Article(id=1237814985523524577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1237814978405790425, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.10.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1746979200000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1748188800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-05-26, onlineDate=1773047690038, onlineDateStr=2026-03-09, pubDate=1761321600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773047690038, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773047690038, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773047690038, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1237814978405790425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2025', volume='46', issue='10', pageStart='2287', pageEnd='2547', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773047688342, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773049212967, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1237821373213635442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1237814978405790425, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1237821373213635443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1237814978405790425, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2346, endPage=2354, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1237814985901011963, articleId=1237814985523524577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Assembly and Sequence Analysis of the Chloroplast Genome of Cymbopogon winterianus, columnId=1236256430337085821, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Omics & Biotechnology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this study, Cymbopogon winterianus was used as the experimental material, and the DNA sequence of C. winterianus was sequenced using the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 sequencing platform. The sequencing data were assembled with GetOrganelle v1.7.7.0 software to construct the chloroplast genome. Referring to the known chloroplast genome of C. flexuosus, the chloroplast genome of C. winterianus was annotated, and the genomic characteristics were analyzed and a phylogenetic tree was constructed. The chloroplast genome of C. winterianus was 139 823 bp in length, with a typical circular quadripartite structure. The GC content was 38.45%, and the AT content was 61.55%. It included a large single-copy region (LSC) with a length of 82 214 bp, a pair of inverted repeat regions (IR) with a length of 21 368 bp, and a small single-copy region (SSC) of 14 873 bp. A total of 130 genes were annotated in the chloroplast genome of C. winterianus (including 85 mRNA genes, 37 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes). In addition, among the annotated genes, there were 16 double-copy genes, accounting for 12.31%, including 7 tRNA genes, 4 self-replication genes, 4 rRNA genes, 2 protein genes with unknown functions, and 1 NADH dehydrogenase subunit gene. A total of 144 SSR loci were detected in the chloroplast genome of C. winterianus, with mononucleotide repeats being absolutely dominant, mainly A/T. After comparing the boundaries of the inverted repeat sequences of four Cymbopogon species, it was found that C. flexuosus, C. pospischilii, and C. winterianus exhibited extremely high homology in gene structure and species. Among them, the ndhH gene was located in the small single-copy region (SSC), and the ndhF gene was located in the boundary region between the SSC and IRb. However, C. winterianus had an additional rps3 gene in the LSC region compared with C. flexuosus and C. pospischilii. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that C. winterianus had the closest genetic relationship with C. pospischilii and C. citratus (MK593547.1). This study completed the assembly and annotation of the complete chloroplast genome of C. winterianus, analyzed the characteristics of the chloroplast genome of C. winterianus, and preliminarily explored the phylogenetic position of C. winterianus within the genus Cymbopogon. It would lay a good foundation for the phylogenetic, genetic diversity, and genomic studies of Cymbopogon plants, as well as for the discovery and utilization of important functional genes.

, correspAuthors=Yuanhong FAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*FAN Yuanhong,E-mail:
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本研究以爪哇香茅草为试验材料,采用Illumina NovaSeq 6000测序平台对爪哇香茅的DNA序列进行测序。使用GetOrganelle v1.7.7.0软件对测序数据进行组装,构建叶绿体基因组。参照已知的曲序香茅叶绿体基因组,对爪哇香茅草叶绿体基因组进行注释,并进行基因组特征分析和进化树构建。研究结果表明:爪哇香茅叶绿体基因组全长为139 823 bp,其结构为典型的环状四分体,GC含量为38.45%,AT含量为61.55%,包括长度为82 214 bp的1个大单拷贝区(LSC)、长度为21 368 bp的1对反向重复区(IR)和1个14 873 bp的小单拷贝区(SSC);在爪哇香茅叶绿体基因组中共注释到130个基因(其中包含85个mRNA基因、37个tRNA基因、8个rRNA基因);此外,注释到的这些基因中含有16个双拷贝基因,所占比例为12.31%,分别是7个tRNA基因、4个自我复制基因、4个rRNA基因、2个未知功能蛋白基因、1个NADH脱氢酶亚基基因。在爪哇香茅叶绿体基因组中检测到144个SSR位点,其中单核苷酸重复占绝对优势,以A/T为主;对4个香茅属物种的反向重复序列边界进行比较后发现,曲序香茅、喜马拉雅香茅与爪哇香茅在基因结构和种类上表现出极高的同源性,其中ndhH基因均位于小单拷贝区(SSC),而ndhF基因则均位于SSC与IRb的边界区域,但爪哇香茅在LSC区比曲序香茅(Cymbopogon flexuosus)和喜马拉雅香茅(Cymbopogon pospischilii)多出一个rps3基因;进化树分析表明,爪哇香茅草与喜马拉雅香茅、柠檬草(Cymbopogon citratus MK593547.1)亲缘关系最近。本研究完成了爪哇香茅完整叶绿体基因组组装及注释,解析了爪哇香茅叶绿体基因组特征,初步探明爪哇香茅在香茅属内的系统发育关系地位,为香茅属植物系统发育、遗传多样性和基因组研究,以及重要功能基因的挖掘利用奠定良好基础。

