Article(id=1237814986404319907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1237814978405790425, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.10.017, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744214400000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1749916800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-06-15, onlineDate=1773047690249, onlineDateStr=2026-03-09, pubDate=1761321600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773047690249, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773047690249, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773047690249, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1237814978405790425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2025', volume='46', issue='10', pageStart='2287', pageEnd='2547', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773047688342, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773049212967, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1237821373213635442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1237814978405790425, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1237821373213635443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1237814978405790425, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2469, endPage=2480, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1237814986786001588, articleId=1237814986404319907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Changes in Floral Morphology and Effects of CPPU on Flowering of Cymbidium ensifolium, columnId=1236256434120348225, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Plant Cultivation, Physiology & Biochemistry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Cymbidium ensifolium ‘Dongfang Honghe’, as a new cultivar of C. ensifolium, has an elegant posture and a distinctive pink-white colour, which is of high value for garden application. In order to deeply understand the flower formation rules of C. ensifolium, and to produce high-quality flowers to meet the demand of the holiday market, ‘Dongfang Honghe’ was used as the experimental material to elaborate the morphological change process of flower buds and flower development during the process of flower formation, and to study the effect of forchlorfenuron (CPPU) on its flowering period and blooming quality. The process of flower bud differentiation was divided into six periods according to the results of paraffin sections: floral primordial induction, inflorescence primordial differentiation, floral primordial differentiation, sepal primordial differentiation, petal primordial differentiation, as well as the stage of gynostemium and pollen block differentiation. The process of flower development was divided into six periods according to the characteristics of the morphology changes of inflorescences: the end of inflorescence bud differentiation, bract wrapping period, inflorescence elongation period, coloring period of flower buds, blossom period and flower wilting period. Spraying CPPU and cytokinin could advance the flowering period of C. ensifolium by about 1 month, among which 1 g/L CPPU+1∶1000 cytokinin had the best effect, and the treatment entered into the stage of flower development in 44 d. The flowering period was advanced by 26.55 d, and the duration of blooming was prolonged by 1.89 d compared with that of the control, and the flower buds increased by 0.54 per pot, and the scape diameter was thickened by 0.28 mm. It is assumed that CPPU stimulates the cell division of pseudobulbs, prompts their expansion, and then accumulates sufficient nutrients for the transformation of flower formation. In this study, the flowering process in ‘Dongfang Honghe’ was delineated, which provides key information for the subsequent in-depth study of the mechanism of flower formation to determine the sampling period and the prediction of flowering time in the industry. The effect of CPPU on the flowering of ‘Dongfang Honghe’ was investigated, which lays a theoretical basis for the establishment of a precise technical system of flower regulation.

, correspAuthors=Junwen ZHAI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*ZHAI Junwen,E-mail:
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建兰东方红荷(Cymbidium ensifolium ‘Dongfang Honghe’)作为建兰的栽培新品种,姿态飘逸,粉白分明,具有较高的园林应用价值。为深入了解建兰成花规律,生产出满足节假日市场需求的高品质花卉,以东方红荷为试验材料,阐述其成花过程中花芽和花发育形态变化进程,并研究膨大素(CPPU)对其花期和开花品质的影响。结果表明:(1)根据石蜡切片结果将花芽分化进程划分为6个时期(花原基诱导期、花序原基分化期、小花原基分化期、花萼原基分化期、花瓣原基分化期及合蕊柱和花粉块分化期);(2)根据花序芽形态变化特点将花发育过程划分为6个时期(花序芽分化末期、苞片包裹期、花序伸长期、花苞着色期、花朵绽放期和花朵凋谢期);(3)喷施膨大素和细胞分裂素可促使建兰花期提前约1个月,其中1 g/L膨大素+1∶1000细胞分裂素综合效果最佳,处理44 d进入花发育阶段,花期提前26.55 d,开花持续时间较对照延长1.89 d,每盆花芽增多0.54个,花葶直径增粗0.28 mm;推测膨大素通过刺激假鳞茎的细胞分裂,促使其膨大,进而为成花转变积累充足的营养物质。本研究通过划分东方红荷成花进程,为后续深入研究成花机理、确定取样时期和产业中预测开花时间提供关键信息;探究膨大素对东方红荷开花的影响,为建立精准的花期调控技术体系奠定理论依据。

, correspAuthors=翟俊文, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*翟俊文,E-mail:
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郑佳桐(2001—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:园林植物与应用。

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郑佳桐(2001—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:园林植物与应用。

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Key Laboratory of Orchidaceous Plant Conservation and Utilization, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1237814989046731590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814986404319907, companyId=1237814989034148676, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.兰科植物保护与利用国家林业和草原局重点实验室,福建福州 350002)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1237814991592673301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814986404319907, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Flower bud differentiation process of C. ensifolium ‘Dongfang Honghe’

A: Floral primordial induction stage; B-C: Inflorescence primordial differentiation stage; D: Floral primordial differentiation stage; E: Sepal primordial differentiation stage; F-G: Petal primordial differentiation stage; H-I: Gynostemium and pollen block differentiation stage; GC: Growth cone; IN: Inflorescence primordium; FL: Flower primordium; SE: Sepal primordium; PE: Petal primordium; L: Labellum; GY: Gynostemium primordium; PO: Pollen block; AC: Anther cap; R: Rostellum.

