Article(id=1237814987759080172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1237814978405790425, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.10.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743436800000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1751212800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-06-30, onlineDate=1773047690572, onlineDateStr=2026-03-09, pubDate=1761321600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773047690572, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773047690572, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773047690572, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1237814978405790425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2025', volume='46', issue='10', pageStart='2287', pageEnd='2547', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773047688342, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773049212967, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1237821373213635442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1237814978405790425, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1237821373213635443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1237814978405790425, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2401, endPage=2409, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1237814988094624517, articleId=1237814987759080172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Advances in Aquilaria sinensis Seeds, columnId=1236256430060261740, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Germplasm Resources, Genetics & Breeding, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aquilaria sinensis is the original plant of the precious traditional Chinese medicinal material known as agarwood, with a long history of medicinal application. Seeds play a crucial role in the reproduction process of A. sinensis. The seed is the recalcitrant type, with a short period of viability, cannot be dried in the sun nor stored for long periods. The quality assessment, storage, and germination of the seed are essential for obtaining high-quality seedlings. Additionally, the seed has various application beyond seedlings cultivation. Due to its rich content of various nutrients, high yield, and affordable price, it has numerous applications in medicine, food, feed, health products, and food additives. The article introduced the aspects of seed quality assessment, seed storage, seed development and germination, nutritional components, and application of A. sinensis seeds, and prospects for future research area, aiming to provide references for cultivating high-quality A. sinensis seedlings and the utilization of the seed.

, correspAuthors=Shengyun ZHONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*ZHONG Shengyun,E-mail:
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白木香(Aquilaria sinensis)是名贵中药材沉香的原植物,具有悠久的药用历史。种子在白木香的繁殖过程中发挥着十分重要的作用,其种子属于顽拗性种子,活性保持时间短,既不能晒干也不耐贮藏,种子的质量评估、种子贮藏及萌发对获取优良白木香种苗至关重要;同时白木香种子除了培育种苗外,由于富含各种营养物质,同时产量较高以及价格实惠,在药用、食品、饲料、保健品、食品添加剂等方面有诸多用途。本文从白木香种子质量评估、种子贮藏、种子发育与萌发、营养成分及用途等方面进行介绍,并展望白木香种子的未来研究方向,旨在为培育优良白木香种苗以及种子开发利用提供参考。

, correspAuthors=钟圣赟, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*钟圣赟,E-mail:
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陈国德(1989—),男,学士,高级工程师,研究方向:林学。

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陈国德(1989—),男,学士,高级工程师,研究方向:林学。

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陈国德(1989—),男,学士,高级工程师,研究方向:林学。