, correspAuthors=范源洪, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*范源洪,E-mail:
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罗佳霖(1999—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:药用植物资源评价与种质创新。

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罗佳霖(1999—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:药用植物资源评价与种质创新。

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罗佳霖(1999—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:药用植物资源评价与种质创新。

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Base composition of chloroplast genome of C. winterianus

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域AreaA/%T/%C/%G/%长度Length/bpGC/%
LSC32.0531.6618.3117.9782 21436.28
SSC35.3531.7816.8915.9814 87332.87
IRA/IRB27.7627.6722.3122.2642 73644.57
总体31.0930.4619.3819.07139 82338.45
), ArticleFig(id=1237814992553177600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814985523524577, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

爪哇香茅叶绿体基因组碱基组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域AreaA/%T/%C/%G/%长度Length/bpGC/%
LSC32.0531.6618.3117.9782 21436.28
SSC35.3531.7816.8915.9814 87332.87
IRA/IRB27.7627.6722.3122.2642 73644.57
总体31.0930.4619.3819.07139 82338.45
), ArticleFig(id=1237814992662229516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814985523524577, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Annotated genes in chloroplast henome of C. winterianus

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因分类
Categoryof genes
基因分组
Group of genes
基因名称
Name of genes
光合作用相关基因Subunits of photosystem IpsaA、psaB、psaC、psaI、psaJ
Subunits of photosystem IIpsbA、psbB、psbC、psbD、psbE、psbF、psbH、psbI、psbJ、psbK、psbL、psbM、psbN、psbT、psbZ
Subunits of NADH dehydrogenasendhA*ndhB*(2)ndhCndhDndhEndhFndhGndhHndhIndhJndhK
Subunits of cytochrome b/f complexpetApetB*petD*petGpetLpetN
Subunits of ATP synthaseatpA,atpB,atpE,atpF*atpH,atpI
Large subunit of rubiscorbcL
Subunits photochlorophyllide reductase 
自我复制相关基因Proteins of large ribosomal subunitrpl14、rpl16*rpl2*(2)、rpl20、rpl22、rpl23(2)、rpl32、rpl33、rpl36
Proteins of small ribosomal subunitrps11rps12**(2)rps14rps15rps16*rps18rps19rps2rps3rps4rps7(2)rps8
Subunits of RNA polymeraserpoArpoBrpoC1*rpoC2
Ribosomal RNAsrrn16(2)rrn23(2)rrn4.5(2)rrn5(2)
Transfer RNAtrnA-UGC*(2)、trnC-GCA、trnD-GUC、trnE-UUC、trnF-GAA、trnG-UCC、trnG- GCC*trnH-GUG、trnI-CAU(2)、trnI-GAU*(2)、trnK-UUU*trnL-CAA(2)、trnL-UAA*trnL-UAG、trnM-CAU、trnN-GUU(2)、trnP-UGG、trnQ-UUG、trnR-ACG(2)、trnR-UCU、trnS-GCU、trnS-GGA、trnS-UGA、trnT-GGU、trnT-UGU、trnV-GAC(2)、trnV-UAC*trnW-CCA、trnY-GUA、trnfM-CAU
其他基因MaturasematK
ProteaseclpP**
Envelope membrane proteincemA
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 
c-type cytochrome synthesis geneccsA
Translation initiation factorinfA
未知功能基因Conserved hypothetical chloroplast ORFycf1(2)、ycf3**ycf4ycf15(2)
), ArticleFig(id=1237814992754504211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814985523524577, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

