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The study of methane (CH4) emission flux from paddy fields is an important part and hot topic in the current study of carbon cycle in terrestrial ecosystems. The multi-time scale characteristics of CH4 emission flux and its influencing factors [gross primary productivity (GPP), latent heat flux (LE), air temperature (TA), soil temperature (TS)] in paddy fields were analyzed based on wavelet analysis and eddy covariance flux observation data. The CH4 emission flux and its influencing factors of paddy field ecosystems had obvious seasonal variation characteristics. The CH4 emission flux from paddy fields in the rice growing season showed obvious single-peak diurnal variation characteristics, while the CH4 emission flux from paddy fields in the non-rice growing season was low, and the diurnal variation characteristics were not obvious. GPP, LE, TA and TS showed obvious single-peak diurnal variation patterns. Based on continuous wavelet transform and wavelet variance curve analysis, CH4 flux, GPP, LE, TA and TS had an obvious 1-day cycle during the rice growing season (July—November), while GPP, LE, TA and TS also had a half-day cycle, and TA and TS also had a long-term cycle of 4 days. From the cross wavelet transform and wavelet coherence spectrum analysis, the resonance period between CH4 flux and GPP, LE, TA and TS was about 1 day. There was a significant resonance relationship in this frequency domain, and oscillation cohesion and coherence were the strongest. However, in the high-frequency band area, there was also a secondary resonance period of about 0.5 days between CH4 flux and GPP, LE, TA and TS. In addition, in other frequency bands, the resonance energy of CH4 flux and GPP, LE, TA and TS was low, but in the resonance period of 4 days and 7-10 days, CH4 flux had good coherence with TA and TS from mid-August to mid-October. This study analyzed the multi-time scale characteristics of CH4 flux and its influencing factors from paddy fields and would provide a scientific reference for studying the quantitative relationship between CH4 flux and its driving factors at different time scales.

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稻田甲烷(CH4)排放通量研究是当前陆地生态系统碳循环研究的重要组成部分和热点问题之一。本研究利用涡度相关通量观测数据,采用连续小波变换、交叉小波变换和小波相干谱,分析稻田CH4排放通量及其主要影响因子的多时间尺度特征,结果表明:从季节变化特征来看,稻田生态系统CH4排放通量及其影响因子[总初级生产力(GPP)、潜热通量(LE)、空气温度(TA)、土壤温度(TS)]均存在明显的季节变化特征;从昼夜变化特征来看,在水稻生长季稻田CH4排放通量呈现明显的单峰值昼夜变化特征,在非水稻生长季稻田CH4排放通量较低,昼夜变化特征不明显,GPP、LE、TA和TS均呈明显的单峰昼夜变化规律。基于连续小波变换和小波方差曲线分析,水稻生长季(7—11月)CH4通量、GPP、LE、TA、TS存在明显的1 d的主周期,同时GPP、LE、TA、TS还存在0.5 d的次周期,而TA、TS还出现以4 d为周期的长周期变化。从交叉小波变换和小波相干谱分析来看,CH4通量与GPP、LE、TA和TS之间的共振周期为1 d左右,在此频域上存在显著的共振关系,且振荡的凝聚性和相干性最强;在高频段区域,CH4通量与GPP、LE、TA、TS之间还存在1个次共振周期,约为0.5 d;在其他频段上,CH4通量与GPP、LE、TA、TS的共振能量较低,但在共振周期4 d和7~10 d范围内,8月中旬到10月中旬的CH4通量与TA、TS存在较好的相干性。研究结果对分析稻田CH4排放通量及其影响因子的多时间尺度特征,以及对研究不同时间尺度稻田CH4排放通量及其驱动因子之间的定量联系提供科学参考。

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戴声佩(1986—),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:生态系统碳水循环遥感与模拟、资源环境遥感与信息地理学;E-mail:

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戴声佩(1986—),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:生态系统碳水循环遥感与模拟、资源环境遥感与信息地理学;E-mail:

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戴声佩(1986—),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:生态系统碳水循环遥感与模拟、资源环境遥感与信息地理学;E-mail:

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The right vertical axis indicators are the same as the left vertical axis, the right vertical axis indicators in A and B are represented by the daily output carbon content, while the right vertical axis indicators in C, D, and E are represented by the daily average.

, figureFileSmall=C6sC4/MoNPx9IDOxbnR8/g==, figureFileBig=yuXhuuxIiHMmiWrV2wwYwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237023465933435678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016047652500368, language=CN, label=图1, caption=2016年稻田CH4通量、GPP、LE、TA、TS的时间变化

