Article(id=1237814982117740963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1237814978405790425, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.10.019, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1740499200000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1744732800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-04-16, onlineDate=1773047689227, onlineDateStr=2026-03-09, pubDate=1761321600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773047689227, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773047689227, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773047689227, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1237814978405790425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2025', volume='46', issue='10', pageStart='2287', pageEnd='2547', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773047688342, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773049212967, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1237821373213635442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1237814978405790425, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1237821373213635443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1237814978405790425, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2493, endPage=2499, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1237814982394565039, articleId=1237814982117740963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Identification and Pathogenicity Analysis of Phakopsora cherimoliae Causing Rust Disease on Annona squamosa in China, columnId=1236292524264968282, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Plant Protection & Bio-safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Annona squamosa L., a vital tropical fruit crop in southern China, faces escalating threats from fungal diseases, though rust pathogens had not been previously documented domestically. This study reported the first dectection of Phakopsora cherimoliae, a high-risk rust fungus known to cause severe yield losses (>30%) in Central and South America, detected in Yunxiao county, Fujian province. Field symptoms included chlorotic flecks on adaxial leaf surfaces progressing to reddish-brown necrotic lesions with abaxial yellowish-brown uredinia. Morphometric analysis revealed ellipsoid to ovoid urediniospores, long axis is (28.0±2.5)μm; short axis is (22.7±3.2)μm, consistent with P. cherimoliae descriptions but notably smaller than those reported on A. cherimola hosts, suggesting potential host-driven morphological adaptation. Molecular characterization via LSU rDNA sequencing indicated that the sequence of the three isolates obtained in this study exhibited over 99% identity with the reference strain KF528012. Phylogenetic analysis using maximum likelihood and the Kimura-2 parameter method positioned the isolates in a distinct monophyletic clade with 100% bootstrap support, separate from other related Phakopsora species. Pathogenicity was confirmed through Koch's postulates. Inoculation of healthy Annona trees with filed urediniospores induced identical symptoms and new urediniospores within 14 days. The absence of telia indicated dependence on urediniospores for asexual propagation, raising concerns about persistent epidemics under Fujian's humid subtropical climate, where monsoon winds may facilitate regional dispersal. Urgent management strategies include pre-monsoon application of tebuconazole, systematic removal of infected debris, and resistance screening across commercial cultivars (e.g., ‘African Pride’). Study limitations include unresolved telial stage biology and unquantified spore dispersal dynamics, warranting long-term phenological monitoring and aerobiological modeling. This invasion event underscores vulnerabilities in China's tropical fruit biosecurity, emphasizing the imperative for enhanced phytosanitary surveillance and international collaboration to mitigate cross-border pathogen spread. The findings establish a critical baseline for rust disease management in Asian Annona production systems, bridging a longstanding gap in regional plant pathology literature.

, correspAuthors=Youjian ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*ZHANG Youjian,E-mail:
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番荔枝(Annona squamosa L.)是我国南方重要的热带经济果树,近年来炭疽病等真菌性病害频发,导致果实品质下降及产业经济损失。锈病作为一类跨区域传播的植物系统性病害,其病原夏孢子可通过气流远距离扩散,已在全球多个番荔枝产区暴发流行。其中,层锈菌属(Phakopsora)引起的番荔枝锈病被列为中南美洲地区的毁灭性病害,可造成30%以上的产量损失。本研究在中国福建省漳州市云霄县发现番荔枝锈病为害病例,通过显微形态观察发现,病叶背面散生红褐色夏孢子堆,镜检可见椭圆形至卵圆形夏孢子,其长轴为(28.0±2.5)μm,短轴为(22.7±3.2)μm,表面具刺状突起,形态特征与锈菌目真菌相符。采用CTAB法提取病原菌基因组DNA,基于核糖体大亚基(LSU rDNA)的测序和系统发育分析显示,本研究获得的3个菌株与中南美洲报道的番荔枝层锈菌(Phakopsora cherimoliae)KF528012在进化树上聚为同一分支,序列相似性超过99%。基于柯赫氏法则的病原回接试验表明,田间分离的夏孢子接种健康叶片后14 d内诱发典型锈病症状,并产生新的夏孢子。综合形态学、分子系统学及致病性证据,确认该病害由P. cherimoliae引起,是我国首次报道。该研究结果为番荔枝锈病监测及跨境传播防控提供重要的科学依据。

