Article(id=1237814981064970649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1237814978405790425, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.10.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743955200000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1749744000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-06-13, onlineDate=1773047688969, onlineDateStr=2026-03-09, pubDate=1761321600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773047688969, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773047688969, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773047688969, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1237814978405790425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2025', volume='46', issue='10', pageStart='2287', pageEnd='2547', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773047688342, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773049212967, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1237821373213635442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1237814978405790425, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1237821373213635443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1237814978405790425, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2287, endPage=2298, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1237814981408903580, articleId=1237814981064970649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Rubber Tree (Hevea brasiliensis) Pathogenesis-related Proteins: Stress Resistance, Laticifer Plugging, Allergenicity, and Transgenic Breeding, columnId=1236256430337085821, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Omics & Biotechnology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins are crucial functional proteins in plants responding to stress, exhibiting multiple biological roles in rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis). This article systematically reviewed recent advances in PR protein research in rubber trees, with emphasis on the functional characteristics in stress resistance mechanisms, laticifer plugging, and allergenicity, while highlighting the critical relationship between PR proteins and laticifer plugging. PR proteins participate in defense responses against stresses through complex molecular networks, potentially influencing latex yield via laticifer plugging processes. Some PR proteins exhibit strong allergenic properties. Although transgenic studies of PR proteins have achieved preliminary progress, further optimization of expression regulation strategies is required to balance stress resistance, yield, and allergenicity. Future research should prioritize elucidating the mechanistic roles of PR proteins, especially investigating how the expression levels of pathogenesis-related proteins (particularly chitinases and β-1,3-glucanases) correlate with rubber productivity. Concurrently, functional exploration of understudied PR protein categories like PR-14 warrants attention. Developing precise molecular breeding technologies based on these findings will provide both theoretical foundations and technical support for rubber tree variety improvement.

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病程相关蛋白(pathogenesis-related proteins,PR蛋白)是植物响应胁迫的重要功能蛋白,在巴西橡胶树(Hevea brasiliensis)中具有多重生物学作用。本文系统综述了橡胶树PR蛋白的研究进展,重点探讨其在抗逆机制、乳管堵塞及过敏原性方面的功能特性,特别关注了PR蛋白与乳管堵塞的重要关系。PR蛋白通过复杂的分子网络参与橡胶树的防御反应,可能通过乳管堵塞过程影响胶乳产量;部分PR蛋白具有较强的过敏原性。PR蛋白的转基因研究已取得初步进展,但需进一步优化表达调控策略以平衡抗逆性、产量和过敏原性等性状。未来研究应加强PR蛋白作用机制的解析,特别是深入探究几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶这2种病程相关蛋白的表达水平与橡胶产量之间的关联性,同时重视对PR-14等尚未充分研究的蛋白类别的功能研究,开发精准的分子育种技术,为橡胶树品种改良提供理论依据和技术支撑。

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代龙军(1976—),男,硕士,副研究员,研究方向:橡胶树分子生物学与生理学;E-mail:

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代龙军(1976—),男,硕士,副研究员,研究方向:橡胶树分子生物学与生理学;E-mail:

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orderNo=1, keyword=Hevea brasiliensis), Keyword(id=1237814982927241668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814981064970649, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=pathogenesis-related proteins), Keyword(id=1237814983002739145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814981064970649, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=stress resistance), Keyword(id=1237814983090819531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814981064970649, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=laticifer plugging), Keyword(id=1237814983170511310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814981064970649, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=allergenicity), Keyword(id=1237814983246008786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814981064970649, language=EN, orderNo=6, keyword=transgenic breeding), Keyword(id=1237814983308923349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814981064970649, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=巴西橡胶树), Keyword(id=1237814983363449307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814981064970649, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=病程相关蛋白), Keyword(id=1237814983468306912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814981064970649, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=抗逆), Keyword(id=1237814983539610084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814981064970649, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=乳管堵塞), Keyword(id=1237814983615107562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814981064970649, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=过敏原性), Keyword(id=1237814983728353777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814981064970649, language=CN, orderNo=6, keyword=转基因育种)], refs=[Reference(id=1237814984290390557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814981064970649, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=160, issue=null, pageStart=414, pageEnd=427, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=ISLAM M M, EL-SAPPAH A H, ALI H M, ZANDI P, HUANG Q, SOAUD S A, ALAZIZI E M Y, WAFA H A, HOSSAIN M A, LIANG Y, journalName=South African Journal of Botany, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ISLAM M M, EL-SAPPAH A H, ALI H M, ZANDI P, HUANG Q, SOAUD S A, ALAZIZI E M Y, WAFA H A, HOSSAIN M A, LIANG Y. Pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs) countering environmental stress in plants: a review[J]. South African Journal of Botany, 2023, 160: 414-427., articleTitle=Pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs) countering environmental stress in plants: a review, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1237814984441385507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814981064970649, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=573, pageEnd=590, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=JOSHI V, JOSHI N, VYAS A, JADHAV S K, JOGAIAH S, journalName=Biocontrol agents and secondary metabolites, refType=null, unstructuredReference=JOSHI V, JOSHI N, VYAS A, JADHAV S K. Pathogenesis-related proteins: role in plant defense[M]//JOGAIAH S. Biocontrol agents and secondary metabolites. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing, 2021: 573-590., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1237814984500105767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814981064970649, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=12, issue=null, pageStart=2226, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=2, authorNames=DOS SANTOS C, FRANCO O L, journalName=Plants, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DOS SANTOS C, FRANCO O L. Pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs) with enzyme activity activating plant defense responses[J]. 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African Journal of Biotechnology, 2012, 44(11): 10200-10206., articleTitle=Detection of Hevea brasilensis clones yield potential and susceptibility to tapping panel dryness in Côte d'Ivoire using the 32 and 35 KDa lutoidic proteins, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1237814994004398246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814981064970649, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1996, volume=43, issue=1, pageStart=29, pageEnd=37, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[92], rfOrder=96, authorNames=SUBROTO T, VAN KONINGSVELD G A, SCHREUDER H A, SOEDJANAATMADJA U M S, BEINTEMA J J, journalName=Phytochemistry, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SUBROTO T, VAN KONINGSVELD G A, SCHREUDER H A, SOEDJANAATMADJA U M S, BEINTEMA J J. Chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase in the lutoid-body fraction of Hevea latex[J]. 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Frontiers in Plant Science, 2017, 8: 1904., articleTitle=Transcript profiling of Hevea brasiliensis during latex flow, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1237814994302193843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814981064970649, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=14, issue=8, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[94], rfOrder=98, authorNames=PARISI C A S, KELLY K J, ANSOTEGUI I J, GONZALEZ-DÍAZ S N, BILÒ M B, CARDONA V, PARK H-S, BRASCHI M C, MACIAS-WEINMANN A, PIGA M A, ACUÑA-ORTEGA N, SÁNCHEZ-BORGES M, YAÑEZ A, journalName=World Allergy Organization Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PARISI C A S, KELLY K J, ANSOTEGUI I J, GONZALEZ-DÍAZ S N, BILÒ M B, CARDONA V, PARK H-S, BRASCHI M C, MACIAS-WEINMANN A, PIGA M A, ACUÑA-ORTEGA N, SÁNCHEZ-BORGES M, YAÑEZ A. Update on latex allergy: new insights into an old problem[J]. World Allergy Organization Journal, 2021, 14(8): 100569., articleTitle=Update on latex allergy: new insights into an old problem, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1237814994402857144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814981064970649, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=94, issue=1, pageStart=55, pageEnd=63, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[95], rfOrder=99, authorNames=MONTORO P, LAGIER S, BAPTISTE C, MARTEAUX B, PUJADE-RENAUD V, LECLERCQ J, ALEMANNO L, journalName=Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MONTORO P, LAGIER S, BAPTISTE C, MARTEAUX B, PUJADE-RENAUD V, LECLERCQ J, ALEMANNO L. Expression of the HEV2.1 gene promoter in transgenic Hevea brasiliensis[J]. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 2008, 94(1): 55-63., articleTitle=Expression of the HEV2.1 gene promoter in transgenic Hevea brasiliensis, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1237814984097452561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814981064970649, awardId=322RC785, language=CN, fundingSource=海南省自然科学基金高层次人才项目(322RC785), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1237814984181338644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814981064970649, awardId=1630022025004, language=CN, fundingSource=中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(1630022025004), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1237814982184849829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814981064970649, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1237814982193238438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814981064970649, companyId=1237814982184849829, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Cultivation & Physiology of Tropical Crops / Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1237814982201627047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814981064970649, companyId=1237814982184849829, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=农业农村部橡胶树生物学与遗传资源利用重点实验室/省部共建国家重点实验室培育基地-海南省热带作物栽培生理学重点实验室/中国热带农业科学院橡胶研究所,海南海口 571101)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1237814983854182908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814981064970649, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Correspondence between latex allergens of rubber trees and PR proteins

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
过敏原编号
Allergen
名称
Identification
分子量
kDa
交叉反应性
Cross reactivity
PR编号
PR No.
Hev b 1橡胶延伸因子(REF)14.6木瓜蛋白酶
Hev b 2β-1,3-葡聚糖酶41.3其他葡聚糖酶PR-2
Hev b 3小橡胶粒子蛋白(SRPP)23.0
Hev b 4微螺旋蛋白50.0~57.0
Hev b 5酸性蛋白16.0猕猴桃酸蛋白
Hev b 6.01前橡胶素20.0几丁质酶(香蕉、鳄梨)PR-4
Hev b 6.02橡胶素4.7几丁质酶(香蕉、鳄梨、栗子)PR-4
Hev b 6.03橡胶素C14.0
Hev b 7马铃薯同源物42.9茄科植物中的储存蛋白
Hev b 8脯氨酰蛋白14.0泛过敏原
Hev b 9烯醇化酶51.0
Hev b 10超氧化物歧化酶26.0
Hev b 11I类几丁质酶33.0泛过敏原PR-3
Hev b 12脂质转移蛋白9.3泛过敏原PR-14
Hev b 13酯酶42.0
Hev b 14Hevamine(几丁质酶+溶菌酶活性)30.0PR-8
Hev b 15丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂60.0~90.0PR-6PR-6
), ArticleFig(id=1237814983992594948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237814981064970649, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

橡胶树胶乳过敏原与PR蛋白的对应关系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
过敏原编号
Allergen
名称
Identification
分子量
kDa
交叉反应性
Cross reactivity
PR编号
PR No.