右纵轴指标与左纵轴相同,A和B中右纵轴指标以每天产出碳含量表示,C、D和E中右纵轴指标以每天均值表示。

, figureFileSmall=C6sC4/MoNPx9IDOxbnR8/g==, figureFileBig=yuXhuuxIiHMmiWrV2wwYwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237023466076042022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016047652500368, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Continuous wavelet power spectrum of CH4 fluxes, GPP, LE, TA, TS during rice growing season, figureFileSmall=4UsZLZt7rRAZODvFJypChw==, figureFileBig=fW4YctbtbM/yEe/va027eQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237023466206065452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016047652500368, language=CN, label=图2, caption=水稻生长季CH4通量、GPP、LE、TA、TS的连续小波功率谱, figureFileSmall=4UsZLZt7rRAZODvFJypChw==, figureFileBig=fW4YctbtbM/yEe/va027eQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237023466319311664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016047652500368, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Morlet wavelet variance of CH4 fluxes, GPP, LE, TA, TS during rice growing season, figureFileSmall=k3VVv9qL1slhWrgL5mWv+A==, figureFileBig=WQn+BCFB5tkhlPMIzMEhGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237023466411586353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016047652500368, language=CN, label=图3, caption=水稻生长季CH4通量、GPP、LE、TA、TS的小波方差, figureFileSmall=k3VVv9qL1slhWrgL5mWv+A==, figureFileBig=WQn+BCFB5tkhlPMIzMEhGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237023466524832566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016047652500368, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Cross wavelet transform between GPP, LE, TA, TS and CH4 fluxes during rice growing season, figureFileSmall=Jqtm/Ec8ng+PdH4vhrHBZg==, figureFileBig=56/E6XHh443IH4haOuiovQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237023466642273080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016047652500368, language=CN, label=图4, caption=水稻生长季GPP、LE、TA、TS和CH4通量的交叉小波变换, figureFileSmall=Jqtm/Ec8ng+PdH4vhrHBZg==, figureFileBig=56/E6XHh443IH4haOuiovQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237023466747130685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016047652500368, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Wavelet coherence between GPP, LE, TA, TS and CH4 fluxes during rice growing season, figureFileSmall=SLYVmhc1yo6bGnFRhOfA8g==, figureFileBig=fRSBiudtarVBNyq2FSM4iQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237023467053314879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016047652500368, language=CN, label=图5, caption=水稻生长季GPP、LE、TA、TS与CH4通量的小波相干谱, figureFileSmall=SLYVmhc1yo6bGnFRhOfA8g==, figureFileBig=fRSBiudtarVBNyq2FSM4iQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237023467166561094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016047652500368, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Phase angle and lag time between GPP, LE, TA, TS and CH4 fluxes during rice growing season

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量
Variable
周期
Period/d
相位角
Phase angle/(°)
滞后时间
Lag time/h
相位角*
Phase angle/(°)
滞后时间*
Lag time/h
GPP0.550.60±59.303.37±3.9564.54±49.554.30±3.30
 1.012.76±34.680.85±2.318.27±31.310.55±2.09
 4.087.83±115.645.86±7.7180.25±91.725.35±6.11
 10.0–79.40±102.80–5.29±6.85–63.06±108.92–4.20±7.26
LE0.538.69±55.872.58±3.7239.63±35.352.64±2.36
 1.02.24±43.580.15±2.913.46±14.330.23±0.96
 4.060.99±87.434.07±5.8349.30±40.133.29±2.68
 10.0–94.89±98.21–6.33±6.55–68.79±60.19–4.59±4.01
TA0.513.76±58.680.92±3.91–31.11±61.49–2.07±4.10
 1.0–24.70±36.03–1.65±2.40–31.52±32.71–2.10±2.18
 4.0–60.33±105.77–4.02±7.05–68.79±74.52–4.59±4.97
 10.0–132.43±53.40–8.83±3.56–131.85±91.72–8.79±6.11
TS0.5–42.52±49.55–2.84±3.30–47.17±36.44–3.14±2.43
 1.0–64.96±35.21–4.33±2.35–48.27±36.89–3.22±2.46
 4.0–50.38±113.84–3.36±7.59–91.72±97.45–6.11±6.50
 10.0–141.00±76.09–9.40±5.07–154.78±114.65–10.32±7.64
), ArticleFig(id=1237023467313361740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016047652500368, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

水稻生长季GPP、LE、TA、TS与CH4通量的相位角和滞后时间

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量
Variable
周期
Period/d
相位角
Phase angle/(°)
滞后时间
Lag time/h
相位角*
Phase angle/(°)
滞后时间*
Lag time/h
GPP0.550.60±59.303.37±3.9564.54±49.554.30±3.30
 1.012.76±34.680.85±2.318.27±31.310.55±2.09
 4.087.83±115.645.86±7.7180.25±91.725.35±6.11
 10.0–79.40±102.80–5.29±6.85–63.06±108.92–4.20±7.26
LE0.538.69±55.872.58±3.7239.63±35.352.64±2.36
 1.02.24±43.580.15±2.913.46±14.330.23±0.96
 4.060.99±87.434.07±5.8349.30±40.133.29±2.68
 10.0–94.89±98.21–6.33±6.55–68.79±60.19–4.59±4.01
TA0.513.76±58.680.92±3.91–31.11±61.49–2.07±4.10
 1.0–24.70±36.03–1.65±2.40–31.52±32.71–2.10±2.18
 4.0–60.33±105.77–4.02±7.05–68.79±74.52–4.59±4.97
 10.0–132.43±53.40–8.83±3.56–131.85±91.72–8.79±6.11
TS0.5–42.52±49.55–2.84±3.30–47.17±36.44–3.14±2.43
 1.0–64.96±35.21–4.33±2.35–48.27±36.89–3.22±2.46
 4.0–50.38±113.84–3.36±7.59–91.72±97.45–6.11±6.50
 10.0–141.00±76.09–9.40±5.07–154.78±114.65–10.32±7.64
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基于小波分析的稻田甲烷通量及其影响因子多时间尺度特征研究
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戴声佩 1, 2
热带作物学报 | 采后处理与农业生态 2025,46(9): 2227-2238
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热带作物学报 | 采后处理与农业生态 2025, 46(9): 2227-2238
基于小波分析的稻田甲烷通量及其影响因子多时间尺度特征研究
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戴声佩1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.海南师范大学地理与环境科学学院/海南省热带海岛地表过程与环境变化重点实验室,海南海口 571158
  • 2.中国热带农业科学院科技信息研究所/海南省热带作物信息技术应用研究重点实验室,海南海口 571101
  • 戴声佩(1986—),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:生态系统碳水循环遥感与模拟、资源环境遥感与信息地理学;E-mail:

Multi-time Scale Characteristics of Methane Flux and Its Influencing Factors in Paddy fields Based on Wavelet Analysis
Shengpei DAI1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Geography and Environmental Science, Hainan Normal University / Key Laboratory of Tropical Island Land Surface Processes and Environmental Changes of Hainan Province, Haikou, Hainan 571158, China
  • 2.Institute of Scientific and Technical Information, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Applied Research on Tropical Crop Information Technology of Hainan Province, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China
出版时间: 2025-09-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.09.020
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稻田甲烷(CH4)排放通量研究是当前陆地生态系统碳循环研究的重要组成部分和热点问题之一。本研究利用涡度相关通量观测数据,采用连续小波变换、交叉小波变换和小波相干谱,分析稻田CH4排放通量及其主要影响因子的多时间尺度特征,结果表明:从季节变化特征来看,稻田生态系统CH4排放通量及其影响因子[总初级生产力(GPP)、潜热通量(LE)、空气温度(TA)、土壤温度(TS)]均存在明显的季节变化特征;从昼夜变化特征来看,在水稻生长季稻田CH4排放通量呈现明显的单峰值昼夜变化特征,在非水稻生长季稻田CH4排放通量较低,昼夜变化特征不明显,GPP、LE、TA和TS均呈明显的单峰昼夜变化规律。基于连续小波变换和小波方差曲线分析,水稻生长季(7—11月)CH4通量、GPP、LE、TA、TS存在明显的1 d的主周期,同时GPP、LE、TA、TS还存在0.5 d的次周期,而TA、TS还出现以4 d为周期的长周期变化。从交叉小波变换和小波相干谱分析来看,CH4通量与GPP、LE、TA和TS之间的共振周期为1 d左右,在此频域上存在显著的共振关系,且振荡的凝聚性和相干性最强;在高频段区域,CH4通量与GPP、LE、TA、TS之间还存在1个次共振周期,约为0.5 d;在其他频段上,CH4通量与GPP、LE、TA、TS的共振能量较低,但在共振周期4 d和7~10 d范围内,8月中旬到10月中旬的CH4通量与TA、TS存在较好的相干性。研究结果对分析稻田CH4排放通量及其影响因子的多时间尺度特征,以及对研究不同时间尺度稻田CH4排放通量及其驱动因子之间的定量联系提供科学参考。

多时间尺度  /  稻田生态系统  /  甲烷通量  /  小波分析

The study of methane (CH4) emission flux from paddy fields is an important part and hot topic in the current study of carbon cycle in terrestrial ecosystems. The multi-time scale characteristics of CH4 emission flux and its influencing factors [gross primary productivity (GPP), latent heat flux (LE), air temperature (TA), soil temperature (TS)] in paddy fields were analyzed based on wavelet analysis and eddy covariance flux observation data. The CH4 emission flux and its influencing factors of paddy field ecosystems had obvious seasonal variation characteristics. The CH4 emission flux from paddy fields in the rice growing season showed obvious single-peak diurnal variation characteristics, while the CH4 emission flux from paddy fields in the non-rice growing season was low, and the diurnal variation characteristics were not obvious. GPP, LE, TA and TS showed obvious single-peak diurnal variation patterns. Based on continuous wavelet transform and wavelet variance curve analysis, CH4 flux, GPP, LE, TA and TS had an obvious 1-day cycle during the rice growing season (July—November), while GPP, LE, TA and TS also had a half-day cycle, and TA and TS also had a long-term cycle of 4 days. From the cross wavelet transform and wavelet coherence spectrum analysis, the resonance period between CH4 flux and GPP, LE, TA and TS was about 1 day. There was a significant resonance relationship in this frequency domain, and oscillation cohesion and coherence were the strongest. However, in the high-frequency band area, there was also a secondary resonance period of about 0.5 days between CH4 flux and GPP, LE, TA and TS. In addition, in other frequency bands, the resonance energy of CH4 flux and GPP, LE, TA and TS was low, but in the resonance period of 4 days and 7-10 days, CH4 flux had good coherence with TA and TS from mid-August to mid-October. This study analyzed the multi-time scale characteristics of CH4 flux and its influencing factors from paddy fields and would provide a scientific reference for studying the quantitative relationship between CH4 flux and its driving factors at different time scales.