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articleId=1237814987759080172, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=质量评估), Keyword(id=1237814991697530912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814987759080172, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=种子贮藏)], refs=[Reference(id=1237814992481865810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814987759080172, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=33, issue=5, pageStart=114, pageEnd=117, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=孟慧, 张争, 杨云, 陈波, journalName=种子, refType=null, unstructuredReference=孟慧, 张争, 杨云, 陈波. 白木香种子质量分级标准研究[J]. 种子, 2014, 33(5): 114-117., articleTitle=白木香种子质量分级标准研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1237814992616083549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814987759080172, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=33, issue=5, pageStart=114, pageEnd=117, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=MENG H, ZHANG Z, YANG Y, CHEN B, journalName=Seed, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MENG H, ZHANG Z, YANG Y, CHEN B. 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International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2016, 17: 398., articleTitle=Antiallergic phorbol ester from the seeds of Aquilaria malaccensis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1237815001445093807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814987759080172, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=80, issue=5, pageStart=1421, pageEnd=1427, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[52], rfOrder=91, authorNames=WAGH V D, KORINKE M, LO I W, HSU Y M, CHEN S L, HSU H Y, HWANG T L, WU Y C, CHEN B H, CHEN Y B, CHANG F R, journalName=Journal of Natural Products, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WAGH V D, KORINKE M, LO I W, HSU Y M, CHEN S L, HSU H Y, HWANG T L, WU Y C, CHEN B H, CHEN Y B, CHANG F R. Inflammation modulatory phorbol esters from the seeds of Aquilaria malaccensis[J]. Journal of Natural Products, 2017, 80(5): 1421-1427., articleTitle=Inflammation modulatory phorbol esters from the seeds of Aquilaria malaccensis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1237815002875351473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814987759080172, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=44, issue=10, pageStart=3135, pageEnd=4148, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[53], rfOrder=92, authorNames=WOOTTON-BEARD P C, RYAN L, journalName=Food Research International, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WOOTTON-BEARD P C, RYAN L. Improving public health: the role of antioxidant-rich fruit and vegetable beverages[J]. 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Journal of Controlled Release, 2006, 113(3): 189-207., articleTitle=Role of antioxidants in prophylaxis and therapy: a pharmaceutical perspective, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1237814992402174028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814987759080172, awardId=KYYSLK2023-005, language=CN, fundingSource=海南省省属科研院所技术开发专项项目(KYYSLK2023-005), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1237814988774101813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814987759080172, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1237814988778296118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814987759080172, companyId=1237814988774101813, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Hainan Academy of Forestry (Hainan Academy of Mangrove), Haikou, Hainan 571100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1237814988799267640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814987759080172, companyId=1237814988774101813, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=海南省林业科学研究院(海南省红树林研究院),海南海口 571100)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1237814991831748647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814987759080172, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Comparison of different storage methods for A. sinensis cultivation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
贮藏方式
Storage method
种子含水量
Seed moisture content/%
保存温度
Storage temperature/℃
保存时间
Storage time/d
发芽率
Germination rate/%
重复数
Repetition
参考文献
References
低温9.3443560±4.725[26]
 7.3543558±5.035[26]
速冻16.30‒1965504[27]
 13.02‒1965540.10±1.984[27]
 9.34‒1965547.05±2.024[27]
 7.35‒1965567.67±1.544[27]
缓冻7.35‒1965563.25±1.304[27]
室温27.45室温30305[21]
低温7.38412055.335[21]
硅胶常温23.78~31.50251527~323[19]
湿沙低温23.78~31.5041562~673[19]
保湿 室温20~30  [15]
  5~1090~120  [15]
), ArticleFig(id=1237814991898857519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814987759080172, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

白木香种子不同贮藏方法比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
贮藏方式
Storage method
种子含水量
Seed moisture content/%
保存温度
Storage temperature/℃
保存时间
Storage time/d
发芽率
Germination rate/%
重复数
Repetition
参考文献
References
低温9.3443560±4.725[26]
 7.3543558±5.035[26]
速冻16.30‒1965504[27]
 13.02‒1965540.10±1.984[27]
 9.34‒1965547.05±2.024[27]
 7.35‒1965567.67±1.544[27]
缓冻7.35‒1965563.25±1.304[27]
室温27.45室温30305[21]
低温7.38412055.335[21]
硅胶常温23.78~31.50251527~323[19]
湿沙低温23.78~31.5041562~673[19]
保湿 室温20~30  [15]
  5~1090~120  [15]
), ArticleFig(id=1237814992012103731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814987759080172, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Analysis of nutritional components in A. sinensis seed

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种类
Type
主要成分及含量
Main tngredients and content
提取方法
Extraction method
参考文献
References
挥发油棕榈酸(23.61%)、壬二酸(13.02%),双-1-甲基丙酯(13.76%)、9-氧代-壬酸乙酯(4.41%)、油酸(3.58%)、亚油酸乙酯(3.65%),肉豆蔻酸(1.78%)以及2,4-二叔丁基苯酚(2.06%)等用滤纸片琼脂扩散法[41]
挥发性成分角鲨烯(41.34%)、其次为油酸乙酯(32.233%)和n-hexadecanoic acid(16.708%)超临界CO2萃取和GC-MS联用方法[43]
脂肪油油酸(62.75%)、硬脂酸(15.92%)、棕榈酸(14.52%)等索氏提取法[25]
脂肪酸油酸(69.92%)、棕榈酸(12.34%)、亚油酸(9.23%)、硬脂酸(6.30%)等超临界CO2萃取方法[13]
脂肪酸油酸(69.99%)、棕榈酸(12.41%)、亚油酸(9.30%)、硬脂酸(6.20%)等石油醚提取法[13]
黄酮5-羟基-7,3',4'-三甲氧基黄酮、5,3'-二羟基-7,4'-二甲氧基黄酮、5,4'-二羟基-7,3'-二甲氧基黄酮溶液浸提法[45]
其他粗蛋白(12.87%)、粗纤维(32.43%)、粗脂肪(43.24%)、总多糖(1.38%)相关养分测定方法[10]
), ArticleFig(id=1237814992112767033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814987759080172, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