Hev b 1橡胶延伸因子(REF)14.6木瓜蛋白酶
Hev b 2β-1,3-葡聚糖酶41.3其他葡聚糖酶PR-2
Hev b 3小橡胶粒子蛋白(SRPP)23.0
Hev b 4微螺旋蛋白50.0~57.0
Hev b 5酸性蛋白16.0猕猴桃酸蛋白
Hev b 6.01前橡胶素20.0几丁质酶(香蕉、鳄梨)PR-4
Hev b 6.02橡胶素4.7几丁质酶(香蕉、鳄梨、栗子)PR-4
Hev b 6.03橡胶素C14.0
Hev b 7马铃薯同源物42.9茄科植物中的储存蛋白
Hev b 8脯氨酰蛋白14.0泛过敏原
Hev b 9烯醇化酶51.0
Hev b 10超氧化物歧化酶26.0
Hev b 11I类几丁质酶33.0泛过敏原PR-3
Hev b 12脂质转移蛋白9.3泛过敏原PR-14
Hev b 13酯酶42.0
Hev b 14Hevamine(几丁质酶+溶菌酶活性)30.0PR-8
Hev b 15丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂60.0~90.0PR-6PR-6
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热带作物学报 | 组学与生物技术 2025, 46(10): 2287-2298
巴西橡胶树病程相关蛋白:抗逆、乳管堵塞、过敏原性及转基因育种
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代龙军 , 刘明洋
作者信息
  • 农业农村部橡胶树生物学与遗传资源利用重点实验室/省部共建国家重点实验室培育基地-海南省热带作物栽培生理学重点实验室/中国热带农业科学院橡胶研究所,海南海口 571101
  • 代龙军(1976—),男,硕士,副研究员,研究方向:橡胶树分子生物学与生理学;E-mail:

Rubber Tree (Hevea brasiliensis) Pathogenesis-related Proteins: Stress Resistance, Laticifer Plugging, Allergenicity, and Transgenic Breeding
Longjun DAI , Mingyang LIU
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Cultivation & Physiology of Tropical Crops / Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China
出版时间: 2025-10-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.10.001
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病程相关蛋白(pathogenesis-related proteins,PR蛋白)是植物响应胁迫的重要功能蛋白,在巴西橡胶树(Hevea brasiliensis)中具有多重生物学作用。本文系统综述了橡胶树PR蛋白的研究进展,重点探讨其在抗逆机制、乳管堵塞及过敏原性方面的功能特性,特别关注了PR蛋白与乳管堵塞的重要关系。PR蛋白通过复杂的分子网络参与橡胶树的防御反应,可能通过乳管堵塞过程影响胶乳产量;部分PR蛋白具有较强的过敏原性。PR蛋白的转基因研究已取得初步进展,但需进一步优化表达调控策略以平衡抗逆性、产量和过敏原性等性状。未来研究应加强PR蛋白作用机制的解析,特别是深入探究几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶这2种病程相关蛋白的表达水平与橡胶产量之间的关联性,同时重视对PR-14等尚未充分研究的蛋白类别的功能研究,开发精准的分子育种技术,为橡胶树品种改良提供理论依据和技术支撑。

巴西橡胶树  /  病程相关蛋白  /  抗逆  /  乳管堵塞  /  过敏原性  /  转基因育种

Pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins are crucial functional proteins in plants responding to stress, exhibiting multiple biological roles in rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis). This article systematically reviewed recent advances in PR protein research in rubber trees, with emphasis on the functional characteristics in stress resistance mechanisms, laticifer plugging, and allergenicity, while highlighting the critical relationship between PR proteins and laticifer plugging. PR proteins participate in defense responses against stresses through complex molecular networks, potentially influencing latex yield via laticifer plugging processes. Some PR proteins exhibit strong allergenic properties. Although transgenic studies of PR proteins have achieved preliminary progress, further