Article(id=1237814985146037192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1237814978405790425, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.10.018, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745683200000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1749571200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-06-11, onlineDate=1773047689949, onlineDateStr=2026-03-09, pubDate=1761321600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773047689949, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773047689949, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773047689949, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1237814978405790425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2025', volume='46', issue='10', pageStart='2287', pageEnd='2547', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773047688342, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773049212967, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1237821373213635442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1237814978405790425, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1237821373213635443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1237814978405790425, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2481, endPage=2492, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1237814985460610012, articleId=1237814985146037192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Role of Calcium Signaling in Pollen Germination and Pollen Tube Growth, columnId=1236256434120348225, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Plant Cultivation, Physiology & Biochemistry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In flowering plants, pollen grains land on the stigma surface, undergo hydration, and germinate to produce pollen tubes. Subsequently, the pollen tube grows through the stigma toward the ovule. Within the ovule, the pollen tube ruptures to release sperm cells. The two sperm cells fuse with the egg cell and the central cell, respectively, forming a diploid embryo and a triploid endosperm, thereby completing the double fertilization process. Pollen germination and pollen tube growth are crucial physiological processes in the sexual reproduction of flowering plants. The processes are of significant importance for the propagation of plant species and serve as the fundamental basis for the yield of grain crops. Calcium signaling, functioning as a critical secondary messenger, plays a central role in pollen germination and pollen tube growth. In plants, calcium signaling refers to the regulatory mechanism driven by dynamic changes in cytosolic calcium ion (Ca2+) concentrations. Calcium signaling serves as a key regulatory mechanism in plant cell signal transduction, involved in critical processes such as pollen grain perception of osmotic stress, germination, pollen tube growth, and guidance. Simultaneously, through modulating various pathways including calcium channels, calcium pumps, and calcium-binding proteins on the cell