, correspAuthors=张有建, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*张有建,E-mail:
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陈天佑(1968—),男,学士,高级农艺师,研究方向:果树栽培和病虫害防治。

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陈天佑(1968—),男,学士,高级农艺师,研究方向:果树栽培和病虫害防治。

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陈天佑(1968—),男,学士,高级农艺师,研究方向:果树栽培和病虫害防治。

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A: Front (left) and back (right) of the infected leaves; B: Magnified view of the lesions on the front of the leaves; C: Reddish-brown powdery substance observed on the back of the leaves.

, figureFileSmall=hKys1Cwqg74M6O7yXFmCiA==, figureFileBig=EhXQqXj3TDeqgu/r+Tmr/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237814986060386957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814982117740963, language=CN, label=图1, caption=番荔枝锈病田间症状

A:感病叶片的正面(左)和背面(右);B:叶片正面病斑放大图;C:叶片背面红褐色粉状物。

, figureFileSmall=hKys1Cwqg74M6O7yXFmCiA==, figureFileBig=EhXQqXj3TDeqgu/r+Tmr/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237814986261713563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814982117740963, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Morphological characteristics of urediniospores of A. squamosa rust disease in field

A, B: Urediniospores observed under an optical microscope; C, D: Urediniospores shown under the differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy; E, F: Surface texture characteristics of urediniospores observed under the scanning electron microscope.

, figureFileSmall=6OfrT2oZOXBKfPHf67W+rw==, figureFileBig=hlRCMEzT4sMybzrKTzVxRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237814986408514214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814982117740963, language=CN, label=图2, caption=田间番荔枝锈病的夏孢子形态特征

A、B:光学显微镜下观察到的夏孢子堆;C、D:微分干涉(DIC)显微显示的夏孢子;E、F:扫描电镜下观察到的夏孢子表面纹理特征。

, figureFileSmall=6OfrT2oZOXBKfPHf67W+rw==, figureFileBig=hlRCMEzT4sMybzrKTzVxRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237814986576286377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814982117740963, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Gel electrophoresis image of LSU PCR amplification, figureFileSmall=6MindkioqNtoWRgPoob5ig==, figureFileBig=Niv6r1B+csXkfv/2RmcqpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237814986706309808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814982117740963, language=CN, label=图3, caption=PCR扩增LSU的凝胶电泳图

M: DL2000 DNA marker; Y: CK; 1: F-01; 2: F-02; 3: F-03.

, figureFileSmall=6MindkioqNtoWRgPoob5ig==, figureFileBig=Niv6r1B+csXkfv/2RmcqpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237814986815361719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814982117740963, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Phylogenetic tree of Phakopsora spp. based on LSU rDNA sequences, figureFileSmall=HluM1NTjmIZJjyHwSIFnPw==, figureFileBig=PpMm0JA4obe/Qt6GFbmodg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237814986903442110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814982117740963, language=CN, label=图4, caption=基于LSU rDNA的层锈菌属系统发育树, figureFileSmall=HluM1NTjmIZJjyHwSIFnPw==, figureFileBig=PpMm0JA4obe/Qt6GFbmodg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237814986995716799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814982117740963, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Pathogenicity confirmation via Koch's postulates

A: Front (left) and back (right) of the control leaves; B: Front (left) and back (right) of the inoculated leaves; C: Lesions on the front side of the inoculated leaves; D: Microscopic view of urediniospores on the back side of the inoculated leaves; E, F: Differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy showing urediniospores from the inoculated leaves.