, figureFileSmall=2UXNYmIG6QaIoonsQwSd2w==, figureFileBig=d5Pnm/9+7aoHOr76jqKQNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237814991697530911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814986404319907, language=CN, label=图1, caption=建兰东方红荷的花芽分化过程

A:花原基诱导期;B~C:花序原基分化期;D:小花原基分化期;E:花萼原基分化期;F~G:花瓣原基分化期;H~I:合蕊柱及花粉块分化期;GC:生长锥;IN:花序原基;FL:小花原基;SE:花萼原基;PE:花瓣原基;L:唇瓣;GY:合蕊柱原基;PO:花粉块;AC:药帽;R:蕊喙。

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A: Realistic view of the late stage of inflorescence bud differentiation; B: Flower buds with bracts; C: Flower buds without bracts; D: Inflorescence in the early stage of the wrapping period; E, I, M, Q: Small flowers; F, J, N, R: Vertical sectional view of small flowers; G, K, O, S: Anatomical diagram of flower organs; H: Inflorescence in the late stage of the wrapping period; L: Inflorescence in the early stage of elongation; P: Inflorescence in the late stage of elongation; PO: Pollen block; GY: Gynostemium primordia; LS: Lateral sepals; DS: Middle sepals; P: Petals; L: Labellum; LA: Lamella.

, figureFileSmall=frjPWSCTzVAYMcFDAYb1hA==, figureFileBig=wrFheWQPL0ySMaiELVMBIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237814992020492341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814986404319907, language=CN, label=图2, caption=建兰东方红荷花发育前3个时期

A:花序芽分化末期实景;B:带苞片的花芽;C:无苞片的花芽;D:包裹期初期花序;E、I、M、Q:小花;F、J、N、R:小花纵剖图;G、K、O、S:花器官解剖图;H:包裹期后期花序;L:花序伸长期初期花序;P:花序伸长期后期花序;PO:花粉块;GY:合蕊柱;LS:侧萼片;DS:中萼片;P:花瓣;L:唇瓣;LA:褶片。

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A, H, I, O: Inflorescence; B, E, J, M, P: Small flowers; C, F, K: Vertical sectional view of small flowers; D, G, L, N, Q, R, S: Anatomical diagram of flower organs; PO: Pollen block; GY: Gynostemium primordia; LS: Lateral sepals; DS: Middle sepals; P: Petals; L: Labellum; LA: Lamella.

, figureFileSmall=wfV9isWGnKi6qPwmH5d/WA==, figureFileBig=Nw6t/fe+9Ur1WBNNH0iSaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237814992221818942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814986404319907, language=CN, label=图3, caption=建兰东方红荷花发育后3个时期

A、H、I、O:花序;B、E、J、M、P:小花;C、F、K:小花纵剖图;D、G、L、N、Q、R、S:花器官解剖图;PO:花粉块;GY:合蕊柱;LS:侧萼片;DS:中萼片;P:花瓣;L:唇瓣;LA:褶片。

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A: 30 days of treatment entered the early stage of flower bud differentiation; B: 35 days of treatment entered the middle stage of flower bud differentiation; C: 40 days of treatment entered the late stage of flower bud differentiation; D: 44 days of treatment entered the flower development stage; E: 49 days of treatment was about to enter the inflorescence elongation stage; F: 54 days of treatment was about to enter the initial bloom stage; G: 60 days of treatment entered the full bloom stage.

, figureFileSmall=LZ9cV3aK9TIhnnAW5SbK9Q==, figureFileBig=bLa7kfWS6TJgBz3BlrMI4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237814992347648075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814986404319907, language=CN, label=图4, caption=P2处理开花时间线路图

A:处理30 d进入花芽分化早期;B:处理35 d进入花芽分化中期;C:处理40 d进入花芽分化后期;D:处理44 d进入花发育阶段;E:处理49 d即将进入花序伸长期;F:处理54 d即将进入初花期;G:处理60 d进入盛花期。

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Determination of flowering indicators

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测定指标
Measurement indicators
测量方法
Measuring method
初花期/d处理开始至单个花箭上第1朵花开放的时长
盛花期/d处理开始至单个花箭最顶端花朵开放的时长
末花期/d处理开始至单个花箭上最后1朵花凋谢的时长
花期/d单个花箭第一朵花开至最后1朵花凋谢的时长
开花率/%开花植株数量与每组植株数量的百分比
花芽数量/个每盆建兰的花芽数量
小花数量/朵单个花箭开放花朵的数量
花朵直径/cm直尺测量单个花箭自下往上第2朵花的直径
花葶长度/cm直尺测量花序顶端距植株假鳞茎底端平面的距离
花葶直径/mm游标卡尺测量单个花箭自下往上第1至第2朵花节间的直径
), ArticleFig(id=1237814992758689891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814986404319907, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

