将野生型拟南芥和TtTLP11转基因拟南芥的3个T3代株系种子分别点在1/2 MS固体培养基(CK)以及含有不同浓度NaHCO3(10、12.5、15 mmol/L;pH 8.2;碱胁迫),NaCl(100 mmol/L;pH 5.6;盐胁迫),NaCl+NaHCO3(95 mmol/L+5 mmol/L,92.5 mmol/L+7.5 mmol/L,90 mmol/L+10 mmol/L;pH 8.2;盐碱混合胁迫)的1/2 MS固体培养基平板上,置于4 ℃冰箱中低温预处理3 d,将其中要做热胁迫的1/2 MS固体培养基平板(未添加NaCl和NaHCO3等化学胁迫因子)分别在52、55 ℃条件下放置1、2 h,然后将平板转移至温度为22 ℃,光周期为16 h光照/8 h黑暗的生长室中培养。7 d后,观察各平板上的种子萌发情况,对其拍照记录并进行统计,同时将在未添加任何胁迫的1/2 MS固体培养基平板经4 ℃低温预处理3 d后,转移至22 ℃,光周期为16 h光照/8 h黑交替的生长室中继续培养7 d,观察平板上的种子萌发情况,对其拍照记录并进行统计。
将野生型拟南芥WT,转空载体pBIm的转基因拟南芥EV,以及TtTLP11转基因拟南芥纯合株系(OE1、OE2、OE3)的种子进行消毒处理后,分别点在1/2 MS固体培养基平板上以及含有不同浓度NaHCO3(10、12.5、15 mmol/L;pH 8.2)的1/2 MS固体培养基平板上,置于4 ℃冰箱中低温预处理3 d后,转移至温度为22 ℃,光周期为16 h光照/8 h黑暗生长室中培养2周后,观察其生长状况同时进行拍照记录,并测定其鲜质量及叶绿素含量。
采用分光光度法测量叶绿素含量:(1)配制比例为1∶1的丙酮与乙醇的混合浸提液;(2)将测定鲜质量后的平板苗剪碎成细丝,置于离心管中,加入3 mL混合浸提液,在黑暗条件下静置过夜;(3)观察浸提效果,当材料完全变为白色时,即表示浸提完成;(4)进行短暂离心,使用混合浸提液作为空白调零,然后分别测定645 nm和663 nm波长下的吸光度(OD645和OD663);(5)根据公式Ca=12.7 OD663–2.59 OD645、Cb=22.9 OD645–4.67 OD663以及Ca+b=20.3 OD645+8.04 OD663,计算出总叶绿素浓度,叶绿素含量(mg/g)=总叶绿素浓度×提取液总体积/鲜质量。
利用SPSS 16.0软件中的的Student's t-test对试验数据进行差异显著性分析。
通过对番杏进行全基因组测序分析,并结合多个转录数据分析结果和初步的酵母功能表达分析发现,与其他TtTLP家族成员相比,TtTLP11在番杏不同器官中的表达量较高,其表达变化受多种胁迫因素的影响[18],表明TtTLP11可能更高效率地参与调控番杏体内胁迫应答,且TtTLP11参与调控多种胁迫因子的应答和解毒反应[18]。因此,本研究选择TtTLP11基因进行下一步的植物转基因功能探讨。
TtTLP11编码1个含有227氨基酸的渗透调节蛋白osmotin(TtTLP11),该蛋白含有16个半胱氨酸残基,可组成8对二硫键。富含半胱氨酸的Thaumatin结构域占据了该蛋白的绝大部分(30~227 aa),其中含有6个可标记为PR-5蛋白的标志性序列(图1)。TtTLP11蛋白的亲水性平均值(grand average of hydropathicity,GRAVY)为–0.202(<0),表明该蛋白为亲水性蛋白;不稳定指数(instability index,II)为19.66(<40),即该蛋白在正常情况下较为稳定。通过PHYRE2http://www.sbg.bio.ic.ac.uk/phyre2/html/page.cgi?id=index)在线软件预测该蛋白的3D结构发现,TtTLP11蛋白含有一个不典型的α-螺旋和多个短的β-折叠结构,表明该蛋白的3D构象较为稳定(图2)。