白木香种子营养成分分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种类
Type
主要成分及含量
Main tngredients and content
提取方法
Extraction method
参考文献
References
挥发油棕榈酸(23.61%)、壬二酸(13.02%),双-1-甲基丙酯(13.76%)、9-氧代-壬酸乙酯(4.41%)、油酸(3.58%)、亚油酸乙酯(3.65%),肉豆蔻酸(1.78%)以及2,4-二叔丁基苯酚(2.06%)等用滤纸片琼脂扩散法[41]
挥发性成分角鲨烯(41.34%)、其次为油酸乙酯(32.233%)和n-hexadecanoic acid(16.708%)超临界CO2萃取和GC-MS联用方法[43]
脂肪油油酸(62.75%)、硬脂酸(15.92%)、棕榈酸(14.52%)等索氏提取法[25]
脂肪酸油酸(69.92%)、棕榈酸(12.34%)、亚油酸(9.23%)、硬脂酸(6.30%)等超临界CO2萃取方法[13]
脂肪酸油酸(69.99%)、棕榈酸(12.41%)、亚油酸(9.30%)、硬脂酸(6.20%)等石油醚提取法[13]
黄酮5-羟基-7,3',4'-三甲氧基黄酮、5,3'-二羟基-7,4'-二甲氧基黄酮、5,4'-二羟基-7,3'-二甲氧基黄酮溶液浸提法[45]
其他粗蛋白(12.87%)、粗纤维(32.43%)、粗脂肪(43.24%)、总多糖(1.38%)相关养分测定方法[10]
), ArticleFig(id=1237814992226013247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814987759080172, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Utilization of components related to A. sinensis seed

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分
Ingredient
作用
Role
参考文献
References
挥发油弱抗MRSA活性(抑菌圈直径7 mm)[41]
角鲨烯抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗辐射及抗菌多重效果[42][48]
油酸和硬脂酸及高的总油含量重要营养价值,也可以作为生物燃料之一[25]
沉香螺醇安定作用[47]
棕榈酸具抗肿瘤活性[49]
反油酸诱导细胞凋亡活性[50]
二萜酯类化合物调节炎症反应,抗过敏等[51-52]
黄酮抗氧化[38]
种子油合成树脂和增塑剂[10]
蛋白质、粗纤维食用价值[10]
核苷酸药品、保健品和食品添加剂[10]
), ArticleFig(id=1237814992318287942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814987759080172, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

白木香种子相关成分利用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分
Ingredient
作用
Role
参考文献
References
挥发油弱抗MRSA活性(抑菌圈直径7 mm)[41]
角鲨烯抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗辐射及抗菌多重效果[42][48]
油酸和硬脂酸及高的总油含量重要营养价值,也可以作为生物燃料之一[25]
沉香螺醇安定作用[47]
棕榈酸具抗肿瘤活性[49]
反油酸诱导细胞凋亡活性[50]
二萜酯类化合物调节炎症反应,抗过敏等[51-52]
黄酮抗氧化[38]
种子油合成树脂和增塑剂[10]
蛋白质、粗纤维食用价值[10]
核苷酸药品、保健品和食品添加剂[10]
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白木香种子研究进展
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陈国德 , 苟志辉 , 王鑫 , 郑宏斌 , 曾亚红 , 钟圣赟 *
热带作物学报 | 种质资源与遗传育种 2025,46(10): 2401-2409
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热带作物学报 | 种质资源与遗传育种 2025, 46(10): 2401-2409
白木香种子研究进展
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陈国德, 苟志辉, 王鑫, 郑宏斌, 曾亚红, 钟圣赟*
作者信息
  • 海南省林业科学研究院(海南省红树林研究院),海南海口 571100
  • 陈国德(1989—),男,学士,高级工程师,研究方向:林学。

通讯作者:

*钟圣赟,E-mail:
Advances in Aquilaria sinensis Seeds
Guode CHEN, Zhihui GOU, Xin WANG, Hongbin ZHENG, Yahong ZENG, Shengyun ZHONG*
Affiliations
  • Hainan Academy of Forestry (Hainan Academy of Mangrove), Haikou, Hainan 571100, China
出版时间: 2025-10-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.10.011
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白木香(Aquilaria sinensis)是名贵中药材沉香的原植物,具有悠久的药用历史。种子在白木香的繁殖过程中发挥着十分重要的作用,其种子属于顽拗性种子,活性保持时间短,既不能晒干也不耐贮藏,种子的质量评估、种子贮藏及萌发对获取优良白木香种苗至关重要;同时白木香种子除了培育种苗外,由于富含各种营养物质,同时产量较高以及价格实惠,在药用、食品、饲料、保健品、食品添加剂等方面有诸多用途。本文从白木香种子质量评估、种子贮藏、种子发育与萌发、营养成分及用途等方面进行介绍,并展望白木香种子的未来研究方向,旨在为培育优良白木香种苗以及种子开发利用提供参考。

白木香  /  种子利用  /  质量评估  /  种子贮藏

Aquilaria sinensis is the original plant of the precious traditional Chinese medicinal material known as agarwood, with a long history of medicinal application. Seeds play a crucial role in the reproduction process of A. sinensis. The seed is the recalcitrant type, with a short period of viability, cannot be dried in the sun nor stored for long periods. The quality assessment, storage, and germination of the seed are essential for obtaining high-quality seedlings. Additionally, the seed has various application beyond seedlings cultivation. Due to its rich content of various nutrients, high yield, and affordable price, it has numerous applications in medicine, food, feed, health products, and food additives. The article introduced the aspects of seed quality assessment, seed storage, seed development and germination, nutritional components, and application of A. sinensis seeds, and prospects for future research area, aiming to provide references for cultivating high-quality A. sinensis seedlings and the utilization of the seed.