爪哇香茅叶绿体基因组注释基因

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因分类
Categoryof genes
基因分组
Group of genes
基因名称
Name of genes
光合作用相关基因Subunits of photosystem IpsaA、psaB、psaC、psaI、psaJ
Subunits of photosystem IIpsbA、psbB、psbC、psbD、psbE、psbF、psbH、psbI、psbJ、psbK、psbL、psbM、psbN、psbT、psbZ
Subunits of NADH dehydrogenasendhA*ndhB*(2)ndhCndhDndhEndhFndhGndhHndhIndhJndhK
Subunits of cytochrome b/f complexpetApetB*petD*petGpetLpetN
Subunits of ATP synthaseatpA,atpB,atpE,atpF*atpH,atpI
Large subunit of rubiscorbcL
Subunits photochlorophyllide reductase 
自我复制相关基因Proteins of large ribosomal subunitrpl14、rpl16*rpl2*(2)、rpl20、rpl22、rpl23(2)、rpl32、rpl33、rpl36
Proteins of small ribosomal subunitrps11rps12**(2)rps14rps15rps16*rps18rps19rps2rps3rps4rps7(2)rps8
Subunits of RNA polymeraserpoArpoBrpoC1*rpoC2
Ribosomal RNAsrrn16(2)rrn23(2)rrn4.5(2)rrn5(2)
Transfer RNAtrnA-UGC*(2)、trnC-GCA、trnD-GUC、trnE-UUC、trnF-GAA、trnG-UCC、trnG- GCC*trnH-GUG、trnI-CAU(2)、trnI-GAU*(2)、trnK-UUU*trnL-CAA(2)、trnL-UAA*trnL-UAG、trnM-CAU、trnN-GUU(2)、trnP-UGG、trnQ-UUG、trnR-ACG(2)、trnR-UCU、trnS-GCU、trnS-GGA、trnS-UGA、trnT-GGU、trnT-UGU、trnV-GAC(2)、trnV-UAC*trnW-CCA、trnY-GUA、trnfM-CAU
其他基因MaturasematK
ProteaseclpP**
Envelope membrane proteincemA
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 
c-type cytochrome synthesis geneccsA
Translation initiation factorinfA
未知功能基因Conserved hypothetical chloroplast ORFycf1(2)、ycf3**ycf4ycf15(2)
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爪哇香茅叶绿体基因组的组装与序列分析
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罗佳霖 1 , 窦秋玉 1 , 郭大中 1 , 陈浩文 1 , 罗丽晶 1 , 李佳屹 1 , 范源洪 1, 2, *
热带作物学报 | 组学与生物技术 2025,46(10): 2346-2354
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热带作物学报 | 组学与生物技术 2025, 46(10): 2346-2354
爪哇香茅叶绿体基因组的组装与序列分析
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罗佳霖1, 窦秋玉1, 郭大中1, 陈浩文1, 罗丽晶1, 李佳屹1, 范源洪1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.云南农业大学农学与生物技术学院,云南昆明 650201
  • 2.云南省高原特色农业产业研究院,云南昆明 650201
  • 罗佳霖(1999—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:药用植物资源评价与种质创新。

通讯作者:

*范源洪,E-mail:
Assembly and Sequence Analysis of the Chloroplast Genome of Cymbopogon winterianus
Jialin LUO1, Qiuyu DOU1, Dazhong GUO1, Haowen CHEN1, Lijing LUO1, Jiayi LI1, Yuanhong FAN1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
  • 2. Yunnan Plateau Characteristic Agricultural Industry Research Institute, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
出版时间: 2025-10-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.10.006
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本研究以爪哇香茅草为试验材料,采用Illumina NovaSeq 6000测序平台对爪哇香茅的DNA序列进行测序。使用GetOrganelle v1.7.7.0软件对测序数据进行组装,构建叶绿体基因组。参照已知的曲序香茅叶绿体基因组,对爪哇香茅草叶绿体基因组进行注释,并进行基因组特征分析和进化树构建。研究结果表明:爪哇香茅叶绿体基因组全长为139 823 bp,其结构为典型的环状四分体,GC含量为38.45%,AT含量为61.55%,包括长度为82 214 bp的1个大单拷贝区(LSC)、长度为21 368 bp的1对反向重复区(IR)和1个14 873 bp的小单拷贝区(SSC);在爪哇香茅叶绿体基因组中共注释到130个基因(其中包含85个mRNA基因、37个tRNA基因、8个rRNA基因);此外,注释到的这些基因中含有16个双拷贝基因,所占比例为12.31%,分别是7个tRNA基因、4个自我复制基因、4个rRNA基因、2个未知功能蛋白基因、1个NADH脱氢酶亚基基因。在爪哇香茅叶绿体基因组中检测到144个SSR位点,其中单核苷酸重复占绝对优势,以A/T为主;对4个香茅属物种的反向重复序列边界进行比较后发现,曲序香茅、喜马拉雅香茅与爪哇香茅在基因结构和种类上表现出极高的同源性,其中ndhH基因均位于小单拷贝区(SSC),而ndhF基因则均位于SSC与IRb的边界区域,但爪哇香茅在LSC区比曲序香茅(Cymbopogon flexuosus)和喜马拉雅香茅(Cymbopogon pospischilii)多出一个rps3基因;进化树分析表明,爪哇香茅草与喜马拉雅香茅、柠檬草(Cymbopogon citratus MK593547.1)亲缘关系最近。本研究完成了爪哇香茅完整叶绿体基因组组装及注释,解析了爪哇香茅叶绿体基因组特征,初步探明爪哇香茅在香茅属内的系统发育关系地位,为香茅属植物系统发育、遗传多样性和基因组研究,以及重要功能基因的挖掘利用奠定良好基础。

爪哇香茅草  /  叶绿体基因组  /  组装  /  注释  /  进化树分析

In this study, Cymbopogon winterianus was used as the experimental material, and the DNA sequence of C. winterianus was sequenced using the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 sequencing platform. The sequencing data were assembled with GetOrganelle v1.7.7.0 software to construct the chloroplast genome. Referring to the known chloroplast genome of C. flexuosus, the chloroplast genome of C. winterianus was annotated, and the genomic characteristics were analyzed and a phylogenetic tree was constructed. The chloroplast genome of C. winterianus was 139 823 bp in length, with a typical circular quadripartite structure. The GC content was 38.45%, and the AT content was 61.55%. It included a large single-copy region (LSC) with a length of 82 214 bp, a pair of inverted repeat regions (IR) with a length of 21 368 bp, and a small single-copy region (SSC) of 14 873 bp. A total of 130 genes were annotated in the chloroplast genome of C. winterianus (including 85 mRNA genes, 37 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes). In addition, among the annotated genes, there were 16 double-copy genes, accounting for 12.31%, including 7 tRNA genes, 4 self-replication genes, 4 rRNA genes, 2 protein genes with unknown functions, and 1 NADH dehydrogenase subunit gene. A total of 144 SSR loci were detected in the chloroplast genome of C. winterianus, with mononucleotide repeats being absolutely dominant, mainly A/T. After comparing the boundaries of the inverted repeat sequences of four Cymbopogon species, it was found that C. flexuosus, C. pospischilii, and C. winterianus exhibited extremely high homology in gene structure and species. Among them, the ndhH gene was located in the small single-copy region (SSC), and the ndhF gene was located in the boundary region between the SSC and IRb. However, C. winterianus had an additional rps3 gene in the LSC region compared with C. flexuosus and C. pospischilii. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that C. winterianus had the closest genetic relationship with C. pospischilii and C. citratus (MK593547.1). This study completed the assembly and annotation of the complete chloroplast genome of C. winterianus, analyzed the characteristics of the chloroplast genome of C. winterianus, and preliminarily explored the phylogenetic position of C. winterianus within the genus Cymbopogon. It would lay a good foundation for the phylogenetic, genetic diversity, and genomic studies of Cymbopogon plants, as well as for the discovery and utilization of important functional genes.