, figureFileSmall=cj+pFZg6+ByGWpcUQva0EQ==, figureFileBig=zo3aj9qOE3N1rSBGVJ10Yg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237814987100574404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814982117740963, language=CN, label=图5, caption=柯赫氏法则验证病原致病性

A:对照叶片的正面(左)和背面(右);B:接种叶片的正面(左)和背面(右);C:接种叶片正面病斑;D:接种叶片背面夏孢子堆的显微图;E、F:DIC显微显示接种发病叶片上的夏孢子。

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中国番荔枝锈病病原Phakopsora cherimoliae的鉴定与致病性分析
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陈天佑 1 , 肖靖 2 , 张宏 1 , 张有建 3, *
热带作物学报 | 植物保护与生物安全 2025,46(10): 2493-2499
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热带作物学报 | 植物保护与生物安全 2025, 46(10): 2493-2499
中国番荔枝锈病病原Phakopsora cherimoliae的鉴定与致病性分析
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陈天佑1, 肖靖2, 张宏1, 张有建3, *
作者信息
  • 1.福建省云霄县农业农村局,福建漳州 363300
  • 2.福建省农垦与南亚热带作物经济技术中心,福建福州 350003
  • 3.福建省烟草公司南平市公司,福建南平 353000
  • 陈天佑(1968—),男,学士,高级农艺师,研究方向:果树栽培和病虫害防治。

通讯作者:

*张有建,E-mail:
Identification and Pathogenicity Analysis of Phakopsora cherimoliae Causing Rust Disease on Annona squamosa in China
Tianyou CHEN1, Jing XIAO2, Hong ZHANG1, Youjian ZHANG3, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Agricultural and Rural Affairs Bureau of Yunxiao County, Zhangzhou, Fujian 363300, China
  • 2. Fujian Agricultural Reclamation and South Asian Tropical Crops Economic Technology Center, Fuzhou, Fujian 350003, China
  • 3. Nanping Branch, Fujian Tobacco Co., Nanping, Fujian 353000, China
出版时间: 2025-10-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.10.019
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番荔枝(Annona squamosa L.)是我国南方重要的热带经济果树,近年来炭疽病等真菌性病害频发,导致果实品质下降及产业经济损失。锈病作为一类跨区域传播的植物系统性病害,其病原夏孢子可通过气流远距离扩散,已在全球多个番荔枝产区暴发流行。其中,层锈菌属(Phakopsora)引起的番荔枝锈病被列为中南美洲地区的毁灭性病害,可造成30%以上的产量损失。本研究在中国福建省漳州市云霄县发现番荔枝锈病为害病例,通过显微形态观察发现,病叶背面散生红褐色夏孢子堆,镜检可见椭圆形至卵圆形夏孢子,其长轴为(28.0±2.5)μm,短轴为(22.7±3.2)μm,表面具刺状突起,形态特征与锈菌目真菌相符。采用CTAB法提取病原菌基因组DNA,基于核糖体大亚基(LSU rDNA)的测序和系统发育分析显示,本研究获得的3个菌株与中南美洲报道的番荔枝层锈菌(Phakopsora cherimoliae)KF528012在进化树上聚为同一分支,序列相似性超过99%。基于柯赫氏法则的病原回接试验表明,田间分离的夏孢子接种健康叶片后14 d内诱发典型锈病症状,并产生新的夏孢子。综合形态学、分子系统学及致病性证据,确认该病害由P. cherimoliae引起,是我国首次报道。该研究结果为番荔枝锈病监测及跨境传播防控提供重要的科学依据。