multiple time scales  /  paddy ecosystem  /  methane flux  /  wavelet analysis
戴声佩. 基于小波分析的稻田甲烷通量及其影响因子多时间尺度特征研究. 热带作物学报, 2025 , 46 (9) : 2227 -2238 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.09.020
Shengpei DAI. Multi-time Scale Characteristics of Methane Flux and Its Influencing Factors in Paddy fields Based on Wavelet Analysis[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2025 , 46 (9) : 2227 -2238 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.09.020
工业革命以来全球气候变暖主要(可信度95%以上)是由人类活动产生的大量温室气体引起了大气中二氧化碳(CO2)、甲烷(CH4)和氧化亚氮(N2O)等温室气体的浓度快速上升而导致[1-3]。在众多温室气体中,CH4是除水汽(H2O)之外仅次于CO2的第二大温室气体[4-7]。稻田生态系统因其厌氧土壤环境适宜产甲烷细菌作用于产甲烷基质[8-10],稻田生态系统成为重要的CH4排放源[11-13],占全球CH4人为排放量的12%~26%[14-17]。因此,稻田CH4排放通量研究已成为当前农业生态系统碳循环研究的重要组成部分和热点问题之一。
自20世纪80年代以来,国内外众多学者对稻田CH4排放通量进行了大量的试验站点观测研究[18-20],主要观测方法包括:静态箱方法、土壤浓度分析方法、稳定同位素方法和微气象方法等[21-25]。国内外学者利用观测数据对稻田生态系统CH4排放通量进行了大量的分析研究,明确了稻田CH4排放的基本过程及其昼夜变化、季节变化规律,但对不同时间尺度稻田CH4排放通量的影响因子还有待进一步研究。
许多环境和生物物理因子直接或间接影响CH4的产生、氧化和传输过程,概括起来可以分为三类:(1)气候因子,如太阳辐射、温度、降水等;(2)土壤因子,如土壤有机质、土壤水分、土壤氧化还原电位(Eh)、土壤pH、土壤质地等;(3)人为因子,如水分管理、肥料使用、水稻品种选择等,这些因子主要通过改变稻田CH4排放的4个基本条件,即产CH4基质、微生物、水分和温度,来影响稻田CH4的排放。但在多因子共同作用的复杂田间环境中,不同时间尺度的稻田CH4排放通量与生态环境、生物物理驱动因子之间的定量联系仍不清晰,因此,有必要对稻田CH4排放通量及其影响因子的多时间尺度特征进行分析。
本研究利用2016年江苏句容生态实验站农田生态系统涡度相关原位观测数据,基于小波分析方法分析稻田CH4排放通量及其主要影响因子的多时间尺度特征,以期阐明稻田CH4排放通量多时间尺度特征及其影响因素,为构建不同时间尺度稻田CH4排放模型提供参考,也为制定减缓稻田CH4排放措施奠定科学基础。
江苏句容生态实验站位于江苏省句容市后白良种场(31°48′24.59ʺN,119°13′2.15ʺE),距南京市60 km,平均海拔为15 m。气候为北亚热带半湿润季风气候,年平均气温为15.2 ℃,年平均降水量为1058.8 mm。土壤类型为典型水稻土,土壤质地为黏壤土,表层(0~30 cm)土壤的有机碳、氮、磷、钾含量分别为1.80%、0.12%、0.04%、1.60%,土壤pH为6.4~7.2。作物种植制度为稻-麦轮作,水稻生长季为每年6月中旬至11月上旬,冬小麦生长季为每年11月下旬至次年6月上旬,实行稻麦秸秆全量还田耕作,并在稻田生长季开展稻-鸭共作模式。水稻一般于5月15—20日播种育苗,666.67 m2大田用种量为4 kg;6月15日进行机械移栽,移栽株行距为25 cm×16 cm;8月24—29日抽穗,全生育期为155~165 d。小麦于11月15—30日播种,实行撒播种植,666.67 m2用种量为15 kg;4月20—30日抽穗,全生育期为195~205 d。
涡度相关通量观测通常需要一个相对平坦、均质和一定大小范围的观测下垫面,本研究选址地区为一个40 hm2的农田,距通量塔各方向均大于150 m,符合微气象观测要求。本研究利用涡度相关系统对作物冠层CO2、CH4、潜热(LE)和显热(H)通量进行连续高频观测。涡度相关系统的主要组成包括:(1)WindMaster Pro三维超声风速计,用来测量三维风速和超声虚拟温度;(2)LI-7500A开路CO2/H2O气体分析仪,用来测量CO2气体和水汽浓度;(3)LI-7700开路CH4气体分析仪,用来测量CH4气体浓度。以上3个涡度相关传感器安装在镀锌钢管三脚架上,三者间隔距离为20 cm。三维超声风速计安装在距地面3 m高度,以此为标准,CO2/H2O气体分析仪向东偏移10 cm,向北偏移20 cm,并且保持其探头倾斜15°,以减少雨水的影响;CH4气体分析仪向西偏移10 cm,向南偏移20 cm,其镜面可通过旋转马达和清洗泵进行自动清洁,同时定期进行手动清洁,以减少雨水、灰尘、花粉、昆虫的影响。