optimization of expression regulation strategies is required to balance stress resistance, yield, and allergenicity. Future research should prioritize elucidating the mechanistic roles of PR proteins, especially investigating how the expression levels of pathogenesis-related proteins (particularly chitinases and β-1,3-glucanases) correlate with rubber productivity. Concurrently, functional exploration of understudied PR protein categories like PR-14 warrants attention. Developing precise molecular breeding technologies based on these findings will provide both theoretical foundations and technical support for rubber tree variety improvement.

Hevea brasiliensis  /  pathogenesis-related proteins  /  stress resistance  /  laticifer plugging  /  allergenicity  /  transgenic breeding
代龙军, 刘明洋. 巴西橡胶树病程相关蛋白:抗逆、乳管堵塞、过敏原性及转基因育种. 热带作物学报, 2025 , 46 (10) : 2287 -2298 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.10.001
Longjun DAI, Mingyang LIU. Rubber Tree (Hevea brasiliensis) Pathogenesis-related Proteins: Stress Resistance, Laticifer Plugging, Allergenicity, and Transgenic Breeding[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2025 , 46 (10) : 2287 -2298 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.10.001
橡胶树(Hevea brasiliensis)作为天然橡胶的主要来源,在全球经济中具有重要意义。随着气候变化和病虫害压力的增加,橡胶树的抗逆性和产量稳定性面临前所未有的挑战。病程相关蛋白(pathogenesis-related proteins,PR蛋白)是由宿主植物编码,在应对病原感染和非生物胁迫时诱导表达的一类多功能蛋白质,其在植物的先天免疫中发挥着至关重要的作用[1]。这些蛋白质不仅参与橡胶树的防御反应,还与乳管堵塞和排胶过程密切相关,部分成员是胶乳过敏原的主要来源。因此,在遗传育种和品种改良的过程中,对这些基因的研究与评估显得尤为关键。
PR蛋白通常是单体蛋白,分子量较低,范围在6~43 kDa之间。根据等电点,它们被分为酸性蛋白和碱性蛋白两大类。酸性蛋白(如PR-1和PR-5)在细胞外空间或细胞壁间隙中稳定且能抵抗蛋白酶的酶解;而碱性蛋白(如PR-2和PR-3)通常被运输到液泡中,对蛋白酶敏感。这些蛋白质不仅在感染组织中局部积累,还在未感染的组织中系统性积累,以阻止感染扩散至宿主的健康部分[1-2]
目前,PR蛋白根据功能差异可划分为19个家族,每个家族均有其特定的生化特性和防御机制。如PR-1家族通过结合病原体固醇或释放活性肽CAPE1抑制真菌侵染;而PR-2(β-1,3-葡聚糖酶)与PR-3/4/8/11(几丁质酶)通过协同降解真菌细胞壁的β-1,3-葡聚糖和几丁质实现直接抗病;PR-5(类甜蛋白)通过形成跨膜孔或干扰真菌信号通路发挥双重防御功能;PR-6(蛋白酶抑制剂)则通过抑制昆虫及病原体的消化酶降低其侵染能力;PR-9(过氧化物酶)通过催化细胞壁木质素沉积增强物理屏障,PR-15/16(草酸氧化酶及草酸氧化酶样蛋白)通过产生活性氧(Reactive Oxygen Species,ROS)提升系统抗性;PR-10(核糖核酸酶样蛋白)通过降解RNA及诱导细胞凋亡遏制感染扩散;而PR-12/13/14(防卫素、硫素、脂质转移蛋白)则通过破坏病原体膜结构实现广谱抗菌[1-3]
PR蛋白的表达受到植物激素信号通路的精细调控。水杨酸(SA)途径主要激活PR-1、PR-2、PR-5等蛋白,应对活体营养型病原体(如病毒、细菌),并介导系统获得性抗性(Systemic Acquired Resistance,SAR)。而茉莉酸(JA)/乙烯(ET)途径则激活PR-3、PR-4、PR-12等蛋白,应对死体营养型病原体(如真菌、昆虫),并介导诱导系统抗性(Induced Systemic Resistance,ISR)。此外,SA与JA/ET途径之间存在交叉对话(crosstalk),这种拮抗关系确保了植物资源的优化分配。关键调控节点包括NPR1蛋白(作为SA信号的核心调控因子,促进PR基因表达)以及转录因子(如WRKY和MYC家族),它们整合环境信号并启动PR转录[1,3]
PR蛋白在转基因育种中具有重要的应用潜力。过量表达PR基因,可以显著提高植物对病原体的抗性。如几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶的转基因表达已被证明能够增强植物对真菌病害的抗性。相关研究成果不仅揭示了PR蛋白在植物防御机制中的关键作用,还为植物的遗传改良提供重要的工具和策略,为培育具有更强抗逆性和产量稳定性的橡胶树品种奠定基础[1,4]