番荔枝  /  锈病  /  Phakopsora cherimoliae  /  系统发育分析

Annona squamosa L., a vital tropical fruit crop in southern China, faces escalating threats from fungal diseases, though rust pathogens had not been previously documented domestically. This study reported the first dectection of Phakopsora cherimoliae, a high-risk rust fungus known to cause severe yield losses (>30%) in Central and South America, detected in Yunxiao county, Fujian province. Field symptoms included chlorotic flecks on adaxial leaf surfaces progressing to reddish-brown necrotic lesions with abaxial yellowish-brown uredinia. Morphometric analysis revealed ellipsoid to ovoid urediniospores, long axis is (28.0±2.5)μm; short axis is (22.7±3.2)μm, consistent with P. cherimoliae descriptions but notably smaller than those reported on A. cherimola hosts, suggesting potential host-driven morphological adaptation. Molecular characterization via LSU rDNA sequencing indicated that the sequence of the three isolates obtained in this study exhibited over 99% identity with the reference strain KF528012. Phylogenetic analysis using maximum likelihood and the Kimura-2 parameter method positioned the isolates in a distinct monophyletic clade with 100% bootstrap support, separate from other related Phakopsora species. Pathogenicity was confirmed through Koch's postulates. Inoculation of healthy Annona trees with filed urediniospores induced identical symptoms and new urediniospores within 14 days. The absence of telia indicated dependence on urediniospores for asexual propagation, raising concerns about persistent epidemics under Fujian's humid subtropical climate, where monsoon winds may facilitate regional dispersal. Urgent management strategies include pre-monsoon application of tebuconazole, systematic removal of infected debris, and resistance screening across commercial cultivars (e.g., ‘African Pride’). Study limitations include unresolved telial stage biology and unquantified spore dispersal dynamics, warranting long-term phenological monitoring and aerobiological modeling. This invasion event underscores vulnerabilities in China's tropical fruit biosecurity, emphasizing the imperative for enhanced phytosanitary surveillance and international collaboration to mitigate cross-border pathogen spread. The findings establish a critical baseline for rust disease management in Asian Annona production systems, bridging a longstanding gap in regional plant pathology literature.