membrane, calcium signaling facilitates dynamic remodeling of the pollen tube cytoskeleton, thereby enabling pollen tube elongation and directional growth at the tip. Furthermore, calcium signaling coordinates with pathways involving auxin and abscisic acid to regulate pollen tube growth while promoting dynamic remodeling of the cytoskeleton and tip-focused growth through membrane-associated calcium channels and transporters. The review provides an in-depth exploration of the molecular mechanisms underlying calcium signaling in pollen germination and pollen tube growth, and its synergistic interactions with other signaling networks. These insights advance our understanding of plant reproductive biology and offer potential theoretical foundations for crop genetic improvement and agricultural innovation.

, correspAuthors=Xuexiao ZOU, Fang YUAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
**ZOU Xuexiao,E-mail:;
YUAN Fang,E-mail:
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在开花植物中,花粉粒落在柱头表面发生水合作用并萌发出花粉管。随后,花粉管穿过柱头向胚珠生长。在胚珠中,花粉管破裂释放精子,2个精细胞分别与卵细胞和中央细胞结合,形成二倍体的胚胎和三倍体的胚乳,从而完成双受精过程。花粉萌发和花粉管生长是开花植物有性生殖中非常关键的生理过程,该生理过程对于植物繁衍后代具有重要意义,也是粮食作物产量的基础保障。钙信号作为重要的第二信使,在花粉萌发和花粉管生长中发挥核心作用。植物中的钙信号指由钙离子(Ca2+)浓度变化产生的信号,是植物细胞信号转导中的关键调控机制之一,参与调控花粉粒感受渗透、萌发、花粉管生长及导向等关键步骤。同时钙信号通过调节细胞膜的钙通道、钙泵及钙结合蛋白等多个途径,促使花粉管细胞骨架的动态重塑,从而实现花粉管的延伸和花粉管顶端的定向生长。此外,钙信号还与生长素、脱落酸等相互作用,共同调节花粉萌发和花粉管生长的过程。因此,本文深入探讨钙信号在花粉萌发和花粉管生长中的分子机制及其与其他信号网络的协同作用,为深入理解植物生殖生物学提供重要参考,并为作物遗传改良和农业生产提供潜在的理论依据。

, correspAuthors=邹学校, 远方, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
**邹学校,E-mail:;
远方,E-mail:
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*同等贡献作者:陶琪(1995—),女,博士研究生,研究方向:植物抗逆性研究。

罗嘉依(2000—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:干旱感受器OSCA家族在番茄中的功能研究

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罗嘉依(2000—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:干旱感受器OSCA家族在番茄中的功能研究

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罗嘉依(2000—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:干旱感受器OSCA家族在番茄中的功能研究

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Nature, 2022, 609(7927): 616-621., articleTitle=Structures and mechanisms of the Arabidopsis auxin transporter PIN3, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1237831257598521623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814985146037192, awardId=2023YFF1001200, language=CN, fundingSource=国家“十四五”重点研发计划重点专项(2023YFF1001200), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1237831257653047577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814985146037192, awardId=32494780, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金重大项目(32494780), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1237831253114810559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814985146037192, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1237831253123199168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814985146037192, companyId=1237831253114810559, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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Calcium channels involved in pollen germination and pollen tube growth and functions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