使用SignalP、TMHMM软件综合预测TtTLP11蛋白在细胞内分布情况发现,TtTLP11蛋白的N端(1~23 aa)编码典型的信号肽,同时该区域也是一个潜在的跨膜结构域。该结果表明TtTLP11蛋白可能通过信号肽区域朝向细胞外暂时锚定于细胞质膜上,从而直接定位于细胞外,这与前人的报道植物渗调蛋白osmotin多为分泌性蛋白的结果一致[7]
通过花序浸润法获得拟南芥转基因株系,并通过Kan抗性筛选获得转基因拟南芥T3代阳性植株种子。在进行后期的表性分析及抗逆性分析之前,需要先对转基因超表达拟南芥进行分子检测,以确保外源基因TtTLP11在拟南芥中稳定遗传并超表达。
以野生型WT和转pBIm空载体拟南芥EV为对照,检测3个TtTLP11转基因超表达株系(OE1、OE2、OE3)的基因组中是否插入了TtTLP11的cDNA全长序列。提取WT、EV、OE1、OE2和OE3的拟南芥基因组DNA,采用35S-F和NOS-R引物对进行PCR扩增,检测结果如图3A所示,3个转基因超表达株系均扩增获得了约880 bp的阳性片段(包括TtTLP11的cDNA全长684 bp和35S-F/NOS-R引物对之间约200 bp的通用载体序列),而转pBIm空载体拟南芥EV扩出了200 bp的载体序列片段,野生型WT未扩增出条带。
使用pRT-TtTLP11F、pRT-TtTLP11R引物进行实时荧光定量(qRT-PCR)检测,结果见图3BTtTLP11在3个转基因株系中均过量表达,而在WT中不表达,该结果进一步表明拟南芥转基因超表达株系为阳性株系。
首先鉴定TtTLP11转基因超表达拟南芥种子萌发率受胁迫的具体影响。如图4所示,在200 mmol/L Mannitol和150 mmol/L NaCl处理下,不同种子萌发14 d后,过表达株系的萌发率相较于野生型有略微提升,但随着Mannitol和NaCl浓度的增加,无论是过表达还是野生型的拟南芥种子,其萌发率均呈明显下降趋势。同时观察幼苗的生长情况发现,叶片蜷缩无法舒展,且部分叶片出现黄白化,表明幼苗的生长受到严重抑制。结果表明TtTLP11超表达能够在一定程度上增强拟南芥对高盐及高渗透压等胁迫环境的耐受性,但效果不明显,差异不显著。
在此基础上,本研究进一步鉴定了在碱胁迫(NaHCO3)和盐碱混合(NaCl+NaHCO3)胁迫处理下的转基因拟南芥种子萌发情况。如图5所示,在不同NaHCO3浓度处理下,在1/2 MS固体培养基(CK)中,所有株系的萌发率均较高,随着NaHCO3浓度的增加,野生型的萌发率显著下降,而过表达株系的萌发率下降幅度较小,表现出更强的耐受性。过表达株系在12.5 mmol/L NaHCO3条件下的萌发率显著高于野生型,而在10 mmol/L NaHCO3条件下,过表达的萌发率略高于野生型。观察种子萌发7 d的生长情况,发现在12.5、15 mmol/L NaHCO3处理下拟南芥生长受到抑制,植株出现黄化、萎蔫胁迫症。在100 mmol/L NaCl处理下,所有株系的萌发率均有所降低,同时部分野生型拟南芥叶片失绿,呈现黄白色。在92.5 mmol/L NaCl+7.5 mmol/L NaHCO3组合处理下,过表达株系萌发率略高于野生型,同时,拟南芥植株幼苗均受到了极大抑制,植株出现黄化、萎蔫等症状。随着NaHCO3浓度的逐渐升高,部分叶片甚至出现白化的现象。以上结果说明,在适当浓度的NaCl与NaHCO3组合处理下,过表达TtTLP11可以轻微提高拟南芥的萌发率,但效果并不显著,NaCl与NaHCO3组合处理也可能对种子萌发产生抑制作用。以上结果进一步表明,相对于单独的盐胁迫(NaCl),碱胁迫(NaHCO3)或者盐碱混合胁迫(NaCl-NaHCO3)处理,转基因超表达TtTLP11拟南芥种子后代萌发状况要优于野生型,即TtTLP11转基因超表达更能提高植物对碱胁迫或盐碱混合胁迫的耐受性。
将野生型拟南芥(WT)和3个超表达TtTLP11拟南芥株系在含有不同NaHCO3浓度的1/2MS固体培养基平板上生长2周,分析碱胁迫(NaHCO3)对植物幼苗生长状况的影响。