本文旨在分析橡胶树PR蛋白的多重功能及其在转基因育种中的应用潜力。通过分析PR蛋白在抗逆性、乳管堵塞的作用机制,并概述其过敏原性特性,探讨其在橡胶树改良中的应用前景,为未来橡胶树育种研究提供新思路。
橡胶树黄色体(胶乳中的一种亚细胞结构)的内含液体(也称B-乳清)中富含PR蛋白,这些蛋白主要包括β-1,3葡聚糖酶、几丁质酶和ProHevein(其水解产物为Hevein,即橡胶素)。PR蛋白具有多样化的生物学功能,它们不仅参与植物对病原体的防御反应,还在非生物胁迫耐受、排胶和过敏原性等方面发挥重要作用。
PR蛋白中的碱性蛋白多存在于液泡,在橡胶树胶乳中的黄色体具有液泡性质,黄色体中的主要PR蛋白Hevein却为酸性[5]。在正常生理状态下,PR蛋白表达水平较低;但在受到胁迫时,其表达量显著增加。割胶作为一种强烈的胁迫因素,诱导PR蛋白大量表达,使其在黄色体蛋白凝胶电泳中形成主要的蛋白条带[6-7],并且在全胶乳蛋白中也呈现高丰度[8]
β-1,3葡聚糖酶、几丁质酶和Hevein等3种B-乳清蛋白能够被病原微生物诱导,并具有抗真菌特性[9-12]。其中,几丁质酶(专用名为Hevamine)还表现出抗细菌特性(具有溶菌酶活性)[10]。这些高丰度蛋白也是胶乳的主要过敏原,因此受到较多关注,其晶体结构也已被解析[13-17]。此外,这3种蛋白还与乳管堵塞过程密切相关,被认为是乳管堵塞的关键参与者或调节因素。
尽管PR蛋白对橡胶树的自我防御机制至关重要,目前仅有少数研究尝试将外源PR蛋白(如烟草渗透素Osmotin,属于RP-10)导入橡胶树[18-19]。除上述蛋白质外,其他种类的PR蛋白研究相对较少,将在后文进一步讨论。
以对各类型PR蛋白的研究深入程度为序对其抗逆功能进行分述。
Hevein最早由ARCHER[5]从橡胶树B-乳清中发现并命名。Hevein是ProHevein的成熟形式,是ProHevein被切割后的N端部分(43个氨基酸残基),二者均属于PR-4类蛋白。C端肽段类似大麦伤口诱导蛋白(barwin-like domain)[20-22],具有淀粉样蛋白特性,可能通过形成物理屏障或增强病原体捕获效率在植物防御中发挥作用[23]。ProHevein和Hevein均呈酸性[5]。Hevein是胶乳中含量最丰富的可溶性蛋白,占比约22%[24],在B-乳清可溶蛋白质中占比高达70%[25]。然而,因Hevein的小分子量特性,样本制备过程中容易丢失(不易被TCA-丙酮法沉淀),也需Tricine-SDS PAGE电泳分离。
Hevein在橡胶树中具有多种抗逆作用,包括抗真菌、伤口诱导的防御反应、促进橡胶粒子聚集和增强植物整体抗性等。这些作用可能通过其几丁质结合能力(凝集素活性)、抗真菌活性以及基因表达调控机制来实现[12,24]。目前仅发现Hevein具有几丁质结合活性以及对酵母和红细胞的凝集效应,尚未发现其催化活性[24,26]
β-1,3葡聚糖酶(PR-2)和几丁质酶(PR-3/4/8/11)被认为可以通过水解病原真菌菌丝尖端的细胞壁化学成分直接对抗生物胁迫或释放激发子间接激活植物系统抗性(SAR),且二者的作用具有协同性[27-28]。在橡胶树中,这2种酶均在B-乳清中高丰度表达。其中,β-1,3葡聚糖酶能够水解葡聚糖的β-1,3-糖苷键。橡胶树中的主要几丁质酶,即Hevamine(归类为PR-8),由ARCHER[29]发现并命名。Hevamine具有抗真菌和抗细菌的双重活性:既可以作为几丁质酶水解几丁质(存在于真菌和昆虫外骨骼中)中的β-1,4-连接,也可以作为溶菌酶[30]或糖苷水解酶家族18的成员[31],切割细菌细胞壁中肽聚糖的N-乙酰-β-D-葡萄糖胺和胞壁酸之间的连接。
在橡胶树中,β-1,3葡聚糖酶和几丁质酶的抗逆性相关研究主要集中在橡胶树树叶感染真菌的响应上。如当橡胶树感染真菌Phytophthora meadii[32]P. palmivora[33]Neofusicoccum ribis[34-35]Rigidoporus microporus[36]或南美叶疫病真菌(Microcyclus ulei[37]时,β-1,3葡聚糖酶基因的表达上调。同样,当橡胶树感染N. ribis[34-35]R. microporus[36,38]或白粉菌(Oidium heveae[39]时,几丁质酶基因的表达也上调。橡胶树外施水杨酸导致胶乳β-1,3葡聚糖酶增多[40],外施乙烯[41-42]、甲基茉莉酸[42]或真菌效应蛋白cassiicolin Cas1[43]也导致几丁质酶表达上调。
β-1,3葡聚糖酶在真菌抗性橡胶树品系中有更高的表达[8,39,44]。此外,橡胶树品系GT.1的β-1,3葡聚糖酶是一种糖蛋白,含有2个糖基化位点(Asn-27和Asn-314),而其他品系(如PR261和RRIM 600)的酶则几乎无糖基化。尽管GT.1的酶含量较高,但其比活性显著低于其他品系[6]
PR-5家族,也称为类甜蛋白家族(thaumatin-like proteins,TLPs),包括渗透素和类甜蛋白,能够通过膜透化作用抑制真菌生长。TONG等[45]研究表明,橡胶树Osmotin蛋白主要定位于乳管细胞的黄色体中,可能参与排胶过程中的渗透调节。此外,乙烯刺激对Osmotin蛋白的表达具有显著影响:在已割胶的橡胶树中,其表达显著上调;而在未割胶的橡胶树中,表达则受到轻微抑制。在拟南芥中过表达HbOsmotin会导致植物对渗透胁迫的耐受性降低,表现为在PEG处理下发芽率和存活率下降。然而,通过将烟草Osmotin基因转入橡胶树,可显著提高橡胶树幼苗对干旱、寒冷和盐胁迫等非生物胁迫的抗性[18-19]