钙离子通道
Calcium channel
参与花粉萌发和花粉管生长的作用
Function involved in pollen germination and pollen tube growth
文献
Reference
OSCAOSCA2.1和OSCA2.2能够响应低渗处理,介导Ca2+流入细胞,从而启动花粉萌发[2]
CNGCCNGC7/8/18:在花粉管顶端形成异源四聚体钙通道,介导周期性Ca2+震荡,调控花粉管极性生长和导向[4648]
 CNGC16:在热胁迫和干旱条件下对花粉育性有关键作用;在温度胁迫下调节钙信号,维持细胞内钙稳态
MLO作为钙离子通道介导Ca2+内流,与类受体激酶FER、共受体LRE形成复合体维持花粉管的完整性[17]
GLRGLR1.2/GLR3.7:调节花粉管顶端Ca2+细胞梯度,从而影响花粉管的生长和形态[21]
), ArticleFig(id=1237831257334280462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814985146037192, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

参与花粉萌发和花粉管生长的钙离子通道及其功能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
钙离子通道
Calcium channel
参与花粉萌发和花粉管生长的作用
Function involved in pollen germination and pollen tube growth
文献
Reference
OSCAOSCA2.1和OSCA2.2能够响应低渗处理,介导Ca2+流入细胞,从而启动花粉萌发[2]
CNGCCNGC7/8/18:在花粉管顶端形成异源四聚体钙通道,介导周期性Ca2+震荡,调控花粉管极性生长和导向[4648]
 CNGC16:在热胁迫和干旱条件下对花粉育性有关键作用;在温度胁迫下调节钙信号,维持细胞内钙稳态
MLO作为钙离子通道介导Ca2+内流,与类受体激酶FER、共受体LRE形成复合体维持花粉管的完整性[17]
GLRGLR1.2/GLR3.7:调节花粉管顶端Ca2+细胞梯度,从而影响花粉管的生长和形态[21]
), ArticleFig(id=1237831257401389328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814985146037192, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Calcium sensors involved in pollen germination and pollen tube growth and functions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
钙传感器
Calcium sensor
参与花粉萌发和花粉管生长的作用
Function involved in pollen germination and pollen tube growth
文献
Reference
CDPK参与维持Ca2+稳态,促进花粉管的生长[5076]
CaM结合Ca2+后调控CNGC等钙通道活性,维持花粉管顶端钙梯度[48]
CBLCBL2/3-CIPK12复合体通过调节液泡钙信号,影响液泡的动态变化,从而支持花粉管的快速生长[82]
CML在花粉粒萌发、花粉管伸长和结实率中发挥作用[84]
), ArticleFig(id=1237831257481081106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814985146037192, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

参与花粉萌发和花粉管生长的钙传感器及其功能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
钙传感器
Calcium sensor
参与花粉萌发和花粉管生长的作用
Function involved in pollen germination and pollen tube growth
文献
Reference
CDPK参与维持Ca2+稳态,促进花粉管的生长[5076]
CaM结合Ca2+后调控CNGC等钙通道活性,维持花粉管顶端钙梯度[48]
CBLCBL2/3-CIPK12复合体通过调节液泡钙信号,影响液泡的动态变化,从而支持花粉管的快速生长[82]
CML在花粉粒萌发、花粉管伸长和结实率中发挥作用[84]
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钙信号在花粉萌发和花粉管生长中的作用
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罗嘉依 1, 2 , 陶琪 3, * , 王焱 1, 2 , 裴宋雨 1, 2 , 邹学校 1, 2, ** , 远方 1, 2, **
热带作物学报 | 作物栽培与生理生化 2025,46(10): 2481-2492
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热带作物学报 | 作物栽培与生理生化 2025, 46(10): 2481-2492
钙信号在花粉萌发和花粉管生长中的作用
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罗嘉依1, 2, 陶琪3, *, 王焱1, 2, 裴宋雨1, 2, 邹学校1, 2, ** , 远方1, 2, **
作者信息
  • 1.湖南农业大学园艺学院,湖南长沙 410125
  • 2.岳麓山实验室,湖南长沙 410128
  • 3.浙江大学生命科学学院,浙江杭州 310058
  • 罗嘉依(2000—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:干旱感受器OSCA家族在番茄中的功能研究

通讯作者:

**邹学校,E-mail:;
远方,E-mail:
Role of Calcium Signaling in Pollen Germination and Pollen Tube Growth
Jiayi LUO1, 2, Qi TAO3, Yan WANG1, 2, Songyu PEI1, 2, Xuexiao ZOU1, 2, ** , Fang YUAN1, 2, **