开花指标测定

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测定指标
Measurement indicators
测量方法
Measuring method
初花期/d处理开始至单个花箭上第1朵花开放的时长
盛花期/d处理开始至单个花箭最顶端花朵开放的时长
末花期/d处理开始至单个花箭上最后1朵花凋谢的时长
花期/d单个花箭第一朵花开至最后1朵花凋谢的时长
开花率/%开花植株数量与每组植株数量的百分比
花芽数量/个每盆建兰的花芽数量
小花数量/朵单个花箭开放花朵的数量
花朵直径/cm直尺测量单个花箭自下往上第2朵花的直径
花葶长度/cm直尺测量花序顶端距植株假鳞茎底端平面的距离
花葶直径/mm游标卡尺测量单个花箭自下往上第1至第2朵花节间的直径
), ArticleFig(id=1237814992855158889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814986404319907, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Effects of CPPU treatments on flowering period of C. ensifolium ‘Dongfang Honghe’

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理
Treatment
初花期
Initial flowering period/d
盛花期
Blooming stage/d
末花期
Last flowering period/d
花期
Florescence/d
开花率
Flowering rate/%
CK79.11±2.93a83.78±2.95a94.11±3.18a15.00±1.80a77.50±2.12a
P148.50±0.71d50.50±0.71e62.50±0.71e14.00±0.00a8.50±12.02c
P252.56±3.84d57.11±4.34d69.44±4.39d16.89±2.21a63.00±3.60ab
P359.29±2.63c64.71±2.98c75.43±4.04c16.14±2.12a56.50±9.19b
P465.50±2.65b71.50±5.26b81.25±1.89b15.75±2.22a62.00±1.41ab
), ArticleFig(id=1237814992947433582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814986404319907, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

膨大素处理对建兰东方红荷花期的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理
Treatment
初花期
Initial flowering period/d
盛花期
Blooming stage/d
末花期
Last flowering period/d
花期
Florescence/d
开花率
Flowering rate/%
CK79.11±2.93a83.78±2.95a94.11±3.18a15.00±1.80a77.50±2.12a
P148.50±0.71d50.50±0.71e62.50±0.71e14.00±0.00a8.50±12.02c
P252.56±3.84d57.11±4.34d69.44±4.39d16.89±2.21a63.00±3.60ab
P359.29±2.63c64.71±2.98c75.43±4.04c16.14±2.12a56.50±9.19b
P465.50±2.65b71.50±5.26b81.25±1.89b15.75±2.22a62.00±1.41ab
), ArticleFig(id=1237814993027125361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814986404319907, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Effects of CPPU treatments on flowering quality of C. ensifolium ‘Dongfang Honghe’

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理
Treatment
花芽数量
Number of flower buds
小花数量
Flower number per flowering scape
花朵直径
Flower diameter/cm
花葶长度
Scape length/cm
花葶直径
Inflorescence diameter/mm
CK0.77±0.09b4.78±0.67a4.27±0.39a29.82±1.48a2.37±0.27a
P10.09±0.12c4.00±0.00a4.05±0.07a21.50±0.71b2.34±0.04a
P21.31±0.07a4.94±0.94a4.16±0.31a28.42±3.51a2.65±0.32a
P31.13±0.06a4.71±0.76a4.08±0.17a25.84±2.37a2.62±0.22a
P40.79±0.06b4.25±0.50a3.95±0.09a27.55±1.79a2.31±0.25a
), ArticleFig(id=1237814993098428533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814986404319907, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

膨大素处理对建兰东方红荷开花品质的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理
Treatment
花芽数量
Number of flower buds
小花数量
Flower number per flowering scape
花朵直径
Flower diameter/cm
花葶长度
Scape length/cm
花葶直径
Inflorescence diameter/mm
CK0.77±0.09b4.78±0.67a4.27±0.39a29.82±1.48a2.37±0.27a
P10.09±0.12c4.00±0.00a4.05±0.07a21.50±0.71b2.34±0.04a
P21.31±0.07a4.94±0.94a4.16±0.31a28.42±3.51a2.65±0.32a
P31.13±0.06a4.71±0.76a4.08±0.17a25.84±2.37a2.62±0.22a
P40.79±0.06b4.25±0.50a3.95±0.09a27.55±1.79a2.31±0.25a
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建兰成花形态变化及膨大素对其开花的影响
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郑佳桐 1, 2 , 陈露 1, 2 , 郭娉婷 1, 2 , 吴沙沙 1, 2 , 翟俊文 1, 2, *
热带作物学报 | 作物栽培与生理生化 2025,46(10): 2469-2480
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热带作物学报 | 作物栽培与生理生化 2025, 46(10): 2469-2480
建兰成花形态变化及膨大素对其开花的影响
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郑佳桐1, 2, 陈露1, 2, 郭娉婷1, 2, 吴沙沙1, 2, 翟俊文1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.福建农林大学风景园林与艺术学院,福建福州 350002
  • 2.兰科植物保护与利用国家林业和草原局重点实验室,福建福州 350002
  • 郑佳桐(2001—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:园林植物与应用。

通讯作者:

*翟俊文,E-mail:
Changes in Floral Morphology and Effects of CPPU on Flowering of Cymbidium ensifolium
Jiatong ZHENG1, 2, Lu CHEN1, 2, Pingting GUO1, 2, Shasha WU1, 2, Junwen ZHAI1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
  • 2. Key Laboratory of Orchidaceous Plant Conservation and Utilization, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
出版时间: 2025-10-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.10.017
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建兰东方红荷(Cymbidium ensifolium ‘Dongfang Honghe’)作为建兰的栽培新品种,姿态飘逸,粉白分明,具有较高的园林应用价值。为深入了解建兰成花规律,生产出满足节假日市场需求的高品质花卉,以东方红荷为试验材料,阐述其成花过程中花芽和花发育形态变化进程,并研究膨大素(CPPU)对其花期和开花品质的影响。结果表明:(1)根据石蜡切片结果将花芽分化进程划分为6个时期(花原基诱导期、花序原基分化期、小花原基分化期、花萼原基分化期、花瓣原基分化期及合蕊柱和花粉块分化期);(2)根据花序芽形态变化特点将花发育过程划分为6个时期(花序芽分化末期、苞片包裹期、花序伸长期、花苞着色期、花朵绽放期和花朵凋谢期);(3)喷施膨大素和细胞分裂素可促使建兰花期提前约1个月,其中1 g/L膨大素+1∶1000细胞分裂素综合效果最佳,处理44 d进入花发育阶段,花期提前26.55 d,开花持续时间较对照延长1.89 d,每盆花芽增多0.54个,花葶直径增粗0.28 mm;推测膨大素通过刺激假鳞茎的细胞分裂,促使其膨大,进而为成花转变积累充足的营养物质。本研究通过划分东方红荷成花进程,为后续深入研究成花机理、确定取样时期和产业中预测开花时间提供关键信息;探究膨大素对东方红荷开花的影响,为建立精准的花期调控技术体系奠定理论依据。

建兰  /  花芽分化  /  花发育  /  膨大素

Cymbidium ensifolium ‘Dongfang Honghe’, as a new cultivar of C. ensifolium, has an elegant posture and a distinctive pink-white colour, which is of high value for garden application. In order to deeply understand the flower formation rules of C. ensifolium, and to produce high-quality flowers to meet the demand of the holiday market, ‘Dongfang Honghe’ was used as the experimental material to elaborate the morphological change process of flower buds and flower development during the process of flower formation, and to study the effect of forchlorfenuron (CPPU) on its flowering period and blooming quality. The process of flower bud differentiation was divided into six periods according to the results of paraffin sections: floral primordial induction, inflorescence primordial differentiation, floral primordial differentiation, sepal primordial differentiation, petal primordial differentiation, as well as the stage of gynostemium and pollen block differentiation. The process of flower development was divided into six periods according to the characteristics of the morphology changes of inflorescences: the end of inflorescence bud differentiation, bract wrapping period, inflorescence elongation period, coloring period of flower buds, blossom period and flower wilting period. Spraying CPPU and cytokinin could advance the flowering period of C. ensifolium by about 1 month, among which 1 g/L CPPU+1∶1000 cytokinin had the best effect, and the treatment entered into the stage of flower development in 44 d. The flowering period was advanced by 26.55 d, and the duration of blooming was prolonged by 1.89 d compared with that of the control, and the flower buds increased by 0.54 per pot, and the scape diameter was thickened by 0.28 mm. It is assumed that CPPU stimulates the cell division of pseudobulbs, prompts their expansion, and then accumulates sufficient nutrients for the transformation of flower formation. In this study, the flowering process in ‘Dongfang Honghe’ was delineated, which provides key information for the subsequent in-depth study of the mechanism of flower formation to determine the sampling period and the prediction of flowering time in the industry. The effect of CPPU on the flowering of ‘Dongfang Honghe’ was investigated, which lays a theoretical basis for the establishment of a precise technical system of flower regulation.