Annona squamosa  /  rust disease  /  Phakopsora cherimoliae  /  phylogenetic analysis
陈天佑, 肖靖, 张宏, 张有建. 中国番荔枝锈病病原Phakopsora cherimoliae的鉴定与致病性分析. 热带作物学报, 2025 , 46 (10) : 2493 -2499 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.10.019
Tianyou CHEN, Jing XIAO, Hong ZHANG, Youjian ZHANG. Identification and Pathogenicity Analysis of Phakopsora cherimoliae Causing Rust Disease on Annona squamosa in China[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2025 , 46 (10) : 2493 -2499 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.10.019
番荔枝(Annona squamosa L.)是热带和亚热带地区的重要经济果树,因其独特的风味和丰富的营养价值而受到广泛欢迎。在我国,番荔枝主要分布于福建、广东、广西及云南等省(区)[1-3]。近年来,随着消费市场需求的不断扩大,番荔枝的种植面积持续增加。然而,病害问题已成为该产业发展的主要瓶颈。锈病作为植物真菌性病害的典型代表,常导致叶片黄化和早落,显著降低光合能力,严重时甚至可能导致植株死亡,对果树的产量和品质造成严重威胁[4-6]。国际上,BEENKEN[7]于2014年在巴西、美国、哥斯达黎加和法国采集到番荔枝锈病样本,并将该病原菌命名为番荔枝专化型锈菌(Phakopsora cherimoliae)。该病原能够导致叶片形成密集锈斑,夏孢子突破表皮后释放大量孢子,从而导致病害的迅速蔓延。然而,至今尚未在亚洲和非洲等番荔枝主要产区发现该病原的正式记录。
作为番荔枝的主要产区之一,目前我国对该病害的研究尚存明显空白。国内文献中,对番荔枝病害的研究多集中于炭疽病(病原菌为Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)、根腐病(病原菌为Fusarium spp.或Phytophthora spp.)、白粉病(病原菌为Podosphaera xanthii)和果实腐烂病(病原菌为Botrytis cinereaPenicillium spp.)[8-9],而有关番荔枝锈病的系统性研究鲜见报道。尽管福建、海南等地果农曾反映番荔枝叶片出现“黄粉状”异常症状,但因缺乏病原学证据,长期被误判为生理性黄化或非专化性真菌感染,导致采取的防治措施针对性不足。近年来,全球气候变化及跨境农产品贸易加剧了植物病原菌的传播风险。我国与巴西、墨西哥等番荔枝锈病疫区的种质资源交流频繁,加之锈菌夏孢子可通过气流远距离扩散,使我国热带果树面临的外来病害入侵压力日益严峻[10-11]。因此,明确国内番荔枝叶部病害的病原种类及其生物学特性,对其早期预警和精准防控具有重要意义。
本研究针对福建省云霄县番荔枝果园新发叶部病害,通过形态学观察、分子系统学分析和致病性验证,首次在国内鉴定出P. cherimoliae的侵染,填补了我国番荔枝锈病研究的空白,为建立针对性的病害监测体系及制定跨境病害防控策略提供关键的科学依据。
番荔枝锈病标本采自福建省漳州市云霄县马山村的番荔枝果园(117°21′23″E,23°53′42″N),寄主为番荔枝品种吉夫纳,采集时间为2024年9月15日。
供试番荔枝苗采购自福建省漳州市龙海优良果苗专业合作社,品种同1.1.1。
(1)症状观察与样本采集。系统观察发病部位及病害特征(如孢子堆分布、色泽等),选取典型病斑,采用无菌手术刀片轻刮叶片背面夏孢子堆,获取病原孢子样本。
(2)光学显微观察。将刮取的夏孢子悬浮于无菌去离子水中,制备临时玻片。使用奥林巴斯BX53光学显微镜(配备DP27成像系统)观察孢子形态特征,包括形状、颜色、有无柄状结构及表面纹理(疣突或刺状突起)。随机选取30个成熟夏孢子,采用显微测微尺测定其长轴与短轴长度,记录测量值范围,计算平均值±标准差。同步采集显微图像用于形态学比对。
(3)扫描电镜分析。为进一步解析孢子超微结构,将夏孢子均匀分散于导电胶粘附的样品台表面,经离子溅射仪(型号E-1045)喷镀10 nm厚铂金层以增强导电性。采用场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM,Hitachi SU8010)在5 kV加速电压下观察孢子表面纹理(疣突或刺状突起)。