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
  • 2. Yuelushan Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
  • 3. College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
出版时间: 2025-10-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.10.018
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在开花植物中,花粉粒落在柱头表面发生水合作用并萌发出花粉管。随后,花粉管穿过柱头向胚珠生长。在胚珠中,花粉管破裂释放精子,2个精细胞分别与卵细胞和中央细胞结合,形成二倍体的胚胎和三倍体的胚乳,从而完成双受精过程。花粉萌发和花粉管生长是开花植物有性生殖中非常关键的生理过程,该生理过程对于植物繁衍后代具有重要意义,也是粮食作物产量的基础保障。钙信号作为重要的第二信使,在花粉萌发和花粉管生长中发挥核心作用。植物中的钙信号指由钙离子(Ca2+)浓度变化产生的信号,是植物细胞信号转导中的关键调控机制之一,参与调控花粉粒感受渗透、萌发、花粉管生长及导向等关键步骤。同时钙信号通过调节细胞膜的钙通道、钙泵及钙结合蛋白等多个途径,促使花粉管细胞骨架的动态重塑,从而实现花粉管的延伸和花粉管顶端的定向生长。此外,钙信号还与生长素、脱落酸等相互作用,共同调节花粉萌发和花粉管生长的过程。因此,本文深入探讨钙信号在花粉萌发和花粉管生长中的分子机制及其与其他信号网络的协同作用,为深入理解植物生殖生物学提供重要参考,并为作物遗传改良和农业生产提供潜在的理论依据。

钙信号  /  花粉萌发  /  花粉管生长  /  低渗感受器  /  钙离子通道

In flowering plants, pollen grains land on the stigma surface, undergo hydration, and germinate to produce pollen tubes. Subsequently, the pollen tube grows through the stigma toward the ovule. Within the ovule, the pollen tube ruptures to release sperm cells. The two sperm cells fuse with the egg cell and the central cell, respectively, forming a diploid embryo and a triploid endosperm, thereby completing the double fertilization process. Pollen germination and pollen tube growth are crucial physiological processes in the sexual reproduction of flowering plants. The processes are of significant importance for the propagation of plant species and serve as the fundamental basis for the yield of grain crops. Calcium signaling, functioning as a critical secondary messenger, plays a central role in pollen germination and pollen tube growth. In plants, calcium signaling refers to the regulatory mechanism driven by dynamic changes in cytosolic calcium ion (Ca2+) concentrations. Calcium signaling serves as a key regulatory mechanism in plant cell signal transduction, involved in critical processes such as pollen grain perception of osmotic stress, germination, pollen tube growth, and guidance. Simultaneously, through modulating various pathways including calcium channels, calcium pumps, and calcium-binding proteins on the cell membrane, calcium signaling facilitates dynamic remodeling of the pollen tube cytoskeleton, thereby enabling pollen tube elongation and directional growth at the tip. Furthermore, calcium signaling coordinates with pathways involving auxin and abscisic acid to regulate pollen tube growth while promoting dynamic remodeling of the cytoskeleton and tip-focused growth through membrane-associated calcium channels and transporters. The review provides an in-depth exploration of the molecular mechanisms underlying calcium signaling in pollen germination and pollen tube growth, and its synergistic interactions with other signaling networks. These insights advance our understanding of plant reproductive biology and offer potential theoretical foundations for crop genetic improvement and agricultural innovation.

calcium signaling  /  pollen germination  /  pollen tube growth  /  hypo-osmosensors  /  calcium channels