Cymbidium ensifolium  /  flower bud differentiation  /  flower development  /  CPPU
郑佳桐, 陈露, 郭娉婷, 吴沙沙, 翟俊文. 建兰成花形态变化及膨大素对其开花的影响. 热带作物学报, 2025 , 46 (10) : 2469 -2480 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.10.017
Jiatong ZHENG, Lu CHEN, Pingting GUO, Shasha WU, Junwen ZHAI. Changes in Floral Morphology and Effects of CPPU on Flowering of Cymbidium ensifolium[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2025 , 46 (10) : 2469 -2480 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.10.017
建兰(Cymbidium ensifolium)是兰科(Orchidaceae)兰属(Cymbidium)多年生草本植物,具有重要的观赏价值和文化价值,其凭借芳香怡人、花期持久、适应性强等特点,成为我国规模化栽培的兰花之一。东方红荷作为建兰的栽培新品种[1],姿态飘逸,花香清幽,花瓣脉络清晰,粉白分明,尽显高雅大气的文化内涵;其株型矮小,适用于室内观赏,也可作盆栽用于庭院、公园、街道绿化等,具有较高的园林应用价值。由于国内花卉市场呈现出显著的节日性消费特征,尤其是在劳动节、国庆节、元旦、春节等重要节日,市场对品种丰富、品质优良的花卉需求量大幅增加。而建兰东方红荷的自然花期集中在7—9月,与市场需求错位,导致其市场占有率和经济价值低,极大地制约其产业发展。
成花是植物生命周期中的一个主要发育转变,这一过程对观赏植物的观赏价值和经济价值有巨大影响。目前有关建兰成花规律的研究中,有学者将其分为分化前期、花芽分化发育初期、花芽快速发育期、花梗伸长期、排铃期、开花期6个时期[2]。但研究主要聚焦于建兰整体成花进程,缺乏花芽分化的细胞形态学观察,不利于后续研究成花机理时确定取样时期。因此,有必要对建兰花芽分化、花发育过程进行深入研究,便于追踪成花全过程,为建立精准的花期调控技术体系奠定理论依据。
微量植物生长调节剂可有效调控植物的生长发育进程,在开花调控方面具有重要应用潜力。膨大素简称氯吡苯脲(N-2-氯-4-吡啶基苯-N’-苯基脲,CPPU),是一种常见的细胞分裂素类植物生长调节剂,能促进细胞分裂;促使块根、块茎提早膨大[3];解除顶端优势;增强抗逆性和延缓衰老[4]。相较于细胞分裂素具有更高的生物活性与稳定性,逐渐成为农业生产中重要的植物生长调节剂。膨大素在生产中可用于促进花序[5]、鳞茎[6]和果实[7]等部位膨大,从而促进产量的增加。但有关膨大素对兰科植物开花调控的研究仍较为有限,仅见于秋石斛(Dendrobium sonia ‘Earsaku’)[8]和蝴蝶兰(Phalaenopsis amabilis[9],均表现为促进开花的作用,且其适用浓度也不同。建兰尚未有蝴蝶兰一样完善的温度调控开花体系[10],因而植物生长调节剂可能在其花期调控中大有作用。然而,市售商品化膨大素在建兰花期调控中的具体效果尚不明确。因此,本研究选用市售的主流膨大素产品,探索其在实际生产中对建兰花期调控的作用。
本研究通过对建兰东方红荷的成花进程进行形态学观察,探究膨大素对建兰东方红荷开花的影响,深入了解建兰花芽分化及花发育进程,为制定科学有效的建兰花期调控措施提供依据;并总结更高效的花期调控技术,为推动建兰的周年化生产进程作出贡献。
供试材料为长势一致、植株健壮、无病虫害的建兰东方红荷三年生盆栽植株,购自福建连城兰花股份有限公司。以松树皮∶珍珠岩=3∶2作为栽培基质,使用直径12 cm的塑料盆栽植。本研究使用市场上广泛应用且普遍效果较好的大块头根茎块茎生长素(简称膨大素,淄博诺德威肥业有限公司生产)和复合微生物肥料细胞分裂素(简称细胞分裂素,含20% 6-苄氨基嘌呤,青州市润田肥料有限公司生产)。
试验于2022年3月至2023年9月在福建农林大学森林兰苑大棚(26°4′49″N,119°13′50″E)进行。采用常规兰花栽培管理养护方法,每14 d用600 mg/L磷酸二氢钾溶液或1∶500的华奕牌-兰菌王溶液灌根1次,并喷施叶面,直至叶片滴水;每14 d用1∶1000多菌灵和1∶1000吡虫啉溶液喷洒叶面1次,直至叶片滴水;施肥和打药交替进行,直至开花。自花芽的芽点出现开始,每5~7 d采集花芽和花序,直至花序凋谢。将石蜡切片的材料放入西林瓶中,加入50% FAA固定液后抽气固定,置于4 ℃冰箱备用。待花芽取样结束后,统一制作石蜡切片,参照常规石蜡制片法制片[11],经乙醇脱水→二甲苯透明→石蜡浸泡→石蜡包埋→修蜡→切片机切片→贴片→展片→二甲苯脱蜡→番红固绿染色→中性树胶封片,最后在Nikon Ci-L光学显微镜下观察并拍照。将徒手解剖的材料置于盛有湿润脱脂棉的培养皿,防止其失水干枯。徒手解剖于Nikon SMZ18体视显微镜下,对样品整体及每一结构进行观察,并用Canon EOS 80D单反数码相机拍照记录。