Aquilaria sinensis  /  seed application  /  quality assessment  /  seed storage
陈国德, 苟志辉, 王鑫, 郑宏斌, 曾亚红, 钟圣赟. 白木香种子研究进展. 热带作物学报, 2025 , 46 (10) : 2401 -2409 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.10.011
Guode CHEN, Zhihui GOU, Xin WANG, Hongbin ZHENG, Yahong ZENG, Shengyun ZHONG. Advances in Aquilaria sinensis Seeds[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2025 , 46 (10) : 2401 -2409 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.10.011
白木香[Aquilaria sinensis(Lour.)Spreng.],又称土沉香或莞香,是瑞香科沉香属的常绿乔木,其树脂化木材作为传统中药材沉香使用,是唯一的国产中药沉香的植物资源[1]。该植物在我国南方地区具有重要的药用和经济价值,被列为海南五大南药及广东十大药材之一。沉香性味辛、苦,微温,具有行气止痛、温胃止呕及补肾纳气等功效[1-4]。除药用外,沉香在香料、宗教用品及工艺雕刻等领域也应用广泛,有较高的市场经济价值[5-6]。白木香主要分布于我国华南地区,包括广东、海南、广西等省(区)[7]。近年来,由于沉香市场价值持续攀升,野生资源遭到严重破坏。加之其自身繁殖困难,导致野生种群数量急剧下降。白木香为国家重点保护二级野生植物和国家重点保护三级珍稀濒危保护植物[1,8],并于2004年列入《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》(CITES)附录,同时,东南亚国家将可生产沉香的沉香属所有植物均列入了公约名录。
白木香是一种具有特定生态需求的植物,其生长表现显著受环境因子影响。该树种对光照条件具有中等需求,属喜温湿气候类型,在11~29 ℃范围内均可适宜生长,其中22 ℃为其生理活动最适温度。在土壤适应性方面,该物种偏好发育于深厚、富含有机质且排水良好的砖红壤或山地黄壤,最适土壤pH范围为4.5~6.5。然而,即便在养分贫瘠的干旱山地环境,该树种仍能维持基本生长。该物种在不同发育阶段表现出明显的光适应性差异。幼苗期需适度遮荫环境,对强光胁迫较为敏感;而成熟个体则需要充足光照以保证生殖生长正常进行[9]。白木香种子为蒴果,蒴果呈长卵状或纺锤形,略扁平,长度约2~3 cm,基部具宿存萼片,成熟时呈现黄绿色。每果含种子1~3粒,以2粒最为常见[9]
白木香作为一种具有重要药用价值的植物资源,其市场需求近年来呈现持续增长态势。为应对野生资源保护压力,我国已在多个适宜产区建立了规模化人工种植基地,栽培面积不断扩大[10-11]。白木香种子作为主要副产物,年产量已超过100万t[12-13],但其开发利用程度仍然较低。目前栽培实践中存在的主要问题包括:缺乏经过系统选育的稳定品种,种子质量存在明显的年际波动。从生理特性来看,白木香种子属于典型的顽拗性种子,受到相关基因的调控,其成熟后不经历脱水过程,脱落时仍维持较高含水量并保持活跃的代谢状态[14],同时表现出明显的脱水敏感性和低温敏感性。干燥种子的活力维持期通常仅为数日至数周,因此应采取相应的策略进行采收、干燥和播种前保存[15]。此外,白木香种子富含油脂及其他营养成分,但由于基础研究不足和技术开发滞后,其潜在应用价值尚未得到充分开发。现有研究表明,白木香种子油具有显著的药理活性,在药用和功能性食品领域具有重要开发前景[13]。因此,本研究系统梳理了白木香种子在质量评价、贮藏方法、萌发以及营养成分和用途等方面的研究进展,旨在为培育高质量白木香种苗以及高效利用白木香种子提供新思路。
种子是白木香种植首要考虑因子,白木香的种子属于顽拗性种子,很容易失去活力。刘军民等[16]将白木香种子分为3个等级:(1)一等,种子粒大、饱满,每粒种子质量为0.147~0.159 g,长1.38~1.65 cm,宽0.74~0.78 cm,高0.50~0.70 cm;(2)二等,种子大小中等、饱满,每粒种子质量为0.133~0.135 g,长1.20~1.50 cm,宽0.62~0.68 cm,高0.50~0.58 cm;(3)三等,种子较小,每粒种子质量为0.105~0.112 g,长1.10~1.32 cm,宽0.50~0.60 cm,高0.40~0.50 cm。而孟慧等[1]则将其采收的36份种子分成2个等级,认为影响白木香种子质量的主要因素为含水量、发芽率、生活力及千粒重。