罗嘉依, 陶琪, 王焱, 裴宋雨, 邹学校, 远方. 钙信号在花粉萌发和花粉管生长中的作用. 热带作物学报, 2025 , 46 (10) : 2481 -2492 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.10.018
Jiayi LUO, Qi TAO, Yan WANG, Songyu PEI, Xuexiao ZOU, Fang YUAN. Role of Calcium Signaling in Pollen Germination and Pollen Tube Growth[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2025 , 46 (10) : 2481 -2492 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.10.018
花粉萌发是开花植物有性生殖的关键起始步骤,涉及花粉粒从休眠状态到活跃生长的转变,钙信号在花粉萌发过程中起着至关重要的作用。Ca2+作为一种关键的第二信使,调控花粉粒水合、萌发以及花粉管的生长。不同刺激会导致细胞质中Ca2+浓度([Ca2+]cyt)升高的幅度不同,Ca2+浓度的波动频率也会因刺激类型而异,因此细胞在感受到不同刺激时,诱导[Ca2+]cyt升高的过程不是简单的“数字信号”,而是更为复杂的“模拟信号”。这种信号会根据刺激的类型和程度的不同,呈现出一种被称为“细胞质Ca2+特性”的特殊动态模式,为细胞提供了一种精细的信号编码方式,使细胞能够根据不同的刺激类型和程度做出相应的反应。这种模拟信号的特性使得细胞能够更灵活、更精确地应对各种环境变化和生理需求[1]。近年来,随着分子生物学和钙信号检测技术的发展,人们对钙信号在花粉萌发过程中的作用机制有了更深入的理解。
研究表明,花粉粒在萌发过程中会经历一系列Ca2+浓度的震荡模式,这些模式对于花粉的水合和启动萌发至关重要[2-3]。花粉粒从花药中释放后,其代谢处于静止状态且高度干燥,含水量在15%~35%之间。当花粉粒落到柱头上后迅速吸水膨胀,发生水合作用,代谢被激活,花粉外壳破裂,从而引发花粉萌发和花粉管生长[4]。[Ca2+]cyt增加被认为是在水合过程中感知低渗透压的机制[2]。花粉粒落到柱头上后会诱导花粉附着位置附近的乳突细胞中的[Ca2+]cyt局部增加[5]。水合后,Ca2+流入花粉粒,促使细胞质重组,激活代谢过程。这种重组导致在萌发部位下方形成Ca2+梯度,该梯度对于花粉尖端的极性生长至关重要。此外,Ca2+流入会导致胼胝体在花粉的萌发孔处沉积,最终决定花粉管的萌发位置[6-7]。用钙离子通道阻滞剂处理可以抑制花粉粒中Ca2+梯度的形成,导致花粉水合后无法形成突起,进而无法萌发[8-9]
花粉萌发是开花植物将精子细胞输送到胚囊进行双受精的重要步骤。细胞Ca2+浓度和囊泡动力学对花粉萌发至关重要[3]。花粉萌发时,细胞内Ca2+浓度会出现动态变化,通常发生在花粉表面和胚珠附近,形成一个“钙震荡”现象。这些钙震荡在空间和时间上的变化是控制花粉萌发进程的关键[10]。DIAO等[11]利用GCaMP5成功捕捉到了花粉萌发过程中Ca2+的变化情况。发现细胞质内游离态的钙离子的升高最初发生在萌发孔,随后扩展到整个花粉粒。花粉管伸出后,[Ca2+]cyt在花粉粒中降至基础水平,而在新萌发花粉管中建立尖端聚焦的Ca2+梯度。适当的Ca2+流入对[Ca2+]cyt震荡和花粉萌发非常重要,而这很可能是由Ca2+通透性通道介导的。PEI等[2]也通过利用GCaMP6记录下花粉粒在萌发过程中钙震荡情况。在花粉萌发初期,细胞内的Ca2+浓度相对稳定,处于一个静息状态(first resting phase,RePh1)。在第一个静息期后细胞内出现小幅度的Ca2+浓度震荡([Ca2+]cyt oscillations with small amplitudes,CaOscS)。这些震荡均匀地分布在细胞质中尚未集中到特定区域。小幅度震荡后,细胞再次进入静息状态(second resting phase,RePh2)随后出现胞内的Ca2+浓度的大幅度震荡([Ca2+]cyt oscillations with large amplitudes,CaOscL),并且这些震荡逐渐向花粉粒的萌发孔富集,花粉管开始萌发;花粉管萌发后,细胞进入第三个静息阶段(third resting phase,RePh3),[Ca2+]cyt浓度趋于稳定。这一研究揭示了花粉粒萌发过程中[Ca2+]cyt浓度的动态变化模式,表明钙震荡在花粉萌发过程中起着关键调控作用。此外,研究还发现,这种钙震荡模式受到渗透压的调控,低渗环境(如增加水分供应)会增强花粉粒中的钙震荡。
植物的繁殖始于雌蕊柱头上花粉粒萌发,花粉管穿过柱头准确地到达胚珠并受精。钙信号对花粉管生长和导向起着核心作用。Ca2+在花粉管内的各种信号通路中作为重要的第二信使,在调节细胞骨架、囊泡动力学、膜运输和细胞壁组成方面起着关键作用,通过多种机制调控极性生长、细胞骨架动态和细胞壁组成,推动生长尖端的快速延伸[12-14]。研究发现,顶端聚焦的Ca2+梯度对花粉管的生长至关重要,它能促进分泌泡向质膜的运输、启动和融合[15-16]。同时花粉管的生长依赖于以尖端为中心的Ca2+梯度,Ca2+梯度的空间变化会导致花粉管生长方向的改变[17]。花粉管中的Ca2+梯度由外部Ca2+流入产生,主要由位于花粉管顶端的钙离子通道介导[18-19],包括CNGCs、GLRs通道和Ca2+-ATP酶,说明在建立花粉管尖端生长的特定钙信号时,需要维持细胞内钙梯度的动态平衡,这种Ca2+流入与细胞内钙库的释放共同调控钙信号的震荡[20-21]。因此,钙离子通道是调节Ca2+梯度的关键元件,对花粉管的生长和方向调节至关重要。在花粉管中,几乎所有的基本生理过程都在动态变化,其中主要包括细胞内钙梯度变化和细胞外钙流入。研究发现,这些过程的震荡周期与生长周期相同,但通常具有不同的阶段。花粉管表现出非常快速的极性顶端生长,细胞只在花粉管的最顶端扩张。在顶端生长过程中,花粉管的顶端会发生非常活跃的外吞作用,向质膜和细胞壁输送新的成分,并通过高尔基体衍生的分泌泡分泌蛋白质[22]。花粉管的极性顶端生长是一个高度复杂的过程,依赖于顶端聚焦的Ca2+梯度、外吞作用、细胞骨架的动态调控以及信号分子与受体的相互作用。这些机制共同作用,确保花粉管能够快速、准确地向目标方向生长,完成受精过程[23]