Cymbopogon winterianus  /  chloroplast genome  /  assembly  /  annotation  /  phylogenetic tree analysis
罗佳霖, 窦秋玉, 郭大中, 陈浩文, 罗丽晶, 李佳屹, 范源洪. 爪哇香茅叶绿体基因组的组装与序列分析. 热带作物学报, 2025 , 46 (10) : 2346 -2354 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.10.006
Jialin LUO, Qiuyu DOU, Dazhong GUO, Haowen CHEN, Lijing LUO, Jiayi LI, Yuanhong FAN. Assembly and Sequence Analysis of the Chloroplast Genome of Cymbopogon winterianus[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2025 , 46 (10) : 2346 -2354 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.10.006
香茅属(Cymbopogon Spreng.)作为禾本科(Poaceae)中分布广泛的属之一,其分布范围覆盖了非洲、亚洲以及美洲地区[1]。该属植物原生于东半球的热带及亚热带区域,并且在美国佛罗里达州南部与加利福尼亚州亦有栽培。香茅在我国的主要产地包括云南、广西、福建、海南等[2]。香茅属物种一般统称为香茅草,以不同原产地和商业名称而闻名,在食品、药品、化妆品研发、生产中运用广泛。香茅草是一种富含精油的芳香植物,也是一种重要的香料作物,具有丰富的挥发性成分和独特的香气特征[3],如柠檬醛、香茅醛、香叶醇等,所以香茅草精油常用于生产芳香工业商品。爪哇香茅(Cymbopogon winterianus)又称枫茅,是禾本科香茅属中的一个重要物种,是一种多年生芳香草本植物,具强烈香气,其新鲜叶片有丰富的精油,精油中富含香茅醛(citronellal),品质和价值较高。
香茅在不同国家有多种用药方式和治疗适应症。通过长期的医疗实践和积累,不同民族和地区形成了各自独特的传统用药知识。据《本草纲目》记载,香茅的味道辨识度较高,气味香甜、浓郁且温和,香茅的主要功效是祛风通络、温中止痛、止泻,可治疗感冒引起的头身疼痛、风湿痹痛等[4-6]。TIMUNG等[7]研究表明香茅草还可作为镇痛药、抗惊厥药、抗焦虑药等。香茅的使用部位和传统用途都各不相同。在新加坡、泰国和越南等国家,香茅已成为传统烹饪中不可或缺的香料[8-9]。作为一种天然环保的香料作物,香茅不仅资源丰富,还具备生长周期短、收益迅速的特性。随着全球市场需求的持续增长,香茅挥发油的市场潜力正不断扩大,这对当地农业及农村经济的发展产生了积极的推动作用。由于香茅草具有生长迅速、环境适应力强、易于种植等优势,以及人民消费观念和生活水平的变化,近年来具有逐年发展的趋势,在云南、广西和福建等地区规模化种植,并进行产业化开发利用[10]。近年来,云南省金平县大力发展香茅草产业,实现了规模化种植。2021年金平县的一个种植村的鲜香茅草产量近千吨,为农民创造收入52.5万元,香茅草作为金平县农民脱贫致富的产业,已从粗放生产迈向高效集约生产的发展道路。2016年广西防城港市四百多农户开展香茅草种植面积达133.3 hm2,年产量超2000 t。广西北部湾经济区依托其自然资源优势以及地理优势,结合“一带一路”发展规划发展香茅精深加工产品,香茅产业具有广阔市场前景[11]。香茅种植是一个具有显著经济价值和社会效益的潜在农业项目。目前,香茅草的研究主要集中在精油及挥发性成分等方面[12-13],而有关香茅草的叶绿体全基因的详细解析尚未见报道。