于2023年3—6月、8—12月、11月至2024年2月在福建农林大学森林兰苑智能人工气候室进行。气候室设置昼夜温度为28 ℃/25 ℃,光周期为14 h/10 h,空气湿度为75%~85%。由于膨大素在鹤顶兰花期调控中效果显著,且膨大素与细胞分裂素搭配使用在建兰东方红荷预试验中开花效果较好,故使用其组合对建兰东方红荷进行花期调控试验。为明确膨大素在开花调控中的具体作用,各处理组均以固定浓度的细胞分裂素作为基础处理,设置膨大素浓度梯度进行试验。因此,本试验共分为5组:(1)CK,1∶1000细胞分裂素;(2)P1,1∶1000细胞分裂素+0.5 g/L膨大素;(3)P2,1∶1000细胞分裂素+1 g/L膨大素;(4)P3,1∶1000细胞分裂素+1.5 g/L膨大素;(5)P4,1∶1000细胞分裂素+2 g/L膨大素。以处于花原基诱导期的三年生试验苗放入气候室进行试验(0 d),从第3天开始,每14 d灌根膨大素或600 mg/L KH2PO4一次,并喷施叶面,直至叶片滴水;从第10天开始,每14 d灌根1∶1000的细胞分裂素或1∶500的华奕牌–兰菌王1次,花芽分化完成后不再使用植物生长调节剂;从第7天开始,每14 d用1∶1000多菌灵和1∶1000吡虫啉溶液喷洒叶面1次,直至开花结束。试验期间观察、测量和记录各项开花指标(表1)。每组10盆,每盆4~6株,重复3次。
使用Adobe Photoshop 2020软件进行图片处理。研究数据由平均值±标准差表示,使用Mic-rosoft Excel 2019软件进行数据统计,使用SPSS 25软件对结果进行单因素ANOVA检验,利用LSD法进行多重比较分析。
通过石蜡切片技术对东方红荷的花芽形态分化观察发现,其花序上的小花分化顺序由下至上,由外至内。根据切片结果,将花芽分化进程划分为6个时期:花原基诱导期、花序原基分化期、小花原基分化期、花萼原基分化期、花瓣原基分化期、合蕊柱和花粉块分化期。
东方红荷于3—4月进入花原基诱导期。花芽从成熟假鳞茎的叶鞘处萌发,芽较小,呈米白色水滴形。此时芽长约(6.67±0.39)mm,宽约(3.57±0.21)mm,厚约(1.30±0.08)mm。芽点的生长锥被苞片包裹,顶端平滑,呈半圆形;生长锥顶端的细胞排列紧密,而基部的细胞排列疏松(图1A)。
该时期的芽呈椭三角形,比上一时期饱满。此时花芽长约(8.41±0.12)mm,宽约(4.44±0.13)mm,厚约(1.72±0.35)mm。当芽点在假鳞茎基部出现后,顶端生长锥不断生长,基部变宽,并沿其基部周围逐渐形成新的突起,为花序原基;此后生长点继续生长,两端的条状突起逐渐向上包裹,形成总苞片原基(图1B图1C)。
该阶段花芽变得圆润饱满,呈顶端稍尖的圆柱状。此时花芽长约(8.83±0.47)mm,宽约(3.82±0.07)mm,厚约(2.51±0.05)mm。花芽生长锥持续向上生长,基部突起变大,沿生长锥周围分布,为小花原基;随着花蕾的不断分化,生长锥继续分化出小花,形成花序(图1D)。
小花原基形成后花芽迅速增长,同时更圆润饱满,被粉紫色的苞片包裹。此时花芽长约(11.18±0.27)mm,宽约(4.65±0.39)mm,厚约(2.92±0.17)mm。突起的小花原基进一步增大变宽,顶端向内凹陷,形成2个对称的突起,为花萼原基(图1E)。由于兰科植物花结构的特殊性,其典型特征包括外轮3枚花萼,但石蜡切片只能提供组织的二维图像,因此通常仅能清晰辨识2个花萼原基。
花芽继续增长,更加圆润,此时花芽长约(13.41±0.37)mm,宽约(5.72±0.15)mm,厚约(3.40±0.17)mm。随着花芽的不断分化,萼片原基内侧向下凹陷,并在凹陷处形成新的突起,为花瓣原基;在短时间内,花瓣原基伸长为条瓣状;在花瓣内侧,靠近花序轴面的通常为唇瓣(图1F图1G)。
花芽变得更加修长,分节明显,苞片不再紧贴花序轴。此时花芽长约(21.86±1.28)mm,宽约(5.20±0.41)mm,厚约(3.84±0.17)mm。在花瓣原基内侧区域分化出新的突起,为合蕊柱原基;随后,合蕊柱原基的基部变窄又形成新的突起,形成蕊喙原基;随着合蕊柱进一步伸长,其顶部分化出的花粉块体积不断增大,最后被药帽覆盖(图1H图1I)。至此,东方红荷花芽分化完成,历时35~45 d,即将进入花发育阶段。
通过对东方红荷花发育过程进行徒手解剖学观察和记录,根据其花序芽的形态特征变化,将其花发育进程大致划分为6个阶段:花序芽分化末期、苞片包裹期、花序伸长期、花苞着色期、花朵绽放期、花朵凋谢期。
东方红荷于5月下旬至6月中上旬进入花序芽分化末期(图2)。此时,花序芽从假鳞茎叶鞘处伸出(图2A),粉白色苞片层层包裹着花芽(图2B)。剥开苞片后,可以观察到呈半透明、黄绿色的小花序,花序上端有排列紧密的小花苞,呈透明状,相互贴合;此时花序下端的小花基本完成花芽分化,准备进入发育阶段,而顶端的小花还需继续进行花芽分化(图2C)。