微气象观测以通量塔为中心,主要包括:(1)空气温湿度,包含2个HMP155空气温湿度传感器,分别安装在距地面0.5 m和2.6 m高度;(2)降水,采用TR-525M翻斗式雨量计观测降水,雨量计安装在距地面2 m高度,以减少植被和杂物的干扰;(3)光合有效辐射,利用LI-190SL光量子传感器观测光合有效辐射,光量子传感器安装在通量塔南部,其中3个安装在距地面0.5 m高度,另外2个安装在距地面2.25 m高度;(4)太阳辐射,利用CNR4四分量太阳辐射计观测太阳辐射短波入射、出射辐射,以及地面长波入射、出射辐射,并获得净辐射;(5)土壤热通量,利用3个HFP01土壤热通量板对土壤热通量进行重复观测,土壤热通量板安装在地下5 cm深度;(6)土壤体积含水量和土壤温度,利用5个Stevens Hydra Probe Ⅱ土壤温湿度传感器观测不同深度的土壤体积含水量和土壤温度,温湿度传感器分别安装在地下5、10、20、30、50 cm深度。
通过Sutron 9201B数据采集器与涡度相关通量观测进行同步、记录和储存涡度相关通量和微气象观测数据,并通过SMART通量系统进行实时远程查看、传输和管理。涡度相关通量观测和微气象观测原始数据采集频率分别为10 Hz和1个/min。此外,涡度相关系统通过220 V交流电转到12.9 V直流电进行直接供电,断电时采用12.9 V直流蓄电池进行供电。
观测数据的处理主要包括以下几个步骤:(1)原始数据预处理、通量计算及校正。原始观测的涡度相关数据利用EddyPro软件(快速模式)进行计算,获得0.5 h尺度涡度相关数据。在进行计算的过程中,还同时进行涡度相关数据的光谱校正、坐标旋转校正(倾斜校正)、气体密度校正以及超声虚拟温度校正。(2)0.5 h通量数据质量控制与评价。对获取的0.5 h尺度通量数据进行异常数据剔除、摩擦风速阈值校正等质量控制,并利用涡度相关系统能量平衡公式进行可信度评价。(3)缺失通量数据插补。利用经验呼吸模型和光响应方程进行CO2通量数据分离与插补,采用7 d滑动窗口的平均昼夜变化方法对CH4通量、H2O通量、微气象数据进行插补,从而获取后续研究分析的完整数据集。
各种气象因子、水文过程,以及生态系统与大气之间的物质、能量交换过程均可以看作是随时间变化的时间序列(time series)。这些时间序列通常由复杂的地球系统、生态系统产生,往往受多种因素的综合影响,具有趋势性、周期性、随机性和突变性,存在多时间尺度和多层次变化规律。小波分析(wavelet analysis,WA),也称小波变换(wavelet transform,WT),是一种新的时间尺度分析方法,通常分为连续小波变换(continuous wavelet transform,CWT)和离散小波变换(discrete wavelet transform,DWT)。DWT常用于降噪与数据压缩,CWT更适于时间序列特征的提取。
在对一个时间序列进行小波变换时,母小波的选择至关重要[26]。其中,Morlet小波既具有非正交性,是由Gaussian调节的指数复值小波,可以得到时间序列平滑连续的小波振幅和相位信息。Morlet小波函数(ψ0)表达式为:
式中,ω0ηη=s·t)分别为无量纲的频率和时间,s为时间尺度。当ω0=6时,时间尺度(s)与傅里叶周期(λ)基本相等(λ=1.03s[27],即尺度项与周期项之间可相互替代,故Morlet小波能很好地平衡时间与频率的局部化[28]
因此,具有等时间步长(δt)的离散时间序列(xnn=1,…,N)的连续小波变换(CWT)可表示为缩放和归一化的小波函数(ψ0)与xn的卷积,定义为:
其中,X为时间序列xnN为时间序列总个数,是小波函数归一化因子,使小波函数在每个时间尺度(s)上具有单位能量。通过转换小波尺度s并沿着时间指数(n)进行局部化,可得到时间系列在某一时间尺度上的变化特征及其图谱,即小波功率谱(wavelet power spectrum),定义为,是指时间序列在给定小波尺度和时间域内的变化量级[28-29]。因为Morlet母小波为复值小波,所以也为复数,其复值部分表示为局部的相位[27]。将小波功率谱在某一周期上进行时间平均即为小波全谱(global wavelet spectrum),表示为:
小波全谱能够表明时间序列真实功率谱的无偏、一致估计,可以识别时间序列的周期波动特征及其强度[27]
由于小波变换假设时间序列是循环的,在进行有限长度的时间序列小波变换时,通常在时间系列的首尾补零,使时间序列长度(N)介于2m~2m+1之间,这导致小波功率谱的起始和末端会出现误差、边缘端点不连续、边缘谱振幅下降,产生边缘效应。因此,需要利用影响锥(cone of influence,COI)来表示小波功率谱区域以及相应的边缘效应[2830]
小波功率谱的统计显著性检验,通过对照一个原假设[假设时间序列由一个给定背景功率谱(Pk)的稳定过程产生]进行评价,通常采用红噪声作为背景功率谱[28-29]。红噪声一般由一阶自回归过程(first-order autoregressive,AR1)来模拟[2831],因此,一个由lag-1自相关系数(α,由观测的时间序列估算)处理的AR1的傅里叶功率谱可以定义为:
式中,α为红噪声功率谱中自回归方程的相关系数,k为傅里叶频率系数。通常在研究中,每个时间尺度上用COI以外的值以5%的显著水平进行估计。
因此,对于一个给定背景功率谱(Pk)的稳定过程,小波功率谱大于p值的概率分布定义为:
式中,v=1为实小波,v=2为复小波。
交叉小波变换(cross wavelet transform,XWT)是结合连续小波变换和交叉谱分析,研究2个时间序列在时频域中的能量共振和协方差分布规律,反映二者在时频域中不同时间尺度上的一致性、相关性和相位关系[2832]。2个时间序列xnyn的交叉小波变换定义为:
其中,XY分别为时间序列xnyn,*表示复共轭。同时,交叉小波谱定义为,对于给定背景功率谱的2个时间序列,其交叉小波谱的理论概率分布定义为:
其中,是概率p的置信度水平,概率p由2个χ2分布乘积的平方根计算。
2个时间序列的交叉小波相位弧度角(aii=1,…,n)可定义为:
则,小波相位角的标准偏差为:
2个时间序列的小波相干谱(wavelet coherence,WTC)可以反映时频空间局部的相关性大小[2832],定义为:
其中,S为平滑因子。这一定义与传统相关系数的定义非常相似,因此可以将2个时间序列小波相干视为时频空间中的局部相关系数。
平滑因子(S)的计算如下:
其中,Sscale为小波坐标尺度的平滑,Stime为时间尺度的平滑。
对于Morlet小波的平滑因子的计算如下:
式中,c1c2是归一化常量,*为复共轭,Π为矩阵函数,系数0.6是根据经验确定的Morlet小波尺度去相关长度。
本研究中,首先采用Morlet母小波连续小波变换(CWT)研究0.5 h尺度CH4通量及其驱动因子的周期性;然后利用交叉小波谱(XWT)和小波相干谱(WTC)检验0.5 h尺度CH4通量与驱动因子的一致性和相关性,并计算2个时间序列耦合振荡周期的相位角及其昼夜变化滞后时间。本研究中小波分析的实现由MATLAB软件编程实现。
为了分析稻田CH4排放通量的影响因子,选取与稻田生态系统CH4产生、氧化、传输过程密切相关的影响因子,总初级生产力(GPP,gross primary productivity)通过碳分配过程为土壤中提供产CH4基质,并且与稻田CH4的通气组织传输直接相关;潜热通量(LE,latent heat flux)与植物叶片气孔导度相关,反映了稻田生态系统的水分循环;而空气温度(TA,air temperature)、土壤温度(TS,soil temperature)则与土壤呼吸和产CH4细菌、CH4氧化菌活动能力密切相关。因此选择GPP、LE、TA、TS等关键驱动因子进行稻田CH4排放通量及其影响因子的多时间尺度分析。
图1显示了2016年稻田CH4排放通量及其影响因子的时间变化情况(灰色点为0.5 h尺度数据,彩色实线为日尺度数据,黑色竖线分别为水稻移植和收获时间)。从图1A可以看出,稻田生态系统CH4排放通量均存在明显的季节变化特征,从机耕、平整水稻田开始(水稻移植前10 d)到水稻收获后10 d时间内,稻田CH4排放通量从6月初的极低值急剧增加到7月底和8月初的峰值,然后在11月底和12月初水稻生长季结束时逐渐降低到低值,期间还经历了几次明显的波动变化。与此同时,GPP、LE、TA、TS等影响因子也呈现明显的季节变化特征(图1B~图1E)。从昼夜变化特征来看,稻田CH4排放通量存在明显的单峰型昼夜变化,其昼夜变化为:从上午8:00时开始稻田CH4排放通量持续增加,到12:00—16:00时出现峰值,之后持续降低,到19:00时到达低值,夜间CH4排放通量保持在较低水平。与此同时,GPP、LE、TA和TS呈明显的单峰昼夜变化规律,GPP、LE、TA和TS昼夜变化的峰值出现时间分别为11:30、14:00、15:30和16:30。
通过对水稻生长季CH4通量、GPP、LE、TA、TS进行连续小波变换,生成各时间序列的连续小波功率谱(图2),该图谱反映了时间序列在时间域和频率域的动态和局部特征,粗黑色实线圈区域表示通过95%置信水平检验,锥形细黑色实线为小波影响锥区域(cone of influence,COI),表示连续小波变换的数据边缘效应影响较大的区域。从图2可以看出,水稻生长季(7—11月)CH4通量、GPP、LE、TA、TS存在明显的1 d的主周期,即各时间序列具有明显的昼夜变化规律,并且通过了95%置信水平的红噪声检验,这也进一步验证了2.1中关于稻田CH4通量单峰型昼夜变化的规律;同时GPP、LE、TA、TS还存在0.5 d的次周期。
进一步分析各时间序列连续小波变换的小波方差曲线(图3)可以发现,稻田CH4通量、GPP、LE也存在同样的以1 d为主周期、0.5 d为次周期的变化规律,而TA、TS还出现了以4 d为周期的长周期变化,这可能是由于气温和土壤温度在长时间尺度上驱动CH4通量的动态变化。
图4图5分别为CH4通量与GPP、LE、TA、TS之间的交叉小波变换和小波相干谱,图中箭头方向反映了二者的相位关系,箭头从左指向右表示二者同相位,从右指向左表示二者反相位,垂直向上表示前者滞后后者,垂直向下表示前者提前后者。由图4可以看出,CH4通量与GPP、LE、TA、TS之间的共振周期为1 d左右,在此频域上存在显著的共振关系,且振荡的凝聚性和相干性最强(图5),并且通过95%置信水平的红噪声检验。CH4通量与GPP、LE、TA、TS之间的交叉相位角分别为8.27°、3.46°、–31.52°和–48.27°。CH4通量分别滞后于GPP和LE 0.55 h和0.23 h,而TA和TS则分别滞后于CH4通量2.10 h和3.22 h(表1)。