叶绿体是植物进行光合作用的主要场所,也是植物能量转化过程中的重要细胞器,具有自主遗传体系[14]。与核基因组相比,叶绿体基因组具有母系遗传、结构高度保守、全长序列短(120~210 kb)、进化速率适中等优点[15-16]。因此,叶绿体基因组的分析对于研究植物分类、物种多样性和系统发育等方面具有重要意义[17]。叶绿体基因组一般为双链环状分子,具有1个典型的四分体结构,包括大单拷贝区(large single copy region,LSC)、小单拷贝区(small single copy region,SSC)、反向重复区A(inverted repeat region A,IRA)和反向重复区B(inverted repeat region B,IRB)[18]。因此研究叶绿体基因组结构、功能和物种鉴定,能较好地解释许多类群不同阶元水平上的系统发育争议[19],有利于开展香茅草的性状改良、分类鉴定和分子鉴定,对提高香茅草品质和产量具有重要意义[20]。为了解析爪哇香茅在香茅属中的系统发育地位,本研究以爪哇香茅草为主要研究对象,利用高通量测序技术和生物信息学技术获得其叶绿体基因组、结构特征和系统发育等特征,为香茅属种质资源的遗传背景和多样性研究、种质鉴定和育种利用提供理论基础和科学依据。
本研究选取保存在国家热带植物种质资源库特色香料分库中来源于海南万宁的1株优质爪哇香茅(编号WN2)作为试验材料。取其新鲜嫩叶,采用去离子水对叶片进行彻底清洗,以排除潜在的杂质和污染物。随后使用液氮对叶片进行快速冷冻处理,并置于–80 ℃超低温冰箱中保存,用于后续测序分析。
采集爪哇香茅新鲜叶片,使用改良的CTAB法提取叶片DNA,使用超微量分光光度计及琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测总DNA质量,利用Illumina NovaSeq 6000平台进行测序分析,运用fastp软件进行全面的数据质量控制。经过上述处理,最终获得9.39 G数据,共得到62 569 300条clean reads,Q20为97.08%,Q30为92.64%,这些数据将用于爪哇香茅草叶绿体全基因组的组装与注释工作。
使用GetOrganelle(v1.7.7.0)软件进行叶绿体基因组组装。组装命令如下:get_organelle_from_reads.py-1 sample_1.fq.gz-2 sample_2.fq.gz-o sample-R 5-k 21,45,65,85,105,127-F embplant_pt-t 5。组装的基因组经过严格评估:首先,使用BWA软件将原始测序结果与参考基因组对齐;然后,利用SAMtools软件计算基因组的覆盖深度,并剔除覆盖率过低的叶绿体数据;随后,使用Geneious软件对叶绿体数据进行可视化,并选择结果中构型一致的数据进行后续分析。
采用2种方法对爪哇香茅叶绿体基因组进行注释,以确保注释结果的准确性。方法1:采用Prodigal v2.6.3软件对爪哇香茅草叶绿体基因组进行编码基因(CDS)预测。利用hmmer v3.1b2和aragorn v1.2.38软件对爪哇香茅叶绿体基因组的核糖体RNA(rRNA)和转运RNA(tRNA)基因分别进行预测。方法2:利用blast v2.6软件将爪哇香茅叶绿体基因组与NCBI上已发表的爪哇香茅近缘物种(柠檬草、曲序香茅等)序列进行提取比对,得到叶绿体基因组注释信息。将2种注释结果进行对比,去除错误基因、注释冗余基因,得到最终结果。使用OGDRAW(https://chlorobox.mpimp-golm.mpg.de/OGDraw.html)在线软件进行结果可视化,获得爪哇香茅叶绿体基因组图谱。使用MISA v1.0软件分析爪哇香茅草叶绿体全基因组SSR位点,并使用IRscope(http://genocat.tools/tools/irscope.html)在线软件对爪哇香茅、玉米(Zea mays)、柠檬草(C. citratus)、小麦(Triticum aestivum)、水稻(Oryza sativa)、曲序香茅(C. flexuosus)和喜马拉雅香茅(C. pospischilii)7种禾本科植物进行IRs边界变异分析。对组装得到的爪哇香茅叶绿体基因组和同属物种叶绿体基因组使用MAFFT(7.525)软件进行序列比对,使用iqtree(1.6.12)软件默认参数及模型构建系统发育树,并进行1000次构树。
为解析爪哇香茅叶绿体基因组,本研究采用Illumina NovaSeq 6000平台进行DNA测序。经过组装,获得爪哇香茅草叶绿体基因组,其总长度为139 823 bp,呈现出典型的四分区域结构,包含LSC(大单拷贝区)、SSC(小单拷贝区)、IRA(反向重复区A)和IRB(反向重复区B)4个区段(图1),长度分别为82 214、14 873、21 368、21 368 bp。在该基因组中,GC含量为38.45%,AT含量为61.55%,GC含量在各分区中的含量差异显著。4个分区中GC含量由高到低依次为IR区(44.57%)>LSC区(36.28%)>SSC区(32.87%)(表1)。