在橡胶树的抗真菌机制中,Osmotin蛋白具有重要作用。抗真菌能力强的橡胶树品系(如PR 261、RRIM 600),25 kDa的Osmotin同源蛋白含量较高,而易感品系(如GT.1、LCB 1320)中几乎缺失[6]。Osmotin通过膜透化作用直接抑制真菌生长,其含量与橡胶树对病原菌的抗性呈正相关[6,36]。此外,病原模式分子Flg22(细菌来源)和几丁质(真菌来源)均可显著诱导橡胶树叶肉原生质体中HbPR5的转录[46],这进一步表明Osmotin蛋白在橡胶树的免疫反应中的重要作用。
PR-1是一种抗真菌蛋白,其C端肽段CAPE1是防御信号的重要介质。小麦TaPR1蛋白通过蛋白酶切割释放CAPE1,后者作为移动信号激活包括TaPR1基因在内的防御应答,形成自我放大的正反馈环路[47]
在橡胶树中,PR-1相关研究也取得了进展,多个PR-1基因被克隆。罗红丽等[48]克隆了橡胶树叶片中一个150个氨基酸残基的PR-1碱性蛋白基因,发现该基因受水杨酸诱导。病原模式分子Flg22(细菌来源)也能显著诱导叶肉原生质体中HbPR1的转录[46]。橡胶树中一个含有164个氨基酸残基的PR-1碱性蛋白基因被克隆,命名为HbPR-1b。该基因在健康植株的树皮和成熟叶中高表达,并在接种R. microporus后被诱导表达。在抗病橡胶树品系PB5/51中,表达较高且响应迅速;而在易感品系RRIM600和BPM24中,其表达较低且响应缓慢[49]。接种南美叶疫病真菌后,抗病品系的PR1a的表达显著上调[37,50]。一个含有163个氨基酸残基的PR-1碱性蛋白基因被克隆,该基因在烟草瞬时表达系统中成功实现高效表达,并显著抑制疫霉菌(P. palmivora)侵染及孢子萌发[51]。转录组研究显示外施乙烯上调PR-1基因的表达[41]
橡胶树中已发现多种蛋白酶抑制剂(PIs),它们在植物防御机制中发挥重要作用。这些抑制剂通过特异性地抑制病原体或昆虫的蛋白酶活性,保护植物免受侵害。
从橡胶树胶乳中发现的碱性蛋白酶抑制剂(HP-In),分子量为11.73 kDa,等电点为4.15,能够以1∶1摩尔比高效抑制枯草杆菌蛋白酶(属于丝氨酸蛋白酶家族),但对胰蛋白酶和木瓜蛋白酶无显著抑制作用,显示出高度的底物特异性[52]。此外,从橡胶树胶乳中克隆的另一个丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂基因Hb-PI,编码一个含70个氨基酸残基的蛋白质,特异性地抑制胰蛋白酶,最高抑制率达35.5%,但对其他蛋白酶无显著抑制效果。重组表达的Hb-PI(rHb-PI)在10 mg/mL浓度下对革兰氏阳性菌(如Micrococcus luteusStaphylococcus aureus)具有抑制作用,但对革兰氏阴性菌(如Pseudomonas aeruginosa)无显著效果[53]。在硫酸铜诱导下,橡胶树细胞悬浮细胞分泌的蛋白通过阴离子交换层析和两步制备电泳纯化出1个25 kDa的蛋白条带,该蛋白对枯草杆菌蛋白酶A具有强抑制作用(抑制率>80%),但对胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶和木瓜蛋白酶无抑制作用,推测其属于丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂家族。此外,该蛋白还能抑制棕榈疫霉(P. palmivora)的孢子萌发和菌丝生长,处理染病叶片后病斑面积显著缩小[54]。
从橡胶树RRIT251品种叶片中分离出的丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂基因251Hbpi,编码一个含70个氨基酸残基的蛋白质。重组表达的251HbPI蛋白能够抑制胰凝乳蛋白酶和枯草杆菌蛋白酶A,但不抑制胰蛋白酶。此外,251HbPI还显示出对常见的皮肤病菌红色毛癣菌(Trichophyton rubrum)具有抗性,免疫共沉淀试验表明其与红色毛癣菌的27 kDa丝氨酸蛋白酶相互作用[55]。与251HbPI相比,从橡胶树B-乳清中纯化的另一个PI-I家族蛋白酶抑制剂600HbPI(与251HbPI氨基酸序列相似度为87%),显著抑制枯草杆菌蛋白酶A(残留活性为26.91%),但对胰凝乳蛋白酶的抑制活性较弱(残留活性为92.77%),且不抑制胰蛋白酶。这表明结构差异(如保守基序)可能影响靶标偏好性[56]
从橡胶树B-乳清中经硫酸铵沉淀和阴离子交换层析纯化出的一个21.5 kDa蛋白组分,该组分抑制木瓜蛋白酶(属于半胱氨酸蛋白酶)活性达30%,对Ganoderma boninenseSclerotium sp.和Rigidoporus lignosus的抑制率分别为44.17%、42.92%、46.25%,显示出广谱抗真菌潜力[57]。此外,一个半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂HbCPI(101AA,11.2 kDa)在橡胶树的叶片、种子和乳液中组成型表达,在叶片中的表达丰度最高。病原菌P. palmivora侵染显著诱导叶片HbCPI的转录水平,表明其参与植物的防御响应[58]。接种南美叶疫病真菌后,抗病橡胶树品系的一个半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂的表达显著上调[50]
3个枯草杆菌蛋白酶样(subtilisin-like)丝氨酸蛋白酶HbSPAHbSPBHbSPC基因被克隆。研究表明,HbSPA直接响应病原体P. palmivora,而HbSPBHbSPC依赖水杨酸(SA)信号。此外,HbSPBHbSPC在胶乳中表达,表明其可能参与乳管特异性防御[59]。从胶乳中纯化出的一个丝氨酸蛋白酶Hevain(不是Hevein),分子量为69 kDa,富含酸性氨基酸,等电点为4.3,由多个亚基组成,对特定蛋白质底物有活性,且可被二异丙基氟磷酸酯(DFP)抑制。Hevain可能参与胶乳凝固或防御反应,例如在伤口愈合时降解病原体蛋白[60]
在植物-病原互作研究中,橡胶树在病原菌侵染早期通过快速诱导HbSPA蛋白表达并分泌至细胞外基质。HbSPA可能通过降解病原菌细胞壁蛋白质或激活免疫信号通路(如蛋白酶介导的损伤信号)来抑制病原菌扩展。然而,在免疫抑制阶段,P. palmivora分泌效应蛋白PpEPI10,后者特异性地抑制HbSPA的酶活性,从而阻断其防御功能[61-62]。这种“蛋白酶-抑制剂”的对抗关系构成了宿主与病原菌之间的进化军备竞赛。