花粉管的生长需要Ca2+来维持顶端的细胞膜梯度,同时Ca2+也是细胞壁的组成成分。花粉管生长过程中,细胞前端积累大量Ca2+,形成局部的钙梯度,这一钙梯度对于控制花粉管的极性生长至关重要。1975年,JAFFE等[24]在百合花粉管中首次发现Ca2+的积累动态与跨膜流动特性,并证实其呈现显著的顶端-基部浓度梯度,这一分布特征提示尖端区域存在持续的Ca2+内流。该研究为后续揭示Ca2+梯度调控花粉管极性生长的分子机制奠定基础。花粉管尖端的细胞质Ca2+浓度范围为2~10 μmol/L,而与其相对应的基部Ca2+浓度范围为20~200 nmol/L,同时顶端聚焦的Ca2+梯度是花粉管生长的关键,而钙通道和转运蛋白的精细调控确保了Ca2+信号的动态平衡[25]。研究发现,Ca2+梯度只在生长的花粉管中被检测到,当花粉管死亡或在培养基中加入钙离子通道阻断剂或拮抗剂后,花粉管顶端的Ca2+梯度消失,花粉管生长停止。然而把停止生长的花粉管转移到不含钙离子通道阻断剂或拮抗剂的培养基中时,花粉管尖端会迅速恢复Ca2+梯度,并重新开始伸长。因此花粉管顶端的Ca2+梯度与顶端的生长伸长密切相关,是花粉管生长的关键因素[26]。花粉管的生长并不是一个匀速的状态,而是时快时慢,花粉管生长的震荡节律与花粉管尖端集中的Ca2+的震荡周期呈正相关[27]。除此之外Ca2+梯度还能影响生长方向[17],并且这种生长导向Ca2+梯度在花粉水合的时候就已经建立,并决定了花粉管最终萌发出的位置[8]。花粉管尖端的Ca2+梯度对花粉萌发和花粉管的生长至关重要,尖端Ca2+的积聚可以调节花粉管生长速率和方向,确保花粉管能够正确地向胚珠方向生长。
花粉管细胞壁由2层组成,内层是胼胝质鞘,外层主要是由含有果胶的纤维素和半纤维素组成[28]。而生长着的花粉管的顶端几乎完全由果胶组成,纤维素和胼胝质位于离顶端几微米处。Ca2+在决定细胞壁的结构和功能方面起着关键作用[29-30]。通过交联果胶中带负电荷的区域,Ca2+赋予花粉管细胞壁一定的硬度[31]。因此,当Ca2+浓度降低到一定程度时,花粉管壁会因为完全失去结构完整性而破裂[32]。花粉管需要10 μmol/L~10 mmol/L的外部Ca2+浓度,才能使细胞壁保持足够的刚性,不至于破裂,但又有足够的柔性,从而正常生长。在10 μmol/L以下,花粉管因壁太薄而破裂;在10 mmol/L以上,Ca2+与果胶的交联过于频繁而导致花粉管停止生长[17]
花粉管通过顶端生长迅速延伸,这一过程依赖于动态的肌动蛋白细胞骨架,而肌动蛋白细胞骨架与控制花粉管中的细胞器运动、细胞质流动、囊泡运输和细胞质组织有关[33-34]。钙信号通过影响微管和微丝的动态变化,参与细胞骨架的调节。钙在植物细胞生长中具有特别复杂的作用,在质膜外,它通过交联果胶影响细胞壁的生化特性;在细胞质内,它会影响肌动蛋白细胞骨架的动力学[35-36]。花粉管顶端生长依赖于肌动-肌球蛋白系统,尖端高浓度的钙会导致肌动蛋白丝断裂,并抑制尖端的细胞质流动[37]。除此之外,Ca2+还会通过与肌动蛋白轻链结合,使肌球蛋白运动活性失活,从而影响肌动蛋白丝上的细胞器运动,阻止较大的细胞器进入花粉管的顶端区域[38]。因此在花粉管顶端15~20 μmol/L的范围内形成一个主要由囊泡组成的区域,即所谓的“清晰区”[39]。顶端[Ca2+]cyt增加和f-肌动蛋白分解可能通过促进囊泡融合来促进胞外分泌[34]。尽管花粉管的生长是高度动态的,但Ca2+对所有这些细胞生物学过程的调节使花粉管亚细胞组织具有显著稳定性。
在花粉萌发和花粉管生长的过程中,外部信号可通过调节细胞膜上的钙离子通道来调控细胞内的Ca2+浓度,感受渗透,促使花粉萌发。当花粉粒接触到柱头表面时,会感知到外界的信号刺激,钙离子通道打开,使胞外Ca2+进入细胞内,导致胞内Ca2+升高,从而启动一系列下游的信号转导过程[40]。从花粉粒的水合、萌发,到花粉管的生长、导向以及破裂释放精子,均离不开钙离子通道的参与。钙离子通道对花粉的调控作用对植物的繁殖和生存具有重要意义。
钙通透性阳离子通道蛋白(hyperosmolality-gated calcium-permeable channels,OSCAs)家族是一类在植物中广泛存在的钙离子通道蛋白,能够感知渗透压变化并介导Ca2+内流[2,41-42]。最近研究发现,在花粉萌发过程中,OSCA2.1和OSCA2.2作为低渗透敏感的钙离子通道,能够感知低渗信号并介导钙震荡。当干燥成熟的花粉粒接触到水分后,细胞外渗透压降低,导致细胞吸水膨胀,膜张力增加。这种低渗胁迫激活位于花粉粒细胞膜上的OSCA2.1和OSCA2.2通道,这些通道将低渗信号转化为细胞内的Ca2+信号,从而启动花粉的萌发。在HEK293细胞中,OSCA2.1和OSCA2.2同样能够响应低渗处理,介导Ca2+流入细胞,且其活性可被钙离子通道抑制剂La3+阻断。这些结果进一步证实了OSCA2.1和OSCA2.2作为低渗感受器能够感知低渗并调节胞内Ca2+浓度变化,同时证明了花粉Ca2+震荡是花粉启动萌发的第二信使[2]
环核苷酸门控离子通道(cyclic nucleotide-gated channels,CNGCs)家族,是横跨质膜的四聚体阳离子通道[43],在植物中被鉴定为可运输Ca2+的通道,参与病原体防御信号级联、花粉萌发和花粉管的极性生长以及植物对其他生物和非生物胁迫的反应[44]。CNGCs可以通过影响花粉育性以及花粉管的极性生长来影响花粉萌发[45-46]。拟南芥中有20个CNGC家族成员[47],已有研究表明,有多个成员在花粉粒中高度表达,如CNGC7、CNGC8、CNGC16、CNGC18等[44-46,48-49]。在正常情况下,CNGC7和CNGC8与CNGC18形成异源四聚体,调节Ca2+内流,从而维持花粉管的正常生长[47]。CNGC7和CNGC8的功能部分冗余,且在花粉萌发和花粉管生长中发挥关键作用。在拟南芥中,cngc7/cngc8的双突变体会出现花粉不育的表型,花粉粒会在萌发时破裂,无法形成正常的花粉管[49]。而CNGC18主要在花粉中表达,已被证明在拟南芥的花粉萌发、花粉管生长和花粉育性中发挥重要作用,可介导Ca2+跨膜转运。cngc18花粉发育正常,但花粉管显示出严重的生长缺陷,花粉管弯曲短小,无法长入胚珠[45]。除此之外,CNGC18还在控制花粉管的尖端生长和钙震荡中起作用[50]。CNGC16在热胁迫和干旱条件下对花粉育性有关键作用。在温度胁迫下,CNGC16通过调节钙信号,维持细胞内稳态。cngc16在花粉萌芽初期和花粉管顶端生长的起始阶段对胁迫敏感。花粉活力测定表明,cngc16花粉对外部氯化钙更敏感,证明CNGC16在植物细胞中作为钙离子通道发挥重要作用[46]
类谷氨酸受体通道(glutamate ceptor-like channels,GLRs)家族对于调控花粉萌发过程中的钙信号具有重要作用[51]。GLRs编码一类重要的钙离子通道蛋白,能够介导Ca2+从细胞外流入细胞质,从而引发胞内Ca2+的变化。GLRs已被证明在烟草和拟南芥的花粉管生长和形态发生中发挥重要作用[52-54]。其中,glr3.7花粉管生长速度慢于野生型,glr1.2花粉管的尖端发生变形,GLR3.7和GLR1.2的功能研究进一步证实了GLRs在花粉管钙信号中的关键作用。用GLR拮抗剂(如DNQX和CNQX)处理也导致类似的花粉管生长缺陷,进一步证实了GLRs在花粉管生长中的作用。GLRs在植物中通过多种机制协同作用,精确调节钙编码,从而在细胞信号转导中发挥关键作用。D-丝氨酸(D-Ser)作为一种罕见的氨基酸,能够通过激活GLRs通道调节细胞质Ca2+浓度,这种机制类似于动物神经系统中氨基酸介导的信号转导,揭示了雄配子体和雌蕊组织之间的一种新的植物信号传导机制[52,55]。CORNICHON蛋白是一种跨膜蛋白,对于将GLRs从内质网(ER)分选和运输到质膜或潜在的其他内部Ca2+储存库(如液泡和线粒体)至关重要,有助于细胞质中的Ca2+平衡。AtCNIH1/4(cornichon homology)与AtGLR3.3相互作用,调节其通道活性和在花粉管中的亚细胞定位。这2个家族的蛋白质之间的相互作用增强了GLRs通道的活性[56]。这种机制类似于动物中CNIH家族蛋白对GLRs的调控,进一步揭示了植物中钙信号转导的复杂性。GLRs在不同内膜中的不同定位表明,GLRs在形成钙信号方面发挥着重要作用,它不仅可以通过质膜使Ca2+流入,还可以通过细胞内储库释放Ca2+来响应不同的环境信号[55]。GLRs多种机制协同作用不仅揭示植物中钙信号转导的复杂性,还为理解植物如何通过钙信号网络响应内外部刺激提供重要的理论基础。