在爪哇香茅叶绿体基因组139 823 bp的序列中,共注释到130个基因(其中包含85个mRNA基因、37个tRNA基因、8个rRNA基因)(表2)。根据基因所预测出的功能,又可将所有基因分为4个大类,分别是光合作用相关基因、自我复制相关基因、其他基因、未知功能基因。
表2可知,爪哇香茅叶绿体基因组中有16个双拷贝基因,占全基因组的12.31%,分别是7个tRNA基因(trnA-UGC、trnI-CAU、trnI-GAU、trnL-CAA、trnN-GUU、trnR-ACG、trnV-GAC)、4个自我复制相关基因(rpl2、rpl23、rps12、rps7)、4个rRNA基因(rrn16、rrn23、rrn4.5、rrn5)、2个未知功能蛋白基因(ycf1、yc15)和1个NADH脱氢酶亚基基因(ndhB)。需要注意的是,ycf1、ycf3、ycf4、yc15这4个基因在爪哇香茅草叶绿体基因组中未能鉴定出蛋白功能,还需要通过更多、更先进的实验方法和技术对它们的功能进行研究和探索。
此外,爪哇香茅草叶绿体基因组中的大部分基因均不含内含子,只有少数基因中含有1个或2个内含子,其中有15个基因含有1个内含子,分别是ndhA、ndhB、petB、petD、atpF、rpl16、rpl2、rps16、rpoC1、trnA-UGC、trnG-GCC、trnI-GAU、trnK-UUU、trnL-UAA、trnV-UAC,3个基因含有2个内含子,分别为rps12、clpP、ycf3,并且在爪哇香茅草叶绿体基因组中未鉴定出假基因。
利用MISA v1.0软件在爪哇香茅草叶绿体基因组中,共鉴定出144个符合筛选标准的SSR位点,统计分析结果如图2所示。在爪哇香茅叶绿体基因组中共有5种类型的核苷酸重复单元,数量由高到低依次为:单核苷酸重复单元(130个)、四核苷酸重复单元(8个)、双核苷酸重复单元(3个)、五核苷酸重复单元数量较(2个)、三核苷酸重复单元(1个)。在这些SSR位点中,A/T重复基元数量占绝对优势,达到124个,占总数的89.1%。其次是G/C、AT、AACG/CGTT、AAAAT/TTTTA,分别占4.1%、1.3%、1.3%、1.3%。这些结果说明,A/T碱基在爪哇香茅草叶绿体基因组中的优势地位,表现出明显的碱基偏好性。这与爪哇香茅草叶绿体基因组中61.55%的AT含量相吻合,可能与AT碱基对相对于GC碱基对更易于解链的特性有关。
将爪哇香茅与6个禾本科植物(玉米、小麦、水稻、柠檬草、曲序香茅和喜马拉雅香茅)的叶绿体基因组IR区域边界进行比较分析,结果见图3。这些禾本科植物的叶绿体基因组总长度介于134 502~140 384个碱基对之间。按照基因组长度从小到大的顺序排列依次为:水稻、小麦、曲序香茅、爪哇香茅、柠檬草、喜马拉雅香茅和玉米。曲序香茅、喜马拉雅香茅与爪哇香茅在基因结构和种类上表现出极高的同源性,其ndhH基因均位于小单拷贝区(SSC),其长度为1181个碱基对,而ndhF基因则位于SSC与IRb的边界区域,长度为2217个碱基对。但在LSC区爪哇香茅比曲序香茅、喜马拉雅香茅多1个rps3基因。
为探究爪哇香茅在香茅属中的系统发育地位,将测序获得的爪哇香茅叶绿体基因组序列与NCBI数据库中获取的16个香茅属植物的叶绿体基因组序列进行多重序列比对,并通过iqtree软件构建系统发育树(图4)。结果显示,曲序香茅首先从香茅属中分化出来,与爪哇香茅遗传距离最大,说明其与爪哇香茅的亲缘关系最远;在系统发育树中,其余14个不同种的香茅属植物聚类为1个分支,其中柠檬草(C. citratus MK593547.1)、喜马拉雅香茅(C. pospischilii)与爪哇香茅的遗传距离最小,表明爪哇香茅与柠檬草(C. citratus MK593547.1)、喜马拉雅香茅之间的亲缘关系最近。值得注意的是,除柠檬草(C. citratus MK593547.1)与另外2个柠檬草没有聚在同一分支上,而是与3个爪哇香茅聚在一起外,其他相同种的样本均各自聚在了所属物种的分支中。