橡胶树中还存在半胱氨酸蛋白酶。一个乳管特异表达的半胱氨酸蛋白酶HbCP1基因具备毒性结构域RTX[63];而一个根特异表达的半胱氨酸蛋白酶基因HbCP2则不具备该结构域[64]。对木瓜蛋白酶样半胱氨酸蛋白酶(PLCP)基因家族的分析表明,橡胶树中共有43个PLCP基因,分属9个亚家族,其中与落叶相关的SAG12亚家族显著扩展。然而,乙烯刺激后,乳管中PLCP的总体表达水平下降[65]
在胶乳超速离心后的底层(主要是黄色体)中发现了1个酸性蛋白酶,其最适活性pH为3.5,可被特异性抑制剂胃酶抑素(pepstatin)强烈抑制,属于天冬氨酸蛋白酶(羧基蛋白酶)类。但其功能尚待进一步分析[66]
过氧化物酶(PR-9)的作用主要体现在2个方面[3]。首先,当植物受到病原体攻击时,会产生活性氧(ROS),如过氧化氢(H2O2)。过氧化物酶可以催化H2O2与底物的反应,生成具有抗菌作用的氧化产物,从而抑制病原体的生长。其次,通过氧化反应,过氧化物酶还可以促进木质素的合成与沉积,加固细胞壁,防止病原体入侵。木质素的合成,对于橡胶树的抗风能力有特别重要的意义。
P. palmivora中纯化出了2种激发子:Elicitin和一种新的75 kDa蛋白。这2种激发子能够诱导橡胶树过氧化物酶活性、增加莨菪亭(scopoletin)和酚类化合物的积累,并增强橡胶树对病原体的局部抗性[67]。研究者从橡胶树细胞悬浮液中纯化了过氧化物酶,并探索其在染料脱色中的应用潜力。纯化的过氧化物酶(70 kDa)意外表现出多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性,但需进一步验证这种活性是来自单一蛋白的多种功能,还是来自共纯化的异构体[68]。个别橡胶树品系(PR107)感染白根病(病原R. microporus)后PR-9中显著上调9倍,可能通过增强木质化以限制病原扩展[38]。橡胶树分子量分别为29 kDa和33 kDa的阴离子过氧化物酶在接种疫霉菌(P. meadii)24 h后表达显著上调[69]。接种南美叶疫病真菌后,抗病橡胶树品系的过氧化物酶的表达显著上调[50]。寒冷胁迫下,过氧化物酶基因的转录显著上调[70]。蛋白质水平的研究也显示了橡胶树感染真菌(R. microporusR. lignosus)后过氧化物酶的上调[71]
PR-10类蛋白具有核糖核酸酶(RNase)活性,可能通过降解病原体RNA来抑制其增殖。MLP(major latex protein)具有PR-10类蛋白的保守结构[72]。MLP最初在罂粟(Papaver somniferum)胶乳中被发现并命名,是一种胶乳特异性蛋白,分子量约为20 kDa,呈酸性,具有多个异构体,等电点在3.5~6.0之间,占胶乳总蛋白含量约35%[73-74]。其典型结构包括疏水腔(可结合长链脂肪酸、植物激素、污染物等疏水配体,并进行长距离运输)和甘氨酸富集环[72]
橡胶树受到白根腐病菌R. microporus感染后,其叶片中包括PR-10蛋白在内的多种防御相关蛋白和基因发生了显著变化,表明橡胶树的防御反应是系统性的,从感染根部扩展到远端的叶片[75]。通过对巴西橡胶树的全基因组鉴定,发现了132个非冗余的PR-10蛋白,主要分为2个亚组:Pru ar 1-like主要过敏原蛋白和MLP-like蛋白,这些基因在15号染色体上成簇分布,推测是通过串联复制进化而来[76]。转录组测序结果显示,Pru ar 1-like蛋白在橡胶树响应真菌效应蛋白(如cassicolin Cas1)时显著上调;而MLP-like蛋白在白粉菌(Oidium heveae)感染时下调,可能参与负调控[76]。MLP-like蛋白也在一些胶乳的蛋白质组学研究中被鉴定[77-78]
防御素是一类广泛存在于动植物中的小分子抗微生物多肽(AMPs),具有广谱抗菌活性。然而,迄今橡胶树中的AMPs仍缺乏深入研究。有学者从获取了橡胶树基因组(ASM165405v1,NCBI)中的7个防御素基因序列,其翻译产物的分子量介于8.3~10.8 kDa间,符合AMPs的典型特征(<10 kDa)。这些防御素的等电点多数大于7,表明其为阳离子多肽,有利于与带负电的微生物膜相互作用[79]。也有研究尝试从橡胶树胶乳中分离小肽,但未报道所鉴定多肽的氨基酸序列[80]。橡胶树中AMPs的研究仍需进一步深入。
目前暂无关于橡胶树硫素蛋白(Thionin,PR-13)、脂质转移蛋白(PR-14)和草酸氧化酶(PR-15)等在抗逆方面的报道。已有橡胶树脂质转移蛋白过敏原性相关报道[81-83]。对基因组数据库进行检索,发现橡胶树脂质转移蛋白构成了一个较大的蛋白家族。此外,天然橡胶合成过程中,脂质转移蛋白可能负责为橡胶粒子膜补充脂质。
割胶(即切割乳管)后,从橡胶树乳管中流出胶乳,一段时间后,自切口往内的一小段乳管内将发生堵塞,进而停止排胶。乳管堵塞的快慢及排胶时间长短是影响橡胶树产量的关键因素。目前乳管堵塞的机制主要有3种假说:电中和假说、凝集素假说和蛋白质网假说。这些假说在解释乳管堵塞及胶乳凝固机制中存在诸多差异,都涉及了一些高丰度PR蛋白的作用。
电中和假说认为,乳管切口处流出的胶乳通过凝固实现伤口封闭,这一过程涉及黄色体的破裂并释放氢离子、金属阳离子和碱性蛋白/阳离子蛋白,它们中和橡胶粒子表面的负电荷,并导致橡胶粒子凝聚[84]β-1,3-葡聚糖酶和几丁质酶属于碱性蛋白或阳离子蛋白。Hevein为酸性蛋白,且在B-乳清中以超高丰度存在。有研究认为Hevein中和了黄色体中的碱性蛋白,从而有利于排胶[85]
凝集素假说为Hevein在乳管堵塞中的作用提供了相反的解释。该假说认为,黄色体破裂后释放的凝集素Hevein以二价形式结合橡胶粒子表面的22 kDa糖蛋白受体(氨基酸序列未明确),促使橡胶粒子交联形成凝固网络。这一过程依赖于Hevein对N-乙酰-D-葡萄糖胺(GlcNAc)的钙离子依赖性识别。这种结合导致橡胶粒子聚集,从而在乳管切口附近形成堵塞。几丁质酶则被认为可以分解受体上的GlcNAc,从而缓解凝集素的凝集效应,是有利于产量的因素[86-88]