图6可知,在无碱胁迫条件下,野生型和超表达株系的鲜质量无明显差异,表明TtTLP11超表达对正常生长条件下的生长状况无显著影响。在10 mmol/L NaHCO3处理下,过表达株系的鲜质量显著高于野生型,表明TtTLP11超表达增强了植物对低浓度碱胁迫的耐受性。在12.5 mmol/L NaHCO3处理下,过表达株系的鲜质量仍然显著高于野生型,但鲜质量较10 mmol/L NaHCO3处理下有所下降,表明随着碱浓度的增加,植物的生长受到抑制,但过表达株系仍表现出更强的抗逆性。在15 mmol/L NaHCO3处理下,所有株系的鲜质量均显著下降,但过表达株系的鲜质量仍显著高于野生型,表明TtTLP11超表达在高浓度碱胁迫下仍能部分维持植物的生长。在无碱胁迫条件下,转基因超表达纯合株系OE1及OE2的叶绿素含量较野生型略低,而在10 mmol/L NaHCO3处理下,过表达株系的叶绿素含量显著高于野生型,在12.5、15 mmol/L NaHCO3处理下,超表达株系的叶绿素含量仍然高于野生型,但较10 mmol/L NaHCO3处理下有所下降。
综上,超表达TtTLP11能够通过改良转基因拟南芥的生长状况,从而一定程度上提高植物耐受碱胁迫的能力。
由于野生番杏在其自然生境也会经常遭受到高温胁迫,且温度胁迫也会对植物细胞内水势的变化及水平衡的维持产生重要影响[19],推测植物类甜蛋白也参与植物的耐热胁迫应答。本研究通过高温(52 ℃和55 ℃)热激处理不同株系的拟南芥种子,处理时间分别设置为1、2 h,之后再将种子萌发的平板转移至22 ℃环境中正常培养。由图7可知,高温处理会抑制种子萌发,而TtTLP11基因超表达显著增强种子耐热性,在52 ℃处理2 h后和55 ℃处理1 h后,超表达TtTLP11纯合株系的萌发率显著高于野生型拟南芥。
野生番杏主要分布于热带和亚热带地区海边沙滩及向阳的路边,是一种滨海极端逆境适生植物,也是典型的聚盐型盐土植物(halophyte)[2]。盐土植物是发掘耐盐基因及启动子的重要遗传资源库[20]。类甜蛋白基因在植物体内广泛存在,编码植物病源侵害相关蛋白。植物TLP被归类为PR-5蛋白,是一种抗真菌蛋白[7]。植物类甜蛋白也称为渗调蛋白(osmotin),参与包括渗透胁迫、温度胁迫在内的多种非生物胁迫[7-8]。少量文献报道,植物TLP基因的表达或蛋白的积累也受到重金属镉[21]和铅[22]的诱导,参与重金属解毒。本实验室在前期研究中,对番杏的渗调蛋白TtTLP进行了初步的基因家族鉴定和功能分析[18],并在此基础上选择了其中1个成员,即本研究中的TtTLP11基因进行拟南芥转基因超表达功能鉴定,以期更深入地了解该基因参与调控植物非生物逆境胁迫的具体生物学功能。
植物类甜蛋白(渗调蛋白)首次在盐胁迫的烟草悬浮细胞中获得分离[23],之后的研究表明,由于该蛋白在细胞内的合成和积累受高盐或干旱胁迫诱导,即与植物渗透胁迫应答密切相关,故将该蛋白命名为渗调蛋白osmotin[24]。近年来,大量的研究表明,植物类甜蛋白广泛参与包括耐盐、抗旱和抗病应答,以及豆科植物根瘤菌结瘤等生物和非生物胁迫过程[7-9,25]。本课题组重点关注了特殊生境植物和一些野生植物中类甜蛋白基因的研究状况。龙葵(Solanum nigrum)是茄科茄属一年生草本植物,也是一种中药材。龙葵渗调蛋白基因SnOLP在大豆中超表达后能够显著提高转基因大豆的耐旱性[12]。青稞(Hordeum vulgare)在我国主要分布于青藏高原,极耐寒冷和干旱,青稞类甜蛋白基因家族广泛参与青稞对冷冻、干旱和多种病源侵害的胁迫应答[26]。沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus nanus)主要分布于中亚温带地区,极耐寒冷。沙冬青AnTLP基因家族的多个成员表达受冷冻胁迫的诱导,且AnTLP13转基因超表达的大肠杆菌和烟草耐冷性显著提高[27]。海石花(T. loliiformis)是一种海生藻类,主要生长在近海的礁石上,能够耐受高盐胁迫和反复干旱。海石花类甜蛋白基因TlTLP11在水稻中转基因的超表达后能够增强转基因水稻的耐盐性及耐旱性[15]。由此可见,通过对特殊生境野生植物的类甜蛋白基因的功能鉴定可以深入发掘出具有针对提高作物抗逆性的目标功能基因,并进一步开发其利用价值。