快速碱化因子RALF4/19(rapid alkalinization factors,RALF)通过调控花粉管中的Ca2+信号,影响花粉管的生长和定向,从而在植物生殖过程中发挥重要作用。钙离子通道MLO(mildew resistance locus O)在这一过程中起到了关键的调节作用。家族肽可以诱导根细胞的[Ca2+]cyt增加[57]。因此,GAO等[57]测试了对花粉管完整性至关重要的RALF4/19是否可以改变花粉管Ca2+信号。使用由Ubiquitin 10启动子驱动的表达Ca2+指示剂(GCaMP6s)的转基因植物,研究人员观察到当向培养基中施用500 nmol/L RALF4/19时,花粉管中Ca2+急剧增加,表明高浓度的RALF4/19触发花粉管[Ca2+]cyt升高,不利于花粉管生长。MLO是RALF信号肽通路下游的钙离子通道,在维持花粉管的完整性中发挥着关键作用。花粉管自分泌的RALF4/19小肽结合到受体ANX1/2-BUPS1/2(Anxur 1 and 2,Buddha's paper seal 1 and 2)和共受体LLG2/3(Lorelei like GPI anchored protein 2 and 3)上,BUPS1/2磷酸化激活盐敏感根生长改变激酶MARIS(Modified Arrest of Root Growth by Saline Sensitivity),从而激活下游钙离子通道MLO1/5/9/15来调控花粉管钙离子浓度[58-59]。MLO5、MLO9和MLO15在花粉管对胚囊信号的反应中起着关键作用,通过介导含有钙离子通道CNGC18的囊泡向质膜靶向运输,调节Ca2+的动态变化,从而影响花粉管的定向生长[60]。生长顶端的细胞壁充当Ca2+泵,调节细胞内外的Ca2+震荡。通过流入和流出过程形成的钙信号来决定花粉管的生长。这种由Ca2+调节的动态变化受不同通道和转运体的调节[61]。这表明顶端钙信号建立了生长极性,并引导精子细胞核向生长顶端移动[56]。参与花粉萌发和花粉管生长的钙离子通道及其功能如表1所示。
花粉管与绝大多数活细胞类似,通过主动运输机制维持显著的跨膜Ca2+浓度梯度。细胞内基础钙浓度稳定在100~200 nmol/L之间,而胞外环境钙浓度高达10~10 000 μmol/L。这种跨膜浓度梯度在进化中被发展为一种高效的信号转导机制,局部区域(如花粉管顶端)的微量Ca2+内流(例如从100 nmol/L瞬时升高至1000 nmol/L)即可激活多种钙传感器蛋白,如钙调素蛋白(calmodulin,CaM)、钙调素蛋白样蛋白(calmodulin-like proteins,CML)、钙依赖蛋白激酶(calcium-dependent protein kinase,CDPK)、类钙调磷酸酶B蛋白(calcineurin B-like protein,CBL)、CBL互作蛋白激酶(CBL-Interacting protein kinase,CIPKs)和CaM依赖性蛋白激酶(calcium-and calmodulin- dependent protein kinase,CCaMK)。这种分级响应机制使细胞能够通过Ca2+浓度的细微时空变化精确调控生长极性、囊泡运输等关键生物学过程[23,62]
特定浓度的Ca2+对花粉管极性生长具有核心调控功能,其作用机制体现为2个层面:一是通过调节囊泡运输的时空协调和微丝骨架动态重塑,维持顶端生长的极性;二是Ca2+传感蛋白(如CaM、CBL、CDPKs)通过特异性结合Ca2+或依赖Ca2+-CaM复合物激活,将Ca2+浓度波动模式转化为差异化的胞内信号指令。这种双重调控模式使花粉管能够通过Ca2+信号的时空特异性编码,精确协调细胞扩张与外界信号响应[63-64]。花粉管中钙信号的时空特征(如浓度梯度、震荡频率或持续时长)可通过差异性激活钙传感器蛋白,实现信号通路的特异性解码,从而触发精准的生物学响应[65-67]。钙信号特征的动态形成机制是解析其调控网络的核心科学问题。细胞膜Ca2+特征的产生和形成取决于钙离子通道、Ca2+转运体和Ca2+泵的协调和交织活动[68-69]。钙信号中加密的信息由各种Ca2+传感器和反应蛋白解码[70-71]。CaM、CML和CBL只含有Ca2+结合结构域,而CDPKs则同时含有Ca2+结合结构域和激酶结构域。CBL与CIPK发生特异性相互作用,并调节一系列不同的下游蛋白,从而介导刺激特异性反应。钙信号的产生是由多个通道、转运体和泵的协调活动介导的,这些通道、转运体和泵调控凋亡细胞和细胞内Ca2+储存库中Ca2+的流入和流出[72-73]
CDPKs作为植物中的主要钙传感器,通过感知和传递钙信号,调节花粉管生长的钙效应,对植物的生长发育和应激反应具有重要意义[74-75]。CDPKs家族成员能够将胞内钙信号转化为靶蛋白的磷酸化修饰,进而调控其功能。以CDPK16为例,研究发现该激酶可通过钙依赖性方式显著增强肌动蛋白解聚因子7(actin-depolymerizing factor,ADF7)在体外解聚肌动蛋白丝的能力。当环境中Ca2+浓度降低时,CDPK16对ADF7的活性增强效应显著减弱。进一步研究表明,CDPK16与ADF7存在直接互作,并通过Ca2+依赖的磷酸修饰增强ADF7对肌动蛋白的解聚与切断活性,从而促进花粉管的生长[76]。MYERS等[77]发现在拟南芥中,与野生型相比,cdpk17/cdpk34突变体的花粉管生长速度显著降低且大多数花粉管不能顺利进入胚珠完成受精作用。CDPK32过表达植株的花粉管生长严重去极化,导致花粉管变短,尖端膨大[78]。此外,也有研究表明CDPK1的过表达也会导致生长极性的严重丧失,这与花粉管膨大尖端细胞质Ca2+浓度升高有关[79]。因此,ZHUO等[50]推测在拟南芥中CDPK32作为钙传感器,可能对花粉管尖端的细胞质Ca2+水平有类似的影响。为了验证这种可能性,在野生型(wild type,WT)花粉管和过表达CDPK32-GFP的花粉管中进行Ca2+成像,结果显示,与WT花粉管尖端的正常Ca2+梯度相比,CDPK32过表达植株中的花粉管显示改变了Ca2+梯度,并延伸到整个膨大的花粉管顶端,这表明CDPK32可能参与维持Ca2+稳态。