蛋白质网假说由HAO等[89]提出,并由SHI等[90]进一步完善。该假说认为,Hevein、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶和几丁质酶等B-乳清来源的PR蛋白,与肌动蛋白共同形成蛋白质网,截留橡胶粒子、黄色体及黄色体碎片,导致乳管堵塞。这一假说与凝集素假说中几丁质酶的作用存在明显矛盾。根据蛋白质网假说,β-1,3-葡聚糖酶和几丁质酶的作用是促进乳管堵塞,从而不利于胶乳产量。然而,有研究认为35 kDa的β-1,3-葡聚糖酶(糖基化程度高)与高产和TPD(割面干涸)耐受相关,而32 kDa的β-1,3-葡聚糖酶(糖基化程度低)可能与低产和TPD相关[91]。另一项研究也报道了β-1,3-葡聚糖酶与胶乳产量的正相关性[92],其解释为β-1,3-葡聚糖酶通过溶解愈伤组织中的胼胝质以减缓乳管堵塞(此解释可能不合理)。几丁质酶的表达增加有助于排胶的观点获得黄瑾等研究的支持[87-88]。而转录水平的研究显示,在排胶晚期,β-1,3-葡聚糖酶和几丁质酶的转录本下调[93],表明其相应蛋白质合成已经减缓(而不是增加)。
上述关于Hevein、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶和几丁质酶等蛋白质如何影响乳管堵塞的对立观点表明,这些蛋白质的表达对乳管堵塞与胶乳产量的影响仍需深入研究,了解这些信息是进一步进行遗传改良的基础和依据。
橡胶树PR蛋白的过敏原性不作详述,仅列出橡胶树过敏原与PR蛋白的对应关系(表1)。如前一节所述,在不同的橡胶树品系中,β-1,3-葡聚糖酶和几丁质酶等关键过敏原的丰度存在差异,因此胶乳过敏原性的强弱也可能存在差异。在产量问题得到解决后,可根据需要选育低过敏原的橡胶树,或者通过基因编辑等技术手段降低Hevein、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶和几丁质酶等高丰度蛋白的过敏原性(如修改抗原表位或糖基化位点的氨基酸残基)。
转基因技术是基因功能验证和作物抗病抗逆性改良的重要手段。目前,几丁质酶(PR-3/4/8/11)、葡聚糖酶(PR-2)、类甜蛋白(PR-5)、防卫素(PR-12)和草酸氧化酶(PR-15/16)等PR蛋白基因已被成功转入水稻、小麦、马铃薯和大豆等作物,显著增强了这些作物的抗病性[4]。然而,将外源PR基因引入橡胶树的研究仍处于起步阶段。目前仅有PR-5基因被引入橡胶树,通过农杆菌介导、以CaMV35S启动子驱动的方式,将烟草的渗透蛋白(PR-5)基因在橡胶树合子胚来源的胚性愈伤组织中表达,获得较高的转化效率并成功再生出植株[18]。该研究的目标是增强橡胶树对盐、干旱、低温和病原等胁迫的响应能力以及细胞渗透调节能力,但相关效果未有进一步报道。另一项类似的研究将烟草渗透蛋白基因转入橡胶树未成熟花药诱导的胚性愈伤组织,结果显示,在6% PEG胁迫下,转基因愈伤组织的脯氨酸(一种渗透保护剂)含量较对照组提高近2倍;在150 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下,转基因愈伤组织的存活率为72%,而对照组仅为3.2%[19]
橡胶树转基因改造需综合考虑抗病/抗逆性、乳管堵塞/产量以及过敏原性等因素,有选择地进行基因引入和表达调控。PR蛋白的协同作用至关重要,采用多基因共转化策略进行转基因改良可显著提升橡胶树的抗逆性[4]。通过选择合适的橡胶树内源启动子,可以实现PR蛋白在橡胶树中的组织特异性表达或组成性表达(高自然抗病性植物通常组成性表达PR蛋白),进而调控其表达量。以Hev2.1启动子为例,虽其在胶乳中特异性表达,但因具有光敏特性,也可在叶片中诱导表达[95],从而为橡胶树的抗病抗逆改良提供更多可能性。
橡胶树PR蛋白在植物抗逆性、乳管堵塞和过敏原性等方面发挥多重作用,在转基因育种中具有重要应用价值。深入研究PR蛋白的作用机制和调控网络,将为提高橡胶树的抗逆性、产量和质量提供新的策略。未来的研究应加强PR蛋白作用机制的解析,特别是深入探究几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶等蛋白的表达量与橡胶产量的关系,同时重视对PR-14等尚未充分研究的蛋白种类的功能研究,开发精准的分子育种技术,为橡胶树品种改良提供理论依据和技术支撑。
  • 海南省自然科学基金高层次人才项目(322RC785)
  • 中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(1630022025004)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.10.001
  • 接收时间:2025-04-07
  • 首发时间:2026-03-09
  • 出版时间:2025-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-07
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海南省自然科学基金高层次人才项目(322RC785)
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    农业农村部橡胶树生物学与遗传资源利用重点实验室/省部共建国家重点实验室培育基地-海南省热带作物栽培生理学重点实验室/中国热带农业科学院橡胶研究所,海南海口 571101
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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