香茅作为我国重要的香料作物,不仅具备显著的药用价值和经济价值,而且在香料市场中展现出强大的竞争力,对我国农业产业的发展具有较大影响。目前,对香茅草的研究主要集中在精油及挥发性成分上[20-21]。研究表明香茅草主要香气成分有柠檬醛、香茅醛、香叶醛、月桂烯等,且不同品种、不同地区香茅草主要香气成分存在较大差异[22-23],爪哇香茅中的香茅醛、香叶醇和香叶醛含量很高,并且其精油含量也较高[24-26]。在非挥发性物质方面,李佳屹等[11]检测分析了香茅草水提部分的主要化学组成,验证了香茅草水提物润肠通便作用,揭示了其缓解便秘的作用机制。在种质资源鉴定评价方法方面,一些研究人员采用RAPD[27]和AFLP标记[28]对香茅草进行鉴定分析。近年来,尽管高通量测序技术和组装软件不断进步,但目前仍缺乏对香茅草的叶绿体基因组序列的研究,虽已有研究对爪哇香茅叶绿体基因组进行测序和组装,但未进行详细的解析,导致爪哇香茅的叶绿体基因组相关研究进展缓慢。
本研究完成了爪哇香茅叶绿体基因组组装及特征分析,结果表明,爪哇香茅草叶绿体基因组的长度为139 823个碱基对,共鉴定出130个基因,其中mRNA、tRNA、rRNA基因的数量分别为85、37、8个。CHETRI等[29]研究发现,不丹香茅(Cymbopogon bhutanicus)的叶绿体基因组长度为139 701 bp,并且鉴定到的基因数目为129个,与本研究中鉴定到的数目仅相差1个,此外,mRNA基因、tRNA基因、rRNA基因的数目与本研究的结果均相差不大,分别为87、34、8个。2个香茅属物种的叶绿体基因组注释结果表现出高度的相似性,表明香茅属植物叶绿体基因组具有高度的保守性。这些发现揭示了不同香茅草间叶绿体基因组长度的差异性,为未来香茅草的分类研究和遗传多样性分析提供了坚实的基础。
简单序列重复(SSR)在原核生物和真核生物的基因组中广泛分布,单核苷酸微卫星长度多态性因其高度的变异性,已被用作叶绿体基因组中的标记,用于了解叶绿体的进化历史,是遗传多样性研究中最常用和最可靠的标记之一。本研究在爪哇香茅草的叶绿体基因组中识别出144个SSR位点,其中A和T碱基数量达到124个,占总数的89.1%,占据绝对优势,表现出明显的碱基偏好性,这可能是由于爪哇香茅叶绿体基因组序列中A和T碱基数量占比较高(61.55%)造成的。这与龚意辉等[18]和CHETRI等[29]的研究结果相似。本研究揭示了爪哇香茅草叶绿体基因组中丰富的SSR变异位点,为未来SSR标记的开发利用以及深入探究爪哇香茅草的系统发育关系提供可靠的分子依据,以及为香茅属叶绿体基因组研究提供丰富信息与科学依据。
本研究将爪哇香茅叶绿体基因组与其他16个香茅属物种的叶绿体基因组进行多重序列比对并进行系统发育分析。构建系统发育树发现爪哇香茅与柠檬草(MK593547.1)、喜马拉雅香茅的亲缘关系最近,与CHETRI等[29]的研究结果基本一致。但该柠檬草未与其他2个柠檬草聚在同一分支上,可能该样本是二者杂交后代,或存在鉴定错误等情况。本研究初步明确了爪哇香茅草在香茅属中的系统进化和亲缘关系,为香茅属植物的品种鉴别及驯化研究提供理论基础和重要的遗传信息资源。
综上所述,本研究完成了爪哇香茅完整叶绿体基因组组装及注释、SSR位点、IR区边界比较、进化树分析,解析爪哇香茅叶绿体基因组特征,初步探明爪哇香茅在香茅属内的系统发育关系地位,为香茅属植物的叶绿体基因研究提供参考依据,并为香茅属的系统进化和遗传多样性研究以及基因组研究利用奠定良好基础。
  • 云南省重大科技专项计划项目(2019ZG00903)
  • 国家科技资源共享服务平台项目(NTPGRC2024-015)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.10.006
  • 接收时间:2025-05-12
  • 首发时间:2026-03-09
  • 出版时间:2025-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-12
  • 录用日期:2025-05-26
基金
云南省重大科技专项计划项目(2019ZG00903)
国家科技资源共享服务平台项目(NTPGRC2024-015)
作者信息
    1.云南农业大学农学与生物技术学院,云南昆明 650201
    2.云南省高原特色农业产业研究院,云南昆明 650201

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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