花序芽逐渐伸长,经过5~7 d,大部分植株的花序芽进入苞片包裹期。花序芽的节间规律性地产生苞片,紧密包裹着花序;苞片和花序依然呈粉白色,苞片先端至底部由粉色逐渐褪至白色;小花先端为浅粉色,随着发育时间的推进,花苞先端粉色加深,线条纹理若隐若现;小花依然紧贴花序轴紧密生长(图2D图2E图2H图2I)。对单个小花进行纵剖,发现侧萼片、花药、合蕊柱等花器官紧密抱合(图2F图2J)。将小花逐层剥开,可以观察到小花的3枚萼片、3枚花瓣(其中1枚特化为唇瓣)以及合蕊柱均较稚嫩;花被片较薄、颜色较淡且边缘向内卷曲;花萼较花瓣色泽偏深,边缘略带粉色;唇瓣的上部边缘向内卷曲,带粉红色斑块,唇瓣下部的褶片依稀可见;合蕊柱及花粉块呈透明状(图2G图2K)。
花序突破苞片后约10 d,花序轴不断伸长,小花探出苞片,花苞鼓起,整体花序的发育顺序由下至上。处于花序伸长初期时的小花仍然紧密排列,紧贴于花序轴上(图2L)。随后小花之间的间距变长,花梗也逐渐伸长,花序伸展,为后续花朵绽放预留空间(图2P)。小花的颜色由先端浅粉色至整个花苞呈藕粉色,花苞纹理逐渐清晰(图2M图2Q)。花器官由原先的紧密相依到逐渐舒展(图2N图2R)。花萼和花瓣变厚,花萼略呈藕粉色,粉色线状纹路若隐若现;花瓣底部逐渐呈粉紫色,其中轴的紫色条纹也渐渐清晰;唇瓣上的粉紫色斑块逐渐加深,其褶片清晰可见;合蕊柱呈黄白色,底部略呈粉紫色;花粉块呈浅黄色(图2O图2S)。
这一时期花苞增大,花苞由藕粉色逐渐转变为粉紫色。东方红荷花序和小花的发育同花芽分化顺序一致,即由下至上,由外至内。因此,在小花的发育过程中,单支花序下部的小花通常更快进入下一阶段(图3A)。此时花被片的颜色从浅粉色变至粉紫色,脉络清晰(图3B图3E)。花苞横向膨大,花被片和合蕊柱得到舒展(图3C图3F)。花萼由藕粉色转变为粉紫色,花瓣内底部和中轴条纹粉紫色加深;唇瓣先端不再向内卷曲,逐渐向外伸展,而紫色斑块向内蔓延;合蕊柱弯曲,呈粉紫色;花粉块呈明黄色(图3D图3G)。
花苞着色后,代表花苞发育完全,具备开花条件。从花苞着色完成至花被片逐渐舒展再到开花,此过程需要2~3 d。从底下第1朵花开至整个花序完全盛开进入盛花期需要4~7 d。东方红荷花期从6月下旬陆续开始,7月中旬至8月中旬进入盛花期。东方红荷通常由下至上依次开花,花总体呈粉紫色,粉白相间(图3H图3I)。相较于上一时期,花序上端即将盛开的小花各结构变得松散,颜色进一步加深(图3J~图3L)。单朵盛开的小花呈两侧对称,花瓣和花萼呈粉紫色,紫色条纹和斑块明显,唇瓣平展;合蕊柱愈加弯曲,花药呈深黄色(图3M图3N)。
东方红荷从8月中下旬进入凋谢期,至9月初完全凋谢,一个花序的平均花期约为15 d。小花的凋谢顺序也是从花序下端的小花开始(图3O)。此时小花水分逐渐减少,颜色不断加深,从粉紫色到紫黄色再到褐色甚至黑色;花被片不再开展而是向中心萎蔫,花被片边缘向外逐渐皱缩,唇瓣下半部分的外卷曲尤为明显;合蕊柱的药帽可能掉落而露出花粉块(图3P~图3S)。至此,东方红荷花发育结束。
随着膨大素浓度增加,东方红荷进入花期的时间也在增加,但均较CK处理显著提前。在P1~P4四个处理组中,开花持续时间先增后减,在P2处理达到最大,但组间差异不显著;P1、P3处理开花率相较CK显著减少,在P2处理达到最大后下降,但在P4处理再次上升。总体来看,以P2处理综合效果最佳,开花启动速度较快,花期提前26.55 d,仅次于P1处理,但差异不明显;P2处理的花期持续时间为16.89 d,较CK延长1.89 d;P2处理的开花率在P1~P4处理中位列首位,但比CK减少14.5%(表2)。P2处理约30 d花芽明显,约44 d进入花发育阶段(图4)。
膨大素处理能够改善东方红荷的开花品质,显著增加花芽数量,随着膨大素浓度的增加,花芽数量呈先增后减,在P2处理达到峰值,而膨大素对于其余指标的影响并不显著。由表3可知,P2处理的花朵品质最佳,平均每盆花芽为1.31个;单花箭平均小花数为4.94朵和花葶直径为2.65 mm,均为各处理中最高;小花的平均直径和花葶的平均长度仅次于CK,但差异不显著。膨大素处理浓度超过1 g/L后,开花品质指标(除花葶长度外)均随浓度的升高而降低,图5也表明膨大素浓度较高不利于开花品质的改善(由于P1处理开花较少,故未列其开花对比图)。
植物花芽分化是其从营养生长阶段迈向生殖生长阶段的重要标志,深入探究花芽分化的过程是实现花期精准调控的关键基础之一。本研究根据石蜡切片结果,将建兰东方红荷花芽分化进程分为花原基诱导期、花序原基分化期、小花原基分化期、花萼原基分化期、花瓣原基分化期以及合蕊柱和花粉块分化期6个时期。兰科是一个庞大而多样化的植物家族,其花芽分化过程初期与大多数被子植物相似,依次分化出花序原基、花蕾原基、花萼原基和花瓣原基。然而,鉴于兰科植物所具有的独特生理结构,其在后续的发育进程中展现出明显的特异性,具体表现为进入合蕊柱的发育阶段。合蕊柱作为兰花的繁殖器官,是由雄蕊和雌蕊融合而成的特殊结构[12]。在兰科植物中,建兰与卡特兰(Cattleya labiata[13]、墨兰(Cymbidium sinense[14]、蝴蝶兰(Phalaenopsis aphrodite[15]、文心兰(Oncidium[16]、杂交兰(Cymbidium Gold Elf‘Sun-dust’)[17]等兰花花芽分化时期的划分结果相似;而在寒兰(Cymbidium kanran[18]的花芽分化研究中,将萼片原基分化期和花瓣原基分化期统称为花被片分化期,将合蕊柱与花粉块分化期拆分为合蕊柱分化期和花结构完善期。虽然本研究与寒兰花芽分化时期的划分在命名上有较大的差别,但花芽分化的实质顺序不变,即从花序最下面的小花开始分化,小花从外面的萼片向内分化。本研究结果与杏黄兜兰(Pahiopedilum armeniacum[19]关于花芽分化阶段的划分存在较大差异,杏黄兜兰花芽分化进程并未将花萼、花瓣、合蕊柱等结构的分化拆分成不同时期,而是在花器官形成期中统一描述。其原因可能在于建兰东方红荷与杏黄兜兰的花序类型差异较大,前者为总状花序,后者以单花为主。并且兜兰的花结构与典型兰科植物存在显著差异,如萼片减少至2枚,无蕊喙等[20]。同时,本研究对每个分化阶段的花芽进行外观形态的测量,大致确认了每个分化时期花芽的大小,之后便可通过花芽大小判断花芽分化阶段,从而为确定取样时期以及制定栽培措施提供依据。