(1)基因组DNA的提取。因锈菌是活体营养型真菌,无法通过组织分离获得纯培养菌株,本研究提取发病组织的基因组DNA。选取具有典型锈病症状的3份病叶样本(F-01、F-02、F-03),经75%乙醇表面消毒后,用无菌剪刀剪取病斑交界处组织(约100 mg)。将组织转移至液氮预冷的灭菌研钵中,加入适量石英砂及液氮迅速研磨至细粉状(研磨过程中补充液氮3次以防止核酸降解)。将粉末转移至1.5 mL离心管中,采用植物基因组DNA快速提取试剂盒(北京擎科生物科技股份有限公司,TSP102)进行DNA抽提,具体操作参照说明书。提取的DNA经NanoDrop 2000超微量分光光度计检测纯度(OD260/OD280为1.8~2.0),调整终浓度至50 ng/μL后分装保存于–20 ℃,备用。
(2)PCR扩增与测序。引物设计:根据锈菌核糖体大亚基(LSU)基因保守区域设计特异性引物[7],LRust1R: 5′–TAAGACCTCAAATCAGGT-3′);LRust3: 5′–GGGTCATTTAAAGCTAT–3′。反应体系:25 μL体系含12.5 μL Premix Taq(Ex Taq Version 2.0 plus dye)(TaKaRa,RR902A),1.0 μL DNA模板(50 ng/μL),上下游引物各1.0 μL(10 μmol/L)及9.5 μL无菌ddH2O。利用Bio-Rad T100 PCR仪进行扩增:95 ℃预变性3 min;94 ℃变性30 s,53 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸1 min,共35个循环;72 ℃终延伸10 min;4 ℃保存。扩增产物经1.0%琼脂糖凝胶(含0.5 μg/mL GelRed)电泳(电压120 V,时间30 min)验证,目标条带经凝胶成像系统(Tanon 3500)确认后,由浙江尚亚生物技术有限公司完成双向测序。
(3)系统发育分析。将测序所得序列通过NCBI数据库blastn工具进行同源性比对,下载14个层锈菌属(Phakopsora spp.)参考菌株的LSU序列,并选择葱柄锈菌(Puccinia allii,GenBank登录号:AF511076)作为外群。利用MEGA 7[12]软件中的ClustalW算法进行多序列比对,手动修剪两端非保守区域。基于最大似然法[13](maximum likelihood,ML)构建系统发育树,采用Tamura-Nei model模型,Bootstrap重复抽样1000次评估节点支持率。
参考李乐等[14]的孢子悬浮液接种法,并稍作优化。
(1)病原孢子制备。选取典型病叶,经75%乙醇表面消毒后,用无菌手术刀片刮取叶片背面夏孢子堆,收集孢子粉于灭菌离心管中。采用血球计数板测定孢子悬浮液浓度,调整浓度为每毫升含1×105个孢子(溶于含0.05% Tween-20的无菌水)。
(2)接种处理。选取健康盆栽番荔枝植株(树龄1 a)中上部成熟叶片,用灭菌软毛刷(紫外线照射30 min)将孢子悬浮液均匀涂布于叶背非叶脉区域(每片叶接种面积约2 cm×2 cm),随后喷洒无菌水形成连续水膜。对照组以等量0.05% Tween-20无菌水替代孢子液进行相同处理。
(3)环境控制。接种后立即用黑色无菌聚乙烯袋(内壁喷无菌水保湿)套住整株植株,袋内放置湿润灭菌脱脂棉维持相对湿度>90%,并置于温度为(25±1)℃的黑暗培养箱中进行诱导侵染培养。24 h后移除套袋,转移植株至人工气候室(温度为25~28 ℃,光照周期L/D为14 h/10 h,相对湿度为70%~80%)常规培养。
(4)症状观察。每天记录接种区域病斑扩展情况,于接种后7~14 d拍摄典型症状。
田间调查表明,锈病症状集中表现为叶片侵染(图1)。叶片正面出现不规则的褪绿黄色斑点(图1A),病斑密集处相互融合形成连片坏死区域(图1B)。叶背面病组织处可见隆起的呈密集排列的红褐色锈粉状物(图1C)。此外,树体上严重发病的叶片整体黄化,提前脱落。
通过显微观察病叶背面的红褐色锈粉状物发现散生或聚集的孢子(图2A图2B),孢子球形或椭圆形,少数棍棒状,呈橘黄色(图2C图2D),长轴直径为(28.0±2.5)μm,短轴直径为(22.7±3.2)μm,无柄,孢子表面密生细刺(图2E图2F),形态学符合锈菌目夏孢子的特征[15]。未观察到冬孢子阶段,暗示该病原可能以夏孢子作为主要侵染循环载体。
基于核糖体大亚基(LSU)基因的PCR扩增产物经电泳验证,获得3个采集样本(F-01、F-02、F-03)的目的条带(图3)。测序结果经blastn比对显示,3个样本与中美洲报道的番荔枝层锈菌(P. cherimoliae)KF528012[7]相似性超99%(覆盖度100%)。系统发育树(ML法,Kimura-2参数模型)分析显示,采集的样本F-01(PV400645)、F-02(PV400644)和F-03(PV400643)与P. cherimoliae(KF528012)聚为高支持率单系分支(bootstrap为100%),而与近缘种P. nishidana(OR835534)、P. tecta(OQ215036)等形成显著分化(图4)。结合形态特征,将分离的病原鉴定为番荔枝层锈菌(P. cherimoliae)。
为了验证田间采集的病原物的生物致病性,收集田间番荔枝病叶上的夏孢子接种至健康叶片。结果显示,与对照叶片(图5A)相比,接种后的叶片正、背面出现黄色病斑和坏死区域(图5B图5C),叶片背面可见红褐色夏孢子堆(图5D),与田间自然发病症状相似。显微观察夏孢子形态特征(图5E图5F)与田间采集的夏孢子形态特征一致。