种子含水量是影响种子活力和发芽能力的关键因素,顽拗型种子与常规种子不同,其短暂的贮藏寿命与水分代谢特性密切相关。顽拗型种子在成熟后不经历脱水阶段,仍维持较高的水分含量并持续进行活跃的生理代谢活动。研究表明,这类种子对脱水胁迫极为敏感,水分损失会直接导致其生理功能受损[17]。因此,维持适宜的含水量是保证顽拗型种子萌发率的重要前提。多项研究证实,顽拗型种子的萌发能力随含水量下降而显著降低[18-19]。张志权[20]发现白木香种子在自然风干条件下活力迅速丧失,采收后3~6 d内发芽率急剧下降;张丽霞等[21]研究进一步指出,在常温通风贮藏30 d后,种子基本失去生活力。KUNDU等[22]对同属植物沉香(Aquilaria agallocha)的研究也表明,其种子活力随水分减少而快速衰退。然而,过高的含水量同样不利于维持种子活力,可能因呼吸代谢过强或微生物滋生而抑制种子萌发[19-20]。因此,确定顽拗型种子的最适贮藏含水量,对延长其种子贮藏期具有重要意义。
千粒重是衡量种子发育状况的重要参数,能够直观反映种子的饱满度和成熟度。研究表明,白木香种子的千粒重存在显著变异,这种差异主要源于种质资源、环境因子以及采收期等多方面因素的综合作用。种子成熟度与其萌发能力呈显著正相关,张丽霞等[21]通过系统观察发现,白木香种子的简易活力指数随着发育进程呈现持续上升趋势。这一发现为种子质量分级提供了重要的理论依据。除发育程度外,品种和母树树龄也是影响种子质量的关键因素。刘培卫等[5]的对比研究表明,不同品种的白木香种子在萌发特性上存在显著差异,其中小叶椭圆果型品种表现出最优的发芽性能。同时,研究还发现树龄10~15 a的母树所产种子的活力显著高于其他树龄的种子活力,这一结果为优质种源的选择提供科学指导。这些发现对于建立白木香种子质量评价体系和优化种苗生产具有重要意义。
白木香种子的采集需要遵循严格的规范以确保种子质量。研究表明,采集具备良好的生长势、无病虫害侵染且具有稳定的结实能力,树龄为10~15 a的优良母树的种子最为适宜[23]。采种时间通常集中在7月前后,此时果实发育成熟,外观特征表现为果皮颜色由绿色转变为棕褐色,并伴随种子自然脱落现象[24]。在具体采种操作方面,不同品种特性存在一定差异。多数白木香在3—5月完成开花过程,6—8月进入果实成熟期。当观察到果皮呈现黄白色时,可使用高枝剪沿果柄部位采收。成熟的种子呈深褐色,也可通过在地面铺设收集装置获取自然脱落的种子[15,25]。为提高采种效率,建议在清晨时段进行操作,此时果实含水量较高,有利于保持种子活力。将采收的蒴果置于通风良好的阴凉环境,定期翻动促进均匀干燥。待果实自然开裂后及时收集脱落的种子[9]。由于白木香种子活力保持期较短,原则上建议随采随播。若需短期贮藏,必须采用科学的保存方法以最大限度地保持种子发芽能力。
白木香种子的贮藏特性与其顽拗性密切相关,常规贮藏条件下种子活力快速丧失,1个月内发芽率即降至50%以下[9]。针对这一特性,研究者探索了多种贮藏方法以延长种子寿命(表1)。多项研究表明,适度脱水和低温条件相结合可有效保持种子活力。刘军民等[26]研究发现,当种子含水量控制在7.35%~9.34%范围时,4 ℃贮藏35 d后仍能维持较高发芽率,显著优于常温贮藏效果。新鲜种子在湿砂中易提前萌发,而过度干燥则会增加霉变风险。超低温贮藏技术的应用前景较好。实验数据显示,含水量为7.35%的种子在超低温条件下(‒196 ℃)贮藏55 d后,仍有较高的发芽率,活力保持效果显著高于常温及低温(4 ℃)贮藏35 d的处理组[27]。这表明超低温贮藏技术可能为白木香种质资源的长期贮藏提供有效方法。张丽霞等[21]的对比研究进一步证实,适度脱水(含水量7.38%)结合4 ℃低温可适当延长种子贮藏期至180 d,而高含水量(27.45%)种子在相同条件下贮藏1个月后萌发率显著下降,仅有30%左右。在选择贮藏介质方面,赵冬等[19]研究表明湿砂低温组合贮藏种子的发芽率优于硅胶常温贮藏种子的发芽率。宋松泉等[15]将通过高温灭菌的珍珠岩作为种子贮藏介质,将新鲜种子和贮藏介质按1∶5(V/V)的比例装入自封袋中,加入适量的无菌水,混匀;常温下可贮藏20~30 d,在5~10 ℃下可实现3~4个月的贮藏期。研究还发现,采用0.1%次氯酸钠溶液预处理种子可进一步延长贮藏时间。这些研究结果为建立白木香种子标准化贮藏技术体系提供重要依据。一些优化的超低温保存技术例如小滴玻璃化法[28-29],包埋玻璃化法以及铝盘玻璃化法等在热带种质资源保存中都有重要应用[30-31],未来这些方法在白木香种子上的应用将进一步拓展白木香种子的贮藏效率。