本课题组在前期针对番杏类甜蛋白基因家族初步鉴定的基础上,选择其中1个成员TtTLP11进行深入的转基因功能研究,以模式植物拟南芥为载体进行TtTLP11的转基因超表达,并对3个独立的转基因超表达株系进行系统抗逆性分析。结果表明,超表达TtTLP11的转基因株系对单独的高盐和高渗(模拟干旱)胁迫的抗性与野生型拟南芥对照相比,有一定程度的改善,但效果不太显著;而对盐碱复合胁迫的抗性与对照相比,其抗逆性有一定的提升,而对碱胁迫的耐受性提升效果显著。同样,转基因株系对热击胁迫的抗性也明显高于野生型。这一研究结果与一些已鉴定的其他植物类甜蛋白功能略有差异[12,15],且与一些其他调控植物水势的蛋白功能鉴定有所区别。如植物LEA(late embryogenesis abundant)蛋白也是一种高度亲水性蛋白,以前的研究表明转基因超表达厚藤IpLEA的转基因拟南芥的耐盐耐旱性显著提高[28]。推测尽管植物渗调蛋白与LEA蛋白的物化性质高度一致,即都是具有高度亲水性的保护性蛋白,但转基因功能分析结果却差别较大(即转基因超表达TtTLP11的拟南芥对高盐高渗胁迫的耐受性提高弱于转基因超表达IpLEA的拟南芥)[28],其最大的原因可能在于类甜蛋白在细胞或植物体内的定位与植物LEA蛋白不同。本研究结果表明,不同的番杏类甜蛋白家族成员的亚细胞定位情况差异极大,且大部分成员主要分布于细胞外,为细胞分泌蛋白;而LEA蛋白则主要分布于细胞内不同部位。因此,对植物体内而言,类甜蛋白发挥调控细胞内水势及渗透胁迫的能力可能略微弱于植物LEA蛋白,这主要是因为大部分类甜蛋白合成后需要分泌到细胞膜外等植物体表或细胞间隙中,发挥其抗病蛋白的性能;而植物LEA蛋白则主要定位于细胞内,可以极大程度地调控细胞内的渗透胁迫,从而显著地提高植物体对高盐、干旱等渗透胁迫的耐受性。同样,番杏类甜蛋白家族不同成员对氧化胁迫的耐受性也表现出较大的差异[18],而多个海刀豆(Canavalia rosea)LEA蛋白成员均对氧化胁迫表现出一致的耐受性[29],可能取决于番杏类甜蛋白家族成员的不同亚细胞定位模式。此外,本研究还发现,转基因超表达TtTLP11的拟南芥对热激胁迫的耐受性提高,很可能是由于渗调蛋白TtTLP11是一个细胞周边分布的蛋白,而植物体感受到外界的热信号是由外至内地传导,并通过物理及化学屏障缓解热胁迫的伤害,而类甜蛋白的细胞外围及周边分布的特性最大限度地赋予该蛋白保护转基因植物免受热胁迫的伤害,从而提高对热激胁迫处理的耐受性。关于番杏类甜蛋白对热激胁迫的具体应答机制还需要进一步探讨。
本研究通过对番杏类甜蛋白TtTLP11转基因超表达的拟南芥进行胁迫处理的抗性分析,进一步明确了该蛋白确实具备提高植物对碱胁迫、盐碱混合胁迫和热胁迫的耐受性的潜力。研究结果为进一步发掘包括番杏在内的野生植物的抗逆遗传资源提供参考,也为农作物针对特殊生境的遗传改良提供可供操作的候选功能基因。
  • 广东省科技计划项目(2024B1212050007)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.10.005
  • 接收时间:2025-04-10
  • 首发时间:2026-03-09
  • 出版时间:2025-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-10
  • 录用日期:2025-06-13
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广东省科技计划项目(2024B1212050007)
作者信息
    1.中国科学院华南植物园/广东省应用植物学重点实验室,广东广州 510650
    2.中国科学院大学,北京 100049
    3.广东省农业科学院蔬菜研究所,广东广州 510640

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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