本研究通过形态学观察、分子系统发育分析及柯赫氏法则验证,首次明确我国福建省番荔枝锈病由层锈菌属真菌P. cherimoliae引起。夏孢子形态特征(近球形、表面密布刺突)与BEENKEN[7]对中南美洲番荔枝锈病病原P. cherimoliae的描述高度一致。值得注意的是,本研究夏孢子尺寸较小,可能与寄主品种、地理环境差异或孢子发育阶段有关。后续需通过多寄主交叉接种试验验证其寄主专化性。分子系统发育树显示,供试菌株与模式菌株P. cherimoliae(KF528012)形成100%支持率的单系分支,结合LSU序列相似性超99%,符合国际植物病原菌鉴定标准[16],确证该病原分类地位。本研究结果填补了我国番荔枝锈病病原学研究的空白,并为跨境生物安全监测提供关键病原基础数据。
本研究基于核糖体大亚基(LSU)基因构建系统发育树,明确将病原鉴定为P. cherimoliae。尽管单基因分析在区分近缘种时可能存在分辨率不足的局限性,但选择LSU基因作为分子标记具有以下科学依据:首先,LSU因其保守性,被国际真菌分类学界广泛用于锈菌目属级及种级分类,且在层锈菌属分类中具有普适性,USDA真菌数据库中大多数层锈菌属(Phakopsora)物种以LSU为鉴定依据;其次,本研究中供试菌株的LSU序列与模式菌株P. cherimoliae(KF528012)的相似性超99%,系统发育树中形成100%支持率的单系分支,与近缘种P. tectaP. nishidana的遗传距离较远,结合形态学特征及致病性验证,形成多证据链闭环,充分支持分类的准确性。尽管多基因联合分析可提高分辨率,但P. cherimoliae作为专性寄生菌,其基因组数据稀缺,缺乏公共多基因序列,未来可通过转录组技术补充多基因数据以进一步验证。
番荔枝锈病在中南美洲已造成严重经济损失[7],而我国华南地区高温高湿,与病原适生条件高度吻合。夏孢子表面刺状纹饰可增强其气传附着力,结合福建沿海季风特征,推测该病害存在跨区域扩散风险。本研究发现,人工接种后14 d即产生典型锈病症状,伴随新的夏孢子产生,病害迅速发展,表明病原具有强侵染力和传播力。然而,田间调查中冬孢子阶段缺失,暗示该菌在我国可能以夏孢子进行周年循环,这与层锈菌属在无转主寄主时的单主寄生特性一致[17]。因此,建议在病害防控中优先清除病残体以阻断夏孢子传播源,并在雨季前喷施三唑类杀菌剂[18-19](如戊唑醇)抑制孢子萌发。
我国番荔枝上已报道的叶部病害以炭疽病(病原菌为C. gloeosporioides)和藻斑病(病原菌为Cephaleuros virescens)为主[19]。本研究发现,番荔枝锈病症状初期易与炭疽病混淆,但二者可通过以下特征区分:(1)锈病病斑背面产生红褐色粉状孢子堆,而炭疽病呈现黑色同心轮纹;(2)病原显微结构存在差异。锈病的夏孢子卵圆或椭圆形,有刺突,而炭疽病菌分生孢子镰刀形或新月形,无刺突[20]。此外,藻斑病虽在叶背形成绒毛状结构,但其病原为头孢藻[21],显微观察可见叶绿体,与真菌孢子形态迥异。建立快速分子检测体系(如P. cherimoliae特异性LSU引物)将有助于基层植保机构实现病害的快速识别与精准诊断。
尽管本研究明确了病原种类及其致病性,但仍存在以下局限:(1)未解析P. cherimoliae在我国的完整生活史,需通过周年定点观察确认其冬孢子产生条件;(2)尚未测试不同番荔枝品种(如非洲骄傲、台东1号)的抗病性差异;(3)尚未定量评估病原扩散路径(如气传、种苗携带)。后续研究可结合气象数据与孢子捕捉技术构建病害流行模型,并筛选番荔枝抗病种质以支撑生态防控。此外,建议将P. cherimoliae列入我国进境植物检疫性有害生物名录,防范跨境传播风险。
  • 福建省自然科学基金项目(2022J01128)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.10.019
  • 接收时间:2025-02-26
  • 首发时间:2026-03-09
  • 出版时间:2025-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-26
  • 录用日期:2025-04-16
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福建省自然科学基金项目(2022J01128)
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    1.福建省云霄县农业农村局,福建漳州 363300
    2.福建省农垦与南亚热带作物经济技术中心,福建福州 350003
    3.福建省烟草公司南平市公司,福建南平 353000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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