植物种子的发育过程受到精密而复杂的调控网络控制,其中转录因子发挥着核心调控作用。在种子发育和成熟阶段起关键作用的许多转录因子都属于植物特有的B3超家族。该家族所有成员均包含一个保守的110个氨基酸区域。含有B3结构域的基因在植物界普遍存在,这些基因对植物种子发育进程及油脂积累等重要生理过程具有显著的调控功能[32]。JING等[14]首次在白木香种子中研究了B3转录因子,证明其与种子的顽拗型有关。种子大小的调控也涉及多种分子机制,几条信号途径通过调节母体组织的生长来影响种子大小[33]。种子发育过程中,代谢调控包括多种物质和代谢途径,例如糖类代谢和脂质代谢都是非常重要的途径[32],在种植发育过程中起到非常重要的作用。刘慧娟[34]利用多组学技术(基因组学、转录组学、蛋白组学等)分析了三叶木通种子的发育分子机制,为提高三叶木通种子的油脂含量和优化种质资源提供理论基础。目前关于白木香种子的发育机制研究还较少,未来可利用多组学技术应用于研究白木香种子的发育过程,为筛选出优良的种子以及后续的种苗培育提供理论基础。
环境因子温度和光照强度是白木香种子萌发的显著影响因素[21]。种子在采收后既可直接播种,也可经催芽处理后进行移栽。实验表明,25~30 ℃的温度范围有利于白木香种子萌发,而12 h/d,12 μmol/(m2·s)的光照条件则表现出一定的抑制作用,黑暗环境更有利于促进种子发芽[15,21]。在光照条件优化方面,袁莲珍等[35]通过设置梯度遮光试验发现,50%~75%的遮光度处理组表现出较优的萌发效果,种子萌发时间早,发芽率在80%以上。相比之下,全光照对照组的萌发效果最差。研究还发现,不同遮光程度对幼苗生长发育具有极显著影响:50%~75%遮光度条件下幼苗生长速度最快;90%遮光度条件下幼苗存活率虽然最高,但是生长较差;而全光照下,幼苗存活率低、生长差。因此,在生产实践中适当遮光有利于种子萌发和幼苗生长;将遮光率控制在60%左右,既能有效提高萌发率,又能保证幼苗的健壮生长[9,36]。该技术措施已在白木香育苗中得到成功应用,为规模化生产优质种苗提供可靠的技术支持。
目前,白木香虽已在广东、海南等主要产区实现规模化种植,但市场对沉香需求持续快速增长,导致供不应求[37-38]。为了保护生态平衡,迫切需要寻求具有相似功效的替代药材[39]。白木香种子因其年产量高且价格实惠,是最适合替代沉香的植物资源。从资源利用角度来看,白木香种子具有突出的开发价值[40]。研究显示,其油脂含量极为丰富,出油率可达56.6%,可榨油供制润滑油、软皮革用油、肥皂等产品的生产[8]
白木香种子的营养成分丰富,其挥发油的化学成分分析显示(表2),含有棕榈酸、肉豆蔻酸和油酸等脂肪酸及2,4-二叔丁基苯酚多种重要生物活性组分[41]。采用滤纸片琼脂扩散法对白木香种子的挥发油成分进行鉴定,对检测出的23个化合物组分中的19个进行鉴定,这些化合物占挥发油总量的87.63%,棕榈酸(23.61%)是最主要的脂肪酸成分,其次为壬二酸双-1-甲基丙酯(13.76%)和壬二酸(13.02%)等[41]。白木香种子挥发油中检测到的2,4-二叔丁基苯酚与沉香药材中的成分具有相似性[42]。然而,研究未发现挥发油中含有沉香特征性的倍半萜类化合物。通过超临界CO2流体萃取结合气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术的研究表明,挥发油的气质成分中鉴定出9种主要成分,其中饱和脂肪酸角鲨烯含量较高,占挥发性成分的41.34%[43],也含有较高的不饱和脂肪酸。相比其他木本植物种子在脂肪酸组成方面,白木香种子在含量上表现出显著优势,其含油量达68.5%[44],邬璟等[10]研究表明白木香种子粗脂肪含量则为43.42%,这种差异可能是由于不同的提取方法以及种子来源导致。油酸(62.75%)是含量最高的不饱和脂肪酸,而硬脂酸(15.92%)和棕榈酸(14.52%)则是主要的饱和脂肪酸[25]。采用超临界CO2萃取技术获得的种子油中,不饱和脂肪酸占比超过80%,其中油酸(69.92%)和亚油酸(9.23%)为主要成分[13]。不同研究报道的成分含量存在一定差异,这可能与提取方法的选择、种子的品种来源、分析成分以及实验条件的不同密切相关。因此,对白木香种子相关成分的提取方法,应多参考不同提取方法的提取效果,选择最佳的实验条件及提取方法。
白木香种子中鉴定出的黄酮类化合物(包括5-羟基-7,3ʹ,4ʹ-三甲氧基黄酮、5,3ʹ-二羟基-7,4ʹ-二甲氧基黄酮以及5,4ʹ-二羟基-7,3ʹ-二甲氧基黄酮)与白木香叶片中的黄酮成分具有高度一致性[45]。此外,白木香种子中含有较丰富的粗纤维和蛋白质,更重要的是其氨基酸组成和配比均衡合理[10]