在东方红荷的花发育阶段,根据花发育特点将其划分为花序芽分化末期、苞片包裹期、花序伸长期、花苞着色期、花朵绽放期和花朵凋谢期6个时期。东方红荷花发育顺序与花芽分化一致,遵循由下至上、从外向内的规律,这与建兰小桃红[2]分化发育顺序一致。本研究着眼于花序发育的时间进程和形态变化,这与寒兰[21]花发育观察聚焦在唇瓣和合蕊柱上的发育变化存在较大差异。墨兰[15]的花发育研究则侧重于小花发育的形态变化,其花苞的着色时间较早,萼片在花序分化期便开始着色,随后花瓣也迅速着色;而东方红荷的花苞着色较晚,直至开花前的花苞着色期,各花器官才开始着色,这种差异可能是品种特性不同所致。此外,通过对花发育阶段的划分及发育时间的预估,生产者可以更准确地预测植株的开花时间,从而在后续生产实践中确保植株在目标节假日期间达到最佳观赏状态,进一步提升东方红荷的商业价值。
膨大素是建兰成花过程中的重要调控因子之一。本研究中,外源膨大素处理可使建兰东方红荷提前进入花期,在一定浓度范围内增多花芽数量、延长花期,并确定1 g/L为最适处理浓度。这与岳玲等[9]的研究结果相吻合,其研究表明150 mg/L膨大素处理可使蝴蝶兰提前5 d进入花期,证实了适量膨大素在促进兰花提早开花方面的积极作用。有学者在对麻风树(Jatropha curcas)的研究中也有类似的发现,在其花形成初期进行膨大素处理,可以得到花序数量增多的效果[22]。膨大素处理对建兰小花数量、花葶长度、花葶直径未造成显著影响;而10 mg/L膨大剂却可以显著提高秋石斛单个花序的小花数量,同时增加了花序的长度和粗度[8]。这可能是由于它们的激素受体或信号通路存在差异,亦或是植物器官对激素的响应具有特异性。在建兰中,生长健壮的假鳞茎基部容易分化出花芽,结合已有研究表明,膨大素在石蒜(Lycoris radiata[23]、百合(Lilium oriental hybrid ‘Siberia’)[24]鳞茎膨大方面具有显著效果,可以推测膨大素通过促进东方红荷假鳞茎的细胞分裂,使其假鳞茎膨大,从而为成花转变积累充足的营养物质。这不仅可能促使花芽分化提前,还可能导致花芽数量增加,并延长开花时间。应用植物生长调节剂进行促成栽培具有显著的成本优势,生产商可在节日前2个月对建兰进行喷施膨大素的处理,使其在节假日开花。后续可将膨大素与其他植物生长调节剂混合使用,寻找更优的配比组合,从而生产出满足节假日市场需求的高品质建兰东方红荷花卉。
本研究对建兰东方红荷花芽分化和花发育进程进行形态学观察,分析不同浓度的膨大素对其花期和开花品质的影响,筛选出最适作用浓度。结论如下:(1)建兰东方红荷花芽分化进程可分为花原基诱导期、花序原基分化期、小花原基分化期、花萼原基分化期、花瓣原基分化期以及合蕊柱和花粉块分化期6个时期。(2)建兰东方红荷花发育过程可分为花序芽分化末期、苞片包裹期、花序伸长期、花苞着色期、花朵绽放期和花朵凋谢期6个时期。(3)在1∶1000细胞分裂素的基础上,搭配1 g/L膨大素综合效果最佳,花期提前26.55 d,开花持续时间延长1.89 d,每盆花芽增多0.54个。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFD1600504; 2020YFD1000400)
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2025年第46卷第10期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.10.017
  • 接收时间:2025-04-10
  • 首发时间:2026-03-09
  • 出版时间:2025-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-10
  • 录用日期:2025-06-15
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国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFD1600504; 2020YFD1000400)
作者信息
    1.福建农林大学风景园林与艺术学院,福建福州 350002
    2.兰科植物保护与利用国家林业和草原局重点实验室,福建福州 350002

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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