在高频段区域,CH4通量与GPP、LE、TA、TS之间还存在一个次共振周期,约为0.5 h,但其置信水平范围不连续,因此是不稳定共振周期,其交叉相位角分别为64.54°、39.63°、–31.11°和–47.17°(图4~图5表1)。在其他频段上,CH4通量与GPP、LE、TA、TS的共振能量较低,未通过95%置信水平的红噪声检验(图4),但在共振周期4 d和7~10 d范围内,在8月中旬至10月中旬时间段CH4通量与TA、TS存在较好的相干性(图5),这与长时间尺度下的CH4通量的其他驱动因子变化有关。
本研究中2016年稻田生态系统CH4排放通量的季节变化较大,在水稻生长分蘖期、拔节孕穗期急剧增加并出现明显波动,抽穗开花期和灌浆期快速减少;在非水稻生长季的稻田CH4排放通量较生长季低,这与江苏盐城[19]、南京[11]等地区稻田观测的CH4排放通量季节变化模式一致。基于涡度相关方法,类似的稻田CH4排放通量季节变化特征也在菲律宾的Los Baños[12]、美国的Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta[13]、日本的Tsukuba[16]和意大利北部的Po Valley[33]等地区被观测到。本研究的稻田CH4排放通量呈现明显的单峰值昼夜变化特征,峰值出现在13:00—16:00之间;在水稻分蘖期、拔节孕穗期、抽穗开花期的昼夜变化幅度明显大于灌浆期、乳熟期和蜡熟期。本研究观测到的稻田CH4排放通量的昼夜变化模式(下午单峰值)与之前在其他地区稻田[121933]的研究结果基本一致。然而,本研究观测到的稻田CH4排放通量的日变化模式与湖南地区[34]的夜间单峰型、双峰型、多峰型及随机性的稻田CH4排放通量昼夜变化形式有所差别。由于水稻品种、田间管理、土壤类型和环境条件的不同,稻田CH4通量的不同时间尺度变化特征具有明显的站点依赖性,不同站点差异较大[35-36]
土壤中的CH4排放同时受微生物产生CH4、CH4氧化以及CH4从土壤输送到大气中的传输3个过程的影响,这3个过程受自然环境和生物物理等多种因素控制[2]
在昼夜变化尺度上,影响CH4排放通量昼夜变化的因素繁多,这些因素之间存在的直接或间接的相关关系、因果关系更为复杂。首先,厌氧环境条件是稻田生态系统产生CH4的必要条件,它由地下水位的高低决定[33];其次,温度(气温和土壤温度)是稻田CH4产生的基本条件,其中土壤温度不仅影响产CH4细菌的数量和活性,还影响有机质的分解、CH4的产生、氧化和传输速率[612]。本研究中观测到的稻田CH4排放通量下午单峰值昼夜变化,可能是由于产CH4细菌随温度升高其活性增强,导致CH4产量的增加而引起的。交叉小波和小波相干谱分析也表明,在1 d周期尺度上CH4通量与GPP、LE、TA、TS之间存在明显的相位角。相关试验研究表明,水稻植株通气组织和叶片气孔是稻田CH4排放最重要的传输途径[34],其传输效率直接决定了CH4排放通量的大小,这与植物气孔导度密切相关的潜热通量(LE)有很好的相关性[2];同时,与光合量子通量密度(PPFD)相关的总初级生产力(GPP)通过光合作用调节根际分泌物控制CH4通量的日变化模式,是CH4通量昼夜变化的另一个主导因素[13]。GPP主要是为产CH4细菌提供有机碳基质进而影响CH4通量[9],在有机质含量和施肥量低的农田中,植株新合成的光合产物成为产生CH4的主要基质[37]。最后,其他因素也调节CH4通量的昼夜变化。在1 d循环中,饱和水汽压差(VPD)可能会增强植物向大气输送CH4气体[2]。此外,有研究表明,植物自身在有氧条件下也会释放产生CH4[38],但其机理与机制尚不明确。
在季节变化尺度上,本研究观测到的逐日稻田CH4通量与气温、土壤温度几乎同步接近季节峰值,空气和土壤温度能够解释CH4通量的大部分季节变化,这也与之前的一些研究结果相似[2-3,6],这是由于高温刺激CH4的产生,并加强从土壤到大气中的CH4运输[2]。基于小波分析也表明,TA和TS与CH4通量之间存在一个长时间尺度上的相关关系。因此,温度是调节CH4通量季节变化的主导环境因子。总初级生产力(GPP)可作为逐日CH4通量变化的指标[12-13],它通过逐日光合和呼吸作用碳平衡的季节变化影响用于产生CH4的底物(碳水化合物和二氧化碳)[2],从而控制稻田CH4排放通量的季节变化。此外,地下水位(WTD)的季节变化对CH4排放通量季节变化的影响类似于“开关”的作用,较高的地下水位可以限制土壤中的氧气浓度,加强土壤厌氧环境条件,从而有利于土壤产生CH4,反之,较低的地下水位则可能增加土壤中氧气浓度,形成不利于产生CH4的土壤环境[39]