白木香种子的不同成分有着不同的用途(表3)。通过石油醚浸提法获得的挥发油样品,经滤纸片琼脂扩散法检测显示对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)具有轻度抑制作用[41]。采用超临界CO2流体萃取结合GC-MS分析技术鉴定出来的高含量的角鲨烯(41.34%)表现出显著的抗氧化活性[43]。角鲨烯作为一种具有多重生物活性的化合物,其药理作用包括:增强组织供氧能力、抑制肿瘤细胞增殖与转移、缓解化疗导致的白细胞减少,以及在抗感染、抗疲劳和心血管保护等方面的应用价值。因此含有角鲨烯的白木香种子有望在药物、保健品和化妆品行业有较大的应用潜力[43]。白木香种子挥发油中含量较高的油酸和硬脂酸,不仅具有重要的营养价值,还可作为潜在的生物燃料[25]。郑威等[46]的研究进一步揭示了种子脂溶性成分中多种化合物具有药用价值,包括具有镇静作用的沉香螺醇[47]、抗氧化、抗辐射、抗肿瘤及抗菌等多重效果的角鲨烯[48]、抗肿瘤活性的棕榈酸[49]以及能诱导细胞凋亡的反油酸[50]等。值得注意的是,种子提取物中的二萜酯类化合物表现出调节炎症反应、抗过敏以及针对肝癌、乳腺癌和肺癌细胞的细胞毒素作用[51-52]
白木香种子所含的黄酮类化合物表现出显著的浓度依赖性抗氧化特性。虽然其抗氧化的能力较维生素C稍弱,但随着浓度的增加,抗氧化活性呈现明显的上升趋势[38]。从应用价值来看,白木香种子中的黄酮类提取物展现出的抗氧化性能,应用抗氧化物质来预防疾病保持人体健康的研究越来越受到重视[53-54],因此这种特性为其在中药现代化制剂和功能性保健品开发中的应用提供科学依据。
白木香种子油展现出多元化的应用潜力,除了医用和食用价值外,也有较好的工业价值。从油脂化学指标分析,该种子油的碘值为79.28,表明其属于非干性油范畴,这种特性使其特别适合作为涂料工业中合成树脂和增塑剂的原料。皂化值测定结果(191.15)显示该油品含有较高比例的可皂化成分,这一特性为其在日化领域的应用提供基础,包括肥皂生产和化妆品配方。从营养学角度评估,白木香种子含有较丰富的粗纤维和蛋白质,其氨基酸配比均衡。在确保食用安全性的前提下,这些特性使其可作为:(1)功能性食品原料;(2)优质饲料或者饲料蛋白质添加剂。白木香种子中已鉴定出的核苷酸成分比较丰富,也是保健食品、食品添加剂以及核苷酸类药品的潜在来源[7]
白木香种子质量评估对于优化种苗生产具有重要意义,但目前还缺乏统一的种子质量标准体系,因此,应尽快建立白木香种子的国家标准体系,从而更好地保证白木香生产的规范稳定。由于白木香种子属于顽拗性种子,不耐贮藏,超低温保存技术的突破为种质资源保存提供新方案,但是此类种子的规模化贮藏技术尚未突破,未来需要进一步优化超低温保存技术及其他贮藏方式,为后续拓展白木香苗木培育奠定基础;白木香从种植到结香的时间较长,筛选优质的白木香种子显得尤为重要,因此重视白木香种子质量的提升及建立从种子、种苗到成树产香整个生育期的追踪研究,通过指标之间的关联,能够更好地筛选优良的种子;另外,种子发育的分子机制研究尚不清楚,未来可结合多组学技术解析白木香种子的发育调控网络,开展相关的基础研究为更好地培育优良的种苗提供理论基础。
白木香种子的油脂含量高,成分复杂,在抗病、抗氧化及营养利用等方面具有广阔的应用前景,但是目前其种子的利用率不高,主要原因如下:(1)油脂提取工艺优化不足,如超临界CO2萃取成本过高等,需要不断优化相关的工艺技术,建立基于活性成分的标准化评价方法;(2)活性成分的作用机制尚未明确;(3)毒理学研究数据不足限制了食品/医药方面的应用,可多开展系统毒理评估及临床前研究。通过以上途径拓宽白木香种子的利用范围,更好地利用这部分资源。
  • 海南省省属科研院所技术开发专项项目(KYYSLK2023-005)
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2025年第46卷第10期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.10.011
  • 接收时间:2025-04-01
  • 首发时间:2026-03-09
  • 出版时间:2025-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-01
  • 录用日期:2025-06-30
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海南省省属科研院所技术开发专项项目(KYYSLK2023-005)
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    海南省林业科学研究院(海南省红树林研究院),海南海口 571100

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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