CaM是真核生物中普遍存在的Ca2+结合蛋白,是一种重要的细胞内Ca2+受体,通过结合和改变多种其他蛋白的活性来转导钙信号[80]。CaM自身没有激酶活性,当与Ca2+结合后形成Ca2+-CaM复合体才能发挥作用,属于传递型感受器[81]。CaM参与花粉萌发过程中的多个环节。花粉管中CaM的活性分布呈显著的时空特异性,尽管CaM蛋白在细胞质中普遍存在,但由于其激活严格依赖Ca2+结合,因此仅在具有Ca2+浓度梯度的区域,如花粉管顶端表现出活性梯度分布。因此,位于顶端区域的活性CaM可以负向调节CNGC等靶标[78]。在花粉萌发过程中,CaM通过与钙依赖的蛋白激酶相互作用,调节花粉管的生长和方向[23]。CNGC18、CNGC8和CNGC7与钙CaM2共同构成了一个分子开关,可根据细胞钙水平打开或关闭钙通道。当Ca2+水平较低时,CaM2以不含Ca2+的形式(Apo-CaM2)与CNGC异源四聚体结合,激活钙离子通道。当钙离子通道被激活,细胞Ca2+上升到足以将Apo-CaM2转化为Holo-CaM2(CaM2含Ca2+的形式)的水平时,Ca2+结合形式的CaM2就会从异源四聚体中解离,异源四聚体失去活性,关闭通道从而降低Ca2+水平。PAN等[48]在HEK293细胞中重建CNGC异源四聚体,观察到与花粉管中相同的钙震荡模式,证明Ca2+-CaM依赖性调控CNGC通道活性为花粉管生长过程中的钙震荡提供自动调节反馈机制的模型。
Ca2+传感蛋白CBL2和CBL3是液泡动力学和极化花粉管生长的关键调控因子。在拟南芥和烟草花粉管中过表达CBL2或CBL3会影响液泡形态、花粉萌发和花粉管生长,但不会改变肌动蛋白组织或顶端聚焦的Ca2+震荡。这表明液泡钙信号可能通过独立于细胞骨架的途径调节花粉管的极性生长。同样,每个单一的Ca2+传感器和cbl2/cbl3双突变体的功能缺失都会导致花粉管在体外和体内生长受阻。2种Ca2+传感器均与激酶CIPK12相互作用,CBL2/3与CIPK12相互作用后,CIPK12从细胞质转移到液泡膜上。CBL2/3-CIPK12复合体的活性平衡对液泡形态和功能至关重要。过表达CBL2/3或CIPK12会导致液泡形态异常,而CIPK12的功能缺失则会损害花粉管的极性生长。CBL2/3与CIPK12的共表达会通过磷酸化作用导致液泡显著膨胀,进一步破坏花粉管的极性生长。因此CBL2/3-CIPK12复合体通过调节液泡钙信号,可能影响液泡的动态变化,从而支持花粉管的快速生长[82]
Ca2+的内流主要通过钙离子通道来实现,而外流则需要通过钙离子泵来实现。钙离子泵通过将细胞内的Ca2+泵入细胞外或内质网中,维持细胞内的Ca2+平衡,从而确保钙信号的时空特异性。钙离子泵属于P型ATP酶,利用ATP水解提供的能量,将细胞内的Ca2+泵出细胞或泵入内质网等细胞器中,从而维持细胞内较低的Ca2+浓度,确保钙信号的短暂性和局部性,这对维持花粉萌发过程中的钙稳态至关重要[83]。参与花粉萌发和花粉管生长的钙传感器如表2所示。
钙信号是指细胞内Ca2+浓度的动态变化,它在花粉萌发和花粉管生长过程中发挥重要调控作用。Ca2+作为第二信使,协调了多种信号途径,调控花粉管的定向生长、细胞壁的重构以及细胞分裂等过程。钙离子在花粉管维持细胞壁的结构和功能中发挥着关键作用。Ca2+信号的动态变化及其调控机制在花粉萌发中发挥关键作用。低渗感受器OSCA2.1/2.2、CNGC、GLR通道、囊泡动态以及RALF4/19信号通路等机制共同协作,精确调控钙信号的时空动态,从而确保花粉粒的萌发和花粉管的极性生长。激素信号也在花粉萌发和花粉管生长中发挥着重要作用,且钙信号与激素信号之间有密切的交互作用。目前已有资料表明,无论是在体外还是在体内,花粉粒的萌发都伴随着内源植物激素,如生长素(auxin,IAA)、脱落酸(abscisic acid,ABA)等水平的显著变化,并且对外源植物激素的作用敏感[85]。K+可以调节花药破裂、花粉水合,并与Ca2+和H+离子一起参与调控花粉管的极性生长[86]。花粉中主要的K+通道——TPK4通道(tandem-pore K+ channel)的活性受Ca2+的调节[87]。KOVALEVA等[84]通过实验证明IAA和ABA可通过激活K+通道来影响花粉粒萌发和花粉管生长。ABA可以通过增加细胞膜上的钙通道活性,促进花粉细胞内Ca2+浓度的增加,进而抑制花粉萌发[88]。在花粉管的生长过程中,IAA通过影响钙通道,调节细胞内的钙浓度,维持花粉管的正常生长[89]。这些发现不仅揭示了植物生殖过程中钙信号转导的复杂性,还为理解植物如何响应环境信号提供了新的视角。通过交联果胶,Ca2+赋予细胞壁硬度和稳定性,同时调节细胞壁的动态重塑以支持花粉管的极性生长。外部Ca2+浓度的精确调控对于维持细胞壁的刚性和柔性至关重要,而钙信号与细胞壁动态的协同作用则是花粉管正常生长的基础。这些机制揭示了钙信号在植物生殖发育中的重要性,并为理解植物细胞壁的动态调控提供了新的视角。因此,钙信号的调节是确保植物正常繁殖和成功受精的关键因素。在花粉萌发过程中,Ca2+的内流和外流通过钙离子通道和钙离子泵的协同作用实现。这种调控机制不仅维持了细胞内Ca2+的平衡,还确保了钙信号的时空特异性,从而支持花粉管的正常生长和细胞壁的动态重塑。综上所述,钙信号在花粉萌发和花粉管生长中发挥着多方面的调控作用。随着技术的不断进步,未来的研究将进一步揭示钙信号网络的复杂机制,通过深入理解钙信号的时空动态调控、在植物生殖过程中的作用以及在农业应用中的潜力,开发出新的策略和工具,以提高作物的抗逆性和生产力,应对全球气候变化带来的挑战。
  • 国家“十四五”重点研发计划重点专项(2023YFF1001200)
  • 国家自然科学基金重大项目(32494780)
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2025年第46卷第10期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.10.018
  • 接收时间:2025-04-27
  • 首发时间:2026-03-09
  • 出版时间:2025-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-27
  • 录用日期:2025-06-11
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国家“十四五”重点研发计划重点专项(2023YFF1001200)
国家自然科学基金重大项目(32494780)
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    1.湖南农业大学园艺学院,湖南长沙 410125
    2.岳麓山实验室,湖南长沙 410128
    3.浙江大学生命科学学院,浙江杭州 310058

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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