在时间序列研究中常用的2种分析为时域和频域分析,其分别具有时间定位和频率定位功能,但时域分析无法得到关于时间序列变化(趋势、变化率等)的更多信息,传统频域分析(如傅里叶变换,Fourier transform,FT)仅适合分析平稳时间序列。为了适应非平稳时间序列的时频分析,窗口傅里叶变换(即短时傅里叶变换,short-time Fourier transform,STFT)被提出来,它根据时间窗口将时间序列分解为等长的时域过程进行时频分析,是对传统傅里叶变换的一种改进,其在时域内是局部化的,但其窗口的大小确定对于非平稳时间序列仍然是难点。因此,一种新的时间尺度分析方法,即小波分析(wavelet analysis,WA),也称小波变换(wavelet transform,WT)又被提出。小波,即小区域的波,是一种特殊的、长度有限,平均值为零的波形,可以在时间域与频率域内进行局部化的数学函数[28]。小波变换分析的本质是将原信号(时间序列)看成一系列子小波函数的叠加,这些子小波函数都是通过对母小波(mother wavelet)函数进行平移和伸缩而得到,即子小波可以利用尺度函数(频率的反函数)和时间位置或其平移来描述,故一个时间序列就可以分解为不同时间尺度及其详细的特征尺度[30]。因此,小波分析在时域和频域内均有对信号局部进行表征的能力,可以揭示时间序列中隐藏的多时间尺度变化周期和变化趋势[31],广泛应用于地球物理学、生态学等领域的时间序列分析研究中[32]。早期多应用于对声音、图像、地震等信号进行降噪、重建、提取等处理与分析研究中[28],近期有学者将其应用于分析涡流相关测量的痕量气体通量数据[133040]。基于时频域,小波分析主要适用于时间序列周期性和相关性分析,仍然不能确定时间序列之间是否存在因果关系,也无法完全定量解释时间序列与其影响因子之间的因果关系。这需要未来开发适用于时间序列之间因果关系的分析方法,如波谱格兰杰因果关系分析方法[41]
本研究利用涡度相关通量观测数据,并采用连续小波变换、交叉小波变换和小波相干谱,探讨分析了稻田CH4排放通量及其主要影响因子的多时间尺度特征,为阐明稻田CH4排放通量多时间尺度特征及其影响因素,进而为构建不同时间尺度稻田CH4排放模型提供参考,也为制定减缓稻田CH4排放措施提供科学依据。得出如下主要结论:
(1)从季节变化特征来看,稻田生态系统CH4排放通量均存在明显的季节变化特征,与此同时,GPP、LE、TA、TS等影响因子也呈现明显的季节变化特征。从昼夜变化特征来看,在水稻生长季稻田CH4排放通量呈现明显的单峰值昼夜变化特征,峰值出现在13:00—16:00之间;在非水稻生长季稻田CH4排放通量较低,昼夜变化特征不明显,与此同时,GPP、LE、TA和TS呈明显的单峰昼夜变化规律,GPP、LE、TA和TS的昼夜变化峰值出现的时间分别为11:30、14:00、15:30和16:30。
(2)基于连续小波变换和小波方差曲线分析,水稻生长季(7—11月)CH4通量、GPP、LE、TA、TS存在明显的1 d的主周期,即各时间序列具有明显的昼夜变化规律,并且通过95%置信水平的红噪声检验;同时GPP、LE、TA、TS还存在0.5 d的次周期;TA、TS还出现了以4 d为周期的长周期变化。
(3)从交叉小波变换和小波相干谱可知,CH4通量与GPP、LE、TA、TS之间的共振周期为1d左右,在此频域上存在显著的共振关系,且振荡的凝聚性和相干性最强,且通过95%置信水平的红噪声检验。在高频段区域,CH4通量与GPP、LE、TA、TS之间还存在一个次共振周期,约为0.5 d。在其他频段上,CH4通量与GPP、LE、TA、TS的共振能量较低,但在共振周期4 d和7~10 d范围内,8月中旬至10月中旬CH4通量与TA、TS存在较好的相干性,这可能与长时间尺度下的CH4通量的其他驱动因子变化有关。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(42461063)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(42107487)
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2025年第46卷第9期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.09.020
  • 接收时间:2025-02-20
  • 首发时间:2026-03-07
  • 出版时间:2025-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-20
  • 录用日期:2025-05-02
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(42461063)
国家自然科学基金项目(42107487)
作者信息
    1.海南师范大学地理与环境科学学院/海南省热带海岛地表过程与环境变化重点实验室,海南海口 571158
    2.中国热带农业科学院科技信息研究所/海南省热带作物信息技术应用研究重点实验室,海南海口 571101
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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